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  • Articles  (9,086)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (9,086)
  • 1975-1979  (9,086)
  • 1950-1954
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (9,086)
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  • Articles  (9,086)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of Enteroviruses in Ground Water of Israel (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Few studies have been performed on the occurrence of enterovirus contamination of ground water. In this study, 99 ground-water samples were examined for the presence of enteroviruses, total bacteria, fecal coliforms, and fecal streptococci by standard methods. Enteroviruses were isolated from 20% of the samples. Viruses were isolated from 12 samples which contained no detectable fecal organisms per 100 ml. No statistical correlation between presence of virus and bacteriological indicators could be determined. The widespread failure of current bacteriological standards to indicate the presence of potentially pathogenic enteroviruses in ground water is an area of concern that requires more study.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03345.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review of Leaky Artesian Aquifer Test Evaluation Methods (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Flow to wells in leaky artesian aquifers is intimately related to changes in aquitard storage, well storage capacity, and degree of well penetration. The manner and extent to which these and other factors affect water levels may be evaluated with aquifer test data. Families of type curves describe time-drawdown in the aquifer and aquitard under complex aquifer and well penetration conditions. Analysis of leaky artesian aquifer test data is possible with the array of equations derived largely in the 1950's through 1970's. Erroneous data analysis will result unless complicating factors are fully recognized and taken into account. A review of leaky artesian aquifer test evaluation methods is presented in this paper together with the field application of selected methods to foster greater use of current theories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03348.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing Public Ground-Water Supplies in Illinois (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Illinois aquifers furnish approximately 233 mgd (10.2 m3/s) of water to 677 public-water supplies outside the six-county area of northeastern Illinois. Ground water is usually obtained from sand-and-gravel deposits in the glacial drift or from limestone or sandstone formations in the underlying bedrock. The most favorable ground-water conditions are found in the northern third and the southern tip of the State, while, elsewhere, major aquifers are sand-and-gravel deposits of the Mississippi, Illinois, buried Mahomet, Wabash, Ohio, Kaskaskia, and Embarrass valleys.A brief review was made of data and information in the State Water Survey files for each public ground-water supply, and an assessment was given as adequate, marginal, or deficient, in terms of present demands. Twenty-four supplies were studied in greater detail, including calculations of aquifer sustained yields. The study indicated that 39 supplies were marginal and four were judged deficient in meeting current demands. The majority of the marginal and deficient supplies are located in the central third of the State; but so are most of the supplies (outside of north-eastern Illinois).The study represents the first of a three-part plan to: (1) define problem areas and determine priorities for studies in greater detail, (2) conduct regional studies, including test drilling, in problem areas to determine how great the water resource is, and (3) determine the water resource alternatives available to public ground-water supplies that are found to be inadequate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03353.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical Changes in an Industrial Waste Liquid During Post-Injection Movement in a Limestone Aquifer, Pensacola, Florida (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: An industrial waste liquid containing organonitrile compounds and nitrate ion has been injected into the lower limestone of the Floridan aquifer near Pensacola, Florida since June 1975. Chemical analyses of water from monitor wells and backflow from the injection well indicate that organic carbon compounds are converted to CO2 and nitrate is converted to N2. These transformations are caused by bacteria immediately after injection, and are virtually completed within 100 m of the injection well. The zone near the injection well behaves like an anaerobic filter with nitrate respiring bacteria dominating the microbial flora in this zone.Sodium thiocyanate contained in the waste is unaltered during passage through the injection zone and is used to detect the degree of mixing of injected waste liquid with native water at a monitor well 312 m (712 ft) from the injection well. The dispersivity of the injection zone was calculated to be 10 m (33 ft). Analyses of samples from the monitor well indicate 80 percent reduction in chemical oxygen demand and virtually complete loss of organonitriles and nitrate from the waste liquid during passage from the injection well to the monitor well. Bacterial densities were much lower at the monitor well than in backflow from the injection well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03357.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    USEFULNESS OF WELL REGISTRATION DATA (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. This investigation was to determine whether data on irrigation-well registration forms as reported by well drillers can be used in hydrologic studies. Transmissivity maps were prepared for Hamilton County, Nebraska using only specific capacity values computed from yield and drawdown data, as reported on irrigation well-registration forms. On one map each control point was the mean of the transmissivity values calculated for all wells in a section. On a second map each control point was the mean of the means for four contiguous sections sharing a common corner. The second map was similar to that of a previously prepared map based on control point values computed from specific capacities of selected wells, test hole logs, and geologic interpretations. These results suggest that reported registration data for a given area have a normal population distribution. In situations where individual data are unverified the data base can be treated as samples of a population where the mean of the means of several samples for adjacent areas is representative of actual field conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03361.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Method of Aquifer Testing and Its Application to an Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Multiple Aquifer System (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A new method of testing anisotropic, inhomogeneous multiple aquifer systems developed by the author makes use of small diameter bore construction techniques and enables simultaneous testing of superposed aquifers and aquitards (aquicludes).Because of the low cost of the method the hydraulic properties of the multiple aquifer system can be determined at many sites distributed throughout the area of interest, enabling simulation of the local and regional ground-water flow conditions and other hydrological characteristics of the system.Since its development in 1964 the technique improved and was employed in ground-water investigations. Data and results from the inhomogeneous, anisotropic multiple aquifer system west of Melbourne are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03337.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrogeological Processes and Chemical Reactions at a Landfill (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Chemical and isotopic analyses were made of water from wells in and downgradient from a landfill to determine chemical and isotopic effects of generation and migration of leachate on ground water. The distribution and wide concentration range of oxygen and methane permit the delineation of an anaerobic zone, a regional oxygenated zone and an intermediate zone. The ratio of reduced nitrogen to nitrate indicates location of reducing fronts as the leachate migrates. The pH of the native ground water is low (≥5.0) primarily because of the low pH of rainfall and the lack of calcareous or other soluble minerals in the aquifer material. The pH is higher (∼6.6) in the leachate because of generation of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane. The native ground water has a low TDS (80 mg/l) while the leachate has an average TDS of 2800 mg/l and is primarily a NaHCO3 type water. Sulfate concentrations are extremely low and H2S was not detected.We suggest that a major source of cations may be their exchange from the clays by the ammonium generated in the leachate. High concentrations of Fe and Mn are attributed to a source in the refuse but more important to reduction of oxide cements and coatings resulting from degradation of organic matter. The main source of bicarbonate is from organic degradation with minimal CO2 from the soil zone. At one landfill site 52% of the total alkalinity is attributed to organic compounds, mainly organic acid anions. The δ13C of bicarbonate in the leachate is exceedingly heavy (+18.400/00) which results from fractionation during the formation of methane. The 10 per mil deuterium enrichment of water may be due to decomposition of deuterium-enriched compounds and bacterial processes that preferentially consume the lighter hydrogen isotope.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03338.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spring Discharge in Relation to Rapid Fissure Flow (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Rapid fissure flow has been recognised as an important factor in understanding the hydraulic behaviour of the Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer of eastern England. A study of the hydrogeology of a Lincolnshire Limestone spring-fed catchment enables three zones of discharge to be defined, based on their relative elevation along the valley floor. Comparison of the discharge characteristics of each zone reveals the existence of rapid ground-water flow associated with a discrete fissure system. Comparison of spring discharges and ground-water storage during a period of “high,”“low” and “typical” recharge enables a conceptual flow model of the aquifer to be constructed. A two-layered model is proposed, in which the secondary zone (upper unit) is characterised by higher transmissivity and lower storativity than the primary zone (lower unit). In addition, there is evidence of a rapid increase in transmissivity with water-table elevation in the secondary zone. The areal distribution of the secondary zone is associated with a net work dry valleys. The spatial distribution of the two zones is explained by geological structure, lithological variations and the post-glacial history of the area. A two-layered model is developed with these concepts in mind in order to simulate the spring discharges. Once proven, the model can be integreated with the regional hydrogeology and incorporated into existing digital models of the aquifer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03327.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE USE OF A GAMMA LOGGER TO DELINEATE GLACIAL AND BEDROCK STRATIGRAPHY IN SOUTHWESTERN OHIO (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract. An evaluation was made of the usefulness of the gamma-ray logger in delineating glacial-drift and bedrock stratigraphy in southwestern Ohio. The logger was useful in delineating gross stratigraphic units in a glacial outwash aquifer. The gamma log also provided a clearer indication of the clay content of sand and gravel units than did the driller's log.On the uplands, away from the valleys filled with glacial outwash, the logger could not be used to locate the thin, poorly-sorted, interstadial sand and gravel deposits between thicker till sheets. It could, however, be used to distinguish formational contacts in the upper Cincinnatian Series.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03332.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STUDENT SECTION (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03316.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISCUSSION OF “Ground-Water Computer Models,” by Thomas A. Prickett, Russell E. Darr, and Henry A. Baski, March-April 1979 issue, v. 17, no. 2, pp. 167-182 (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03334.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring of Subsurface Injection of Wastes, Florida (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Injection of waste liquids into Florida's subsurface is physically feasible in many places but should be accompanied by monitoring of the waste-receiving aquifer system in addition to the injection facility. Monitoring of the interaction of factors including hydrogeologic conditions, well construction, waste volumes and characteristics, and potable-water sources is desirable to assure that fresh-water resources are not being adversely affected. An effective aquifer-system monitoring program includes on-site wells located close to an injection well and open to the next-higher permeable stratum, satellite wells located hundreds to several thousands of feet from an injection well and open to the receiving aquifer, and regional wells located miles from individual injection wells and open to the receiving aquifer. An extensive aquifer-system monitoring program associated with two waste-injection facilities near Pensacola, Florida, has provided data which have aided hydrologists to understand the aquifer system's response to the injection and, accordingly, to evaluate the potential for affecting the area's fresh-water resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03318.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electric Analog Model Study of Aquifer in Krishni-Hindon Interstream Region, U.P., India (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Overexploitation of ground water in Krishni-Hindon interstream region (Lat. 29°05′N-29°29′N and Long. 77°19′E-77°32′E) in Uttar Pradesh, India, prompted us to carry out aquifer modeling studies. The area lies in Gangetic alluvial plain. The interconnections in the phreatic aquifer and the lower semiconfined aquifer led to the assumption of a single-story aquifer for which an R-C analog model was constructed.The input-output quantities in the model have been simulated using current/voltage generators and current sinks which are appropriately programmed in time-domain with the help of wave-form synthesizers for a realistic representation of the field system.The model study shows that the aquifer can sustain the present output rate of 200 mcm/year without much damage to the ground-water regime. In another scheme, an annual increase of 5% in exploitation rate, shows deleterious effects on the aquifer. Decreased rainfall/ droughts would worsen the situation.The influence of hydraulic connectivity between the aquifer and the Krishni-Hindon river system is quite significant. If the present exploitation rate were to continue for 20 years, the annual inflow to the aquifer from rivers is estimated to increase by about 36.0 mem.More hydrogeological data is required for further validation and refinement of the model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03322.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 208 Planning Approach to Ground-Water Protection — What Is Wrong and What Can Be Done About It? (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Generally, the 208 planning approach is deficient in a number of ways. Its origin lies in Public Law 92-500, which focuses on protection of surface water and special uses of water for fish, wildlife, and recreation. Little ground water is used for these purposes. Nonpoint sources have not been defined in terms that have hydrogeologic significance. Local and State regulatory agencies have often been unsuccessful in controlling ground-water pollution, yet the 208 approach tends to disregard the reasons for this situation. The reasons for ground-water pollution in an area must be understood before meaningful control measures can be enacted. These include both technical and institutional problems.Planners are placed in the forefront of many 208 programs at the local level and often their backgrounds are inadequate in ground water. There is a great lack of ground-water professionals in regulatory agencies involved, particularly in the Southwest. This deficiency is paramount at high levels and in many regional offices of EPA. There are no provisions in the approach to insure that qualified ground-water geologists or hydrologists will be involved. Academic training in ground water is presently oriented toward ground-water development and not pollution. Lastly, public participation is greatly limited by the general lack of knowledge regarding ground water and its pollution.Successful 208 programs in terms of ground water have been enacted when ground-water professionals have had major roles. Changes are necessary in the academic training of ground-water geologists and hydrologists. The public must be educated concerning the long-term consequences of ground-water pollution. Lastly, ground-water professionals must assume the leadership in ground-water protection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03290.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Controlled Degradation and/or Protection Zones - Sense (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: It is herein submitted that the nearly universal phrase “shall not cause pollution of the ground waters and surface waters” written into the State regulations for waste disposal operations not only refutes a sound technical alternative, but is impractical, uneconomical and often unworkable.It is a fact that all ground waters are not created equal, as governed by certain irrefutable physical laws including the water budget equation and Darcy's Law which states that the quantity of ground water available is subject to wide variation from location to location. While an aquifer is a relative term, major, minor and nonaquifers can be identified within a given geographic area with respect to cost-effective ground-water resource development. Likewise, the natural quality of ground water is also a significant variable with certain parameters often exceeding drinking-water standards. The land application of wastes overlying the ground waters of an area should, therefore, also be subject to a certain degree of flexibility for prudent management of both the waste operation and the ground-water resources.Numerous investigations and empirical data can be cited to substantiate the fact that many wastes and their associated leachates can be safely assimilated into the environment with reliance on attenuation and controlled degradation of ground water by utilization of a mixing zone or zone of renovation with a specified distance from a disposal operation. As increased emphasis is placed on the land disposal/management of wastes/residuals and as the cost of these operations continue to mount, it is strongly recommended that controlled ground-water degradation be utilized in those areas where a “true” ground-water resource does not exist. Protection of such a “true” ground-water resource is obviously necessary as our demands for a potable water supply also continue to grow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03293.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground-Water Computer Models — Intellectual Toys (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Ground-water computer models are, certainly, toys which provide intellectual stimulation. They can be useful tools for advancement of the ground-water profession, but I believe that they have been blown out of proportion and that this might cause irreparable damage to our profession.It is important to see where computer models fit into the ground-water problem-solving process. I believe that ground-water computer programs are simply a complicated “turn the crank” tool for making projections. They're one type of tool out of several which requires aquifer and confining bed characteristics to facilitate making projections. A second approach for making projections involves the direct extrapolation or manipulation of data which does not require transmissivity, storage coefficient, leakance, and other interpreted characteristics. Further, I believe that the collection and evaluation of data are of greater importance than the projection methods and/or tools in arriving at answers.Advantages of ground-water computer models include: speedy analyses once a program is working, ability to handle many parameters, and utilization of a large data base. The disadvantages include: use of computer models as end goals, tendency for misapplications, time-consuming setup, a waste of time and money in some cases, and diversion of human talent from useful ground-water work.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03298.x
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Waterborne Disease — Historical Lesson (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: While it is true that waterborne diseases are still with us, and probably always will be, we cannot classify them as a current threat in the sense that they were 100 years ago. The discovery that chlorine would disinfect water supplies removed these diseases from a “current threat” category to the “historical lesson” category. We are not faced with unknowns which we are unable to attack. We have only to look at what others have done to protect themselves and follow the same or improved practices.If the record of waterborne outbreaks in public water supplies in this country from the end of World War II up to the present is examined, it will be found that all are caused by breakdowns in disinfection procedures or carelessness. The record is replete with statements such as “improper disinfection after repair,”“breakdown or lack of disinfecting equipment,”“back siphonage,” and other similar statements all pointing to failure to follow practices which the history of water treatment has shown to be necessary for protection against waterborne disease. Carelessness allows recurrence of disease outbreaks. If the lessons of history were followed, the conquest of waterborne disease transmission by public water systems could be complete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03302.x
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changing Patterns of Ground-Water Use in the United States (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The increasing use of ground water and its true role as a source of water supplies in the United States have sometimes been interpreted incorrectly. The total use of ground water has indeed increased tremendously during the last 20 years (by almost 80%), but so has the total use of water (over 70%). And ground water is still far from being a primary source of water supplies. In 1975, only 20% of the total amount of water withdrawn in the United States for various uses came from ground-water sources.Statistical analysis of ground-water data for the period 1950-1975 has shown that the ground-water usage is changing only very slowly. Relation of ground-water use to total water use expressed in percent was used as an indicator of changes of ground-water use patterns. This percentage has not changed significantly, and it has fluctuated around 19%. In 1975, only 6 States used more ground water than surface water for their water supplies, and in 23 States ground-water use was less than 10% of total use. Even more unfavorable is the magnitude of change in ratio of ground-water use relative to total water use. From 1955 to 1975 only 13 States show an increase in the ratio. In 28 States the ratio has decreased, and in 7 it has remained the same.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03304.x
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DISCUSSION OF “Fossil Ground-Water Gradients in Arid Regional Sedimentary Basins,” by John W. Lloyd and Mohamed H. Farag, November-December 1978 issue, v. 16, no. 6, pp. 388–393 (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03311.x
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PEOPLE IN THE NEWS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03315.x
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Audience Response to Session I — Ground-Water Pollution (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03270.x
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground-Water Quality Standards — A Neutral View (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: An objective view of the need for ground-water quality standards requires that an individual recognize the value that ground water contributes to the water supply needs of our nation. A vast number of people living in rural areas and a large number of communities are dependent upon ground water as their sole source of water for domestic, industrial, commercial, and agricultural needs.This large use and dependency upon ground water dictates that these resources are valuable and must be protected for both present day and future uses. There are many examples where present methods of disposal of wastes generated in America have not been satisfactory from an environmental standpoint, with an exception of projects where disposal sites have been properly designed, operated, and managed for protection of the ground water.One possible solution for ground-water protection is the establishment of ground-water quality standards. The purpose of such standards is to protect the public health and welfare and maintain the quality of ground waters in all usable aquifers for individual, public, industrial, and agricultural water supplies. A legal basis must exist and the prescribed steps must be followed as dictated by the rule making process. The primary aim of such standards is to prevent the degradation of ground waters such as they will not become a public health hazard or harm the users of the ground water.The backbone of such a standard rests on the completion of a hydrogeological study which is necessary to determine background water quality information, set up the monitoring program and outline sampling to determine when water quality changes are taking place and what is a significant change.
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    Land Application of Waste — An Accident Waiting to Happen (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Half the population depends on ground water for domestic uses. Use is increasing 25 percent per decade. Ground water is generally used with little or no treatment.Some persons would transfer the discharge of our waste products from contaminated surface streams to the land and thus relatively clean ground waters.No standards exist that protect ground-water quality. Research necessary to give assurance that natural interaction of waste water and soils will remove, to acceptable levels, potentially harmful contaminants, organic and inorganic, that permeate today's waste streams and today's health concerns, has not been done.Success reports on land treatment of waste water have a not evaluated deterioration of ground water from organic contamination. Most waste waters contain synthetic organics in varying concentrations. EPA recommends their reduction in drinking water to the lowest possible level.Most instances of ground-water contamination have been discovered after drinking water is contaminated. Unless the public is willing to treat ground water as it does water from surface streams, greater control of land disposal practices must be exercised. Current practice does not indicate the necessary controls are contemplated or recognized. It follows that the widespread use of the land treatment alternative is, in reality, an accident waiting to happen.
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    Audience Response to Session III — Land Application of Waste (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    The Federal Ground-Water Protection Program — A Review (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The Nation's ground-water resources constitute a vast and often unprotected resource. The Environmental Protection Agency is about to launch a number of programs designed to protect what is, in many cases, a virtually non-renewable resource. Separate regulatory activities mandated under the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act and the Clean Water Act must be carefully coordinated if they are to be effective.The current implementation efforts within the agency are being framed in view of our major principles which will be the focus of public comment in the months ahead. These principles are:First, the administration of the related programs will be a cooperative effort involving Federal, State and local governments, all of which must participate in formulating the program if it is to be effective.Second, the focus of the programs will be on the prevention of contamination rather than on its treatment at the point of withdrawal.Third, the applicable standards will be based primarily on technology rather than ambient ground-water quality considerations since the effects of discharges upon ambient quality are complex, difficult to predict, and of long duration.Fourth, there is a need to balance environmental protection, energy development and continued economic prosperity objectives so that the resulting programs fully protect public health while being realistically implementable.All of us—government, industry and citizens, through acts of commission or omission—have contributed to the potential problem. We must work together if we are to get on with the important task of protecting the quality of the Nation's ground-water resources.
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    HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS UTILIZING HEAT-SHRINKABLE TUBING (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Hydraulic conductivity studies of a consolidated pozzolanic material indicate that heat-shrinkable tubing can be utilized to encase cylinders for use in a permeameter. The materials required for encasement of a sample include: heat-shrinkable tubing, hose clamps, polyvinyl chloride discs, glass tubing, and an electric oven. The procedure requires that the assembled PVC discs, filters, shrinkable tubing, and sample be placed on a support stand in an electric oven for three to four minutes at a temperature between 450–500° F. Upon removal from the oven, hose clamps are placed around each PVC disc. The method has several advantages. It saves time and expenses over conventional methods such as pneumatic pressurized core holders or triaxial testing units and preserves the original interstitial bore spaces of the sample.
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    Effect of Vegetation on Landfill Stabilization (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Six types of vegetation were established successfully on lysimeters containing sanitary landfill materials. The vegetation grew well with the roots penetrating several refuse layers within one year. Leachate analysis indicated that vegetation and evapotranspiration (ET) reduced leachate volume and increased the rate of refuse decomposition. This was accompanied by production of a more potent leachate and a substantial increase in cumulative chemical oxygen demand. Therefore, this study suggests more potential ground-water pollution in a shorter period of time when vegetation is planted on a landfill. The net effect of ET on the stabilization of any particular landfill will be the result of a complex interaction involving climate, vegetation, soil type, cover material, landfill geometry, and other variables. This makes extrapolation of our results to a particular field situation rather difficult.
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    Cleat Orientation and Areal Hydraulic Anisotropy of a Wyoming Coal Aquifer (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The anisotropic, areal hydraulic conductivity of the Felix No. 2 coal (Eocene, Wasatch Formation) has been defined in a four-well pump test at a site in the Powder River Basin of northeastern Wyoming. The direction of maximum hydraulic conductivity of the subbituminous coal bed bears N59°E and is associated with a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of 0.27 m/day. The direction of minimum hydraulic conductivity bears N31°W and is associated with a horizontal hydraulic conductivity of 0.15 m/day. The direction of maximum hydraulic conductivity approximately corresponds to the trend of the prominent face cleat in the coal, while the direction of minimum hydraulic conductivity corresponds to the trend of the butt cleat. The cleat orientation appears related to the alignment of major structural features of the region. Prediction of the direction of both maximum and minimum horizontal hydraulic conductivity in near-horizontal coal beds appears possible. However, either the cleat orientation of the bed or the alignment of the controlling fold structure must be known or obtainable.
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    The Significance and Prediction of Observation Well Response Delay in Semiconfined Aquifer-Test Analysis (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The concept of the observation well as a measuring instrument with its own response characteristics is developed, and a method for response evaluation is derived based on methods of slug-test analysis. The effect of well response time upon the results of semiconfined aquifer tests is calculated and a series of type curves is produced. The ambiguity of observation well response affected leaky aquifer tests is demonstrated.A method for calculating well response time based on estimates of aquifer parameters and observation well dimensions is also presented to aid the proper design of aquifer tests. It is recommended that a slug test should be performed on every observation well used in confined or semiconfined aquifer tests.
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    Use of Laboratory Data to Predict Sulfate Sorption During Artificial Ground-Water Recharge (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Sulfate sorption data determined from laboratory investigations were used to predict movement of sulfate during a field experiment of artificial ground-water recharge in a basin near Lubbock, Texas. Laboratory studies confirmed that sulfate sorption is controlled in the system by surface area, content of iron oxides and hydroxides, and pH. Predicted sulfate distribution in the unsaturated zone was made by assuming constant one-dimensional flow. Where these assumptions were met, predictions were generally good at shallow depths and for short times.At greater depths and longer times, these assumptions combined with other factors, such as changes in effective porosity, variable mineralogy, changing hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients, and variable infiltration rates contributed to the failure of the predicted values to match the observed data.It appears that sulfate distribution in the unsaturated zone during artificial recharge can be predicted by using easily derived laboratory data if the flow conditions in the field can be described adequately.
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    SEARCH PROBLEMS AND PROBLEM SEARCHING -REPLY TO the Discussion and Technical Note by Otto Helweg of “Two-Dimensional Searches for High-Yield Well Sites,” November-December 1977 Issue, pp. 452–454 (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Geoelectric Sounding for Estimating Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The objective of this study was to develop surface electrical resistivity methods for estimating hydraulic conductivities in glacial outwash materials. Aquifer electrical resistivities were determined from the results of Schlumberger electrical soundings at six sites in southern Rhode Island where pumping tests had previously been made. Hydraulic conductivities and transmissivities determined from pumping tests were then correlated with resistivities obtained from electrical soundings. Results indicate that electrical resistivities determined from soundings can be used to predict aquifer hydraulic conductivities; an empirical relation between aquifer electrical resistivity and aquifer hydraulic conductivity was developed. A semiempirical relation between aquifer formation factor and hydraulic conductivity was also developed.
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    Trends of Selected Ground-Water Constituents from Infiltration Galleries, Southeast Nassau County, New York (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Long-term records of ground-water quality indicate that in an unsewered area of southeast Nassau County, New York, certain constituent concentrations increased substantially from 1910 to 1975. Most of the increases virtually parallel the rate of population growth and number of houses that discharge waste water through cesspools and septic tanks. Data sites used for this study were two abandoned infiltration galleries in Wantagh and Massapequa that withdraw water from the shallow aquifer. Ranges in constituent concentrations, in milligrams per liter, during 1910–75 were:
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    Land Subsidence and Cracking Due to Ground-Water Depletion (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Subsidence of the land surface due to ground-water overdraft is caused by an increase in the intergranular pressure in unconsolidated aquifers and other underground materials. For unconfined aquifers, this increase is the result of a loss of buoyancy of solid particles in the zone dewatered by the falling water table. For confined aquifers, increases in intergranular pressure are caused by decreases in the upward hydraulic pressure against the bottom of the upper confining layer, due to a drop in piezometric surface. Compression of layers in which the intergranular pressure is increased can be calculated with elastic or logarithmic theory. Sample calculations yield rates of subsidence that agree with those observed, i.e., about 5 to 50 cm (2 to 20 inches) per 10-m (33-ft) drop in ground-water level. Ground-water depletion can also produce surface cracks, particularly above discontinuities in bedrock depth along the periphery or in other parts of subsiding basins. Calculations based on the rotating-slab theory show that the initial surface width of such cracks is about 1 cm (0.5 inch), which agrees with field observations.
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    Phosphate Removal by Sands and Soils (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Phosphate retention by soils is especially important for tile fields and rapid infiltration systems near lakes where eutrophication is a problem. The use and application of the phosphate adsorption isotherm test to estimate a soil's phosphate removal ability will be discussed. In New York State, the till soils had a greater phosphate retention ability than the outwash soils. Within the tills and within the outwashes, the more acid soils had a greater phosphate retention than the more basic or calcareous soils. The B horizon of many of the soils had a high phosphate capacity. However, this is often neglected in rapid infiltration systems because the waste water is discharged below the B horizon. The phosphate removal in column studies and field studies in rapid infiltration systems was found greater than predicted by the rapid isotherm test. Intermittent sand filters with two feet sand and underdrains were found to have a limited ability to remove phosphate. Methods to predict and design for phosphate retention by sands and soils are described.
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    Disposal of Salt Water During Well Construction: Problems and Solutions (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The recent interest in the disposal of treated sewage effluent by deep-well injection into salt-water-filled aquifers has increased the need for proper disposal of salt water as more wells are drilled and tested each year.The effects on an unconfined aquifer of the improper disposal of salt water associated with the construction of three wells in southeastern Florida emphasize this need. In two of the wells provisions to prevent and detect salt-water contamination of the unconfined aquifer were practically nonexistent, and in one well extensive provisions were made. Of the three drilling sites the one with proper provision for detection presented no serious problem, as the ground water contaminated by the salt water was easily located and removed. The provisions consisted of drilling a brine-injection well to dispose of salt water discharged in drilling and testing operations, using a closed drilling circulation system to reduce spillage, installing shallow observation wells to map the extent and depth of any salt-water contamination of the shallow aquifer, and installing a dewatering system to remove contaminated ground water.
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    Applications of Surface Resistivity Methods (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Generally the geology of the Breton area of Alberta consists of a 5-to 125-ft (1.5- to 38.1-m) veneer of glacial till overlying sandstone and sandy shale units of the Paskapoo Formation. These sandstone units are locally important aquifers. Glacial drift in the Hastings Lake area varies in thickness from 100 to 200 ft (30.5 to 61.0 m) and overlies the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, which consists of bentonitic shale, siltstone and coal units with minor sandstone units. Ground-water yields from drift and bedrock in this area are generally less than 30 gpm (113.6 1/m).Resistivity soundings were completed at 68 and 65 stations in the Breton and Hastings Lake areas, respectively. Profile maps from the Breton area are characterized by broad areas with apparent resistivity values greater than 100 ohm-ft (3048 ohm-cm). Qualitative evaluation of the resistivity soundings and existing borehole data indicated that the high resistivity values resulted from a thick resistive sandstone aquifer less than 25 ft (7.6 m) from ground surface. A reasonably well-defined resistivity pattern was evident on the profile maps of the Hastings Lake area with the highest resistivity values coming from stations located in the hummocky moraine south of the lake. Sounding curves and borehole data indicate that an increase in the sand content of the drift is responsible for these values. However, local variability in the drift lithology produces anomalies in the resistivity patterns. In addition to providing useful information on the geology of an area, surface resistivity methods provide a rapid and relatively inexpensive tool to aid in planning more detailed ground-water studies because of their ability to detect inhomogeneities in the subsurface environment.
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    FIELD REPORTS (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Water Quality Variations for Pumping Wells (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Past ground-water quality monitoring programs have often involved sampling of low-capacity wells near point or line sources of recharge or pollution. However, large-capacity wells produce much of the ground water pumped for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. Short-term, seasonal, and long-term fluctuations in quality are common for water pumped from many large-capacity wells. In many cases, there is a considerable difference between in-situ “ground-water quality” and the quality of water sampled at the well discharge.Short-term pump tests for several municipal wells in the San Joaquin Valley, California have indicated that nitrate concentrations decreased exponentially with pumping time. Variability in pump operation creates substantial short-term changes in well-water quality. Short-term changes are most evident for infrequently pumped, shallow wells near point or line sources of recharge or pollution. Seasonal changes in quality have been documented for water from wells in areas of diffuse sources of pollution, such as agricultural return flow and septic tanks. These changes are primarily due to significant changes in depth to water and vertical hydraulic head gradient. Once the short-term and seasonal trends are established, the optimal sampling approach can be determined in order to establish long-term trends.
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    DISCUSSION OF “SOME TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF GROUND-WATER MONITORING,” by Raphael G. Kazmann, September-October 1976 issue, pp. 339–343 (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Ground-Water Chemical Quality Management by Artificial Recharge (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The effectiveness of basin ground-water recharge at the Leaky Acres Recharge Facility in Fresno, California for improving the regional ground-water quality was studied as 65,815,000 m3 of high-quality surface water was recharged from 1971 through 1975. Observation wells at the facility showed some variability in chemical parameters associated with each recharge period. The long-term decreases in salinity could be described by a power law decay curve fitted by regression analysis.Without a special network of observation wells outside the facility, scientific evaluation of the enclave of recharged water is not possible. A practical evaluation of water-quality changes is possible from producing water wells around the facility. However, the pumping well discharge-time variations, well depth, aquifer sequence, and prior use of surrounding land must be considered, since all of these factors affect the pumped-water quality and its seasonal variability. Recharge at Leaky Acres had noticeably decreased the ground-water salinity for a distance of up to 1.6 km in the direction of the regional ground-water movement.
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    A Nonstructural Approach to Control Salt Accumulation in Ground Water (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: One of the more subtle and dangerous areas of pollution is that occurring in ground water from normal irrigation practices. The pollution from salt buildup is presently one of the unsolved problems in managing stream-aquifer systems. This paper presents several strategies that offer a possibility of controlling this salt buildup. For example, instead of applying irrigation ground water near the site of the well, the ASTRAN Method transfers it downstream to be applied on land where the ground water is a lower quality thereby controlling the increase in salt concentration. Instead of preventing seepage loss in delivery canals, the percolating water is used to maintain ground-water quality. Finally, timed releases of return flow remove salts without exceeding surface-water quality constraints.
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    WASTE DISPOSAL - A MOST PERVASIVE PROBLEM (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Thomas P. Ahrens – Father of Water Well Technology (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Zoning Aquifers for Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Soils and aquifers can function as effective and economical filter systems for advanced treatment of conventionally treated sewage and other wastewater. The wastewater is applied to the land with low-rate or high-rate infiltration systems. Physical, chemical, and biological processes in the soil improve the quality of the wastewater as it percolates through the vadose zone and into the aquifer to become renovated water. The quality of the renovated water, however, often is not as good as that of the native ground water. To utilize the land for treatment of wastewater, without trading a problem of surface-water pollution for one of ground-water contamination, the spread of renovated water in the aquifer must be restricted. This can be accomplished by locating the system so that the renovated water drains naturally into a stream or other surface water, or by artificially removing renovated water from the aquifer with wells or drains at some distance from the application area. Examples are given of various systems that utilize these principles, and general design criteria are presented. Proper design involves analysis of underground-flow systems for various system geometries. Methods for measuring hydraulic conductivity, particularly in the vadose zone, are briefly reviewed.
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    Prediction of Future Nitrate Concentrations in Ground Water (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Over the last few years rises in the nitrate content of ground water from wells and springs in the principal aquifers of the United Kingdom have been observed. In a number of cases the concentrations have exceeded the WHO lower recommended limit. In order to determine the reason for the rise, to assess whether it will continue and the eventual nitrate levels, the Water Research Centre has undertaken an extensive programme of drilling and sampling on the Chalk and Bunter Sandstone, and by August 1976, twenty-two sites had been examined. This work has established that high nitrate concentrations (peaks up to 60 mg/l NO3-N have been observed) are present in the unsaturated aquifers at fertilized arable/ley sites. At unfertilized grassland sites nitrate concentrations are low (less than 4 mg/l NO3-N) and below fertilized established grassland values are in the intermediate range. At one farm site near Winchester, models to predict the rate of movement of nitrate through the unsaturated and saturated Chalk have been developed. These suggest that the nitrate levels at this site will remain at an essentially constant value of about 4 mg/l NO3-N until the late 1970's when they will rise progressively to about 4 mg/l NO3-N. The models have been checked against tritium data and the approach is now being extended to other sites.
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    Monitoring Cyclic Fluctuations in Ground-Water Quality (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The chemical quality of water in many shallow and surficial aquifers exhibits cyclic fluctuations. These fluctuations are caused by the intermittent flushing of contaminants into the ground during recharge events. The contaminants may be natural or reflect man's activities, particularly waste disposal schemes.Over the past 12 years an oil-field brine contaminated aquifer in central Ohio has been monitored. Data from three closely-spaced wells tapping selected parts of the aquifer indicate that brine is flushed into the ground during recharge events and that each contaminated mass maintains much of its integrity as it sinks to the bottom of the aquifer and then migrates laterally to the adjacent river. The most concentrated mass that covers the largest area infiltrates during the spring recharge period, but less concentrated and smaller masses may occur any time rainfall is sufficient to overcome the soil-moisture deficiency.Because of the cyclic nature of recontamination events, care and common sense must be exercised in the extrapolation of quality data, particularly in regard to estimation of contaminant flushing rates.
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    DISCUSSION OF “Vyredox-In Situ Purification of Ground Water,” by Rolf O. Hallberg and Rudolf Martinell, March-April 1976 issue, pp. 88–93 (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    DISCUSSION OF “Hydrogeology of a Portion of the Sand Hills and Ogallala Aquifer, South Dakota and Nebraska,” by Perry H. Rahn and Howard A. Paul, September-October 1975 issue, pp. 428–437 (continued) (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    A Simple Computer Program for the Determination of Aquifer Characteristics from Pump Test Data (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A computer program, based on the Hantush inflection method and designed for “desk top” computers is presented. The method assumes a leaky, isotropic, homogeneous aquifer of infinite areal extent. The language employed is BASIC, an interactive language used on the Wang Model 2200 programmable calculator. The program can be easily adapted to FORTRAN IV for use on larger machines.
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    Quality of Ground Water in the Coastal Aquifer Near Visakhapatnam, India (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A study of the quality of ground water from 250 open wells in the coastal aquifer of Kaniti-Paravada near Visakhapatnam, India brings out the fact that the occurrence of highly brackish waters in certain localized pockets is due to the hydrogeological processes going on in the area and not due to the influence of the sea. The phenomenon is verified by determining standard ratios of tracing sea-water contamination like Ca/Mg, Cl/HCo3’and TA/TH. Conductivity and sodium adsorption ratio are also determined for finding out the alkali hazard, to supplement the observations.
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    Hydrochemistry and Ground-Water Mixing in Part of the Lincolnshire Limestone Aquifer, England (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A hydrochemical study is outlined which demonstrates the mixing of two different ground-water types in the Lincolnshire Limestone aquifer. The two water types consist of a modern recharge water and an ancient possibly connate water. The hydrochemistry of the “interface zone” between the two waters is discussed in detail. In the younger water a relationship between sulphate reduction and bicarbonate is illustrated approaching the “interface zone” and is considered to be related indirectly to the mixing. Carbon isotope content is shown to be radically different in the various ground waters and supports the mixing hypothesis.
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    GROUND-WATER EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Unsteady Flow to a Nonpenetrating Artesian Well (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Exact solution to the problem of unsteady drawdown in a leaky artesian aquifer due to a constant discharge nonpenetrating well is presented. Finiteness of the well radius and aquifer anisotropy are considered in formulating the problem. Solution is derived on the assumption that the flux entering the pumped well is uniformly distributed over the plane circular bottom of the well. The aquifer is considered to be finite in thickness, but of infinite lateral extent. The flow of ground water is assumed to be governed by Jacob's model of linear leakage. Laplace transformation technique is employed in the theoretical development. The drawdown function is numerically integrated in terms of dimensionless parameters of the flow system and the results are depicted in graphs.
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    STEP BEYOND THEORY - AQUIFER STORAGE OF ENERGY (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The technical feasibility of storing energy in an aquifer is being investigated by Auburn University in a field experiment. Waste hot water from Alabama Power Company's Barry Steam Plant will be pumped into an artesian aquifer, stored, and recovered. The field data will be used by the U.S. Geological Survey to verify numerical models for the analysis of the transport of heat in an artesian aquifer system.
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    DISCUSSION OF “Applications of Electro-Osmosis to Ground-Water Flow Problems,” by Roland W. Lewis, Chris Humpheson, and John C. Bruch, Jr., November-December 1975 issue, pp. 484–491 (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Bacteriological Criteria for Ground-Water Quality (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 13 (1975), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Although more than 60 million individuals rely upon the absence of microbial pathogens in their marginally-treated or untreated ground-water supplies, an analysis of reported waterborne disease outbreaks for the period 1946-1970 shows that contaminated ground-water supplies were responsible for over 50 percent of the outbreaks. Completed ground-water studies indicate: (1) coliforms and fecal coliforms are present in a significant percentage of improperly located or inadequately protected private supplies, and (2) the apparent absence of coliforms due to the insensitivity of currently available bacteriological methods does not preclude pathogen occurrences. Excessive bacterial populations, normally not encountered in finished water, can suppress coliform detection. For this reason, it is essential that improved bacterial detection methods be developed and other criteria for untreated ground water be explored by comprehensive field investigations and laboratory analysis of ground-water supplies for a variety of bacterial parameters.
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    Bull Session — The Impact of Zero Discharge Legislation on Ground Water. (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Natural Soil Nitrate: The Cause of the Nitrate Contamination of Ground Water in Runnels County, Texas (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 13 (1975), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The ground waters of Runnels County, Texas, are highly contaminated with nitrate. The average nitrate concentration of 230 water samples was 250 mg/I NO3.The natural variations of the stable nitrogen isotopes N14 and N15 identified natural soil nitrate as the predominant source. Nitrate from animal wastes was of minor importance. The δN15 range of natural soil nitrate was +2 to +8% whereas the δN15 range of animal waste nitrate was +10 to +20%- (Atmospheric nitrogen was used as a standard for mass spectrometric analysis. Experimental error for sample preparation and isotopic analysis was ±1 %.) More than 66 percent of the ground-water nitrates analyzed were in the δN15 range of natural soil nitrates.Dryland farming since 1900 has caused the oxidation of the organic nitrogen in the soil to nitrate. Minimal fertilizer has been used because of the lack of suitable water for irrigation. During the period 1900-1950, nitrate was leached below the root zone but not to the water table. Extensive terracing after the drought in the early 1950's has raised the water table approximately 6 meters and has leached the nitrate into the ground water. Tritium dates indicate that the ground water is less than 20 years old.
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    Bull Session — Lesser Known Ground-Water Pollution Hazards (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Bull Session — New Technology for Ground-Water Protection (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Development of Fresh Ground Water Near Salt Water in West Virginia (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 13 (1975), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Salt-water migration into relatively shallow rocks in the western half of West Virginia is already rather far advanced. Because of the wide distribution of salty ground water and connate brine at various depths, it is difficult to determine how much of the contamination is natural and how much is the result of subsurface industrial activities. Although some local salt-water problems are the result of oil and gas operations, much of the regional near-surface salt water is a natural condition unrelated to deep drilling or other industrial activities.Ground water is usually more abundant from consolidated aquifers beneath the valleys than from beneath the ridges. However, the presence of shallow salt water beneath the valleys imposes limitations on the availability of fresh water from a single well. Because most well fields must be located along the populated valleys, the problem of interception of salt water is the most important factor limiting development of consolidated bedrock aquifers. By utilizing the history of development and operation of well fields, an estimate of the availability of fresh water can be made, and test drilling and new well field construction guided accordingly.During 1971 to 1974, more than a dozen small communities in Logan and Boone Counties started development of public-water supplies from wells. Existing water-supply problems in these areas are being solved by using the cumulative experience of other communities in the area. Ground water is currently being developed in valley areas of Logan County such as Man to Lorado, Essie to Big Creek, and Huff Creek to Mallory. Adequate well fields have recently been successfully constructed just above shallow salt water in bedrock aquifers at Hattie in Calhoun County, near Madison in Boone County, near Southside in Mason County, and at Prichard in Wayne County. In all of these areas of successful construction, the essential information for initial test drilling was obtained by detailed hydrogeologic work at the prospective sites. Most important was the determination of the maximum depth of fresh water, well spacing and pumping rates.
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    Programmable Hand Calculator Programs for Pumping and Injection Wells: I — Constant or Variable Pumping (Injection) Rate, Single or Multiple Fully Penetrating Wells (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Small programmable calculators have recently become available that will allow many routine pumping or injection well calculations to be made rapidly, accurately and inexpensively. Programs and example calculations are given for the exponential integral and multiple well-multiple rate pumping or injection well equations using water well and oilfield units. The programs are for the TI 59 card programmable calculator.
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    Collapse Pressure of Thermoplastic Water Well Casings (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Because of the relatively low stiffness properties of thermoplastic materials, casings made from these materials may be more susceptible to collapse. For many applications, when a surrounding material tends to support the casing, the casing resistance to collapse should be significantly increased. The Morley equations of equilibrium for two radial collapse pressure loading conditions were modified to include the support of the surrounding medium and were solved using the Galerkin method. Parametric studies were conducted for typical water well casings and restraint values. Simple collapse prediction formulas are proposed for predicting collapse for the two loading conditions considered. Collapse pressures predicted by the proposed formulas for uniform collapse pressure are approximately 25% lower than those values predicted by the current ASTM formula. Collapse pressures for linearly varying pressure were found to be 12% higher than the corresponding values for uniform pressure. When the radial stiffness of the surrounding medium is included in the analysis, the collapse pressure resistance of the casing was found to be significantly increased over the collapse resistance of an unsupported casing.
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    Geophysical Investigations of Ground Failure Related to Ground-Water Withdrawal — Picacho Basin, Arizona (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Precise geophysical surveys across ground failure zones related to ground-water withdrawal at nine sites in Picacho basin in south-central Arizona indicate that earth fissures in alluvium near exposed bedrock are spatially associated with local gravity and magnetic anomalies ranging from local highs to convex-upward changes in slope. We interpret the gravity anomalies, which range from 0.1 to 1 mGal with half-widths of 50 to 300 m (160 to 980 ft), to be caused by convex-upward irregularities in the bedrock surface underlying the alluvial aquifer. Most irregularities are inferred to be at depths less than 250 m (820 ft). Bedrock irregularities were not detected beneath failures that are more than 2 km (1.2 mi) from bedrock outcrop. The association of earth fissures with zones of variable aquifer thickness suggests that differential compaction is occurring near these fissures. Theoretical estimates, based on the finite element method, of horizontal strains generated by localized differential compaction suggest that this mechanism is the dominant source of horizontal tension causing earth fissures in Picacho basin. Our analysis indicates that tensile strains at fissures at the times of their formation ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 percent.Prediction of the location of earth fissures near exposed bedrock in Picacho basin and in adjacent basins with similar geologic settings appears feasible by delineation of convex-upward bedrock irregularities. Failures far from exposed bedrock, however, may not be as readily predicted on this basis. If the rheological properties and thicknesses of subsurface materials are known, prediction of the magnitude of water-level decline required to induce sufficient differential compaction to cause failure at potential earth fissures appears feasible.
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    Aquifer Coefficients Determined from Multiple Well Effects, Fernandina Beach, Florida (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: On September 30, 1977, a large industrial plant in Fernandina Beach, Florida, shut down six artesian wells that had been pumping continuously for several weeks from the Floridan aquifer. Two wells continued pumping until November 20, 1977, at which time the shutdown wells were restarted. A water-level recorder on an observation well recorded the changing water level following shutdown and startup. Pumping rates of the wells ranged from 400,000 to 590,000 cubic feet per day (11,000 to 16,000 cubic meters per day). Distances from the pumped wells to the observation well range from 660 to 7,920 feet (200-2,420 meters). Analysis of the water-level data was further complicated because the wells were neither turned off nor restarted simultaneously; during recovery one well was restarted and pumped for several hours; and at the beginning of startup, a well that had been pumping continuously during the shutdown was turned off. The Cooper-Jacob graphical method, based on the principle of superposition and using values of specific drawdown or specific recovery (s/Q) and weighted logarithmic mean of the distance squared divided by time 〈inlineGraphic alt="inline image" href="urn:x-wiley:0017467X:GWAT525:GWAT_525_mu1" location="equation/GWAT_525_mu1.gif"/〉, was applied to determine the aquifer coefficients for the upper water-bearing zone of the aquifer. A transmissivity of 30,000 feet squared per day (2,800 meters squared per day) and a storage coefficient of between 2.5 × 10-4 and 4.0 × 10-4 were computed.
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    A Simplified Statistical Sequence Applied to Routine Water Quality Analysis: A Case History (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A sequence of simple statistical tests was used to interpret the data from a routine water sampling project for a stream that was contaminated with effluent from a sewage treatment plant. The contamination of this stream was apparent from the murky condition of the water and its pungent odor. The outlet of the sewage treatment plant enters the stream at its origin.The chemical variables analysed were Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, nitrates, TDS, and hardness. Background data from other streams in this drainage basin and data from the stream under investigation were subjected to cluster analysis in order to classify the sampled area into geochemical provinces. The contaminated stream under investigation comprised one province and the background streams constituted another province. A linear regression performed on the data showed a statistically significant decrease of several variables with increasing distance from the outlet of the sewage treatment plant. An abrupt decrease in concentration of iron some 450 m below the plant outlet implied the presence of two populations with different means, which was statistically verified with a trimmed t-test.Use of these simple tests greatly facilitated interpretation of the data.
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    An Anomalous Occurrence of Sodium Bicarbonate Water in a Flood Plain in a Carbonate Terrane (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Geochemical factors controlling water chemistry in an influent stream and adjacent flood-plain sediments were determined during a four-year study. The stream has a drainage basin that is similar to many streams draining carbonate terranes in the eastern United States. It receives sewage effluent, farm and urban runoff and supplies recharge to an aquifer under extensive development.Water beneath the flood plain, springs, and channel were calcium bicarbonate as expected; however, the prevalent chemical character of soil water beneath the channel was sodium bicarbonate. HCO3 within soil water beneath the stream is three times (1,500 mg/l) that beneath the flood plain, Na+ is two orders of magnitude greater (400 mg/l), K+ reaches 10 mg/l which is twice as great while CA2+ and Mg2+ may be one-fifth as high as concentrations beneath the flood plain with ranges from 15 to 20 mg/l and 5 to 10 mg/l respectively. Waters 3 to 7 feet (0.9 to 2.1 m) below the flood plain contain intermediate Na+ values from 25 to 75 mg/l.Ion exchange appears to be the mechanism accounting for the sodium bicarbonate water observed under the channel. The same relationship should occur in other areas with available carbonate rock, base exchange minerals, and an organic source.
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    Analysis of Changes in Ground-Water Levels in a Sewered and an Unsewered Area of Nassau County, Long Island, New York (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: From the 195O's to the early 1970's expansion of sanitary sewerage in southwest Nassau County contributed to progressive declines in ground-water levels. Since the early 197O's, however, 10 years after the area was fully sewered, water levels have not declined significantly, which suggests that the water table may have reached a new equilibrium position. Double-mass-curve analyses show that during 1953-76 the average weighted ground-water levels in a 32-square-mile (83-square-kilometer) part of the sewered area declined 12.2 feet (3.73 meters) more than those in the unsewered area to the east. However, by 1973 this decline was 13.5 feet (4.1 meters). Finite-difference digital-model results indicate that 3.6 feet (1.1 meters) of the relative 1953-76 decline was due to pumping in adjacent Queens County and that most of the remaining decline was a result of sewerage. Streamflow within the sewered area decreased in response to the lowered ground-water levels, and ground-water levels in the adjacent unsewered area were also lowered because of the sewerage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03340.x
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    TRAINING OF HYDROGEOLOGISTS FOR GROUND-WATER POLLUTION EVALUATIONS (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    REPLY TO the preceding Discussion by Elmer E. Jones, Jr. of “Grout-Induced Temperature Rise Surrounding Wells” (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1979.tb03347.x
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    Ground-Water Computer Models — Practical Tools (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: One of the most valuable and practical tools the ground-water manager can use is the computer model, be it wellfield, conjunctive, solute transport, or statistical. Although these models vary in complexity, the end product is purely a function of the user's ability to select the appropriate level of modeling for a particular project. Any professional working in the field of hydrogeology should adapt to and use ground-water models to be truly efficient.
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    Land Application of Waste — State of the Art (1979)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 17 (1979), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Land application of treated waste water can provide unique opportunities, not only for a final high level of waste-water treatment but for reuse of nutrients as well. Recent laws passed by Congress have made it necessary to consider land treatment when planning and designing new waste-water treatment facilities. The three types of land treatment commonly used are (1) irrigation, (2) overland flow, and (3) rapid infiltration. Selection of the most appropriate type of land treatment for a specific site is based on several considerations, including soil conditions, geology, topography, proximity to surface and subsurface water, and climate.Ensuring the protection of ground water is essential when siting or designing a land treatment system. Ground water is an important natural resource, having considerable impact on human life and well-being as well as high economic value. Safeguarding this important resource from contamination includes careful site selection, appropriate pretreatment of waste water prior to its application, and a program of regularly scheduled monitoring to ensure that the waste water is being properly renovated for safe release to the environment.Utilization of municipal sludge on land for agricultural production is encouraged by federal law, as is land treatment of waste water. Sludge contains concentrated wastes, and there are practical limitations on the levels of heavy metals, salts, and toxic substances in sludges applied to agricultural lands. Sludge is generally stabilized before being applied, to destroy pathogens, and reduce weight, volume and odor.Several case studies of successful land treatment systems presently in operation are presented to demonstrate the viability of the land treatment concept.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    A FIELD-MEASURING INSTRUMENT OF SATURATED PERMEABILITY kf IN UNDISTURBED SOIL SAMPLES BY THE CORE-SAMPLER METHOD (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A field instrument to determine saturated permeability is presented. It is possible to take several samples and obtain measurements quickly. The instrument, adapted for a series of measurements, permits the identification of erroneous values and allows repeated measurements. Calculating permeability values through self-made tables or nomograms make field results immediately available for the description of the cross section. Transporting the samples to the laboratory is no longer required. The instrument is sturdy, and requires little maintenance.
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  • 75
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    Aquifer Storage of Heated Water: Part I — A Field Experiment (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Electrical power plant and solar heating systems have been proposed wherein confined ground-water aquifers are used as temporary storage reservoirs for thermal energy in the form of moderate to high temperature water (140°F-400°F; 60°C-204°C). The Water Resources Research Institute of Auburn University has performed an aquifer storage experiment involving warm water (97°F; 36°C). The objectives of the experimental program were to begin actual testing of the concept of heat storage in aquifers and to provide data for calibration of mathematical models describing the simultaneous transport of water and heat. Phase I consisted of drilling an exploratory well at the selected field site near Mobile, Alabama. Phase II involved construction of the central injection well, three observation wells, and performance of preliminary pumping tests. Phase III was devoted to construction of the remainder of the observation well field, performance of final pumping tests, and measurement of aquifer thermal properties; while Phase IV was devoted to a cycle of warm-water injection, storage, and recovery. It was concluded that heat storage aquifers must have low natural pore velocities, and care must be taken not to clog the injection well with solids or precipitated chemicals. Swelling of clays in the storage formation must be minimized, and hydraulic pressures capable of breaching the confining layers must be avoided. Mechanical and chemical clogging problems may be minimized by using formation water as influent to the heating system. For a 36-day storage of 2 million gallons, the calculated energy recovery factor of 0.69 was considered promising. Future research should be directed toward experimental studies involving larger volumes of water and high-injection temperatures. Study should be directed also to the geochemistry problem and the effect of high temperatures on the mechanical and hydraulic properties of clay confining layers.
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    GROUND WATER: NATURE'S INVESTMENT BANKING SYSTEM (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 77
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    Nitrate, Chloride and Dissolved Solids, Ogallala Aquifer, West Texas (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The distribution of nitrate, chloride and dissolved solids from ground water from the Ogallala aquifer in a 27-county area of west Texas illustrates widespread areas of poor water quality. Elements studied increased in concentration from northwest to southeast across the Southern High Plains. Northeast of a line from about Clovis, New Mexico to Lubbock, Texas, nitrate tends to be 〈45 mg/l, chloride is 〈20 mg/l, and dissolved solids are 〈400 mg/l. However, southwest of this line nitrate may exceed 60 mg/l and in some areas exceeds 170 mg/l. Chloride commonly exceeds 500 mg/l and may be 〉2000 mg/l, and dissolved solids usually exceed 1000 mg/l and may be 〉8000 mg/l. Regional distribution may be the result of long-term migration of Ogallala ground water but the present water quality and distribution, as well as time, distance, stratigraphy and permeability, suggest contamination of Ogallala ground water by vertical rather than lateral migration. Most of the high nitrate values (〉45 mg/l) occur in areas having sandy soils which have been intensively cultivated, thus leaching of nitrogen-based fertilizers is suspect. However, the high chloride and dissolved solids, which exist in essentially the same geographic area, probably represent vertical to local lateral seepage of saline water from large alkali lake basins and local vertical migration from saline Cretaceous aquifers.
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    Results of Pumping Tests in Crystalline-Rock Aquifers (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The Evangelical Lutheran Church (E.L.C.) Water Development Project, headquartered in Betul, Madhya Pradesh, India, has been involved since 1971 in developing ground-water supplies in the Satpura Hill Region of Central India. To date, over 400 wells have been drilled in crystalline rocks and more than 100 of these wells have been pump-tested to determine aquifer hydrologic characteristics.Crystalline rocks crop out in roughly 20 percent of the Satpura Hill Region and the main rock types are granite, gneiss, and schist. The crystalline-rock country is gently undulating and ground-water flow systems are of the local type being limited to small drainage basins of a few square miles in area.The controlled testing and detailed analysis of over 100 pumping tests provided an excellent opportunity to evaluate the applicability of standard analytical models for the analysis of pumping tests in crystalline-rock aquifers.Step-test data were analyzed by Rorabaugh's (1953) method and by a graphical method. The results indicate that well losses are significant in a number of wells tested and appear to be related to non-Darcian flow in the aquifer adjacent to a pumped well.Constant-rate pumping tests were used to determine aquifer transmissivity. Time-drawdown data were analyzed by the Cooper-Jacob (1946) approximation to the Theis (1935) equation and recovery data were analyzed by the residual drawdown method. Aquifer transmissivity ranged over two orders of magnitude from 102 to 104 gpd/ft (1.24 to 1.24 × 102 m2/day). Pumping-test results often enabled the prediction of aquifer conditions, such as limited aquifers, recharge and leakage boundaries, and aquifer dewatering.
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    DISCUSSION OF “Mathematical Model of Uluova Plain, Turkey—A Training and Management Tool,” by J. Karanjac, M. Altunkaynak and G. ?vül, September-October 1977 issue, v. 15, no. 5, pp. 348–357 (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Water Quality at a Sludge Entrenchment Site (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Surface-water and ground-water quality were evaluated at a site before and for four years after the area was used for entrenchment of sewage sludge. The soils in the area are sandy and are underlain by a clay barrier. Depth of the water table which in most instances is above the clay barrier is from 1.0 to 13.0 m. Water samples taken from monitoring wells, two drainage tiles located along the perimeter of the sludge trenches, a catchment pond and a nearby stream were analyzed for NO3-N, NH4-N, and CI. Increases in Cl concentrations were detected in shallow wells within the trench site perimeter 12 months after sludge entrenchment. Chloride levels peaked approximately 18 months after entrenchment and levels declined but not to background levels four years after entrenchment. Nitrate levels increased in shallow wells located within or near the trench site perimeter at 18 months after entrenchment and peaked at 30 months. Decreases in NO3-N occurred thereafter but had not reached background levels in some wells. Ammonium increases were also detected in wells recording Cl and NO3-N increases but NH4-N increases were inconsistent. Increases in Cl and NO3-N levels were recorded in wells potentially below the trench area, but these levels were less than those recorded for wells within the trench site perimeter. The data from this study indicate that contamination of ground water by leachate from sludge trenches was within the trench site perimeter with a lesser degree of contamination recorded in wells below the trench site. The drainage tiles and clay barrier may have had a significant effect on the resulting ground-water data, and caution is advised in extrapolating these results to other locations.
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    MEETING CALENDAR (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Use of Tracers to Confirm Ground-Water Flow (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Both rhodamine WT and tritium were found to be satisfactory tracers to determine the direction and velocity of flow of the secondary treated effluent from the Lake George Village Sewage Treatment Plant which is applied to natural delta sand beds by the rapid infiltration technique. The average vertical velocity in the unsaturated portion of the sand bed was approximately 0.85 m/day (2.8 ft/day). The horizontal flow in the saturated aquifer reached between 10 and 12 m/day (33–40 ft/day). The velocity appeared to decrease with distance from the sand infiltration beds, although this may have been the result of a change in direction of the major portion of the ground-water flow with the observation well not being in direct line of the direction of flow. Unfortunately, the dye could be traced only slightly less than half the distance from the sand infiltration beds to the seepage area adjacent to West Brook. Thus, a positive determination that the seepage consists primarily of sewage effluent and the ultimate time of flow to the seepage could not be determined in this study.
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    DISCUSSION OF “Geoelectric Sounding for Estimating Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity” by William E. Kelly, November-December 1977 issue, v. 15, no. 6, pp. 420–425 (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    ON BEING ABSTRUSE (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Impact of a Power Plant on the Ground-Water System of a Wetland (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The impacts of a coal-fired power plant on the ground-water system of a river floodplain wetland in central Wisconsin were quantified. The most important impacts were those related to the construction of a 200-ha cooling lake and a 28-ha ash pit.Several two-dimensional vertically-oriented steady-state models of the ground-water flow system were used to simulate ground-water flows before and after the filling of the cooling lake. The results of the simulation and supporting field evidence indicate that the creation of the cooling lake greatly altered the configuration of the flow system and increased the discharge of ground water to the wetland west of the lake by a factor of six. Moreover, ground-water temperatures have increased because of heat input from the cooling lake. Although the wetland biota are responding to the altered physical environment, the high rate of leakage from the cooling lake is not undesirable from a lake management standpoint. Seepage to the ground-water system prevents a buildup of dissolved solids which would necessitate periodic flushing of the lake and release of saline water to the Wisconsin River.Since 1975, concentrations of Ca+2 and SO4-2 have increased in ground water around the ash pit, suggesting that seepage is occurring. However, the plume of contaminated ground water is presently confined to a relatively small area around the ash pit.
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    Scavenging of Chromium and Cadmium by Aquifer Material — South Farmingdale-Massapequa Area, Long Island, New York (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A plume of ground water enriched by liquid metal-plating effluent has formed downgradient from an industrial park in southeast Nassau County, New York. Discharges from the plant to the shallow aquifer began in the 1940's and continue to the present.Core samples of aquifer material from the plume were analyzed by oxalate extraction and dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) extraction methods for the presence of chromium and cadmium. Results of the extraction indicate that for 1 kilogram of soil, the median concentrations of extracted chromium and cadmium in aquifer material are 7.5 and 1.1 milligrams, respectively, and the maximum concentrations are 19 and 2.3 milligrams, respectively.
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    AN END TO THE DREADFULLY BORING SPEAKER… YOU! (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 16 (1978), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Transient Spherical Flow to a Cavity Well of Finite Diameter (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The system of flow into a nonpenetrating well with hemispherical bottom of finite radius in a finite deep artesian aquifer of infinite radial extent is analyzed. The solution is obtained in terms of error function. A method has been suggested for determination of transmissivity, storage coefficient and depth of aquifer from pump-test data of such wells discharging at constant rate. For small values of radial distance to aquifer depth ratio and for small duration test, only a few terms are required in the present solution as compared to the solution of Hantush (1957) developed for such wells.
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    DO WE REALLY NEED MORE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS? (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    Storage of Treated Sewage Effluent and Storm Water in a Saline Aquifer, Pinellas Peninsula, Florida (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The Pinellas Peninsula, an area of 750 square kilometres (290 square miles) in coastal west-central Florida, is a small hydrogeologic replica of Florida. Most of the Peninsula's water supply is imported from well fields as much as 65 kilometres (40 miles) inland. Stresses on the hydrologic environment of the Peninsula and on adjacent water bodies, resulting from intensive water-resources development and waste discharge, have resulted in marked interest in subsurface storage of waste water (treated effluent and untreated storm water) and in future retrieval of the stored water for nonpotable use. If subsurface storage is approved by regulatory agencies, as much as 265 megalitres per day (70 million gallons a day) of waste water could be stored underground within a few years, and more than 565 megalitres per day (150 million gallons a day) could be stored in about 25 years. This storage would constitute a large resource of nearly fresh water in the saline aquifers underlying about 520 square kilometres (200 square miles) of the Peninsula.The upper 1,060 metres (3,480 feet) of the rock column underlying four test sites on the Pinellas Peninsula have been explored. The rocks consist chiefly of limestone and dolomite. Three moderately to highly transmissive zones, separated by leaky confining beds, (low permeability limestone) from about 225 to 380 metres (740 to 1,250 feet) below mean sea level, have been identified in the lower part of the Floridan aquifer in the Avon Park Limestone. Results of withdrawal and injection tests in Pinellas County indicate that the middle transmissive zone has the highest estimated transmissivity-about 10 times other reported values. The chloride concentration of water in this zone, as well as in the two other transmissive zones in the Avon Park Limestone in Pinellas Peninsula, is about 19,000 milligrams per litre. If subsurface storage is approved and implemented, this middle zone probably would be used for storage of the waste water and the zone would become the most extensively used in Florida for this purpose.
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    Fault Control of Subsidence, Houston, Texas (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Land subsidence increases the area in the Texas Coastal Zone which will be inundated by marine waters from hurricane flooding. Storm surge from a Carla-sized hurricane in 1976 would flood at least 25 square miles (65 km2) more land than Hurricane Carla did in 1961.Land subsidence in Harris and Galveston Counties results primarily from ground-water production. The two-county area is interlaced with active surface faults with topographic escarpments and surface faults with no topographic escarpments that control drainage patterns and create subtle photographic linear patterns. Ground-water production activates these faults by differential compaction of the aquifer. The faults appear to be partial hydrologic barriers that compartmentalize land subsidence into several individual basins.
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    GROUND-WATER ENERGY AND THE GROUND-WATER SOURCE HEAT PUMP (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    An Integrated Approach to Delineating Contaminated Ground Water (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
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    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Disposal of industrial process water into an unlined lagoon in permeable Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments resulted in a ground-water contamination problem caused by infiltration of the process water into a major unconfined aquifer which underlies the lagoon at shallow depth. Most of the area water-supply wells terminate in this formation. Before this disposal method was discontinued, traces of the process water appeared in nearby wells.Because of the relatively large area and depths involved, as indicated by preliminary data, delineation of the distribution of contaminant within the aquifer through a systematic well drilling program posed a significant economic problem. To keep costs within a reasonable range, a resistivity survey program was implemented to obtain information on the gross distribution of the contaminant and to provide data for the selective location of monitor wells. Eight wells were constructed to obtain samples of the ground water in order to measure contaminant concentrations and to verify the interpretations of areal contaminant distribution inferred from the resistivity data. The ground-water sampling procedure developed during this investigation is described.The combination of the resistivity survey with the ground-water sampling procedure developed during this investigation proved a valuable and reliable technique for delineating in three dimensions a contaminant body within an aquifer in unconsolidated sediments. Utilization of the resistivity survey data to selectively locate the monitor wells and to define the lateral extent of the contamination increased the efficiency of the investigation and significantly reduced the cost of the program.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03158.x
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  • 94
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    Electronic Resource
    Toxic Metals in Ground Water of the Front Range, Colorado (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A study of toxic trace metal distribution in ground waters of the Front Range mineral belt, Colorado and adjacent areas was performed in order to determine the relationship of water quality to mineralization and the magnitude of potential health effects. A total of 149 samples were collected and analyzed for arsenic, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, silver and zinc. Field determinations of pH, Eh, and specific conductance were also made.The trace element data exhibited a lognormal distribution and are described utilizing the geometric mean and geometric deviation. Four populations were recognized in the samples: (1) samples in the mineral belt with plumbing contamination; (2) samples in the mineral belt without plumbing contamination, (3) samples outside the mineral belt with plumbing contamination, and (4) samples outside the mineral belt without plumbing contamination. Differences in these populations for several elements are observed utilizing the t test.Utilizing the observed data distributions, geochemical abundance estimates are made for the four recognized populations. The data distributions are corrected for analytical error, corrected for determinations below the detection limit and expressed as a predicted central 95% range for each element in each population. The corrected geometric mean, corrected geometric deviation, along with the U.S. Public Health Service limit for each element determined are used to determine the probability of ground water exceeding the specified limit for each constituent. Ground waters in the mineral belt are estimated to exceed the U.S. Public Health Service limit in 14% of the samples for Cd, 1% for Cu, 51% for Fe, 74% for Mn, 2% for Hg, and 9% for Zn. Ground waters outside the mineral belt have a similar probability of exceeding the limit for Hg and lesser probabilities for all other elements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03161.x
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  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Lycoming County, Pennsylvania, Sanitary Landfill: State-of-the-Art in Ground-Water Protection (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A 120-acre sanitary landfill site is being developed in north-central Pennsylvania to serve a six-county area. The design of the site will prevent ground-water contamination by leachate from the refuse through the use of a 20-mil (.5 mm) PVC plastic liner which will lie between two protective layers of sand containing drainpipe networks.Sampling of the composite ground-water flow from the underdrainpipe network in the sand blanket under the liner will provide sensitive monitoring of the liner performance. In the unlikely event of a leak, the pipe draining that area would be diverted to the leachate treatment facility, thus providing a backup leachate collection system. A thick (15 to 75 feet, 4.6 to 22.9 metres) glacial till deposit is present at the site and confines ground-water flow within the underlying shale bedrock. The low permeability of the till and the artesian head within the bedrock flow system provide additional protection against ground-water contamination.Operation of the site will be by the area-fill method; the refuse will be deposited in 8-foot (2.4-metre) lifts up to a maximum height of 120 feet (36.6 metres). Based on an initial refuse deposit rate of 400 tons (363 metric tons) per day, the site is expected to have a 20-year life at a disposal cost of approximately $5.00 per ton.Local residents who felt this project posed a severe threat to their wells strenuously opposed the project and appealed the State permit. The Pennsylvania Environmental Hearing Board upheld the permit; the decision was appealed to Commonwealth Court and was upheld. Residents remain unconvinced the design and site conditions will provide adequate protection and have petitioned the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to consider another appeal.A baseline water-quality monitoring program has been undertaken to establish on-site conditions and a private-well sampling program will begin before the landfill is in operation. Till and bedrock monitoring wells at the site will be used to evaluate the performance of this landfill; analysis of the nearby private wells will be provided to the owners to demonstrate confidence in the design and the satisfactory operation of the ground-water protection measures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03147.x
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  • 96
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    Electronic Resource
    1492 - COLUMBUS DISCOVERS AMERICA 1977 - AMERICA DISCOVERS GROUND WATER (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03186.x
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  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cambrian Stratigraphic Nomenclature and Ground-Water Prospecting Failures on the Hualapai Plateau, Arizona (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: The best potential aquifers underlying the 600 mi 2 Hualapai Plateau of northwestern Arizona are (1) the Cambrian Rampart Cave Member of the Muav Limestone and (2) interbedded Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks that locally fill old canyons on the plateau. These target aquifers have been identified on the basis of spring locations on the flanks of the plateau, primarily along the walls of the Grand Canyon to the north and east. Total ground-water discharge from springs along the plateau is approximately 4 ft3/sec.To date the largest production from a test well on the plateau is 120 gal/min from Tertiary rocks. The Cambrian rocks have frustrated development in part because of small permeabilities, small recharge (0.1 in/yr minimum), and the fact that the rocks are well drained.The complex stratigraphic nomenclature used to describe the Cambrian rocks in the region has inadvertently contributed to prospecting failures. The Cambrian section is characterized by thick interbedded limestones and shales, with the basal limestone being the principal target aquifer. These relationships have not been adequately conveyed to managers and drillers, with the result that critical test holes have been terminated in shales that overlie the target aquifer. Dry holes have been the result.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03190.x
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    DISCUSSION OF the paper, “Two-Dimensional Searches for High-Yield Well Sites,” by Göksel Turk, in Ground Water, Vol. 15, No. 4, July-August 1977, pp. 269–275, and TECHNICAL NOTE on the Method of Golden Section (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03194.x
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  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    USE IT WISELY (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 15 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1977.tb03177.x
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Selection and Management of Feedlot Sites and Land Disposal of Animal Waste in Boise Valley, Idaho (1976)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water 14 (1976), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6584
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Environmental effects of feedlot location and related land disposal operations can be minimized if proper knowledge of hazardous conditions are known and appropriate protective steps taken. Common guidelines often do not apply because of differing physical characteristics of local areas.Analyses of various parameters within a soil profile beneath a feedlot revealed none of the chemical constituent present in high concentrations below the 23-foot depth. In areas where shallow ground water was less than 5 feet from the surface, the ground water was found to be affected by the feedlot. Other hazardous areas in feedlot location are flood-prone areas, areas of surface bedrock, and areas of excessive slope.For land disposal operations, loading rates and frequency of application of feedlot waste should be adjusted in accordance with soil permeability, depth to ground water, and irrigation practices to minimize detrimental effects on ground-water quality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.1976.tb03135.x
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