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  • Articles  (220)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (220)
  • Annual Reviews  (220)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 1995-1999  (220)
  • 1950-1954
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (220)
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  • Articles  (220)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism During and After Exercise (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 121-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001005
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Food on Drug Absorption (1996)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 16 (1996), S. 383-415 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.002123
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENERGY AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS DURING LACTATION (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 19-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Additional energy needs for an exclusively breastfeeding woman are approximately 670 kcal/day. If one allows for gradual weight loss, the net increment needed is about 500 kcal/day. There is little evidence of energy-sparing adaptations in basal metabolic rate or dietary-induced thermogenesis during lactation, although physical activity may be reduced during the early postpartum period. In women with adequate fat reserves, moderately negative energy balance is not likely to affect lactation. The recommended increment in protein intake during lactation has been estimated to be about 15 g/day, based on a milk protein concentration of 11 g/liter. However, if one takes into account the protein cost of non-protein nitrogen in human milk, the recommended increment in protein is about 20 g/day. The latter value is consistent with data from nitrogen balance studies in lactating women. Low protein intakes are unlikely to affect milk volume but may alter certain fractions of milk nitrogen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.19
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF MAMMALIAN ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 77-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-chain fatty acids are involved in all aspects of cellular structure and function. For controlling amounts of fatty acids, cells are endowed with two acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACC) systems. ACC-alpha is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biogenesis of long-chain fatty acids, and ACC-beta is believed to control mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. These two isoforms of ACC control the amount of fatty acids in the cells. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ACC-alpha cause enzyme inactivation and activation, respectively, and serve as the enzyme's short-term regulatory mechanism. Covalently modified enzymes become more sensitive toward cellular metabolites. In addition, many hormones and nutrients affect gene expression. The gene products formed are heterogeneous and tissue specific. The ACC-beta gene is located on human chromosome 12; the cDNA for this gene has just been cloned. The gene for the alpha-isoform is located on human chromosome 17. The catalytic core of the beta-isoform is homologous to that of the alpha-isoform, except for an additional peptide of about 150 amino acids at the N terminus. This extra peptide sequence makes the beta-form about 10,000 daltons larger, and it is thought to be involved in the unique role that has been assigned to this enzyme. The detailed control mechanisms for the beta-isoform are not known.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.77
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TASTE PREFERENCES AND FOOD INTAKE (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 237-253 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sensory responses to the taste, smell, and texture of foods help determine food preferences and eating habits. However, sensory responses alone do not predict food consumption. The view that a "sweet tooth" leads to obesity through excess sugar consumption is overly narrow. In reality, there are multiple links between taste perceptions, taste preferences, food preferences, and food choices and the amount of food consumed. Taste responses are influenced by a range of genetic, physiological, and metabolic variables. The impact of taste factors on food intake further depends on sex and age and is modulated by obesity, eating disorders, and other pathologies of eating behavior. Food preferences and food choices of populations are further linked to attitudinal, social, and-probably most important-economic variables such as income. Nutrition education and intervention strategies aimed at improving population diets ought to consider sensory pleasure response to foods, in addition to a wide range of demographic and sociocultural variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.237
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIETARY PHYTOESTROGENS (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 353-381 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Broadly defined, phytoestrogens include isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans. A number of these compounds have been identified in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains commonly consumed by humans. Soybeans, clover and alfalfa sprouts, and oilseeds (such as flaxseed) are the most significant dietary sources of isoflavones, coumestans, and lignans, respectively. Studies in humans, animals, and cell culture systems suggest that dietary phytoestrogens play an important role in prevention of menopausal symptoms, osteoporosis, cancer, and heart disease. Proposed mechanisms include estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, induction of cancer cell differentiation, inhibition of tyrosine kinase and DNA topoisomerase activities, suppression of angiogenesis, and antioxidant effects. Although there currently are no dietary recommendations for individual phytoestrogens, there may be great benefit in increased consumption of plant foods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.353
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTRACELLULAR LIPID-BINDING PROTEINS AND THEIR GENES (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 277-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Intracellular lipid-binding proteins are a family of low-molecular-weight single-chain polypeptides that form 1:1 complexes with fatty acids, retinoids, or other hydrophobic ligands. These proteins are products of a large multigene family of unlinked loci distributed throughout the genome. Each lipid-binding protein exhibits a distinctive pattern of tissue distribution. Transcriptional control, regulated by a combination of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors and CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins, allows for a variety of both cell and tissue-specific expression patterns. In some cells, fatty acids increase the expression of the lipid-binding protein genes. Fatty acids, or their metabolites, are activators of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor family of transcription factors. Therefore, as the concentration of lipid in the diet increases, the expression of lipid-binding proteins coordinately increases. As revealed by X-ray crystallography, the lipid-binding proteins fold into beta-barrels, forming a large internal water-filled cavity. Fatty acid ligands are bound within the cavity, occupying only about one-third of the accessible volume. The bound fatty acid is stabilized via a combination of enthalpic and entropic forces that govern ligand affinity and selectivity. Cytoplasmic lipid-binding proteins are the intracellular receptors for hydrophobic ligands, delivering them to the appropriate site for use as metabolic fuels and regulatory agents.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.277
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMPARATIVE NUTRITION OF IRON AND COPPER (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 501-526 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The suggestion from nutritional studies with mammals of a link between iron and copper metabolism has been reinforced by recent investigations with yeast cells. Iron must be in the reduced ferrous (FeII) state for uptake by yeast cells, and reoxidation to ferric (FeIII) by a copper oxidase is part of the transport process. Thus, yeast cells deficient in copper are unable to absorb iron. In an analogous way, animals deficient in copper appear to be unable to move FeII out of cells, probably because it cannot be oxidized to FeIII. Invertebrate animals use copper and iron in ways very similar to vertebrates, with some notable exceptions. In the cases where vertebrates and invertebrates are similar, the latter may be useful models for vertebrate metabolism. In cases where they differ (e.g. predominance of serum ferritin in insects, oxygen transport by a copper protein in many arthropods, central importance of phenoloxidase, a copper enzyme in arthropods), the differences may represent processes that are exaggerated in invertebrates and thus more amenable to study in these organisms. On the other hand, they may represent processes unique to invertebrates, thus providing novel information on species diversity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.501
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WHY DO WE EAT?A Neural Systems Approach1 (1997)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 17 (1997), S. 597-619 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Neuroregulators found at various brain sites are involved in controlling food intake, a behavior that occurs for many reasons. Different neuroregulators may affect different stimuli that impact eating behavior. For example, neuropeptide Y may initiate feeding for energy needs, opioid peptides may provide the rewarding aspects of eating, and corticotropin releasing factor may affect stress-induced eating. We know that the neural networks regulating feeding also impact other components of energy balance. Neuropeptide Y not only increases eating, it also decreases energy expenditure in brown fat and increases enzymatic activity associated with fat storage in white fat, resulting in a more obese animal. What the sites of action are of these neuroregulators and how they interact with regulators at other sites are of utmost importance. Different regions of the brain, together with the periphery, communicate via signals acting in coordinated fashion, which leads to the final outcome: eating less or more and expending less or more energy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.17.1.597
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARNITINE METABOLISM AND ITS REGULATION IN MICROORGANISMS AND MAMMALS (1998)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 18 (1998), S. 39-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In procaryotes, l-carnitine may be used as both a carbon and nitrogen source for aerobic growth, or the carbon chain may be used selectively following cleavage of trimethylamine. Under anaerobic conditions and in the absence of preferred substrates, some bacteria use carnitine, via crotonobetaine, as an electron acceptor. Formation of trimethylamine and gamma-butyrobetaine (from reduction of crotonobetaine) from l-carnitine by enteric bacteria has been demonstrated in rats and humans. Carnitine is not degraded by enzymes of eukaryotic origin. In higher organisms, carnitine has specific functions in intermediary metabolism. Concentrations of carnitine and its esters in cells of eukaryotes are rigorously maintained to provide optimal function. Carnitine homeostasis in mammals is preserved by a modest rate of endogenous synthesis, absorption from dietary sources, efficient reabsorption, and mechanisms present in most tissues that establish and maintain substantial concentration gradients between intracellular and extracellular carnitine pools.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.39
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