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  • Articles  (11)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (11)
  • hunter-gatherers  (11)
  • 1985-1989  (11)
  • 1965-1969
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (11)
Collection
  • Articles  (11)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (11)
Keywords
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecological basis of hunter-gatherer subsistence in African Rain Forests: The Mbuti of Eastern Zaire (1986)
    Springer
    Human ecology 14 (1986), S. 29-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; tropical rain forest ; wild plant foods ; subsistence economy ; Zaire
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The Mbuti pygmies, hunter-gatherers of the Ituri Forest of Zaire, trade forest products and labor for agricultural foods. It has been assumed that the Mbuti lived independently in the equatorial forest prior to its penetration by shifting cultivators. We assessed forest food resources (plant and animal) to determine their adequacy to support a hunting and gathering economy. For five months of the year, essentially none of the calorically important forest fruits and seeds are available. Honey is not abundant during this season of scarcity. Wild game meat is available year round, but the main animals caught have low fat content. This makes them a poor substitute for starch-dense agricultural foods, now staples in Mbuti diet. In general, in the closed evergreen forest zone, edible wild plant species are more abundant in agriculturally derived secondary forest than in primary forest. Similarly, they are more common at the savanna ecotone and in gallery forests. We suggest that it is unlikely that hunter-gatherers would have lived independently in the forest interior with its precarious resource base, when many of the food species they exploit are more abundant toward the savanna border.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889209
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early dry season subsistence ecology of Cuiva (Hiwi) foragers of Venezuela (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 163-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; time allocation ; the sexual division of labor ; demography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The subsistence ecology of Venezuelan Cuiva foragers during the early dry season is described. Data on diet, time allocation, demography, and physical measurements are presented. Analyses show that the Cuiva depend primarily on game and wild roots during the early dry season for their subsistence. Sex differentials in productive efficiency, total contribution to the diet, and time allocation to food acquisition and other activities are also examined. As in most other foraging societies, men specialize in hunting while women specialize in gathering. During the early dry season, men provide more calories than women and are the more efficient food producers. However, men spend slightly less time than women in food acquisition. Demographic data show that child mortality rates, female infertility rates, female infanticide rates,and the sex ratio among juveniles are high in the Cuiva population. Comparisons between the patterns found among the Cuiva and other foraging populations are made.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888379
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Yards, corridors, and mosaics: How to burn a boreal forest (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 57-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; fire technology ; fire ecology ; North American Indians ; Australian Aborigines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Ethnographic studies have established that, until shortly after World War II, Indians in northern Alberta regularly and systematically fired habitats to influence the local distribution and relative abundance of plant and animal resources. In ways similar to what has been reported for hunter-gatherers in other regions, this pyrotechnology contributed to an overall fire mosaic that, in this case, formerly characterized northern boreal forests. Crosscultural comparisons of these practices with those in other parts of North America, as well as in several parts of Australia, illustrate functionally parallel strategies in the ways that hunter- gatherers employed habitat fires, specifically in the maintenance of “fire yards” and “fire corridors” in widely separated and different kinds of biological zones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01262026
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The wild yam question: How well could independent hunter-gatherers live in a tropical rain forest ecosystem? (1987)
    Springer
    Human ecology 15 (1987), S. 463-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; tropical rain forest ; wild plant foods ; symbiosis ; Negritos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract It has been generally assumed until recently that tropical rain forests are food-rich biomes for human foragers, and that prehistoric hunter-gatherers once lived completely independent of cultivated foods in such environments. An alternative hypothesis that such forests are actually food-poor for humans is proposed here. Specifically, that wild starch foods such as yams were so scarce and so hard to extract that human foragers could not have lived in such biomes without recourse to cultivated foods. The symbiotic relationship found today between tropical forest hunter-gatherers and farmers is not a recent phenomenon, but evolved long ago as an adaptive strategy for successfully exploiting the tropical forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888000
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Batak foraging camps today: A window to the history of a hunting-gathering economy (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 35-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; subsitence economy ; Batak ; Philipines
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Incorporation into wider social and economic systems has brought a variety of changes to the hunting-gathering lifestyle of the Batak of the Philippines. Compared to 100 years ago, Batak hunting-gathering camps today are more limited in duration and smaller in size, hunting-gathering itself is more seasonal in importance, and there are significant differences in technology, resource utilization, the organization of labor, and length of workday. These changes are related to the growing importance of other economic activities and to the nature of Batak market articulation with lowland Filipino society.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01262025
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Net hunters vs. archers: Variation in women's subsistence strategies in the Ituri Forest (1989)
    Springer
    Human ecology 17 (1989), S. 273-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; BaMbuti ; pygmies ; archers ; net hunters ; subsistence strategies ; women's subsistence ; diffusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract BaMbuti of the Ituri Forest, Zaire, employ two primary hunting techniques: net hunting, in which women routinely participate, and bow hunting, in which women rarely participate. We hypothesize that the value of women's labor devoted to different subsistence activities, combined with the exchange value of meat, will determine whether women participate in hunts. Field observations were conducted in four different areas: two exploited by archers and two by net hunters. Results indicate that women in nethunting areas earn more calories per unit time by hunting than by working in agriculturalists' gardens; whereas women in archer areas earn more calories by working for agriculturalists than by hunting. We found no significant difference in the composition or diversity of the forests exploited by net hunters and archers. The results are discussed in light of the longstanding debate concerning the factors that account for distribution of net hunting and archery in the Ituri Forest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889020
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review: Dietary restrictions on hunter-gatherer women and the implications for fertility and infant mortality (1989)
    Springer
    Human ecology 17 (1989), S. 321-345 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; fertility ; infant mortality ; food taboos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The relatively low reproductive rates of huntergatherer populations have been attributed to high natural mortality, low fertility, and cultural practices such as infanticide and sexual abstention. While we currently lack the data necessary to determine the relative effects of each of these factors on reproduction in any huntergatherer population, an analysis of the relations between cultural practices and reproduction at a more general level can set the stage for further research in huntergatherer societies. This paper reviews and discusses the current literature on specific links between female nutritional health, fertility, and infant mortality. It begins with a consideration of food taboos, one potential source of huntergatherer female nutritional stress. In particular, it is argued that the timing of food taboos on females in many huntergatherer societies often coincides with critical periods in women's reproductive careers. Next, the paper explores the interrelationships between female nutritional health and fertility and infant mortality, using data from modern huntergatherer and agricultural populations. Finally, because data adequate to test specific relationships between patterns of food restrictions and reproduction are not yet available, the paper concludes with a brief discussion of the data necessary for testing these relationships in huntergatherer populations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00889022
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Female subsistence strategies among Ache hunter-gatherers of Eastern Paraguay (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: women ; hunter-gatherers ; sexual division of labor ; childcare ; subsistence work
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Anthropologists have frequently proposed that sexual division of labor is produced by childcare constraints on women's subsistence work. We present data on the forest activities of Ache women that show that differences in parental investment partially account for variation in food acquisition among individual women. Data also suggest that childcare constraints are important in understanding the sexual division of labor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531086
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Men's time allocation to subsistence work among the Ache of Eastern Paraguay (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 29-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: hunter-gatherers ; subsistence ; time allocation ; men
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Quantitative data on men's time allocation among the Ache of Paraguay are presented. The data indicate that Ache men work almost 7 hours daily in direct food acquisition, which is the major daily activity. The amount of time Ache men work is compared with the amount reported for other modern hunter-gatherers and tribal horticulturalists. The characterization of hunter-gatherers as the “original affluent society” does not agree with currently available data. The results show high variance across societies, both hunting and horticultural, and suggest that time spent in subsistence work is not simply a function of food “needs.” We propose that the value of time spent in potential alternative activities must be considered in order to predict time spent in subsistence tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531087
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hunter-gatherer energetics and fertility: A reassessment of the !Kung San (1985)
    Springer
    Human ecology 13 (1985), S. 79-109 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: !Kung San ; hunter-gatherers ; energetics ; fecundity ; fertility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper examines the question of why the total fertility rate of the !Kung San hunter-gatherers of the Northern Kalahari desert is as low as 4.69 births. When the intermediate variables involved are examined through the employment of a reproductive equation, it becomes clear that low fecundity is a major issue. Arguments offered previously to explain the low fertility of !Kung women, depending on factors such as nutrition, health status, and lactational practices are insufficient. Drawing upon recent data from sports medicine and endocrinology, I suggest that the pattern of San female energetics in their gathering and subsistence routine has a direct effect upon their fecundity. Such a correlation between activity patterns, endocrine function, and reproductive capacity may also be important for understanding the fertility of other mobile hunter-gatherer groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531090
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Macronutrient modifications of optimal foraging theory: An approach using indifference curves applied to some modern foragers (1988)
    Springer
    Human ecology 16 (1988), S. 157-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: nutrients ; foraging theory ; hunter-gatherers ; South America
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The use of energy (calories) as the currency to be maximized per unit time in Optimal Foraging Models is considered in light of data on several foraging groups. Observations on the Ache, Cuiva, and Yora foragers suggest men do notattempt to maximize energetic return rates, but instead often concentrate on acquiring meat resources which provide lower energetic returns. The possibility that this preference is due to the macronutrient composition of hunted and gathered foods is explored. Indifference curves are introduced as a means of modeling the tradeoff between two desirable commodities, meat (protein-lipid) and carbohydrate, and a specific indifference curve is derived using observed choices in five foraging situatiuons. This curve is used to predict the amount o meat that Mbuti foragers will trade for carbohydrate, in an attempt to test the utility of the approach.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00888091
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