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  • Articles  (64)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (64)
  • equation of state  (63)
  • Radioactivity
  • 1995-1999  (64)
  • Physics  (64)
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  • Articles  (64)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (64)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions (1995)
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 16 (1995), S. 495-532 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Keywords: Nuclear explosion detection and recognition ; Seismology ; Remote sensing ; Radioactivity ; Ionospheric effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on a joint meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society's Joint Association for Geophysics and VERTIC (the Verification Technology Information Centre) held in London in 1992. The topics presented focused on the detection and recognition of underground nuclear explosions. The objective of the meeting was to emphasize the multi-methodological approach that is important in verifying compliance with test-ban treaties. An overview of seismological monitoring was followed by a discussion of the technical and scientific aspects of a global seismic monitoring network, and in particular of the 1991 experiment to test the large-scale international exchange of seismic data between recording stations and data centres world-wide. The current capabilities of satellite remote-sensing were presented, and their use explained in terms of both the provision of information for monitoring the development of foreign nuclear testing programmes and also for providing sufficient information for the evaluation of treaty compliance. A review of radio-isotope sampling showed how the isotopic signature of both air and ground based sampling programmes can be diagnostic of the nuclear source. Finally, previously classified research on the ionospheric effects of underground nuclear explosions was presented, the generated acoustic waves disturbing the ionosphere and producing detectable changes in the reflection of radio and radar signals which have potential as a monitoring technique.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665683
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the Composition of the Solar Interior Rapporteur Paper I (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 85 (1998), S. 141-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: equation of state ; opacity ; helium abundance ; lithium abundance ; tachocline ; solar neutrinos ; helioseismology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Standard solar models, although they are free from the influence of much of the fluid motion that is bound to be present in the Sun, have been shown by helioseismology to represent the spherically averaged structure of the Sun amazingly well. This state of affairs has come about after painstaking refinements by a great many people of the pertinent microphysics, including that which controls the equation of state, the opacity, the nuclear reaction rates and the diffusion that inhibits gravitational segregation of chemical elements. It has instilled confidence in the modellers in being able to predict the composition of the solar interior. But there are consequences of the flow, related particularly to redistribution of chemical species, that can be difficult to identify observationally, yet which may degrade any inferences we might make. Their potential presence must at least be acknowledged by anyone who tries to asses the reliability of the models. This report summarizes the discussions in the preceding pages of this volume of the current theoretical and observational status of the subject, pointing to many of the caveats that have been raised, and attempting at the same time to put them into a seemingly coherent discourse in the context of our present understanding of the workings of the solar interior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005105224272
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A general approach to association using cluster partition functions (1997)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 87 (1997), S. 1287-1306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Association ; phase equilibrium ; statistical mechanics ; partition function ; chemical engineering ; equation of state ; chemical equilibrium ; cluster distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A systematic and fundamental approach to associating mixtures is presented. It is shown how the thermodynamic functions may be computed starting from a partition function based on the cluster concept such as occurs in chemical theory. The theory provides a basis for and an extension of the existing chemical theory of (continuous) association. It is applicable to arbitrary association schemes. Analysis of separate cases is not necessary. The assumptions that were made to allow the development were chosen such as to make the principle of reactivity valid. It is this same principle that links various theories: the chemical theory of continuous association, the lattice fluid hydrogen bonding model, and first-order perturbation theory. The equivalence between these theories in appropriate limits is shown in a general and rigorous way. The theory is believed to provide a practical framework for engineering modeling work. Binary interaction parameters can be incorporated. The association scheme is accounted for by a set of generic equations, which should facilitate robust implementation in computer programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181285
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Room-temperature compressibilities of MnO and CdO: further examination of the role of cation type in bulk modulus systematics (1999)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1999), S. 644-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words MnO ; CdO ; rock-salt monoxides ; X-ray diffraction ; equation of state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Room-temperature volume measurements up to 8.1 GPa reveal that rock-salt structured MnO and CdO have identical compressibility in the pressure range studied. In the plot of bulk modulus vs unit-cell volume, CdO plots well above the trend of the 3d transition metal monoxides, a behavior that deviates from empirical predictions of constant K 0 V 0. The present observations are in favor of our earlier suggestion that, for isostructural solids, the empirically predicted bulk modulus-volume relationship may be limited to their subsets that share the same valence electron character (i.e., s vs 3d vs 4d). For cations forming transition metal monoxides, variations of Pauling electronegativity with ionic radius show differences that are qualitatively similar to the observed trends of bulk modulus, suggesting that bond covalency differences may contribute to the different behaviors between the 3d and 4d transition metal monoxides.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050229
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microphysics: Equation of State (1998)
    Springer
    Space science reviews 85 (1998), S. 49-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9672
    Keywords: helioseismology ; equation of state ; helium abundance ; excited states
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The equation of state is one of the three fundamental ingredients used to construct stellar models. The plasma of the interiors of stars such as the Sun is only slightly non-ideal. However, the extraordinary accuracy of the helioseismological data requires refined equations of state. It turned out to be necessary to include a Coulomb correction, commonly evaluated in the Debye-Hückel approximation. Higher-order non-ideal effects have implications as well, both for plasma physics and for solar physics. As a typical example, the recently studied thermodynamic consequence of excited states in compound particles is discussed. This effect is of considerable relevance in the helioseismic determination of the helium abundance in the solar convection zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005176317912
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coulomb Systems at Low Density: A Review (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 96 (1999), S. 1163-1330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Coulomb ; plasma ; Saha ; screening ; Debye–Hückel ; virial ; equation of state
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Results on the correlations of low-density classical and quantum Coulomb systems at equilibrium in three dimensions are reviewed. The exponential decay of particle correlations in the classical Coulomb system, Debye–Hückel screening, is compared and contrasted with the quantum case, where strong arguments are presented for the absence of exponential screening. Results and techniques for detailed calculations that determine the asymptotic decay of correlations for quantum systems are discussed. Theorems on the existence of molecules in the Saha regime are reviewed. Finally, new combinatoric formulas for the coefficients of Mayer expansions are presented and their role in proofs of results on Debye–Hückel screening is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004600603161
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a new selection algorithm to the development of a wide-range equation of state for refrigerant R134a (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 101-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: equation of state ; R 134a ; refrigerants ; simulated annealing ; stepwise regression ; thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Refrigerant R134a (1,1.1,2-tetrafuoroethane) is a leading substitute for refrigerant R12. As such, there has been worldwide activity to develop accurate wide-range equations of state for this fluid. In this study. we have developed a new selection algorithm for determining high-accuracy equations of state in the Helmholtz representation. This method combines least-squares regression analysis with simulated annealing optimization. Simulated annealing, unlike stepwise regression, allows for the controlled acceptance of random increases in the objective function. Thus, this procedure produces a computationally efficient selection algorithm which is not susceptible to the function-space local-minima problems present in a purely stepwise regression approach. Two equations are presented in this work and compared against experimental data and other high-accuracy equations of state for R134a. One equation was produced strictly by using stepwise a regression algorithm, while the other was produced using the simulated-annealing selection algorithm. In both cases the temperature dependence of the equations was restricted to have no terms whose exponents were greater than live.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438961
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Equations of state for the thermodynamic properties of R32 (difluoromethane) and R125 (pentafluoroethane) (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 79-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: difluoromethane (R32) ; equation of state ; pentafluoroethane (R125) ; thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Thermodynamic properties of difluoromethane (R32) and pentafluoroethane (R125) are expressed in terms of 32-term modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin (MBWR) equations of state. For each refrigerant, coefficients are reported for the MBWR equation and for ancillary equations used to fit the ideal-gas heat capacity and the coexisting densities and pressure along the saturation boundary. The MBWR coefficients were determined with a multiproperty fit that used the following types of experimental data: PVT: isochoric, isobaric, and saturated-liquid heal capacities; second virial coefficients; and properties at coexistence. The respective equations of stale accurately represent experimental data from 160 to 393 K and pressures to 35 MPa for R32 and from 174 to 448 K and pressures to 68 MPa for R125 with the exception of the critical regions. Both equations give reasonable results upon extrapolation to 500 K and 60 MPa. Comparisons between predicted and experimental values are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438959
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A fundamental equation of state for 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a) (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 91-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: equation of state ; Helmholtz free energy ; HFC-152a ; refrigeranis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A fundamental equation ofstale for HFC-152a ( 1,1-dilluorocthane) is presented covering temperatures between the triple-point temperature ( 154.56 K) and 435 K for pressures up to 311 M Pa. The equation is based on reliable (p, g, T) data in the range mentioned above. These are generally represented within ±0.1 % of density. Furthermore. experimental values of the vapor pressure, the saturated liquid density, and some isobaric heat capacities in the liquid were included during the correlation process. The new equation of state is compared with experimental data and also with the equation of state developed by Tamatsu et al. Differences between the two equations of state generally result from using different experimental input data. It is shown that the new equation of state allows an accurate calculation of various thermodynamic properties for most technical applications.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438960
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of thermodynamic properties from the speed of sound (1995)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 16 (1995), S. 663-673 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: equation of state ; speed of sound ; thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract We describe methods by which all of the observable thermodynamic properties of a compressed gas, including the compressibility factor and the isochoric heat capacity, may be determined from sound speed data by numerical integration of a pair of partial differential equations. The technique may be employed over a wide range of conditions. Initial values are required. but we demonstrate that values specified on an isotherm close to the critical temperature are sufficient for application of the method to the entire homogeneous fluid region at subcritical densities. The method may also be extended to higher densities at temperatures above the critical. The effects of errors in both the initial values and the speed of sound are examined in detail by means of analytic and numerical results. The results indicate that all of the observable thermodynamic properties may be obtained with an uncertainty equal to or less than that achievable by the best available alternative techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01438851
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