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  • Articles  (28,980)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (28,980)
  • Springer  (28,980)
  • 1990-1994  (28,980)
  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (27,823)
  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (1,157)
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  • Articles  (28,980)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Information frameworks for conceptual engineering design (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 22-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Conceptual design ; Database ; Frameworks ; Information management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract An information modeling approach is used to gain an understanding of the information and decision content of conceptual engineering design. Information frameworks are presented that attempt to represent the key decisions made during conceptual design. Elements of the frameworks are derived from results from design theory and methodology and decision theory. Using a number of products, the frameworks are demonstrated in simulated design situations. The models provide an explicit, generic and consistent perspective for identifying the information content of conceptual designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206537
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aluminium electrolytic cells: A computer simulator for training and supervision (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 12-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Aluminium electrolysis ; Expert systems ; Modelling ; Simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A workstation-based simulator of an aluminium electrolytic cell has been constructed. A mathematical model of the cell is integrated with a database and a knowledge base, and the simulator serves as a tool for the training of personnel and for research related to cell dynamics and cell control. When used in conjunction with an expert system, it provides a powerful decision-making tool or an efficient supervisory system. The mathematical model, the simulator itself, the user environment, the interactive simulation procedure as well as examples of the use of the simulator are presented in detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01206536
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of automatic dimensioning and tolerancing schemes (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 63-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Dimensioning ; Tolerancing ; Variational geometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Dimensioning and tolerancing are very important issues in product design and manufacture. This paper gives a survey and review of the current state-of-the-art solutions to the problem of finding a meaning for dimensions and tolerances. Dimensioning and tolerancing in current engineering practices and researches in these topics are also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200178
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new programming paradigm for engineering design software (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 95-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Formal ; Functional programming ; Object orientation ; Programming language
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Currently available programming and database systems are insufficient for engineering applications. The authors contend that a logical progression from a formal conceptual model of the engineering domain to a computational model will lead to new programming paradigms capable of directly supporting engineering applications in a rigorous, concise manner. A formal domain model devised by the authors, theHybrid Model (HM) of design information, is briefly introduced. It is an extension of axiomatic set theory and is discussed in detail elsewhere. HM forms the basis ofDesigner, a prototype-based object-oriented programming language supporting a signature-based canonical message-passing mechanism and multiple inheritance. Designer is implemented using the Scheme programming language. Because Designer satisfies a formal conceptual model, and because it is based on a formally specified language, its robustness and logical validity are superior to those of other languages not founded on formal principles. Designer combines concepts of functional and object-oriented programming to provide the formal rigor and flexibility to capture the complex and strongly interrelated information that designers use. Examples demonstrate how Designer represents design information. The results of the authors' research indicate that Designer can capture design information (including aspects of functional requirements and design intent) effectively and efficiently.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200180
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rule-based design of a material processing component (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 81-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design ; Expert system ; Extension ; Material processing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The main thrust of this research is in developing aknowledge-based system for the design of components for a material processing system. In particular, this paper concentrates on developing methodologies forinitial design andredesign in a quantitative and qualitative format. A die for plastic extrusion has been selected as the subject material processing component. A design algorithm using best first heuristic search and expert knowledge, both in procedural and declarative form, is the core of the scheme. Apart from this expert, the suggestedselection procedure for candidate design is also seen to accelerate the design scheme. The methodologies presented enableefficient design of the component. Some generality has been accomplished by the implementation of the techniques to dies of different cross-sectional shapes. The software is written inLisp within an object-oriented software package using analysis modules written in C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200179
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Announcement (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 124-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200182
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A tandem architecture for cooperating knowledge-based concurrent engineering systems (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 112-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Agent-based framework ; Architecture ; Concurrent engineering ; Cooperating expert systems ; Tandem integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes a tandem architecture for cooperating heterogeneous expert systems. Two levels of meta and working expert systems are involved. The working-level expert systems (W-ES), which may be implemented in their own computational environments and in private proof languages, are mainly for application computations. The meta-level expert systems (M-ES), using a common argument language, are mainly responsible for cooperation. The prototype AGENTS system is described for constructing M-ES. Interaction among W-ES has been transformed into two forms: communication between M-ES through ordinary AGENTS messages and communication between M-ES and the corresponding W-ES using the Deductive Inference Language (DIL). DIL predicates are provided for defining DIL: messages, actuators and converters for interpreting DIL queries and instantiating variables. By this approach, stand-alone capability of infividual systems is retained at the working-level and cooperation is achieved effectively with minimum embellishment at the meta-level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200181
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A proposed structure for a rule-based description of parametric forms (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 155-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Constrains ; Geometric ; Parametric ; Product form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Much work has been carried out on the creation of protocols for the exchange of data between CAD systems, but very little on the transfer of knowledge. The knowledge behind the development of a product is vital if modifications and adaptations are to be made within a concurrent development environment. Current CAD systems only contain a limited level of product knowledge through user-defined parametric structures. It is the underlying relationships in these programs that need to be communicated between systems, rather than the form of their individual programming languages. A generic structure is proposed that is able to handle both the current level of parametric programming and is suited to the resolution of conflict through the use of constraint modelling procedures. The structure of a parametric description is described and decomposed into its fundamental components. These components are then re-formed within a truth maintenance structure to allow a transfer protocol to be created. The derived protocol structure is then demonstrated on a number of simple examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01198741
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Concurrent iterative design and the integration of finite element analysis results (1994)
    Springer
    Engineering with computers 10 (1994), S. 245-257 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-5663
    Keywords: Design methodology ; Iterative design ; Concurrent design ; Features ; Form templates ; Finite element analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract To help foster concurrency in engineering design, methodologies are needed to support the interpretation and abstraction of numerical simulation results for design modification purposes. A methodology is presented in this paper for the integration of continuum-based numerical simulations into a computational system for concurrent design of mechanical components. The technique involves conversion of low-level numerical data, such as that obtained by finite element analysis, into high-level symbolic representations calledform templates. The form templates are based onrudimentary features which carry meaningful qualitative descriptions abstracted from either manufacturing and/or functional numerical simulations. The form templates are superimposed on the design's primary representation in the solid modeler to facilitate the cognitive mapping of concurrent destructive or constructive solid modeling features for design modifications. Examples are presented to demonstrate the methodology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202369
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Robust optimal design using a second-order tolerance model (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 25-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Optimization ; Robust design ; Tolerances ; Variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we present a general, quantitative method for developing designs that are robust to variation in design variables and parameters. Variation is defined in terms of tolerances which bracket the expected deviation of uncertain quantities about nominal values. We specifically address the case where input variations are assumed to be random variables that are normally distributed. The method incorporates a second-order tolerance model as part of a nonlinear optimization process. The second-order tolerance model makes it possible to estimate the skewness of function distributions, which are modeled with a three-parameter gamma distribution. We apply the method to determine robust designs for 11 test cases that span a variety of problems; robustness is verified with Monte Carlo simulation. The method enables a designer to understand and account for the effects of tolerances, making it possible to build robustness into an engineering design.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588089
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model-based method for organizing tasks in product development (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 1-13 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; Design management ; Design process improvement
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This research is aimed at structuring complex design projects in order to develop better products more quickly. We use a matrix representation to capture both the sequence of and the technical relationships among the many design tasks to be performed. These relationships define the “technical structure” of a project, which is then analyzed in order to find alternative sequences and/or definitions of the tasks. Such improved design procedures offer opportunities to speed development progress by streamlining the inter-task coordination. After using this technique to model design processes in several organizations, we have developed a design management strategy which focuses attention on the essential information transfer requirements of a technical project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588087
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing the hypothesis law of design: The case of the Britannia Bridge (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 38-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Britannia Bridge ; Design laws ; Design process ; Design reasoning ; Hypotheses
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In a recent paper, Dasgupta[6] has claimed to have identified two universal, qualitativelaws of design. Of these, one is called thehypothesis law, which states that: “A design process that reaches termination does so through one or more cycles of hypothesis creation, testing and (if necessary) modification.” This law was arrived at from arguments based on a model of the design process at the “knowledge level”[9] and on the concept of “bounded rationality”[15]. In the present article we describe an extensiveempirical test of the hypothesis law using an important historical case study. The case in question is the design, conducted between 1844 and 1847, of the Britannia Bridge which spanned the Menai Straits in Wales. Using published records of the project as the basis for our evidence, we shall show that the design process followed in this project strongly corroborates the hypothesis law.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588090
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Qualitative reasoning and the representation of fundamental principles in structural engineering (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Qualitative reasoning is a methodology for deriving the behavior of a device from a declarative representation of relevant fundamental principles and a high-level description of the device. This article and its companion present a qualitative reasoning framework, named the space-centered framework, for reasoning about the behavior of structural systems subjected to loads. The framework includes a representation of the topology and geometry of a structure, and the fundamental principles of equilibrium, compatibility and force-deformation relationships. A parameter, such as a displacement or an internal force, is represented qualitatively by its algebraic sign and its relationship in magnitude with other parameters in the model. Component qualitative states incorporate the fundamental principles for a class of components, such as frame members or supports. The conjugate analogy between the equilibrium and compatibility laws is recognized in the representation. Processes acting between components represent fundamental principles of equilibrium and compatibility at the connections. A companion paper presents the inference strategy for the space-centered framework and its application to qualitative analysis of conceptual designs of structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579984
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A referential scheme for modeling and identifying spatial attributes of entities in constructed facilities (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 142-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Geometric modeling ; AEC ; CAD/CAE ; Facility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a referential scheme for representing and identifying the spatial extent of physical entities of constructed facilities, such as buildings and offshore structures. Using the basic operations of a non-manifold geometric modeler, a set of high-level algebraic operations is defined. The scheme and its algebra are used for modeling the spatial attributes of a facility entity at two levels: primary and secondary. The primary representation uniquely captures an entity's spatial attributes at the “skeletal” level and is used mainly for identifying discipline-independent topological relationships of that entity with others. Secondary representations, on the other hand, are used to provide an entity's discipline-specific geometric attributes. The topological relationships and geometric attributes of facility entities thus need not be explicitly stored, but can be computed on demand by the underlying non-manifold modeler.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607276
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automatically deriving behavior constraints for performance variables in mechanical design (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 85-102 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Analysis ; Behavior derivation ; Constraints
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Generation of the behavioral constraint equations needed for analysis in the mechanical design synthesis-analysis iteration loop is currently based on approaches that model the behavior of an entire system or subsystem of the design. This paper presents a general approach to constraint derivation that is localized around design performance variables. The approach consists of an amenable design configuration representation, a standard format for representing behavior knowledge, and an algorithm that builds a constraint network that can be used to solve for the performance variables by applying behavioral knowledge to the configuration. The algorithm works outward from the initial performance variables, creating new performance variables as required, and processing only those behavior laws and components of the design needed to obtain a solution. It can take design variables (known conditions or variable parameters) into account, takes advantage of the part-subpart hierarchy in the configuration, can exploit previous solutions, and can detect indeterminacy that is sometimes caused by simplifying assumptions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579986
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conceptual robustness in simultaneous engineering: An extension of Taguchi's parameter design (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 211-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Engineering design ; Simultaneous engineering ; Concurrent engineering ; Robust design ; Distributed optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Simultaneous engineering processes involve multifunctional teams; team members simultaneously make decisions about many parts of the product-production system and aspects of the product life cycle. This paper argues that such simultaneous distributed decisions should be based on communications about sets of possibilities rather than single solutions. By extending Taguchi's parameter design concepts, we develop a robust and distributed decision-making procedure based on such communications. The procedure shows how a member of a design team can make appropriate decisions based on incomplete information from the other members of the team. More specifically, it (1) treats variations among the designs considered by other members of the design team asconceptual noise; (2) shows how to incorporate such noises into decisions that are robust against these variations; (3) describes a method for using the same data to provide preference information back to the other team members; and (4) provides a procedure for determining whether to release theconceptually robust design or to wait for further decisions by others. The method is demonstrated by part of a distributed design process for a rotary CNC milling machine. While Taguchi's approach is used as a starting point because it is widely known, these results can be generalized to use other robust decision techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608400
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indexed in current contents (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. A3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308550
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of organosolv-lignin-filled thermoplastics (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 361-365 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Organosolv lignin was used as organic filler for polypropylene (PP) and poly(ethene-co-vinylacetate) (EVA) containing 13wt-% vinylacetate. As a function of the lignin content, which was varied between 0 and 30wt-%, mechanical properties such as Young's modulus, yield stress, fracture stress, and elongation at break of the thermoplastic lignin-based compounds were measured. Both lignin-filled thermoplastics exhibit pronounced matrix reinforcement with increasing lignin content. Due to better interfacial adhesion between lignin and EVA, 30wt-% lignin addition to EVA doubles Young's modulus without sacrificing high elongation at break.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308549
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    4-Vinylphthalic anhydride (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 373-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary 4-Vinylphthalic anhydride can be prepared from phthalic acid via bromination and subsequent olefination (Heck-reaction). Homo- and copolymerization with styrene was accomplished using AIBN as initiator. The copolymer compositions were determined by infrared-spectroscopy. The copolymerization parameters are rs=0,15 and rVPA=3,09, the corresponding Q, e values of 4-vinylphthalic anhydride are estimated as Q=3,34 and e=0.09. Despite the fact that the molecular weights were rather low as a consequence of the reaction contions, the glass transition temperatures rise with increasing VPA content. The homopolymer has a glass transition temperature in the order of 226°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587877
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homogeneous nucleation of the dispersed crystallisable component of immiscible polymer blends (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 471-477 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Immiscible melt mixed blends of a crystallisable polyolefin (isotactic polypropylene, PP) and atactic polystyrene (PS) were prepared in a wide composition range. It was found that when PP is the major component in the blend its crystallisation behaviour is not affected by blending it with PS. However if PP is the minor component, it will be dispersed in the immiscible PS matrix, hence the nucleation mechanism changes from predominantly heterogeneous to predominantly homogeneous as long as the size of the dispersed PP droplets is below a critical value (of the order of 1–2 μm).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587890
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of glycidyl ethers modified by mesogenic units (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 529-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary New types of epoxy compounds containing biphenyl and azophenyl groups were synthesized. Model glycidyl ethers with one epoxy group were prepared to study the first reaction steps during the curing process. Diglycidyl ethers with or without a hexamethylene spacer were made to obtain epoxy networks. The structures of some intermediates and of the epoxy compounds synthesized were confirmed by Proton and Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973898
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anionic polymerization and copolymerization of cyclosiloxanes initiated by trimethylsilylmethyllithium (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 35-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A novel initiator, i.e. trimethylsilylmethyllithium has been successfully used for the ring opening polymerization of cyclosiloxanes, in toluene or in the bulk, in the presence of the cryptand [211] or DMSO. Suitable conditions have been found in which monomodal distributions of molecular weights are observed for homopolymers of 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-1,3,5,7-tetravinylcyclotetrasiloxane (V4) as well as for copolymers of V4 with D3 or D4.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297411
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Editorial (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297406
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stereospecific propene polymerization with rac-[1,2-bis(η5-(9-fluorenyl))-1-phenylethane]zirconium dichloride/methylalumoxane (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Methylalumoxane (MAO)-activated rac-[1,2-bis(η5-(9-fluorenyl))-1-phenylethane]zirconium dichloride (1) was used for propene polymerization at 30, 50, and 70°C and constant monomer concentration. The polypropene products are isotactic with stereoregularities depending on the polymerization temperature. The pentad distributions follow “enantiomorphic site statistics”, indicating stereocontrol being conducted by the chiral catalyst site.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297412
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  • 25
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    List of valid recommendations on macromolecular nomenclature (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 125-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297424
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  • 26
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    Synthesis of a new styrene monomer: the 3-chloro-4-nitrostyrene (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 389-395 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A satisfactory synthesis route to a new monomer, the 3-chloro-4-nitrostyrene (3-CNS) is described. The results of free radical polymerisation experiments (limit of conversion, global kinetics) are reported by comparison with those of the isomer 4-chloro-3-nitrostyrene (4-CNS). They show the great influence of the nitro group position which markedly increases the reactivity of 3-CNS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293481
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  • 27
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    Preparation of polystyrene poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate) graft copolymers (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 431-438 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate)-polystyrene graft copolymers were prepared by the reaction of active polystyrene containing peroxide group with poly(β-hydroxy nonanoate) at 80°C. Graft copolymers with a wide graft composition range depending on the amount of active polystyrene in the original mixture were produced and separated from the grafting product by fractional precipitation. NMR and IR spectra of the graft copolymers were containing the characteristic bands of the corresponding blocks. DSC curves of the graft copolymers had a large endotherm between 50 and 110°C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293487
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  • 28
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    Real-time small-angle synchrotron study of the crystallization kinetics of isotactic poly(1-hexadecene) (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 451-458 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The isothermal crystallization kinetics of the isotactic content of three poly(1-hexadecene) samples with different tacticity has been studied by real-time small-angle X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation. The process was analyzed in terms of the Avrami equation. The value of the Avrami exponent was found to be approximately 1, suggesting instantaneous nucleation followed by rod-like growth. The results are compared with those previously obtained by differential scanning calorimetry.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293490
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  • 29
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    Polymerization of styrene with diphenylzinc-butanone systems (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 367-371 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the present work we report the results of the polymerization of styrene using diphenylzinc-butanone, Ph2Zn-MeCOEt. Our results indicate that these systems induce the polymerization of styrene reaching a larger conversion when the molar ratio MeCOEt/Ph2Zn=1,0. According to size exclusion chromatography, SEC, studies of the polystyrene obtained using the Ph2Zn-MeCOEt showed unimodal curves and have molecular weight distribution narrower than those obtained using the Ph2Zn-H2O system, suggesting a more simple reaction system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587876
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  • 30
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    Poly(arylenecarbonate)s oligomers by carbonate interchange reaction of dimethyl carbonate with bisphenol-A (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 427-432 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) has been used to identify oligomers with different end groups obtained by the carbonate interchange reaction of bisphenol-A with dimethyl carbonate and the partial methanolysis of poly(bisphenol-A carbonate)s. Based on the FAB-MS data, a reaction pathway for the formation of compounds in the synthesized oligomers is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587884
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  • 31
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    Semi-interpenetrating polymer networds produced with polyethylene terephthalate oligomer and unsaturated polyester resin (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 447-453 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A series of semi-interpenetrating polymer networks (semi-IPN's) based on different compositions of an acyclic polyethylene terephthalate oligomer and unsaturated polyester resin (UP) were prepared. The oligomer was dissolved in the resin containing styrene crosslinker. Later this mixture was crosslinked at room temperature using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst and cobalt naphtanate as promoter. The tensile strength of the IPN's decreases as the concentration of oligomer increases, whereas, elongation to break increases. A characterization of the oligomer used is also presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587887
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  • 32
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    Compatibilisation of polystyrene-polyolefin blends (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 479-485 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The impact properties of 1:1 polyolefin-polystyrene blends compatibilised with a series of hydrogenated styrene-butadiene block copolymers of various structures have been studied with a view to establishing a structure-property realationship. The most effective compatibiliser in this context appears to be a low molecular weight triblock (Kraton G1652). Addition of only 5% Kraton G1652 affords a ca. three-fold improvement in the impact strength for a 1:1 PP/PS blend over the uncompatibilised blend and leads to near HIPS impact strength for a 1:1 LDPE/PS blend. This compatibiliser is as effective as a high molecular weight tapered diblock and appears to be substantially more effective than either low molecular weight diblocks or a higher molecular weight triblock.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00587891
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  • 33
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    Metathesis copolymerization of chlorine-containing acetylenes with NBE catalyzed by MoCl5-n-Bu4Sn (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 517-524 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary In the copolymerizations of 1-chloro-1-octyne (ClOc) and 1-chloro-2-phenylacetylene (ClPA) with norbornene (NBE) by MoCl5-n-Bu4Sn in toluene at-20°C, both comonomers were consumed simultaneously. The GPC curves of the copolymerization products were unimodal and identical irrespective of the RI and UV (290 nm) detectors. The13C NMR spectra of the products exhibited the presence of cross-propagating sequences. From these results, it is concluded that the copolymerization products are copolymers and not mixtures of homopolymers. The monomer reactivity ratios were: rClOc=0.69, rNBE=6.4; rClPA=1.0, rNBE=3.1. The more electron-donating the ring substituent of CiPA, the more reactive the ClPA in copolymerization with NBE.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973896
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  • 34
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    Volume contents (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. A5 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297426
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  • 35
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    Synthesis and properties of poly(diphenylacetylenes) having ether linkages (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 133-140 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polymerization of 1-phenyl-2-(p-phenoxyphenyl)acetylene (p-PhODPA), 1-phenyl-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)acetylene, and 1-phenyl-2-(p-n-butoxyphenyl)acetylene was examined. These monomers polymerized with TaCl5-n-Bu4Sn to give methanol-insoluble polymers in over 60% yields. Poly(p-PhODPA) was a yellow solid completely soluble in toluene, CHCl3, etc., and its weight-average molecular weight was about 1.0x106 or higher. This polymer was thermally very stable (the onset temperature of weight loss in TGA in air was 420 °C). Its oxygen permeability coefficient (P o 2) was 37 barrers (P o 2/P n 2 2.2) and similar to that of natural rubber. In contrast, the other two polymers did not completely dissolve in any organic solvent, and their thermal stability was lower.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306379
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  • 36
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    Homo- and copolymers of methacryloylmalodiethylester, synthesis and behaviour (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 141-147 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chelating polymers obtained by copolymerization of methacryl-oylmalodiethylester (MMDEt) with styrene, methylmethacrylate (MMA), N-vinylpyrrolidone (VPD) and N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) as well as the homopolymer of methacryloylmalodiethylester (MMDEt) have been investigated. Watersoluble chelating polymers derived from copolymerization with DMAM offer not only the possibility of a very fast removal of metal ions from aqueous solution, but are also insoluble after complexing certain metal ions and can therefore be separated by filtration. As additional investigations on the model acetyloylmalodiethylester (AMDEt) show, preferably hard metal ions such as Mg2+, Ca2+, Al3+ and Cu2+ with an ionic radius up to 1 Å are chelated by the enolic form of the β-ketodiester. The number of ligands for a metal ion corresponds to its valence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306380
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  • 37
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    An analysis of the 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of poly(3-bromostyrene) (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 207-214 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The 300 MHz 1H-NMR spectrum of free radical initiated poly(3-bromostyrene) is similar to the 1H-NMR spectra of certain poly(vinyl heterocycles) and can be interpreted in a like manner. The 13C-NMR is typical of spectra for meta-substituted polystyrenes, with some of the carbon resonances showing a sensitivity to polymer stereochemistry. The spectra indicate that poly(3-bromostyrene) synthesized by free radical initiation is an atactic polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306390
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  • 38
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    Effect of thermal molecular motion on pervaporation behavior of comb-shaped polymers with fluorocarbon side groups (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Thermal molecular motion of a series of comb-shaped polymers with heptadecafluorodecyl side chains (CF 8C2-) has been studied based on dynamic viscoelastic measurement. The main chain of comb-shaped polymers was poly(fumarate), poly(methacrylate), and poly(acrylate). Poly(fluoroalkylfumarate) with heptadecafluorodecyl group, P(CF 8C2-iPF) was amorphous polymer, whereas poly(acrylate) and poly(methacrylate) with CF 8C2-, P(CF 8C2-Acr) and P(CF 8C2-MAcr) showed mesomorphic behavior. The pervaporation behavior of water/organic mixtures through amorphous polymer, P(CF 8C2-iPF), and mesomorphic one, P(CF 8C2-Acr), were investigated. The distinct increase in permselectivity has been observed at the mesomorphic transition of P(CF 8C2-Acr).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306388
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  • 39
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    Synthesis of new donor-acceptor diarylacetylene chromophores and preparation of corresponding nonlinear optical side-chain polymers (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 265-272 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Sammary New donor-acceptor substituted diarylacetylene hyperpolarizable chromophores bearing an amino group as donor and a methylsulfonyl group as acceptor at each extremities of an azatolane conjugated path have been designed to get a good nonlinearity-transparency trade-off, and synthesized. Corresponding methacrylate esters have been obtained then submitted to free radical polymerization, leading to novel side-chain nonlinear optical polymers and copolymers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308536
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  • 40
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    Enthalpic interaction of diblock copolymers with immiscible polymer blend components (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 241-248 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary An attempt is made to extend the model of Leibler for the emulsifying activity and interfacial properties of A-b-B diblock copolymers in incompatible blends of the homopolymers A and B-which are identical with the respective copolymer components- to enthalpically interacting C-b-D diblock copolymers, the block C being thermodynamically compatible with A and D with B. Due to the attractive enthalpic interaction the A/C-b-D/B compatibilized blends are promising for optimum phase adhesion (bold types for thermodynamically compatible partners). Thus, the extended model for a plane interfacial layer includes the enthalpic interaction of the compatible polymer pairs beside the entropic effects. The approach starts with the equillibrium supposition, not taking into consideration enthalpy driven migration effects of the block copolymer from the bulk to the interface, The model confirms a dominant role of the enthalpic interaction between blocks of the diblock copolymer and the respective homopolymers to the compatibilization of incompatible blend components. It is applicable also for blends compatibilized with block copolymers of unfavourable repulsive type interaction, A/C-b-D/B, and for blend systems with mixed type interactions, e. g. A/C-b-B/B or A/C-b-D/B.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00306395
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  • 41
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    A preliminary analysis of the high field 13C-NMR and 1H-NMR spectra of poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 305-310 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) was synthesized via free radical initiation and its 300 H-NMR and 75.5 MHz 13C-NMR spectra were recorded and analyzed. The analysis showed that poly(2-thienyl vinyl ketone) is an atactic polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00308541
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  • 42
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    Electrical and third-order nonlinear optical properties of poly(2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenevinylene) and its copolymers (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 89-96 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(2-fluoro-1,4-phenylenevinylene), PFPV, and its copolymers have been synthesized via water soluble precursor route and their electrical and optical propreties were measured. It seems that electron-withdrawing fluorine substituent on phenylene ring increases the band-gap of PFPV and it affects electrical and optical properties. The conductivity values of FeCl3-doped drawn polymer films ranged from 10-1 to 101 Scm-1 depending on their composition, and were 10 times larger than those of undrawn ones. The χ(3) value for undrawn PFPV, using THG technique at 1907nm fundamental wavelength, was 4.76x10-12 esu.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313478
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  • 43
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    A technique to measure the crystallinity of syndiotactic polystyrene using thermal analyses (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 109-112 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary A simple method for using differential scanning calorimeters to determine the crystallinity of syndiotactic polystyrene has been developed. Its validity was confirmed by use of infrared and x-ray analysis, as well as comparison to data from the literature. This method will be used to determine the effect of nucleating agents, shear stress, and temperature on the crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313481
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  • 44
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    Polyether-modified fullerenes (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 175-182 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Polyether-modified fullerenes have been prepared under mild conditions by reacting C60 or C70 in toluene with a precursor poly(oxyethylene) or poly(oxypropylene) polymer possessing amino end-groups. In the early stages of the interaction, soluble products are formed. Later, cross-linking proceeds between the polyfunctional fullerenes and the bifunctional polyethers. The non-crosslinked fullerene derivatives are soluble both in toluene and water; by evaporation of toluene, very adhesive films are formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297352
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  • 45
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    Polysoap-induced polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene by poly(sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphate)s in water (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 167-173 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(sodium alkyl 2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropyl phosphate)s as polysoap induced the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene in the absence of an added radical initiator in water at 80°C. The polysoap having a C14 alkyl group showed the highest activity of all tested groups. The generalized initiation mechanism of the spontaneous polymerization in which the micellar aggregation state participates is discussed.
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  • 46
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    Poly(β-3-methylmalic acid): A new degradable functional polyester with two stereogenic centers in the main chain (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 149-158 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Racemic ((3S,4R)-(3R,4S))-3-methyl-4-benzyloxycarbonyl-2-oxetanone has been prepared by a simple and reproductible method starting from a racemic mixture of threo-((2S,3S)-(2R,3R))-3-methylaspartic acid as chiral precursor. This α, β substituted β-lactone has been polymerized anionically, using tetraethylammonium benzoate as initiator, to yield high molecular weight and amorphous racemic threo-poly(β-benzyl-3-methylmalate). The catalytic cleavage of protecting benzyl ester groups has been conducted in different solvents and racemic threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid) has been obtained in N-methylpyrrolidone at room temperature. Racemic threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid-co-benzyl-β-3-methylmalate) has been prepared by heterogeneous H2/Pd charchoal catalyzed partial hydrogenolysis of the polymer precursor. Solubility of these different materials has been considered. Hydrolysis of threo-poly(β-3-methylmalic acid) has conducted to racemic threo-3-methylmalic acid. High resolution 13C NMR and selective INEPT NMR have been used for resonances assignment of polymers and copolymers. This new poly(β-hydroxy acid) type polyester expands the family of poly(β-malic acid) derivatives by opening the route for tailor making functional polystereoisomers with two stereogenic centers in the main chain and with the presence of an hydrophobic alkyl group and an hydrophilic carboxylic acid group in the macromolecule.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297349
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  • 47
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    SERS evidence for existence of a critical concentration for polymer coil shrinking in poly(4-vinyl pyridine) solution (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 229-235 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The dependence of intensity of surface enhanced Raman scattering on the concentration of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) solutions was investigated. The spectral quality and the Raman scattering intensities of the enhanced spectra of poly (4-vinyl pyridine) adsorbed on nitric acid-roughened silver foil were inversely proportional to the concentration when it changed from semi-dilute to very dilute. The band intensity-concentration plot displays a turning point corresponding to the critical concentration for coil shrinkage. The observed phenomena are in accordance with Qian's proposal for the existence of C s for coil shrinkage in dilute solution.
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  • 48
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    Erratum (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 257-257 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297364
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  • 49
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    Separation of poly(methyl methacrylate)s according to their tacticity (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 629-635 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The unconventional liquid chromatography of polymers under limiting conditions of their solubility was applied to poly(methyl methacrylate)s differing in their tacticity. The polymers were dissolved in thermodynamically good solvents and injected into an appropriate size exclusion chromatographic (SEC) column flushed with matched, moderately strong nonsolvents. The set of (limiting) conditions was found under which less soluble syndiotactic poly(methyl, methacrylate) moved along the column together with the zone of its initial solvent while better soluble isotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) was eluted according to the SEC mechanism. This indicates the potential of liquid chromatography under limiting conditions to characterize the tacticity of poly(methyl methacrylate)s.
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  • 50
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    Viscoelastic relaxations in poly(dimethylphenyl methacrylates) (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 675-678 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dynamic mechanical properties of poly(dimethylphenyl methacrylátes) were studied considering the different positions of the methyl groups on the phenyl ring. In all cases a clear α relaxation can be observed which is associated to the polymer glass transition temperature (Tg). Nevertheless, at lower temperatures, viscoelastic activity is negligible. A correlation between the steric hindrance due to the methyl groups and the temperature at which the relaxation is detected, was established.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973918
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    Relaxation processes in hyperbranched polyesters (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 32 (1994), S. 679-685 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Dielectric permittivity and loss have been measured over the frequency range 10-2 Hz-10 kHz between 100 K and 350 K for samples of 50/50 mixtures of each of two hyperbranched polyesters, one five-generation hydroxy functional (5G-OH) and one threegeneration alkyl-terminated polymer (3G), with dielectrically inactive linear polyethylene. The thermal transitions of the hyperbranched polymers were studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Three relaxation transitions were found in 5G-OH: α, the glass-rubber transition and two subglass processes denoted β and γ showing Arrhenius temperature dependence both with an activation energy of 96±2kJ mol-1. The low temperature process could be assigned to motions of the terminal hydroxyl groups whereas β is due to reorientation of the ester groups. Sample 3G showed only a glass transition and one subglass process being assigned to reorientation of the ester groups. The high activation energy (202 kJ mol-1) of this process indicates that the ester groups are highly constrained in this polymer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00973919
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    An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of poly(methyl methacrylate) surface modified by 193-nm laser radiation (1994)
    Springer
    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 331-338 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The chemistry of poly(methyl methacrylate) subjected to 193-nm radiation, emitted by an argon-fluorine excimer laser, was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. From the O/C atomic ratios measured at two different sampling depths, it is concluded that the role of depolymerization in the laser ablation process may be less important than previously suggested.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00314271
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    The application of miscibility parameter to the measurement of polymer-plasticizer compatibility (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 725-732 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB)was found to precipitate from a clear plasticizer solution as it was cooled and this unique temperature (TP) (UCST) was noted. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) did not precipitate and in this case the temperature at which it went into solution (TS) was noted. A quantity, referred to previously as the miscibility parameter (MP), is an excellent relative quantitative indicator of the miscibility of poly(vinyl butyral) and poly(vinyl chloride) with plasticizers as demonstrated from a correlation of MP with TP and Ts. Each polymer-plasticizer system is unique. A plot of MP vs. TP or TS for several polymer-plasticizer systems allows additional plasticizers to be evaluated for their plasticizing ability from calculated MP's without resorting to additional experimental measurements. The absolute level of MP acceptability is dictated by the application. For PVB, a copolymer which precipitates from a plasticizer/solvent, the interaction parameter chi(χ) is chi critical ( $$\chi _{cr} $$ ) at the TP of PVB in plasticizer. Since TP approximates the Θ temperature in the limit of molecular weight, the temperature of precipitation or Θ temperature, the solvent volume VS, and the $$\chi _{cr} $$ , define the theoretical MPcr as given by $$\frac{{(\chi _{cr} - 0.35)RT}}{{V_S }}$$ . All MPcr s were≈0.3 which represents the critical MP above which phase separation occurs. The low molecular weight plasticizers were estimated to drastically increase MPcr to about 1 for acceptable application compatibility and this value compares favorably with (PVB) acceptability for a wide range of plasticizer-PVB combinations based on a plasticizer DP of about 20.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00296088
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    Anisotropic friction on lamellar crystals of polyethylene by lateral force microscopy (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 459-464 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary Frictional forces are very sensitive to the interface structure and the chemical and atomic structure of surfaces. It has been shown in the late 80′s (1) that lateral forces due to friction can be measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in the contact mode (2,3). This involves measurements which evoke vertical deflection of the AFM probe and observation of lateral forces which twist the AFM force sensor. A simultaneous detection of vertical deflection and twisting of the microcantilever can be done by using a four-sectored positional sensitive photodetector which measures the change in the deflection of a laser light reflected off the top of the microcantilever. The newest generation of SPM (Scanning Probe Microscope) equipment allows for simultaneous AFM and Lateral Force Microscopy (LFM) scans. There is ample evidence in the literature that contact-mode AFM can be used not only to investigate polymer morphology (4,5), but also to study polymer architecture from a true molecular perspective (6).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293491
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    Structure and properties of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymers (1994)
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    Polymer bulletin 33 (1994), S. 487-491 
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    ISSN: 1436-2449
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The influence of binary mixtures of heptane with different diluents on the porous structure of styrene-divinylbenzene (Sty-DVB) copolymers was investigated. It was found that the porosity produced by the diluent mixtures depends not only on the affinity of each diluent for the copolymer but also on the interaction of the diluent molecules with themselves. In this work it was observed that some polar aromatic solvents when mixed with heptane presented cosolvency effects. In general, the accessible pore volumes were higher than the fixed pore ones, indicating the formation of elastic internuclear chains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00293495
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    The use of best design practices: An analysis of US navy contractors (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 14-24 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Best practice ; Case study ; Product development process ; Strategy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Rapid and successful introduction of new products is a potentially significant source of competitive advantage for manufacturing firms. Organizations need to identify and manage those critical elements of the product development process (PDP) that have a positive influence on new product success. This research identifies the distinctive product development and design practices, policies and tools currently followed by companies (Navy contractors) that participated in an empirical research study known as the Best Manufacturing Practices Program. A summary of practices reported in the case studies is compiled using content analysis techniques, and the most interesting practices by individual companies are highlighted. We find numerous examples of sophisticated CAD techniques being used to enhance the development process, including expert system design advisers, computer simulation, and design databases. Companies are emphasizing the design policies of concurrent engineering and teamwork, and documenting design process knowledge into design manuals. Company effort still appear focused primarily on the phase of detailed design rather than the concept selection phase.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01588088
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    Qualitative reasoning inference strategy and its application to structural engineering (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 73-84 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Inference strategy ; Qualitative reasoning ; Structural engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The space-centered framework is a reasoning methodology for obtaining qualitative solutions to boundary value problems. The inference strategy uses backward-and-forward propagation. The backward propagation assumes a component or connection qualitative state consistent with available knowledge about the component or connection. The forward propagation uses the topology of the structure and derives values without ambiguity consistent with the new information assumed by the backward propagation. The forward propagation considerably improves the inference efficiency. A computer program named Agrippa implements the famework. The framework is applied to the evaluation of the load transfer characteristics of two conceptual structural designs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579985
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    Simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic pairs via small-scale interference detection (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 103-123 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: contact detection ; kinematic simulation ; qualitative reasoning ; shape synthesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We present a shape representation and algorithms for the simulation and shape synthesis of kinematic higher pairs. The shape of a kinematic member is represented as an arrangement of small contiguous nondirected circles, which we call “molecules”. Given the shapes of the two members, a valid initial configuration, and the motion of one of the members (known as the driver), the motion of the other member (known as the driven) is determined. This simulation is based upon finding the points of contact between the member shapes. Contact is defined by interference of the molecules. As output, the simulation produces the functional relationship between the members and a record of the molecules of each member shape that came into contact during the process. Two procedures for shape synthesis are described. Given the shape of one member and the functional kinematic relationship between the member pair, the first procedure generates the shape of the second member from a blank of material. The second procedure modifies the shapes of two interacting members in order to change their contact characteristics during a kinematic interaction. Several examples from an implementation are provided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01579987
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    An approach to functional synthesis of solutions in mechanical conceptual design. Part I: Introduction and knowledge representation (1994)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 127-141 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: computer support ; concept generation ; conceptual design ; knowledge representation and reasoning ; mechanical design ; transmission design ; functional synthesis ; functional reasoning ; functional modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Conceptual design is an early phase in the design process, which involves the generation of solution concepts to satisfy the functional requirements of a design problem. There can be more than one solution to a problem; this means that there is scope for producing improved designs if one could explore a solution space larger than is possible at present. Computer support to conceptual design could be effective to this end, if an adequate understanding of the required design knowledge and subsequent tools for its representation and manipulation were available. This three-part series of articles describes one approach to synthesis of solutions to a class of mechanical design problems; these involve transmission and transformation of mechanical forces and motion, and can be described by a set of inputs and outputs. The approach involves(1) identifying a set of primary functional elements and rules of combining them, and(2) developing appropriate representations and reasoning procedures for synthesising solution concepts using these elements and their combination rules; these synthesis procedures can produce an exhaustive set of solution concepts, in terms of their topological as well as spatial configurations, to a given design problem. Part I provides an overview of the scope and the approach, adopted in the entire series, to identify the design knowledge required for synthesis, and a method for its validation. It specifically focuses on the extraction and representation of this knowledge. Part II describes synthesis of topological (graph structure) descriptions of possible solutions to a given problem. Part III describes a procedure for producing spatial configurations of these solutions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607275
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    Guiding conceptual design through behavioral reasoning (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 169-188 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Conceptual Design ; Behavior ; Function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a model for conceptual design based on an explicit behavioral reasoning step to guide the design process. Rather than mapping directly from function to form, we treat conceptual design as a two-step process, first transforming functional requirements to a behavioral description and then matching physical artifacts to this behavior. We believe that behavior, in terms of physical principles and phenomena, provides a natural bridge between functional requirements and physical artifacts. Behavioral reasoning breaks preconceived links between functions and artifacts, allowing for innovative solutions to be found. A new representation calledbehavior graphs (derived from bond graphs) has been developed to facilitate behavioral reasoning. This paper discusses behavior graphs and their use in a design synthesis model that generates systems of pre-defined embodiments (e.g., motor, spring, valve) to meet functional requirements given in terms of input and output parameters (e.g., force, pressure, displacement, voltage). An experimental computer program implementing this model is discussed and illustrative examples presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607277
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    Representation of geometric variations using matrix transforms for statistical tolerance analysis in assemblies (1994)
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    Research in engineering design 6 (1994), S. 191-210 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Tolerance analysis ; Vectorial tolerancing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The goal of this article is to develop a tolerance representation for assemblies compatible with tolerance analysis based on a closed-form algorithm used in robotic applications. A methodology is described that represents standard Y14.5M-1982 tolerances using homogeneous 4×4 matrix transforms. Transforms represent both the nominal relations between parts and the variations caused by geometric deviations allowed by the tolerances. The analysis calculates a statistical estimate of the location of theNth part in an assembly starting from the first part or a fixture. Except forform tolerances, most types of tolerance specifications are compatible with the proposed representation. This approach is well suited to integration with CAD systems and feature-based design. Since assembly apparatus errors can be calculated using the same methodology, one can predict the relative position and angle errors between two parts about to be mated. This permits useful evaluation of assembly equipment errors, comparison of different product tolerance assignments, and calculations of assembly process capability.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01608399
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    A rule-based system for generating a ladder logic control program from a high-level systems model (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 103-120 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Shop floor controller ; petri nets ; programmable logic controllers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this article an interface between a high-level specification of a system and a logic controller of that system is developed. The interface is based on a number of rules to transform an IDEF0 specification into an intermediate-level Petri-net-based controller and to transform the intermediate specification into a ladder logic program which can be run on a PLC. These rules could be used as a basis for developing an expert system to handle the interface. Such an expert system provides an environment for rapid prototyping and analysis of controllers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572403
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    Machine assignment and part-families formation using group technology (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 225-234 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Group technology ; clustering algorithms ; machine assignment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The conventional way of solving the group technology (GT) problem is to start from an assignment of parts to machines and try to find a partitioning of machine cells and part families. The similarity between parts is measured based on commonality of the machines assigned to them. However, parts are assigned to machines based on their operation requirements and the operation capabilities of machines. Similarity between parts should be based on their required operations. In this paper, the authors attempt to solve or facilitate solving the GT problem at the assignment level. An algorithm for assigning parts to machines is provided which utilizes the types of operations required by parts and applies GT principles in producing the assignment. This leads to better partitioning of machine cells and part-families. Furthermore, operation sequences required by parts in determining the similarity between parts have been considered. An algorithm to form part-families based on the operation sequence similarity coefficient has been developed. The resulting families are then used by the assignment algorithm to produce machine assignments to part-families. The use of the algorithm is demonstrated by examples.
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    Reducing waste in casting with a predictive neural model (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 277-286 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; ceramic casting ; quality control ; predictive modelling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper describes an interactive neural network model that predicts the quality of cast ceramic products using multiple quantitative and qualitative inputs. This has been done to enable a major sanitary ware manufacturer to reduce product waste by better control of the slip casting process. The input variables describe the raw materials, ambient conditions and line settings for the ceramic casting process. The neural network predictive model assigns one of seven quality categories to the cast based on the input data. This prediction is used by the quality control engineer to make a priori adjustments to materials and line settings so that a good quality cast is produced without trial and error. The neural model can also be used to determine optimum settings of each adjustable input variable in the light of values of non-adjustable input variables.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123699
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    An organism-oriented modeling approach to support the analysis and design of intelligent manufacturing systems (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 121-142 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Object-oriented manufacturing ; organism-oriented models ; object-oriented models ; intelligent manufacturing systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a generic macroscopic object, termed an ‘organism’, is introduced. An organism defines a high-level modeling object that has the capabilities for organizational networking, standardization or characteristics specifications, decoupling of editing and visualization as well as temporal management. Organism-oriented models inherit from their parent object-oriented and object/agent-oriented models a simplified representation of the manufacturing entities as well as a capacity for many levels of abstraction. Moreover, the organism-oriented modeling approach enriches these models by not only considering basic manufacturing objects and agents, but also the fact that each of these objects and agents may itself be an organization and also part of one or several organizations. The paper first surveys some of the current approaches used for modeling and analysing manufacturing systems: structured analysis, Petri nets, object and object/ agent models. The object model behind the organism-oriented modeling approach is then presented and its application to a manufacturing case is illustrated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572404
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    Error compensation in machine tools: a neural network approach (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 143-151 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Machine tools ; error compensation ; neural network
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: For a non-idealized machine tool, each point in the workspace is associated with a tool point positioning error vector. If this error map can be determined, then it is possible to substantially improve the positioning performance of the machine by introducing suitable compensation into the control loop. This paper explores the possibility of using an artifical neural network (ANN) to compute this mapping. The training set for the ANN is obtained by mounting a physical artifact whose dimensions are precisely known in the machine's workspace. The machine, equipped with a touch trigger probe, ‘measures’ the positions of features on the artifact. The difference between the machine reading and the known dimension is the machine error at that point in the workspace. Using standard modeling techniques, the kinematic error model for a CNC turning center was developed. This model was parameterized by measurement of the parametric error functions using a laser interferometer, electronic levels and a precision square. The kinematic model was then used to simulate the artifact-measuring process and develop the ANN training set. The effect of changing artifact geometry was explored and a machining operation was simulated using the ANN output to provide compensation. The results show that the ANN is capable of learning the error map of a real machine, and that ANN-based compensation can significantly reduce part-dimensional errors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123919
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    HOM—A hybrid object model for automatic assembly planning (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 153-163 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Assembly planning ; object programming ; features
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A new product model that is particularly useful for model-based assembly planning is presented in this paper. The majority of the models used in this domain are simple approximations of the real workpiece and they are often dedicated to special algorithms. The model described here provides a more accurate and more flexible representation of workpieces. It consists of two parts, one describing geometry and topology, and the other describing the technological properties of an object. An increase in accuracy of the shape description was achieved by enhancing a polyhedral model with an analytical representation. A flexible representation of attributes and features, on the other hand, increases the generality of the model with regard to other planning domains. The application of the model is demonstrated within the framework of assembly sequence planning.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123920
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    An automated coding and classification system with supporting database for effective design of manufacturing systems (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 235-249 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Group technology ; automated coding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The philosophy of group technology (GT) is an important concept in the design of flexible manufacturing systems and manufacturing cells. Group technology is a manufacturing philosophy that identifies similar parts and groups them into families. Beside assigning unique codes to these parts, group technology developers intend to take advantage of part similarities during design and manufacturing processes. GT is not the answer to all manufacturing problems, but it is a good management technique with which to standardize efforts and eliminate duplication. Group technology classifies parts by assigning them to different families based on their similarities in: (1) design attributes (physical shape and size), and/or (2) manufacturing attributes (processing sequence). The manufacturing industry today is process focused; departments and sub units are no longer independent but are interdependent. If the product development process is to be optimized, engineering and manufacturing cannot remain independent any more: they must be coordinated. Each sub-system is a critical component within an integrated manufacturing framework. The coding and classification system is the basis of CAPP and the functioning and reliability of CAPP depends on the robustness of the coding system. The proposed coding system is considered superior to the previously proposed coding systems, in that it has the capability to migrate into multiple manufacturing environments. This article presents the design of a coding and classification system and the supporting database for manufacturing processes based on both design and manufacturing attributes of parts. An interface with the spreadsheet will calculate the machine operation costs for various processes. This menu-driven interactive package is implemented using dBASE-IV. Part Family formation is achieved using a KAMCELL package developed in TURBO Pascal.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123696
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    Development of a feature-based and object-oriented concurrent engineering system (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 23-31 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering ; CAD/CAM ; feature modeling ; process planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Product information modeling is critical to the integration of mechanical CAD/CAM systems and to the implementation of a concurrent engineering system. This paper presents a recent development of a feature-based and object-oriented concurrent engineering system with its focus on a product information modeling technique implemented in the system. The technique was developed to capture product definition data including form features and their spatial relationships and to store them as an object-oriented information model during the design process. The paper also describes the implementation of the information modeling technique and its application to manufacturing process planning in an object-oriented environment.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124684
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    Part design using manufacturing features (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 55-63 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Feature extraction ; feature-based design ; feature-based manufacturing object-oriented system ; computer-integrated manufacturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents a methodology by which manufacturability data is used to drive the design process. The system allows a designer to determine the features to be considered. He provides the basic geometric parameters for each feature and passes them to the modeling system for instantiations. Tolerances and surface finish allow the system to derive manufacturing implications used by the designer to review the design. The physical parameters, in addition to the processing information, lead to an integrated model which may be used by both the designer and the manufacturing personnel. This procedure may be invoked at any level of the design process and contribute to a final manufacturable design. The philosophy employed in the development of this work is to define manufacturing features as instances of generic ones with specific properties and processing methods. The design features obtain their geometric superclasses from a commercially available package of solid primitives thus allowing for the part to be graphically displayed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124687
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    An object-oriented manufacturing control system (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 315-321 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Manufacturing system control ; event-driven control architecture ; objectoriented programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper presents the development of an event-driven control architecture and its implementation in a physical simulator of a computerized manufacturing system using object-oriented techniques. The architecture was developed to improve the efficiency of handling concurrent control events in the DOS environment. In the implementation, the control system of the physical simulator consists of four distinct layers of control devices: a PC/386 computer, a microcontroller, I/O modules and the system's control devices such as motors, solenoids and sensors. A control program residing in the PC/386 coordinates system-level tasks such as event scheduling, while a BASIC program running on the microcontroller handles all low-level control tasks such as sensor monitoring and motion control. The concepts and developments presented in this paper should help in implementing an efficient control system for both CIM systems and their physical simulators.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127649
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    A simplified fuzzy multivariable structure in a manufacturing environment (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 365-387 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Fuzzy control ; multivariable control ; process control ; industrial computers applications ; human factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Applications of fuzzy control to industrial processes are mainly of multivariable structure. Using the traditional Zadeh principle would require a multidimensional relation to be developed representing a fuzzy model of the system. Such a multidimensional relation would result in memory overload to most industrial computers. Moreover, it would result in a highly complex compositional rule of inference to achieve the final output(s) of the system. This paper proposes a new simplified technique that avoids such complexity as well as memory overload for multivariable structure. Section 2 describes the proposed simplified multivariable technique to avoid memory overload. Section 3 demonstrates these techniques in the form of a robotic welding example where the objective is to control the speed of a robotic arm following an irregular path of weld. The speed value is dependent on the cavity size and determined by the cavity width and cavity depth as inputs. Section 4 describes an experimental application of the technique applied to an industrial process in the manufacture of force transducers termed as the ‘cornering process’. This application is composed of a two-inputs-two-outputs system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123657
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    Automatic generation of IDEF0 models (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 79-92 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: IDEF0 ; generic functions ; non-generic functions ; knowledge-based manufacturing modelling systems ; generic IDEF0 models
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper looks into a new area for knowledge-based system application, that of manufacturing modelling. Manual generation of IDEF0 models of manufacturing systems is time-consuming and inconsistent. However, the process can be automated to improve timeliness and consistency. In this paper, a knowledge-based manufacturing modelling system for the automatic generation of IDEF0 models is proposed. The system will not only greatly reduce the IDEF0 modelling time but will also eliminate the inconsistency problem of conventional IDEF0 modelling systems. The paper explains the knowledge-based approach and identifies the kinds of domain knowledge that are required for the construction of the knowledge-based manufacturing modelling system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572401
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    The metadatabase approach to integrating and managing manufacturing information systems (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 333-349 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Systems integration ; manufacturing information management ; multiple data and knowledge systems
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Integration has become a self-evident goal in today's manufacturing enterprises. Since the late 1970s, numerous efforts have been launched world-wide to develop, employ, and deploy integration technology as a strategic weapon to compete in the global market-place. Important results have been obtained, including computer integrated manufacturing (CIM), concurrent engineering, and enterprise re-engineering. The field is poised to tackle some fundamental barriers of integration and thereby effect a new quantum jump in overall productivity, where information will become a fourth basic factor of production along with land, labor and capital. Among the barriers are the lack of information technology enabling multiple systems operating concurrently over different geographical regions. This paper discusses a unique approach to the integration problem regarding information resources management, global query and concurrent systems administration. This approach is based on the metadatabase model which incorporates both data and knowledge in order to accomplish information integration across manufacturing functions. Basic concepts, methods and techniques have been developed for the approach and verified via a prototype metadatabase system. The system's primary components and major functionalities are discussed and illustrated in detail through the use of an extended example of a pilot manufacturing system comprising order processing, process design and shop floor control. It will also provide the reader with a simulated system demonstration.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127651
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    PROCASE: a case-based process planning system for machining of rotational parts (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 411-430 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Process planning ; rotational parts ; case-based reasoning ; feature-based representation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper introduces a case-based process planning system PROCASE which generates new process routines through learning from existing process routines. In contrast to traditional rule-based systems, the process planning knowledge of the PROCASE is represented in terms of cases instead of production rules. The planning basically comprises case retrieving and case adaptation rather than chaining applicable rules together to form process plans. The advantages are, first, the system is cheaper to build as it saves the expense of knowledge acquisition. Second, the system is able to advance its knowledge automatically through planning practice. Third, it is robust, because the reasoning is not based on pattern matching but similarity comparison. PROCASE has three modules: the retriever, the adapter and the simulator. It is supported by a feature-based representation scheme which naturally serves as the case indices for case retrieving and adaptation. The retriever uses a similarity metric to retrieve an old case which is the most similar case, among all old ones, to the new case. The adapter is then activated to adapt the process plan of the retrieved case to fit the needs for the new case. The simulator is used to verify the feasibility of the adapted plan. PROCASE is implemented on a Silicon Graphics IRIS workstation using C++ . An example is given to demonstrate how the process routine is generated by the system proposed by the authors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123660
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    DIDS: rapidly prototyping configuration design systems (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 33-45 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Design ; knowledge systems ; configuration ; mechanisms ; problem-solving methods ; knowledge acquisition ; DIDS ; UT
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The domain independent design system (DIDS) provides a set of tools for rapidly constructing new configuration design systems from a library of reusable software elements called mechanisms. A DIDS user begins by creating a model of the problem domain and the task to be automated. This includes describing a library of parts from which new artifacts could be configured, optimization and preference criteria, and functionality constraints. DIDS analyzes this input and automatically builds an operational prototype system by selecting and combining mechanisms. DIDS' ability to automate this process is derived from its model of configuration design, which enables reusable mechanisms to be identified and automatically selected based on a problem's characteristics. The use of DIDS is illustrated by showing how DIDS solved an elevator-configuration problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124685
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    Motion control and obstacle avoidance of a mobile robot with an onboard manipulator (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 287-302 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Modeling ; non holonomic system ; feedback control ; navigation ; potential fields
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Navigation and control of autonomous mobile vehicles with onboard manipulator systems are currently being investigated for intelligent manufacturing applications. A systematic approach for modeling and base motion control of a mobile vehicle with an onboard robot arm is presented. Feedback linearization is used to take into account the complete dynamics with non-holonomic constraints, yet methods from potential field theory are incorporated to provide resolution among possibly conflicting performance goals (e.g. path following and obstacle avoidance). The feedback linearization provides an inner loop that accounts for possible motion of the onboard arm. The two cases of maintaining a desired course and speed, and following a desired Cartesian trajectory are considered. The outer control loop is designed using potential field theory, with the two objectives of homing and avoiding an obstacle. This simple result obtained using potential functions provides very naturally the necessary intelligence for online resolution of conflicting performance objectives. It gives capabilities to these autonomous vehicles for maintaining a desired course and speed or tracking a Cartesian trajectory, avoiding obstacles during the course of travel, and initiating new online path planning when the size of the object is large so that unnecessary wandering in the work space is avoided.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123700
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    Announcement (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 65-65 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124688
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  • 79
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    An integrated intelligent machining system for axisymmetric parts using PC-based CAD and CAM software packages (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 93-102 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: CAD ; CAM ; CIM ; intelligent manufacturing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Machining process planning involves the formation of a set of directions describing the machining operations required to transform raw stock into a finished part. Conventional process planning, performed manually, relies on the knowledge and competence of an experienced process planner and tends to be time consuming and error prone. In the past two decades, much effort has been spent on improving process planning by utilizing the power of a computer to emulate the capabilities of an experienced planner. During the same period, computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software has been developed to enhance design productivity and to assist the NC code generation facets of the machining process. The entire planning process may be automated be integrating CAD and CAM using computer-aided process planing (CAPP). The research described in this paper outlines the design and development of an intelligent CAPP system integrating two commercial CAD and CAM software packages, Autocad and Mastercam.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572402
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    Call for Papers (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 201-202 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123924
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    Guest editorial (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. i 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123692
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    An intelligent sensor for detection of milling chatter (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 193-200 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; milling ; chatter detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: In this paper, a new real-time sensor system has been developed to detect chatter in milling operations. In the developed sensor system, a pattern recognition technique based on an unsupervised neural network using the adaptive resonance theory (ART) is adopted for detection of milling chatter. The features on the cutting force spectrum are fed into the sensor system to classify the milling process with or without chatter. The experimental results indicate that the proposed sensor system can accurately detect milling chatter regardless of the variation in cutting conditions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123923
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    An investigation of expert systems for die design (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 177-192 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Fuzzy sets ; die ; expert system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This article introduces fuzzy set theory to process the design details of the uncertain portion in die design, and assist the designer to transform those design items with fuzziness into those with definite and reasonable design attributes. For the design parameters of die block thickness, die clearance angle and die sets choice in die design, which possess intermediate features, fuzzy cluster analysis is used to obtain the design attributes. As for single-sided die clearance, stripper pressure and guide bushing-type die design, whose theory or empirical formulas possess uncertainty coefficients or preference design parameters, the fuzzy weighted average method is adopted to obtain the feature parameters that conform with the die design requirement. This study established an expert system prototype to combine the aforementioned uncertainty problems into two kinds of die design, and help the designer obtain a definite design strategy when faced with uncertain design items.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123922
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    Routine design with information content and fuzzy quality function deployment (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 203-210 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: fuzzy quality function deployment ; information content ; linguistic variables ; critical characteristics ; routine design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Design can be classified into four basic categories: creative design, innovative design, redesign, and routine design. This paper describes a method for performing routine design by utilizing information content and fuzzy quality function deployment. An attempt has been made to associate with each critical characteristic of a product a value representing the information content, which is a measure of probability that a system can produce the parts as specified by the designer, using a specific manufacturing technology for making the parts. Once the information content of each design alternative is computed, the system will select an alternative with the minimum amount of information content. The proposed method provides us with a means for solving the critical design evaluation and validation problem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123693
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    Fuzzy control of environmentally conscious refrigeration systems (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 269-275 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Fuzzy logic ; control ; refrigeration ; environmentally conscious design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper introduces the reader to the concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic and to their capabilities in the area of control systems. To understand the capabilities of fuzzy logic in real-time controller design, a controller for an environmentally conscious refrigeration system was designed and implemented. Initial results show that a fuzzy logic controller is easy to implement, does not need an exact system model, does not need precise and expensive hardware, and deals with human concepts in a fairly natural and obvious way. This would be, hopefully, a potential avenue for future production of intelligent manufactured products.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123698
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    Multi-heuristic scheduling: three approaches to tune compromises (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 303-313 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Schedule ; dispatching rules ; fuzzy expert system ; neural network ; experimental design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Most of the available industrial schedulers are based on a simulation approach using dispatching rules. These rules are often dedicated to the satisfaction of a single performance criterion, and are used whatever the characteristics of the workshop or of the set of jobs. An approach which allows one to bring in compromises between rules is set out in this paper. These compromises can be parametered in accordance with the objectives of the workshop and the characteristics of the jobs in order to introduce some reactivity in the decision system. Three ways to set up the parameters are compared: experimental design, fuzzy expert system and neural network. The method allowing one to define compromises can be implemented on each scheduler that uses a simulation approach. Tests have been made with an industrial scheduler called SIPAPLUS, the results of which are developed in this paper.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127648
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    A knowledge-based inspection process planning system for coordinate measuring machines (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 351-363 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Coordinate measuring machines (CMM) ; AI planning ; knowledge-based system ; inspection planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is one of the most effective geometry inspection facilities used in manufacturing industry. To fully utilize its capabilities in a computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment, we should integrate CMM with other systems and facilities. This paper presents the development of a knowledge-based inspection planner based on the fundamental principles of AI planning to integrate computer-aided design systems and CMMs. The issues involved in CAD-directed inspection process planning are examined; the task of inspection process planning is decomposed into a number of sub-tasks. According to the task decomposition, a knowledge-based planning system was designed with several modules. Each of these modules consists of a knowledge base, a control operator, a context and a communication interface. The knowledge base is the local knowledge source for problem solving; the control operator determines when and where the knowledge is applied; the context contains the initial planning state which is essential input part information, the intermediate planning states which result from the tentative decision made by the modules, and the goal state. The module interfacing was realized by directly calling procedures defined in other modules to pass the planning tasks and decisions. Examples are included to explain the planning knowledge and strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127652
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    Knowledge-based facility planning: a review and a framework (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 399-409 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Facilities layout ; knowledge-based systems ; artificial intelligence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The knowledge-based facility planning (KBFP) problem is reviewed. The aim of KBFP is to provide a more comprehensive planning package for users so that their expertise can be augmented with proven knowledge, and yield significantly better plans. The categories reviewed include facilities equipment selection, software model selection, and the generative task of creating a facility planning solution. The employed problem representation and problem-solving techniques are reviewed. Finally, the development of an integrated framework for KBFP is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123659
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    An object-oriented product database using ROSE (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 13-21 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Database ; data exchange ; computer-aided design ; product data models ; object-oriented programming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A product database for a design and manufacturing enterprise serves as a repository for the data needed to manufacture a product. This paper discusses how an object-oriented persistent object manager named ROSE, under development at Rensselaer, has been used in the Rensselaer CIM program to develop a STEP/PDES-compliant product database for its research test bed. In so doing, it provides an overview of the requirements for a product database system in an integrated design and manufacturing facility, and it discusses how the chosen system meets these requirements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124683
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    Object-oriented design support system for machine tools (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 47-54 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Object-oriented ; design support system ; machine tools ; design process ; design object
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This paper deals with an object-oriented intelligent design support system which is intended to assist in the basic design of machine tools, in particular machining centres. The machine tools design process is analysed through interviews with experienced designers, and an object-oriented model is established to represent the design process. Software modules named design objects are proposed, which are basic components for the implementation of an intelligent design support system for machine tools. A prototype of the design support system for machining centres is developed based on the design objects, and some case studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the methods proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124686
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    Developing a quantitative intelligent system for implementing concurrent engineering design (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 251-267 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Concurrent engineering design ; knowledge reasoning ; optimization ; feature ; modelling ; design function ; production costs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: This research focuses on the development of a quantitative intelligent system for implementing concurrent engineering design. The paper first discusses the task of concurrent engineering design and the basic requirements for conducting integrated concurrent engineering design. The proposed quantitative intelligent system approach combines qualitative reasoning, based upon design and manufacturing knowledge, and quantitative evaluation and optimization, conducted using design information and manufacturing data generated in the knowledge-based reasoning. The method allows considerations on non-operating principle aspects of a product to be incorporated into the design phase, such as manufacturing, maintenance, service, recycle, etc., with an emphasis on production costs. The proposed method serves as a convenient software tool for gathering information required in the concurrent engineering design process and integrates tasks from different parts of the product development life cycle, particularly function design, manufacturability analysis and production cost estimation. A prototype software system is developed based upon this method using Smalltalk-80. In the prototype system, concurrent engineering design is carried out by: (1) describing and representing design requirements; (2) generating feasible design candidates and evaluating their design functions; (3) representing design geometry; (4) finding the associated production processes and predicting the production costs of each feasible design; and (5) identifying the costeffective design that satisfies given design requirements and requires minimum production costs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123697
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    Fault tolerance in supervisory control systems: a knowledge-based approach (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 323-331 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Knowledge-based systems ; production control ; reliability ; fault tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Fault tolerance in computerized systems involved in production has become an ever more important requirement. Existing fault tolerance approaches, wherever used, deal mainly with hardware faults. Nevertheless, the vast majority of contemporary system failures are software related. This paper introduces a knowledge-based approach to handling software related faults occurring in supervisory control systems. These systems are event driven and use data, stored in complex databases, to react to events coming from different kinds of devices by identifying, scheduling, initiating and monitoring operations. Failure of part of the supervisory control system's software to behave rationally when unexpected events occur is called an application fault. The approach introduced in this paper is based on a supervisory control system reference model which reveals the set of all possible application faults together with the major functions of the recovery processes associated with each fault, and leads to a high-level knowledge-based system architecture capable of handling every fault-related condition. This system is called PROFIT (Intelligent PROduction systems Fault Tolerance) and consists of three main components: the fault diagnosis module, the instant fault correction module and the learning module, co-ordinated by a PROFIT meta-level module. The prototype version of PROFIT is analysed and the development as well as the run-time environment that prove the applicability and effectiveness of the system are presented.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00127650
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    An anthropocentric approach to knowledge-based preventive maintenance (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 389-397 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Preventive maintenance ; JIT ; human-centred approach ; RCM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: It is common knowledge today that application of sound manufacturing concepts and techniques will only provide cost-effective, long-term return when manufacturing functions are totally integrated with the operators, maintenance engineers and other associated personnel. This paper presents a human-centred methodology and its associated knowledge-based tool, to utilize equipment failure information for the purpose of machine down-time minimization. Based upon a structured and rigorous assessment of each breakdown, and combined with total employee participation, continuous improvement of maintenance function and operational effectiveness of equipment can be made a reality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123658
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    Editorial (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. i 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124681
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    Object-oriented design for manufacture (1994)
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    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 1-11 
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    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Engineering design ; design for manufacture ; concurrent design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Economically effective and timely product manufacture requires that appropriate decisions are taken during the design of the product. Recent years have seen very considerable growth in the study and communication of knowledge in the area of design for manufacture (DFM). At the same time there have appeared many additional pressures on the design process: rapid changes in market requirements, evolution and revolution in product and process technologies, legislated strictures and liabilities, and quality and cost issues which must increasingly be addressed earlier in the course of product design. As a consequence there is a strongly perceived need to enhance design methods in order to address the many disparate aspects of design in an efficient manner. In this paper the DFM problem is addressed within this larger context. The approach described in the paper begins with the hypothesis that the concept of manufacturability can be established as one of a number of required attributes of a part which is to be designed and manufactured. An information model is then proposed which provides the potential to allow determination of manufactur-ability to be made in an ongoing fashion in parallel with other design activities. The nature of the information model is shown to be in harmony with object-oriented programming environments. Finally, the information model is used to illustrate the potential to embody the large body of DFM knowledge which is already in existence but which has yet to be systematically encoded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00124682
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  • 96
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    A neural network model for fault detection in conjunction with a programmable logic controller (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 67-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Neural networks ; fault detection ; programmable logic controller ; time series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract This paper discusses the feasibility of using neural networks as a tool in the fault detection process. A neural network is integrated with a state language programmable logic controller, an important device in an automatic control system. Time series data related to time spent in a state is gathered and used as input into a neural network, for the purpose of identifying when a fault has occurred. A feedforward neural network is used to identify which (if any) of three types of faults may have occurred. Experimental results related to sensitivity and accuracy measures are presented. A brief review of related applications and research is also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00572400
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  • 97
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    Knowledge extraction for production management (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 165-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Production management ; knowledge extraction ; machine learning ; industrial databases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: A procedure and underlying algorithm for extracting knowledge from production and inventory databases to support engineering management activities is described. The process searches for, detects and isolates behaviour patterns inherent in the data. It relates these patterns to production irregularities, suggests connections with specific causes and helps propose possible corrective or preventive actions. The approach is based on a four-phase procedure: (1) the decision-maker focuses on the subject or difficulty at issue, represented by a target concept; (2) the KEDB algorithm, based on a machine learning approach, processes the relevant database and provides knowledge characterizing and classifying the target concept; (3) the output is interpreted in Pareto fashion as a series of possible circumstances explaining the target concept behaviour; and (4) based on these causes, the decision-maker decides on possible corrective actions to improve the situation, or preventive actions to forestall unfavourable conditions. A case study based on an actual quality control database is detailed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123921
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  • 98
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    A first-order logic for reasoning under uncertainty using rough sets (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of intelligent manufacturing 5 (1994), S. 211-223 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8145
    Keywords: Uncertainty ; rough sets ; possible worlds ; rules of inference ; resolution ; principle ; theorem proving
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Reasoning with uncertain information is a problem of key importance when dealing with knowledge from real situations. Obtaining the precise numbers required by many uncertainty-handling formalisms can be a problem when building real systems. The theory of rough sets allows us to handle uncertainty without the need for precise numbers, and so has some advantages in such situations. The authors develop a set of symbolic truth values based upon rough sets which may be used to augment predicate logic, and provide methods for combining these truth values so that they may be propagated when augmented logic formulae are used in automated reasoning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123694
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  • 99
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    Incorporation of quadruply-bonded units into solid-state materials (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 5 (1994), S. 125-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Keywords: Quadruple bond ; molecutar-based materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thirtieth anniversary of the quadruple bond marks a time in science when synthetic inorganic chemists are exploring molecular routes to new solid-state materials. Dinuclear transition metal complexes possessing σ, π, and δ components to their M-M bonding present exciting opportunities for the design of macromolecular compounds with interesting optical, electronic, and magnetic properties. This brief review reports recent progress in the area of ordered molecular arrays incorporating quadruply bonded and other multiply bonded M2 units.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165495
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  • 100
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    The 30th anniversary of the discovery of the quadruple metal-metal bond (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of cluster science 5 (1994), S. 1-1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8862
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01165488
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