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  • Articles  (14)
  • Other Sources
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (14)
  • simulation  (8)
  • planning  (6)
  • Springer  (14)
  • 1995-1999  (14)
  • Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying  (14)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new formulation for the stochastic control of systems with bounded state variables: An application to a single reservoir system (1996)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 10 (1996), S. 167-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Reservoir stochastic theory ; reliability ; mean ; variance ; indicator function ; storage bounds ; nonlinear programming ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new formulation is presented for the analysis of reservoir systems synthesizing concepts from the traditional stochastic theory of reservoir storage, moments analysis and reliability programming. The analysis is based on the development of the first and second moments for the stochastic storage state variable. These expressions include terms for the failure probabilities (probabilities of spill or deficit) and consider the storage bounds explicitly. Using this analysis, expected values of the storage state, variances of storage, optimal release policies and failure probabilities — useful information in the context of reservoir operations and design, can be obtained from a nonlinear programming solution. The solutions developed from studies of single reservoir operations on both an annual and monthly basis, compare favorably with those obtained from simulation. The presentation herein is directed to both traditional reservoir storage theorists who are interested in the design of a reservoir and modern reservoir analysts who are interested in the long term operation of reservoirs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01581462
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kernel bandwidth selection for a first order nonparametric streamflow simulation model (1998)
    Springer
    Stochastic environmental research and risk assessment 12 (1998), S. 33-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-3259
    Keywords: Keywords: Streamflow ; simulation ; nonparametric
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract A new approach for streamflow simulation using nonparametric methods was described in a recent publication (Sharma et al. 1997). Use of nonparametric methods has the advantage that they avoid the issue of selecting a probability distribution and can represent nonlinear features, such as asymmetry and bimodality that hitherto were difficult to represent, in the probability structure of hydrologic variables such as streamflow and precipitation. The nonparametric method used was kernel density estimation, which requires the selection of bandwidth (smoothing) parameters. This study documents some of the tests that were conduced to evaluate the performance of bandwidth estimation methods for kernel density estimation. Issues related to selection of optimal smoothing parameters for kernel density estimation with small samples (200 or fewer data points) are examined. Both reference to a Gaussian density and data based specifications are applied to estimate bandwidths for samples from bivariate normal mixture densities. The three data based methods studied are Maximum Likelihood Cross Validation (MLCV), Least Square Cross Validation (LSCV) and Biased Cross Validation (BCV2). Modifications for estimating optimal local bandwidths using MLCV and LSCV are also examined. We found that the use of local bandwidths does not necessarily improve the density estimate with small samples. Of the global bandwidth estimators compared, we found that MLCV and LSCV are better because they show lower variability and higher accuracy while Biased Cross Validation suffers from multiple optimal bandwidths for samples from strongly bimodal densities. These results, of particular interest in stochastic hydrology where small samples are common, may have importance in other applications of nonparametric density estimation methods with similar sample sizes and distribution shapes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004770050008
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simulation assessment of incident detection by cellular phone call-in programs (1999)
    Springer
    Transportation 26 (1999), S. 399-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: cellular telephones ; incident detection ; simulation ; traffic modeling ; wireless communications
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This research study was designed to assess by simulation the efficacy of incident detection by cellular phone call-in programs. The assessment was conducted by varying the proportion of drivers with cellular phones on the highway so as to mirror the cellular industry statistics that show a continued growth of ownership of cellular phones in the United States. An analytical model, which combined simulation and the limited field data available in the literature, was used to determine measures of effectiveness of the cellular phone-based detection system. The results showed that a cellular phone detection system offers fast incident detection times and higher detection rates for both shoulder and lane blocking incidents. For example, in moderate traffic flow (i.e. 1,550 vehicles per hour per lane), 90 percent of incidents blocking two lanes were detected in 1.5 minutes when the proportion of drivers with cellular phones was one out of 10 drivers, even with only 20 percent of them willing to report incidents. When the current proportion of cellular ownership, i.e. 1 out of 3, was used in the simulation, the detection time improved to 0.8 minutes. The simulation analysis of incident detection by cellular phones also showed that there is a direct relationship between the probability of detection and the detection time; that is, the specification of a higher detection rate resulted in slower detection times. This is in sharp contrast with the results of field study of automatic incident detection (AID) systems which demonstrated an inverse relationship between probability of detection and detection time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005283307060
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transport emissions and travel behaviour: A critical review of recent European Union and UK policy initiatives (1995)
    Springer
    Transportation 22 (1995), S. 295-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: densities ; development ; environment ; externalities ; land-use ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract There are clear signs of a shift in the UK transport policy in response to concerns about the environmental impacts of road transport and anxieties about the implications of the projected future growth in demand. Much of the framework of UK transport policy is now determined at the overall European Union level. To date most European legislation and policy proposals have been concerned with reducing the specific externalities associated with the transport sector, with none of the measures involved likely to have more than a marginal impact on the growth in demand. The emerging research evidence suggests however that the private costs of car use in Europe may fall substantially short of its total social costs and there is an important emerging policy debate about how this gap might be closed. The UK has introduced a policy package designed to reduce the growth of car travel and its environmental impact, within which land-use planning measures feature prominently. The land-use policies, which to some extent represent a reassertion of many traditional UK planning policies, include: an emphasis on focussing new development in urban areas, increasing residential densities, strengthening the role of existing centres and improving provision for walking and cycling. A number of factors will constrain the effectiveness of the package in practice. There are also concerns about its impact on key environmental objectives, including air quality. There are important questions too about the welfare effects of increasing densities and about the wider impacts of the package on economic efficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01099474
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Things planners believe in, and things they deny (1997)
    Springer
    Transportation 24 (1997), S. 1-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: travel demand ; planning ; public policy ; utility maximization ; psychoanalysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract The paper examines the economic theory of consumer behavior from the Modern Psychoanalytic point of view with a metaphor of (transport) planning as a backdrop. It is claimed that the utility maximization principle of economic theory, no matter how broadly interpreted, does not envelop the motivation of human behavior and that the economic explanation of the aims of human behavior, which disregards the "dark side" of man, will result in narrowly conceived plans and policies. The application of economic theory, and other social sciences, to public policy has led to disjointedness of data collection, method of analysis, and planning and implementation. This, combined with a tautological behavioral theory, has made the current planning and public policy procedures self-verifying, and issues an invitation for a new theoretical approach which is comprehensive, does not ignore complexity and the large "error term", and appreciates the unity of data collection, method of investigation, and process of implementation. It is argued that unsatisfactory performance of the transport system, large errors inherent in data and models, the inability of extant transportation planning and policy to address key issues successfully, the environmental problem, and the value of the individual all call for new kinds of skills from the planners and policy makers. Freud's dualistic formulation of instinctual drives -- the life and death instincts -- is used as the new framework of explanation. This theory is seen to offer a convincing, more realistic and deeper understanding of the forces motivating human behavior, and one which is more in accordance with observable facts. If applied, the theory will lead to significantly different planning processes and to a profoundly different approach to public policy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017957016112
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transportation agencies experiences with decision support systems for airport ground access planning (1998)
    Springer
    Transportation 25 (1998), S. 37-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9435
    Keywords: airport ; decision support ; model ; planning ; rail extensions ; transit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying
    Notes: Abstract This article reports on a field investigation into the ways that transportation agencies use quantitative and qualitative information for making strategic decisions regarding airport ground access. The study analyzes the value of this information for planning airport ground access improvements at seven major international airport sites.The major finding of the research is that quantitative modeling for strategic decision support is very difficult, costly and time consuming. Modelers are confident that the models are accurate and reliable but executives generally lack confidence in the results. Transportation officials believe that the information supplied is flawed by a number of defects that minimize its value for strategic decision makers. The information defects described in this article provide an analysis of the structural difficulty of using quantitative modeling for transportation problems of strategic importance. To date, qualitative information is not frequently used, but some transportation agencies are considering its application to designing transportation services. Although this study is limited to airport ground access, the authors feel that this evidence, in conjunction with the evidence from other studies in the transportation area, dictates a need for wariness in the development of decision support systems for transportation planners. Developers of decision support systems for transportation planners must be aware of modeling costs and defects and consider how to improve the timeliness, relevance and credibility of information quantitative models provide transportation executives. Fundamentally it is important to recognize that decision makers tend, either singularly or in concert with other individuals or groups, to be the champions of a long-term vision for the community. When modeling produces inconsistent or wide ranging results that contradict their position, decision makers may not only discard modeling activities, but lose confidence in the models altogether. As a consequence, transportation planners are faced with the challenge of how to improve quantitative modeling. The most reliable and effective means for improvement is incorporation of qualitative techniques which provide greater understanding of customer perceptions and human behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004900508573
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Technical Communication: Two-Phase Stochastic Dynamic Programming Model for Optimal Operation of Irrigation Reservoir (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 395-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: irrigation reservoirs ; operation ; water deficit ; yield response ; multicrop environment ; stochastic dynamicprogramming ; soil moisture ; water allocation ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A two-phase stochastic dynamic programming model is developed for optimal operation of irrigation reservoirs under a multicrop environment. Under a multicrop environment, the crops compete for the available water whenever the water available is less than the irrigation demands. The performance of the reservoir depends on how the deficit is allocated among the competing crops. The proposed model integrates reservoir release decisions with water allocation decisions. The water requirements of crops vary from period to period and are determined from the soil moisture balance equation taking into consideration the contribution of soil moisture and rainfall for the water requirements of the crops. The model is demonstrated over an existing reservoir and the performance of the reservoir under the operating policy derived using the model is evaluated through simulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007914019102
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water Drainage in Layered Soils. Laboratory Experiments and Numerical Simulation (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 437-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: water first and second drainage ; layered unsaturated soil ; experiment ; γ-radiation ; simulation ; finite differences ; periodically changing head
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Experimental results during first and second drainage in a vertical column of saturated layered soil were compared to those predicted from simulation. The sample was composed of a sandyloam soil overlying a fine sand. The soil water content was measured by using γ-ray absorption method (241Am) and the water pressure through tensiometers, arranged vertically along the column and connected to pressure transducers. From the evaluation of moisture and pressure versus time, the characteristic curves Ψ(θ) of the layers were obtained and approximated by van Genuchten's analytical equation. The relationship K(θ) between hydraulic conductivity and moisture was estimated by van Genuchten's prediction model. Ψ(θ) and K(θ) equations were used as inputs in the numerical model. The drainage of water was simulated by Richard's partial differential equation, which was solved with the finite differences computational scheme type Laasonen. The upper and lower boundary conditions were zero flux and a periodically changing head respectively. Numerical results show a good agreement with experimental data, with small deviations for certain hours.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007900415561
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance Risk Analysis for Fukuoka Water Supply System (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 13-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: risk ; reliability ; resiliency ; vulnerability ; drought risk index ; drought damage index ; simulation ; water supply ; reservoir operation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract In this study, simulation is used to evaluate the performance of the municipal water system in Fukuoka city. In combination with daily simulation model, a kind of risk model incorporating water demand prediction is presented. This model applies five risk indices: reliability, resiliency, vulnerability, drought risk index (DRI) and drought damage index (DDI). They aid in the identification of operation policies for the municipal water system, and the planning and operational policies obtained are aimed at achieving minimum risk for a given scenario of operation. In this paper, the performance risk of the municipal water system is investigated under three alternatives: (1) the existing system operation when available supply from the Chikugo river is decreased; (2) water restrictions for different percentages of reduction are implemented; and (3) available water supply increases when desalination of sea water is implemented. The results obtained show that savings of between 5 and 12% of water consumption from May 1, or increasing of daily desalination of sea water about 30 000 m3 or more, may efficiently decrease the performance risk of the Fukuoka water supply system. Potentials also exist for further increase of reservoir storage by more rational operation. The measure that more attention should be paid to increasing the water supply from stable sources is recommended as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007951806144
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparative Study of Two Methods for Modeling Soil Water Regime in Agricultural Fields (1998)
    Springer
    Water resources management 12 (1998), S. 285-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: agrometeorological models ; PRZM ; simulation ; SWATRER ; water balance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Two methods widely used in agrometeorogical simulation models for describing field soil water regimes are compared and evaluated based on their ability to predict experimental data from a single field study. The first method is based on a numerical solution to the Richards' equation for describing water movement in the soil profile, while the second method is based on soil-water capacity terms. The evaluation of the performance of the two methods is based on goodness-of-fit statistics and graphical analysis. Results indicate that the first method is more accurate for both the upper and the lower soil zones; the second method, despite its low performance in the upper soil zone can adequately describe soil moisture conditions in the lower soil zones. Recommendations are made for model use based on comparison results, the intended model use, and the difficulty in the acquisition of required model inputs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008073824019
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vegetative characteristics of urban land covers in metropolitan Tucson (1998)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 2 (1998), S. 65-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: vegetation ; habitats ; wildlife ; planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In this study we developed a methodology that associated land cover categories to aerial photographs. We selected 4, 42-mile (10 km2) study sites within metropolitan Tucson, Arizona for our pilot study. Land uses within these sites covered the range of landscapes found within Pima County, Arizona, although not necessarily in proportions representative of the metropolitan area. We designated land cover categories within the pilot sites based on recent (March, 1990) aerial photographs and developed a geographical information system (GIS) database of these land cover categories. We measured vegetation attributes on randomly selected samples within each land cover category and classified vegetation occurring on specific land cover categories according to the Brown et al. (1979) system. Our land cover classification system was nominal with a hierarchical structure, facilitating organization and providing flexibility for adding new categories. Our results showed that although neighborhood parks contained the greatest vegetated areas within our four study plots, very low density housing (≥4 acres/house), rivers whose banks were partially stabilized, naturally occurring washes (with no bank stabilization), and natural open space contained the highest percentage of native vegetation. Within our four study sites, low density housing (≥4 acres/house), rivers with partially stabilized banks, naturally occurring washes (no bank stabilization), and natural open space land cover categories contained the most area that was covered with vegetation providing escape cover.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009517312486
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Planning Model for the Fuerte-Carrizo Irrigation System, Mexico (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 165-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: optimization ; linear programming ; simulation ; irrigation planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract A methodology is presented for planning the operation of the Fuerte-Carrizo irrigation system in northwest Mexico. The system has two storage dams, two irrigation districts, and water transfer capabilities between both dams. The methodology uses a combination of linear programming (LP) and simulation. The LP model maximizes the net return of the farmers, subject to restrictions of the system, availability of water and land, and water transfer relationships. The simulation model is programmed as a microcomputer interactive package simulating the performance of the system. The methodology has proven to be a useful tool to assist those responsible for the operation of the irrigation system.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007910530591
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Use of Object-Oriented Modeling for Water Resources Planning in Egypt (1997)
    Springer
    Water resources management 11 (1997), S. 243-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1650
    Keywords: water resources ; planning ; object-oriented programming ; modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: Abstract Water problems are omnipresent and are already becoming a limiting factor in the development of many countries. Currently the balance between the available and required water in Egypt is fragile. Any movement away from the balancing point means either less ambitious economic development or depletion of the resources and degradation of the environment. The continuing revolution in computer hardware and software is expected to provide more insight into the water problems and to alleviate some of the future water crises. In this paper we have investigated potential benefits which can be accrued from the application of object-oriented modeling in water resources.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007988424353
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sprawl tales: Maryland's Smart Growth Initiative and the evolution of growth management (1999)
    Springer
    Urban ecosystems 3 (1999), S. 131-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1642
    Keywords: growth management ; smart growth ; land use ; planning ; environmental policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Over the last 25 years, momentum has grown for a policy response to issues raised by development and land use patterns at the urban-suburban-rural interface. Various states and municipalities throughout the country have experimented with legislative and planning approaches, often referred to as “growth management,” to address these land use issues. This paper examines one of the most recent steps in the evolution of growth management, the Smart Growth Initiative enacted by Maryland in April 1997. The paper addresses several questions: What is the Smart Growth Initiative and where does it fit in the evolution of growth management? What processes were used to incorporate diverse values and perspectives in developing the initiative? What are the prospects for its implementation? The paper briefly reviews growth management, its evolution over the last quarter century, and the use of stakeholder involvement and consensus-building processes for policy development. With this background, the Smart Growth Initiative is examined in detail, including the group processes employed to incorporate diverse values in both developing and implementing the initiative. Finally, the paper closes by placing the Smart Growth Initiative in the context of evolving growth management approaches.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009527930434
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