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  • Articles  (38,747)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (38,747)
  • Chemistry  (38,745)
  • Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
  • Animals
  • Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology  (38,741)
  • Geosciences  (4)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (2)
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  • Articles  (38,747)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis of otolith chemistry in Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) from the Bahamas and Belize using solution-based ICP-MS (1999)
    Springer
    Coral reefs 18 (1999), S. 171-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0975
    Keywords: Key words Otolith ; Chemistry ; ICP-MS ; Stock discrimination ; Epinephelus striatus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  We examined the utility of otolith minor and trace element chemistry, assayed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), as a means of delineating population structure in the Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus). We characterized the elemental composition of otoliths collected in 1993 from three locations in Exuma Sound, Bahamas and from Glover Reef, Belize in 1995. A single location in Exuma Sound was sampled in 1994 to test temporal variability in otolith composition. Five elements (Ca, Zn, Sr, Ba and Pb) were routinely detected, at levels significantly above background, by solution-based ICP-MS. Results from analysis of variance of elemental data, expressed as a ratio to Ca, indicated that there were no significant differences among the Exuma locations for any element, but significant variability was found between Glover Reef and the pooled Exuma localities for Zn/Ca, Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios. Significant inter-annual differences at one Exuma Sound location was restricted to Ba/Ca ratios. Discriminant function analysis correctly classified 86% and 95% of the Belize and pooled Exuma sites, respectively. Otoliths from Belize were characterized by low Zn/Ca and high Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca ratios compared to otoliths from fish collected in Exuma Sound. Although differences in Ba levels may be related to upwelling at Glover Reef, more data are needed to definitely link otolith composition with regional differences in water chemistry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003380050176
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The importance of energetic particle precipitation on the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere (1980)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01586448
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air emissions (1984)
    Springer
    Environmental management 8 (1984), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Animals ; Indicators ; Air pollution ; Ecosystem responses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract With existing and proposed air-quality regulations, ecological disasters resulting from air emissions such as those observed at Copperhill, Tennessee, and Sudbury, Ontario, are unlikely. Current air-quality standards, however, may not protect ecosystems from subacute and chronic exposure to air emissions. The encouragement of the use of coal for energy production and the development of the fossil-fuel industries, including oil shales, tar sands, and coal liquification, point to an increase and spread of fossil-fuel emissions and the potential to influence a number of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews the reported responses of ecosystems to air-borne pollutants and discusses the use of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to these pollutants. Animal species and populations can act as important indicators of biotic and abiotic responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. These responses can indicate long-term trends in ecosystem health and productivity, chemical cycling, genetics, and regulation. For short-term trends, fish and wildlife also serve as monitors of changes in community structure, signaling food-web contamination, as well as providing a measure of ecosystem vitality. Information is presented to show not only the importance of animals as indicators of ecosystem responses to air-quality degradation, but also their value as air-pollution indices, that is, as air-quality-related values (AQRV), required in current air-pollution regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01868030
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent mixing of reactive gases in the convective boundary layer (1997)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 197-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Chemistry ; Closure ; Convective boundary layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the interactions of chemistry and turbulent mixing of tracersin the convective boundary layer with a second-order closure model,including higher order chemistry terms. In order to limit the number of predictive equations we prescribe the profiles for ¯w¯Θ, ¯w¯θ ¯θ and the lengthscale l. However, for model validation we treat temperature and humidity asinert tracers, and compare the results with profiles observed during theAir Mass Transformation Experiment, and with similarity expressions for thesurface layer. We find good agreement of the mean profiles, but the (co-)variances are slightly underpredicted. Furthermore, the model usesdiagnostic equations expressing third moments of concentration in terms ofsecond moments and their vertical derivatives. They are compared withlarge-eddy model results, showing good agreement and, therefore, thesimplifications are justified. The model is applied to the transport of two gases subject to one bimolecular reaction. The importance of concentration correlations on themean transformation rate is studied. For two gases diffusing in oppositedirections we find for moderate and fast chemistry a 50% and90% decreased transformation rate due to the negatively correlatedconcentrations. These values are similar to large-eddy results of Schumannand Sykes et al. For two bottom-up tracers we find that the covariance ofboth reactive species is either positive or negative, increasing or reducingthe effective transformation rate depending on the Damköhler number (the ratio of the turbulent and the chemistry timescale). A significantdirect influence of chemistry on the flux divergence is found in bothcases. According to the model the effective transport to mid-levels of theboundary layer is increased when two reactive tracers diffuse in oppositedirections, and decreased in the case of two bottom-up tracers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000414710372
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shower Meteoroids: Constraints From Interplanetary Dust Particles And Leonid Meteors (2000)
    Springer
    Earth, moon and planets 88 (2000), S. 35-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0794
    Keywords: Chemistry ; interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) ; Leonids ; meteor trails ; meteoroids ; meteors ; structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The cometary Leonid meteoroids represent a size range in between largest carbon-richIDPs and the smallest CI meteorites. Their dustball structure and chemistry offer anopportunity to constrain hierarchical dust accretion inferred from petrologic studies ofaggregate and cluster IDPs. The Leonid shower meteoroids of known ``comet ejection''ages provide an opportunity to study space weathering of cometary dust over periodsof up to several hundred years. The meteors and aggregate and cluster IDPs displaycontinuous thermal modification of organics and volatile element (Na, K-bearing phases), that occur as discrete minerals and amorphous solids each different response during kinetically controlled ablation. Leonid meteoroids are not excessively Na-rich. The occurrences of Leonid meteors can now be accurate predicted and combined withknowledge better models for the settling rates, collections of surviving dust becomea comet nucleus-sampling mission.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1013862627781
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal Consciousness and Ethics in Asia and the Pacific (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 10 (1997), S. 249-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: Animals ; Asia ; consciousness ; Australia ; Hong Kong ; India ; Israel ; Japan ; New Zealand ; The Philippines ; Russia ; Singapore ; Thailand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The interactions between humans, animals and the environment have shaped human values and ethics, not only the genes that we are made of. The animal rights movement challenges human beings to reconsider interactions between humans and other animals, and maybe connected to the environmental movement that begs us to recognize the fact that there are symbiotic relationships between humans and all other organisms. The first part of this paper looks at types of bioethics, the implications of autonomy and the value of being alive. Then the level of consciousness of these relationships are explored in survey results from Asia and the Pacific, especially in the 1993 International Bioethics Survey conducted in Australia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, New Zealand, The Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Thailand. Very few mentioned animal consciousness in the survey, but there were more biocentric comments in Australia and Japan; and more comments with the idea of harmony including humans in Thailand. Comparisons between questions and surveys will also be made, in an attempt to describe what people imagine animal consciousness to be, and whether this relates to human ethics of the relationships.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007774409131
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Masthead (1949)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 21 (1949) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330210101
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Baro-Photometer zur Messung kleinster Druckunterschiede unabhängig vom Gesamtdruck (1949)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 21 (1949), S. 6-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Die Anordnung dient zur Messung von Dampfdruckerniedrigungen verdünnter Lösungen (10-3 Mol/l) insbesondere assoziierender Substanzen. Es wurde eine Meßanordnung entwickelt, in der die durch kleine Druckdifferenzen verursachte Ausbuchtung der Wölbung des Meniskus eines Hg-Manometers nach dem Prinzip eines Photometers lichtelektrisch mit einem Vakuumthermoelement gemessen wird. Die Anordnung gestattet unabhängig vom Gesamtdruck noch Druckschwankungen von 10-4 mm Hg zu messen.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330210103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regeleinrichtungen bei diskontinuierlich und kontinuierlich arbeitenden Fraktionierkolonnen für Laboratorium und halbtechnischen BetriebMitteilung aus dem Laboratorium der Ruhrchemie AG., Oberhausen-HoltenAuszug aus einem Vortrag auf der „Apparatebau-Tagung“ der Techn. Hochschule Karlsruhe in Ettlingen b. Karlsruhe am 25. Sept. 1947; vgl. den Tagungsbericht, diese Ztschr. 20, 23/28 (1948). (1949)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 21 (1949), S. 9-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Es werden einige Regeleinrichtungen besprochen, die zum Aufbau von im wesentlichen automatisch arbeitenden Destillationskolonnen sowohl für diskontinuierlichen als auch für kontinuierlichen Betrieb führten.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330210104
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Die chemische Verarbeitung des Ferngases (1949)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 21 (1949), S. 1-6 
    Details
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Unsere wichtigsten chemischen Großsynthesen gehen von Acetylen bzw. vom Kohlenoxyd-Wasserstoff-Gemisch aus. Die Arbeiten im letzten Jahrzehnt bezweckten, diese Rohstoffe unmittelbar aus dem Ferngas zu gewinnen. Von den entwickelten Verfahren verdient insbesondere das Sauerstoff-Verfahren Beachtung. Es liefert ein Synthesegas mit nur noch 0,2% Methan und ist unempfindlich gegen den im Ferngas vorhandenen organischen Schwefel. Eine etwa folgende Umsetzung des Kohlenoxydes mit Wasserdampf zu CO2 und Wasserstoff kann in unmittelbarem Ánschluß an der Kohlenwasserstoff-Spaltung vorgenommen werden, so daß kein neuer Dampfverbrauch auftritt. Während in der folgenden Arbeit über das Verfahren zur Verarbeitung des gesamten Ferngases auf Kohlenoxyd und Wasserstoff berichtet wird, wird in einer weiteren Arbeit die chemische Verwertung der einzelnen Bestandteile des Ferngases behandelt.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.330210102
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