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  • Articles  (14,145)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (14,145)
  • Springer  (14,145)
  • 1995-1999  (7,876)
  • 1990-1994  (6,269)
  • Technology  (8,014)
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  • Nature of Science, Research, Systems of Higher Education, Museum Science  (2,662)
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  • Articles  (14,145)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review and Classification of Corneal Topographers (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 2-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Corneal topography; Fluorescence; Holography; Interferometry; Moiré; Partial coherence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Corneal topography has, due to developments in refractive surgery and contact lens fitting, become a widely used diagnostic tool. Many types of topographers have been introduced, but there is some confusion on classification and subsequent principal possibilities of the various devices offered to the practitioner. The purpose of the study reported here was to make an inventory of developed devices, analyse the basic principles and create a classification based on optical principles. A literature search was done using Medline, the IBM Patent Server, and references found in articles and patents. This search resulted in a variety of descriptions that could be classified into 12 groups according to their use of light source and light-matter interaction of which four groups have representatives on the commercial market. This classification can be used by researchers and practitioners to gain insight into the possibilities of a given device in relation to the desired application.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050015
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diffusing Fibre Tip for the Minimally Invasive Treatment of Liver Tumours by Interstitial Laser Coagulation (ILC): An Experimental Ex Vivo Study (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 32-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Interstitial laser coagulation; Laser applicator; Laser induced thermotherapy; Liver tumours; Nd-YAG laser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A newly developed diffusing laser applicator was examined for interstitial laser coagulation (ILC) of liver tumours. The applicator consisted of a matted quartz core and a quartz glass dome, also matted on its inner surface and sealed to the fibre. The applicator provided a homogeneous light intensity distribution over an active length of about 20 mm. Lesions were created in an ex-vivo porcine liver model using a Nd-YAG laser comparing the new diffusing tip with a Ringmode®-ITT applicator in order to find optimal laser parameters and damage thresholds. The lesions were investigated using macroscopic size measurement, volume calculation and histological examination (H&E, NADPH-dehydrogenase). The damage threshold of the diffusing tip was 6 W at 14 min exposure time whereas the Ringmode®-ITT applicator had its limit at 5 W and 12 min exposure. Comparing various exposure times showed that treatment over a time of more than 840 s did not significantly increase the lesion volume. At 5 W and 720 s the mean lesion volume was 6.9±1.1 cm3 with the diffusing tip and 6.3±0.6 cm3 with the Ringmode®-ITT applicator, both having a slight ellipsoidal shape. Hence, the created lesions were not significantly different for both applicators when the same laser parameters were applied. On the other hand, the new diffusing tip had a higher damage threshold and was therefore capable of producing maximal coagulation volumes of up to 7.9±0.5 cm3 at 5 W and 20 min. The experiments showed that lesions with a dimension of 31×22 mm can be achieved with the diffusing applicator which seem suitably sized for treating small human liver metastases in a single laser session.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050018
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser Myringotomy (L-Myringotomy) and Ventilating Tubes: A Preliminary Comparative Study (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 62-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser myringotomy; Otitis media with effusion; Tympanic membrane
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A prospective comparative study was done to assess the validity of laser myringotomy (L-myringotomy) when compared to the insertion of ventilating tubes (VT). In 23 children with chronic otitis media with effusion, a VT was inserted in the left ear while a laser myringotomy was performed in the right ear by using the CO2 Sharplan 1030 laser. After a six month follow-up conducted during the winter months, the results with the laser myringotomy were equal to those in the left ear with the VT. During the follow-up period, three ears required additional laser myringotomy either for early closure or because of otitis media and the accumulation of effusion in the middle ear cavity. Nevertheless, the use of laser has the advantage that there is no foreign body in the ear, the tympanic membrane is closed after four to seven weeks, and since the procedure is very short, the time for anaesthesia is minimal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050022
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodynamic Therapy of Malignant Ovarian Tumours Cultivated on CAM (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 91-96 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM); Liposomes; Methylene blue; Ovarian cancer; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitiser
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The disappointing results with either surgery alone and/or chemotherapy in the treatment of malignant ovarian tumours have led to an increased interest in additional treatment schedules. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a modality involving the use of a photosensitising drug and activating light, is being used increasingly as a local treatment for neoplastic lesions. The synthesis and evaluation of new photosensitisers for the treatment of gynaecological lesions and malignancies continues to be an active area of investigation for proper application of the photodynamic process in the gynaecological field. The effect of PDT using methylene blue (free and combined with liposomes) as a photosensitiser for treating human ovarian malignant tumours cultivated on the chorioallantoic membrane was evaluated. Two days after PDT, the treated implanted tumours were markedly decreased in size. Areas of necrosis with black coloration, dryness and eschar formation were observed. Five days after PDT, tumour remission was clearly observed in all the treated tumours. Photodynamic therapy using methylene blue (aqueous and coupled with liposomes) is effective for treating the ovarian malignancies and it will be capable of achieving complete eradication of visible tumours in patients with superficial lesions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050028
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Monitoring of ALA-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Accumulation and Clearance in Patients with Skin Lesions by In Vivo Surface-Detected Fluorescence Spectroscopy (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 112-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Aminolaevulinic acid; Dermatology; Photodynamic therapy; Photosensitisation; Protoporphyrin IX; Skin lesions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The method of surface-detected fluorescence has been used to monitor the emission intensity from 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in lesions and corresponding adjacent normal skin. Three types of lesions were examined: psoriatic plaques, actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma. This study included a total of 14 human volunteers on whom ALA-induced PpIX formation and clearance was monitored for a total of 48 h post-ALA application. Both an ALA dose-ranging study, as well as a comparison of results between normal and lesional tissue at a fixed ALA dose, were carried out. For the dose range examined (10–30%), there was no ALA dose dependency of the PpIX fluorescence for any of the lesions tested. Although all three lesions tested did show enhanced PpIX fluorescence as compared with normal skin, there was considerable lesion-to-lesion variability. Thick psoriatic plaques seem to give longer PpIX retention times than those of thin lesions. Limitations of the surface-detected fluorescence methodology are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050032
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Local Hepatic Blood Perfusion During Interstitial Laser-Induced Thermotherapy of Normal Rat Liver Measured by Interstitial Laser Doppler Flowmetry (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Interstitial laser therapy; Liver; Perfusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Interstitial laser Doppler flowmetry was used to measure the effect of interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy on local blood perfusion in normal rat liver in the peripheral treatment region elevated to hyperthermic temperatures. The Nd:YAG laser emitting at 1064 nm was utilised as heat generation source. The plane-cut tip of an optical fibre was placed in the middle of the exteriorised left liver lobe. Blood perfusion and temperature were measured in the liver parenchyma 4 mm from the laser fibre. The temperature at the location of the liver temperature sensor was maintained at 41 or 44°C during 30 min by regulating the power of the heating laser. The laser Doppler signal was recorded during and after heat treatment, for a total time of 60 min. At 41°C, a significant increase in perfusion up to 1.3 times the initial value was observed 2–16 min after start of treatment. At 44°C, perfusion decreased continuously during and after treatment, and was significantly different from control 40 min after start of treatment. The results may be valuable in assessing the thermal response of tissues surrounding the target in interstitial laser-induced thermotherapy of liver tumours during conditions of normal blood flow.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050036
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Picosecond Laser Ablation of Dentine in Endodontics (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 168-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Endodontics; Laser ablation; Nd:YAG laser; Picosecond laser; Root canal therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . The interaction of picosecond laser radiation with human dental tissue was investigated in this study, in order to determine the ablation rates and the surface characteristics of the dentine by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dentine ablation was performed by using tooth sections of different thicknesses (0.5–2.0 mm). Dental tissue samples were irradiated in air with the fundamental wavelength and first harmonic of a regenerative amplifier Nd:YAG laser system, at 1064 nm and 532 nm, respectively, with a pulse duration of 100 ps and a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz. The results showed very clean craters surrounded by minimum melting of the surface of dentine when the 1064 nm pulses were used. In contrast, when the first harmonic 532 nm pulses were used, the SEM examinations revealed cracks and melting of dentine with irregular surface modification. Consequently, it seems that cleaning and shaping of the root canal walls during endodontic therapy with the picosecond Nd:YAG laser application may be possible in the future. The, as yet unexplored, field of the picosecond laser interaction with hard dental tissue is expected to be a potential alternative for powerful laser processing of biomedical structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050080
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodynamic Inactivation of the Single Crayfish Nerve Cell: Dynamics of Electrophysiological Responses and Comparison of Photosensitisers (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 185-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Chlorins; Firing; Janus green B; Methylene blue; Neuron; Photodynamic effect; Photoheme; Photoporphyrin IX; Photosens; Photosensitisers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . The study of single neuron response to photodynamic effect provides a means for the study of the dynamics of cytotoxic events leading to cell death and allows comparison of the phototoxicity of different photosensitisers. Isolated crayfish stretch receptor neurons were photosensitised for 30 min, then irradiated with a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm; 0.3 W/cm2) until irreversible firing cessation. The dynamics of neuron firing frequency were continuously recorded throughout. The following photosensitisers were studied: methylene blue, janus green B, protoporphyrin IX, chlorins e 6 and p 6, haematoporphyrin derivative (Photoheme) and sulphonated aluminium phthalocyanine (Photosens). Nerve cells were found to be insensitive to either He-Ne laser irradiation or photosensitisation alone, but very vulnerable to the photodynamic effect: neurons changed firing rate and died at nanomolar concentrations of photosensitisers. The dynamics of neuron responses was found to depend on photosensitiser type and concentration. The current approach provides a means of evaluation of initial threshold cell membrane alteration and cytotoxic events leading to cell death. The dependence of firing acceleration rate and neuron lifetime on photosensitiser concentration additionally allowed comparison of efficiencies of different photosensitisers. Photosens, Photoheme and chlorin p 6 were found to be the most potent photosensitisers: neurons responded to their photodynamic effects at concentrations as low as 1–5 nM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050083
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disinfection of the Optical Fibre of a Nd-YAP Laser Used in Dental Care (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 73-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Biocides; Disinfection; Laser; Optical fibre
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. In order to set up a disinfection protocol, the tip of the optical fibre of an Nd-YAP laser, λ=1.34 μm, was contaminated in vitro with: Mycobacterium smegmatis (CIP 7326), Candida albicans (ATCC 2091), Bacillus stearothermophilus (ATCC 7953) or Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). It was then treated with various biocidal solutions, Septinol® V, glutaraldehyde 2%, ethanol 95° and NaOCl 6%, using one of two protocols: 10 s of contact, or 5 s of contact followed by 5 s of wiping. The latter technique proved to be the most effective. Whatever the biocidal solution used, all the bacteria adhering to the fibre were eliminated. The protocol was checked in vivo in the canals of 10 teeth presenting root canal infections. No bacteria withstood the treatment with Septinol® V. This treatment does not alter the qualities and performance of the fibre as far as light transmission is concerned.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050024
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diode Laser Trabeculoplasty Versus Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty in the Control of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Glaucoma, open angle; Intraocular pressure; Laser surgery; Trabecular meshwork; Trabeculoplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. A randomised prospective study was carried out to determine whether diode laser trabeculoplasty (DLT) is as effective as argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) in the control of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Forty eyes of 40 patients with uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP) despite maximum topical medication were entered into the study. Twenty eyes received DLT, spot size 100 μm, exposure time 0.2 s, mean power 1034 (±56.4) mW. Twenty eyes received ALT, spot size 50 μm, exposure time 0.2 s, mean power 528 (±44.7) mW. They were reviewed at 2 h, 2 and 8 weeks, and 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after laser treatment. Two eyes were withdrawn from the DLT group and four from the ALT group because of uncontrolled IOP during follow-up. Of the remaining eyes in the trial, mean IOP reductions for DLT and ALT, respectively, were: 6 months 7.42 (±2.36) mmHg and 6.36 (±2.3) mmHg; 12 months 7.02 (±2.6) mmHg and 6.28 (±2.2) mmHg; 18 months 6.86 (±2.8) mmHg, 5.98 (±2.02) mmHg; 24 months 6.50 (±2.72) mmHg, 5.92 (±2.02) mmHg. There was a significant reduction in each laser group when IOP at each stage was compared with baseline (p〈0.001) (paired Student's t-test), but no significant difference between the two groups. In the ALT group peripheral anterior synechiae developed in four eyes and post laser pain in seven eyes. These complications were not noted following DLT. We conclude that DLT and ALT are equally effective in IOP control, but DLT is associated with less anterior segment inflammation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050030
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Laser-Induced Thermotherapy (LITT) for Retreatment of Locally Advanced Recurrences of Breast Cancer (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 136-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Colour-coded duplex sonography; Laser induced thermotherapy; Minimal invasive therapy; Recurrent breast cancer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. The effect of laser-induced thermotherapy (LITT) as a palliative method for treatment of patients with local recurrence of breast cancer is investigated. This report describes the use of interstitial laser photocoagulation to manage such lesions. The interstitial laser applications were performed in seven women with locally recurrent breast carcinoma on the chest wall after mastectomy. All patients had been heavily pretreated with conventional modes of therapy (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, surgical resection). A Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm was used to heat the lesions. Heat expansion was controlled digitally and monitored by ultrasonography and colour-coded duplex sonography (CCDS). In five women this minimally invasive method enabled the precise coagulation of the subcutaneous tumour without destruction of the skin or ulceration, although these areas had been pretreated by irradiation up to 60 Gy. In two patients with extensive multiple metastases and with skin infiltration, secondary skin ulceration and delayed healing was observed. For palliative reasons, LITT under CCDS guide can aid in local control of chest wall recurrence following mastectomy in selected patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050035
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Killing of the Yeast and Hyphal Forms of Candida albicans Using a Light-Activated Antimicrobial Agent (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 150-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords:Candida albicansCandidosis; Hyphae; Lethal photosensitisation; Toluidine blue O; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Oral infections due to Candida albicans are a common occurrence in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the yeast and hyphal forms of the organism could be killed using the light-activated antimicrobial agent toluidine blue O (TBO). Three variables were investigated: TBO concentration, laser light dose and pre-irradiation time (PIT). Irradiation with light from a helium neon (HeNe) gas laser used in conjunction with the photosensitiser TBO resulted in substantial kills of both the yeast and hyphal forms. Killing was light dose-dependent with 42 J being the most effective dose. The optimum PIT for the yeast form was 5 min, whereas killing of the hyphal form was not affected by PIT. The results of this study have shown that both forms of C. albicans are susceptible to lethal photosensitisation using TBO in conjunction with HeNe laser light, suggesting the possibility that this approach could be useful for eliminating the organism from diseased lesions in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050037
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interstitial Laser Photocoagulation with Four Cylindrical Diffusing Fibre Tips: Importance of Mutual Fibre Distance (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 216-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Beamsplitter; Liver; Metastases; Nd:YAG; Tumour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Simultaneous application of multiple fibres could increase the volume of coagulation produced with interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP) for solid tumours. To take full advantage of the presumed synergistic thermal effect between the fibres, the optimal combination of laser power and distance between the fibres was investigated. Four fibres with a cylindrical diffusing tip of 2 cm length were used, coupled to an optical beamsplitter for Nd:YAG light (four channels, maximal variation 9.5%, transmission 〉85%). The distance between the fibres was 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 , 3 or 4 cm with a power output of either 4, 5, 6 or 7 W/fibre; energy per fibre was constant at 1800 J by adjusting exposure time. After laser application, dimensions of the coagulated lesions were measured. The optimal mutual fibre distance was 2 cm ( p〈0.01) at all power levels. This resulted in lesions with a mean (SD) volume of 44.5 (2.1) cm3 and a largest diameter of 5.1 (0.4) cm at 7 W/fibre. Smaller distances between the fibres resulted in smaller lesions with central carbonisation, whereas larger distances resulted in four separate zones of coagulation. It was concluded that simultaneous application of four interstitial fibres may result in a considerable increase of volume of coagulation. Fibre position and mutual fibre distance determines whether synergism of the coagulative effect occurs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050087
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New Laser Literature (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 244-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050091
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparative Optical Analysis of Cylindrical Diffuser Fibres for Laser Therapy Using Fluorescence Imaging (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 257-268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Diffuser; Emission profile; Fluorescence imaging; Interstitial laser photocoagulation; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Cylindrical light diffusers are commercially available for clinical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and interstitial laser photocoagulation (ILP). A fluorescence imaging technique has been used to quantify the light distribution produced by each of six different diffuser fibres. The light distribution produced by each device was found to depend on the distance the light propagated in the fluorescent dye solution. At a distance of 1 mm from the diffuser midline, the measured profiles were found to be consistent with published results obtained in air at a similar distance. The three devices intended for PDT utilised scattering particles and reflectors in their construction. The profiles produced by these applicators revealed peaks that were attributed to the reflectors located at their distal tips. By comparison, the two etched ILP fibres displayed either a strong modulation in the profile due to non-uniform etching or a predominant forward peak associated with the conical shape of the tip. We conclude that it is important to take into account the forward-directed light emitted by the diffusers when considering clinical applications using these devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050093
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long Exposure Growth of In-Vivo Interstitial Laser Photocoagulation Lesions (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 297-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Bioheat transfer equation; ILP; In vivo; LITT; Photocoagulation; Rate kinetics; Temperature distribution; Thermal lesion size; Thermotherapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . An investigation of the temperature response and growth of thermal lesions resulting from in vivo, interstitial laser photocoagulation at long exposures was conducted to assess extended lesion growth characteristics and test the applicability of first order unimolecular rate kinetics (Arrhenius theory) to thermal lesion growth. Irradiations were performed in vivo in rabbit muscle using a continuous 805 nm diode laser source operating at 1.0 W coupled to an optical fibre with a precharred tip (i.e. point heat source). Temperature responses were measured using a linear array of five microthermocouples. Each temperature–time profile was fitted to a solution of the Weinbaum–Jiji bioheat transfer equation (W–J BHTE). Lesions were resected 48 h post-irradiation and the necrosis boundaries were determined histologically. Numerical integration of the Arrhenius damage integral using temperature–time data at the lesion boundary produced corresponding pairs of activation energy and pre-exponential factor (E a, α) consistent with reported values for various other end-points and tissue types. Lesion radii were 6.0±0.6, 8.7±0.4 and 9.7±0.5 mm for 10, 20 and 30 min irradiations respectively. Thermal lesion growth predicted from Arrhenius theory was consistent with experimental results and is non-asymptotic by 30 min. Thermal parameters generally assumed to be constant when solving the W–J BHTE were found to vary with radial distance from the source, presumably due to a temperature dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050097
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of Product and Process Design Robustness (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 20-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Convex robustness – Monte Carlo simulation – Probabilistic design – Robust design methodology – Robust process optimization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: Critical design decisions are commonly made throughout the product development process assuming known material and process behavior. However, stochastic variation during manufacture can inadvertently result in inferior or unacceptable product performance and reduced production yields. Stochastic simulations have been developed to estimate the end-use performance distribution prior to the commitment of hard tooling. This article proposes a definition for integrated product and process robustness, and extends existing stochastic methods to model the important role of the manufacturing flexibility in elimination of defects and product optimization. The goal is to enable the designer to understand and account for not only the negative effects of manufacturing variation, but also the positive impact of manufacturing flexibility wherein instantaneous corrections in the manufacturing process can frequently improve the product quality and eliminate flaws in the product design. Then, a methodology is introduced and contrasted with conventional development methods in the evaluation of best practices for development of a molded plastic component.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050002
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Design Support Using Distributed Web-Based AI Tools (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 31-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:AI as text – Design knowledge – Design support – Distributed design
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: Currently, designers are faced with searching through a ‘sea’ of on-line knowledge to support their decision making activities. This paper describes WebCADET, which is a reimplementation of the stand-alone CADET – a Knowledge-Based System (KBS) for product design evaluation. WebCADET aims to provide effective and efficient support for designers during their searches for design knowledge. WebCADET uses the ‘AI as text’ approach, where KBSs can be seen as a medium to facilitate the communication of design knowledge between designers. The development of WebCADET to include practical support via World Wide Web-based functionality, which illustrates the potential of the ‘AI as text’ approach, is described in the paper.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050003
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  • 19
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    A Theory of Complexity, Periodicity and the Design Axioms (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 116-132 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Axiomatic design – Complexity – Design axioms – Periodicity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: One of the topics that has received the attention of mathematicians, scientists and engineers is the notion of complexity. The subject is still being debated, as it lacks a common definition of complexity, concrete theories that can predict complex phenomena, and the mathematical tools that can deal with problems involving complexity. In axiomatic design, complexity is defined only when specific functional requirements or the exact nature of the query are defined. Complexity is defined as a measure of uncertainty in achieving a set of specific functions or functional requirements. Complexity is related to information, which is defined in terms of the probability of success of achieving the Functional Requirements (FRs). There are two classes of complexity: time-dependent complexity and time-independent complexity. There are two orthogonal components of time-independent complexity, i.e., real complexity and imaginary complexity. The vector sum is called absolute complexity. Real complexity of coupled design is larger than that of uncoupled or decoupled designs. Imaginary complexity can be reduced when the design matrix is known. As an example of time-independent imaginary complexity, the design of a printing machine based on xerography is discussed. There are two kinds of time-dependent real complexity: time-dependent combinatorial complexity and time-dependent periodic complexity. Using a robot-scheduling problem as an example, it is shown that a coupled design with a combinatorial complexity can be reduced to a decoupled design with periodic complexity. The introduction of periodicity simplifies the design by making it deterministic, which requires much less information. Whenever a combinatorial complexity is converted to a periodic complexity, complexity and uncertainty is reduced and design simplified.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00003883
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    Influences on Solution Search Processes in Design Organisations (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 158-171 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Closure – Fixation – Organisation – Search
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: A study was conducted of what influenced solution search activity in three design organisations. The influences were analysed in terms of how they affected search, whether their effect tended to be conservative or innovative, and the directness of the evidence they provided. Overall, the environment was found to provide more innovative influences than conservative ones. Innovative influences were mostly connected with the triggering of search activity, while conservative influences were mostly linked with restricting the search space of potential solutions. Also, search candidates were often evaluated in terms of their associations rather than their intrinsic merits, and ultimately this makes human judgment an essential component of search and evaluation activity. Finally, the environment provides many ‘seeds’ for effects like design fixation and functional fixedness but also provides strong incentives to positively avoid these effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050012
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    A Mathematical Framework for the Key Characteristic Process (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 145-157 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Key characteristics, Process verification, Quality monitoring – Variation modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: To maximize product quality, a product design team selects concepts and dimensions to minimize a product’s sensitivity to variation. However, even for the most robust products, it is rarely possible to transition a product into production without encountering any variation-related problems. In a complex product, it is not economically or logistically feasible to control and/or monitor the thousands of tolerances specified in a product’s drawing set. To address this problem, many organizations are using Key Characteristic (KCs) methods to identify where excess variation will most significantly affect product quality, and what product features and tolerances require special attention from manufacturing. As simple as this principle seems, most companies struggle to effectively implement KC methods because no quantitative methods to prioritize KCs exist. This paper develops a mathematical definition of a KC based on a variation propagation model. In addition, it develops a quantitative effectiveness measure used to prioritize where verification, variation reduction, and on-going monitoring should be applied. The effectiveness measure incorporates the cost of control, the benefit of control, and the expected change in process capability. The methods are illustrated using an automotive door assembly.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050011
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    New Algorithms for Polynomial J-Spectral Factorization (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 24-61 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Polynomial J-spectral factorization, Two-variable polynomial matrix, Quadratic differential form, Dissipativity, Pick matrix.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper new algorithms are developed for J-spectral factorization of polynomial matrices. These algorithms are based on the calculus of two-variable polynomial matrices and associated quadratic differential forms, and share the common feature that the problem is lifted from the original one-variable polynomial context to a two-variable polynomial context. The problem of polynomial J-spectral factorization is thus reduced to a problem of factoring a constant matrix obtained from the coefficient matrices of the polynomial matrix to be factored. In the second part of the paper, we specifically address the problem of computing polynomial J-spectral factors in the context of H ∞ control. For this, we propose an algorithm that uses the notion of a Pick matrix associated with a given two-variable polynomial matrix.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009844
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    The Realization Problem for Hidden Markov Models (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 80-120 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Hidden Markov models, Realization, Finite-state Markov process.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. If {X t} is a finite-state Markov process, and {Y t} is a finite-valued output process with Y t+1 depending (possibly probabilistically) on X t, then the process pair is said to constitute a hidden Markov model. This paper considers the realization question: given the probabilities of all finite-length output strings, under what circumstances and how can one construct a finite-state Markov process and a state-to-output mapping which generates an output process whose finite-length strings have the given probabilities? After reviewing known results dealing with this problem involving Hankel matrices and polyhedral cones, we develop new theory on the existence and construction of the cones in question, which effectively provides a solution to the realization problem. This theory is an extension of recent theoretical developments on the positive realization problem of linear system theory.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009846
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    A Global Asymptotic Stability Result for a Class of Totally Asynchronous Discrete Nonlinear Systems (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 143-166 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Asynchronous systems, Total asynchronism, Regular desynchronization, Global stability, Nonlinear discrete-time systems, Hopfield neural nets.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. This paper proves a global stability result for a class of nonlinear discrete-time systems that are subject to regular desynchronization, also known as total asynchronism. The class of systems studied has its origins in a discrete-time neural net model. The techniques used are of interest in terms of the use of a Lyapunov function for the study of convergence of asynchronous nonlinear dynamical systems and also in terms of applications to neural networks. In the latter context, the main result of this paper strengthens a result of an earlier paper on neural networks, and shows that a class of discrete-time continuous-valued neural nets of the Hopfield type displays global convergence properties even when there exists total asynchronism in the updating of neuron states.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009848
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    Linear Quadratic Optimal Control of Time-Varying Systems with Indefinite Costs on Hilbert Spaces (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 196-218 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Infinite-dimensional system, Time-varying system, Mild evolution operator, Riccati equation, Optimal control problem.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper we consider time-varying linear systems on Hilbert spaces and study the linear quadratic optimal control problem with an indefinite performance criterion over an infinite time interval. An example shows that in contrast to the finite-dimensional situation, in general, the solvability of the optimal control problem does not imply the solvability of the associated integral Riccati equation. Using an operator theoretic approach towards the time-varying integral Riccati equation, we derive equivalent conditions for the solvability of both problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009850
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    Nonsmooth Robust Stabilization of a Class of Two-Dimensional Nonlinear Systems (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 245-269 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Families of nonlinear systems, Robust stabilization, Nonsmooth state feedback.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper we consider a class of parameterized families of nonlinear systems which cannot be robustly asymptotically stabilized by means of C 1 feedback. We construct C 0 state feedback laws which are smooth away from the origin and which robustly asymptotically stabilize these families of systems. We then show that, in some cases, the regularity of the obtained robust asymptotic stabilizers is “maximum” in the sense that the considered families of systems do not admit any Lipschitz continuous robust asymptotic stabilizer.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009852
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    Orthonormal Basis Functions for Continuous-Time Systems and Lp Convergence (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 295-305 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Orthonormal basis functions, Continuous-time, Fourier series, Lp convergence.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. In this paper, model sets for linear-time-invariant continuous-time systems that are spanned by fixed pole orthonormal bases are investigated. These bases generalize the well-known Laguerre and two-parameter Kautz cases. It is shown that the obtained model sets are everywhere dense in the Hardy space H 1(Π) under the same condition as previously derived by the authors for the denseness in the (Π is the open right half plane) Hardy spaces H p(Π), 1〈p〈∞. As a further extension, the paper shows how orthonormal model sets, that are everywhere dense in H p(Π), 1≤p〈∞, and which have a prescribed asymptotic order, may be constructed. Finally, it is established that the Fourier series formed by orthonormal basis functions converge in all spaces H p(Π) and (D is the open unit disk) H p(D), 1〈p〈∞. The results in this paper have application in system identification, model reduction, and control system synthesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009854
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    Robust Feedback Control of a Single Server Queueing System (1999)
    Springer
    Mathematics of control, signals, and systems 12 (1999), S. 307-345 
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    ISSN: 1435-568X
    Keywords: Key words. Robust control, Nonlinear control, Queueing server, Hamilton–Jacobi equation, Traffic signals, Storage function, Bicharacteristics, Boundary dynamics.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. This paper extends previous work of Ball et al. [BDKY] to control of a model of a simple queueing server. There are n queues of customers to be served by a single server who can service only one queue at a time. Each queue is subject to an unknown arrival rate, called a “disturbance” in accord with standard usage from H ∞ theory. An H ∞-type performance criterion is formulated. The resulting control problem has several novel features distinguishing it from the standard smooth case already studied in the control literature: the presence of constraining dynamics on the boundary of the state space to ensure the physical property that queue lengths remain nonnegative, and jump discontinuities in any nonconstant state-feedback law caused by the finiteness of the admissible control set (choice of queue to be served). We arrive at the solution to the appropriate Hamilton–Jacobi equation via an analogue of the stable invariant manifold for the associated Hamiltonian flow (as was done by van der Schaft for the smooth case) and relate this solution to the (lower) value of a restricted differential game, similar to that formulated by Soravia for problems without constraining dynamics. An additional example is included which shows that the projection dynamics used to maintain nonnegativity of the state variables must be handled carefully in more general models involving interactions among the different queues. Primary motivation comes from the application to traffic signal control. Other application areas, such as manufacturing systems and computer networks, are mentioned.
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    Laser Therapy in Maintenance of the Patency of Expandable Metal Stents (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 20-23 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Diode laser; Expandable metal stent; Malignant dysphagia; Nd-YAG; Overgrowth; Tumour in-growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. Re-establishment of the oesophageal lumen is the main focus of care in patients with dysphagia due to re-blockage of in situ expandable metal stent (EMS). A total of 51 patients aged 44–89 years were intubated with EMS for dysphagia due to inoperable oesophagogastric carcinoma. Of these patients, 25 required follow-up endoscopy at variable intervals after stent insertion; 17 patients were found to have significant tumour in-growth (9), overgrowth (4) or both (4). All these patients were treated with Nd-YAG (70 W/s) or diode laser (30–50 W, continuous) for maintenance of satisfactory swallowing. The intensity of tumour ablation was similar with both types of lasers but four patients being treated with Nd-YAG laser developed deformity of EMS. This complication was not encountered with diode laser. The timing of the stent insertion should be carefully chosen since the longer the stent is in situ, the greater is the likelihood of tumour ingrowth or overgrowth. The combination of endoscopic laser therapy (ELT) and EMS may offer the best palliation, particularly when patient survival of several months is anticipated. ELT can effectively deal with tumour in-growth and overgrowth but care must be exercised in the use of Nd-YAG which can damage the structure of the EMS.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050016
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    The Holmium Laser for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Brief Review (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 86-90 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Benign prostatic hyperplasia; Enucleation; Holmium; Laser; Prostatectomy; Resection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. At a wavelength of 2140 nm, the holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser can be used for incision, ablation and resection of prostatic tissue. This laser has revolutionised the surgical management of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in our institution. Five different techniques have been utilised in evolving the current techniques using the Ho:YAG laser either alone or in combination with neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG laser for the surgical management of BPH. The clinical outcome of 664 patients undergoing these procedures is presented. Enucleation of the prostatic adenoma using the holmium laser energy is the most common procedure presently performed at our institution for the surgical management of BPH. A mechanical tissue morcellator appears to be the most efficient way to remove prostatic tissue, once enucleated, from within the bladder.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050027
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    Fibrin Plugging as a Cause of Microcirculatory Occlusion During Photodynamic Therapy (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 129-135 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Microcirculation; Mono-l-aspartyl chlorin-e-6 (Npe-6); Photodynamic therapy (PDT); Vascular shut-down
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. An experimental system that allows the white light observation of rapid changes in vessels without disturbance by red laser light was used. Mice were injected with mono-l-aspartyl chlorin-e-6 (Npe-6) i.v. via the tail vein and were immediately exposed to laser light. White emboli were observed forming on the inside of the vessel walls within seconds after commencement of light exposure. Emboli adhered to vessel walls and caused vascular obstruction. Light microscopy of the exposed material using fibrin staining was performed. Electron microscopy on the same material was also carried out. The embolisation time was influenced by both drug dose and laser power. With low laser power, it took a long time to stop the blood flow. Fibrin staining revealed the white emboli to be composed of fibrin. Electron microscopy findings revealed damage to endothelial cells and platelet aggregation. This study suggests that two main mechanisms (direct cellular damage and vascular shut-down ) might actually be complementary and synergistic in the production of vascular lesions using photodynamic therapy.
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    Editorial (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 167-167 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s101030050079
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    The Treatment of Spider Naevi with the Tunable Dye Laser (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 175-176 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Laser; Spider naevus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . A total of 112 spider naevi in 86 patients were treated with the tunable dye laser with a wavelength of 585 nm and pulse duration of 450 µs (SPTL 1, Candela Corporation, Wayland, MA). Complete ablation of the spider telangiectasia was achieved in 81 lesions (72.3%) partial ablation was achieved in 27 lesions (24.1%) and four (3.6%) lesions had no response to treatment. Transient hyperpigmentation was noted in one patient and minimal scarring in the form of a slight depression over the treated area was noted in another patient. The pulsed dye laser is shown to be effective in the treatment of spider naevi.
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    Removal of Epulis Fissuratum Associated to Vestibuloplasty with Carbon Dioxide Laser (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 203-206 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Carbon dioxide laser; Epulis fissuratum; Laser; Vestibuloplasty
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . There have been numerous surgical techniques developed for removing the epulis fissuratum lesions in order to improve alveolar ridge contour and improving adaptation of full prostheses. Most of these techniques can cause postoperative complications, such as oedema, pain, difficulty in swallowing and jaw movements, haemorrhage, infections and slow placement of final prostheses. The use of carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for the surgical removal of epulis lesions has resulted in many significant improvements including convenient mucosa removal, no bleeding or need for sutures, and minimal postoperative pain and oedema. This study is of 15 cases of removal of extensive epulis with vestibuloplasty in the maxilla and mandible that was carried out with CO2 laser, with no postoperative complications, rapid healing, and excellent aesthetic and functional outcome, all of which allowed for more rapid placement of final prosthesis.
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    Laser-Activated Solid Protein Solder for Nerve Repair: In Vitro Studies of Tensile Strength and Solder/Tissue Temperature (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 228-237 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Feedback control; Indocyanine green dye; Laser-activated solid protein solder strips; Nerve repair; Temperature monitoring; Tensile strength
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Laser-activated solid protein solder strips have been developed for peripheral nerve repair. Indocyanine green dye added to the solder strongly absorbs diode wavelengths (∼800 nm) and causes localised heating and coagulation of the albumin protein solder. The protein strengthens the tissue join, particularly during the acute healing phase postoperative, while shielding the underlying axons from excessive thermal damage. In this investigation of the solid protein solder technique for nerve repair, the effect of laser irradiance on weld strength and solder and tissue temperature were studied. The tensile strength of repaired nerves rose steadily with increased irradiance reaching a maximum of 105±10 N/cm2 at 12.7 W/cm2. At higher irradiances, tensile strength fell. The maximum temperature reached at the solder surface and at the solder/nerve interface, measured using a non-contact fibre optic radiometer and thermocouple, respectively, also rose steadily with laser irradiance. At 12.7 W/cm2, the temperatures reached at the surface and at the interface were 88±5°C and 71±4°C, respectively. This in vitro investigation demonstrates the feasibility of the laser-activated solid protein solder strips for peripheral nerve repair. The laser irradiance and the corresponding solder surface temperature for optimal tensile strength have been identified.
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    Aminolaevulinic Acid-induced Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Dysplastic Barrett's Oesophagus and Adenocarcinoma (1999)
    Springer
    Lasers in medical science 14 (1999), S. 278-285 
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    ISSN: 1435-604X
    Keywords: Keywords: Adenocarcinoma; Aminolaevulinic acid; Barrett's oesophagus; Dysplasia; Photodynamic therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Physics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract . Photodynamic therapy (PDT) may have a role in the prevention of oesophageal cancer. Ten patients with Barrett's oesophagus, three with low-grade dysplasia (LGD), four with high-grade dysplasia (HGD), one with carcinoma in situ and two with invasive carcinoma, were treated with PDT. All received 30 mg/kg aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) followed 4 h later by laser endoscopy. Half were treated with red light (630 nm; 100 mW/cm2 for 1000 s) and half with green light (514 nm; 100 mW/cm2 for 500 s). Columnar epithelial regression was seen in all patients with dysplasia (mean area decrease 44%; range 10–100%), with apparent elimination of dysplasia in all cases. In patients with in situ or invasive carcinoma, no response was seen. ALA-induced PDT, using either red or green light, produces effective ablation of dysplastic Barrett's oesophagus, hence may have a role in the prevention of oesophageal carcinoma, but has little effect on in situ or invasive adenocarcinoma.
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    Automatic Meshing and Remeshing in the Simultaneous Engineering Context (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 55-66 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Advancing front techniques – CAD/CAM – Mesh generation – Nodal density – Remeshing
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: This paper presents a method to integrate in a better way the finite element method in the CAD/CAM process for two-dimensional problems, through efficient and automatic meshing and remeshing procedures. During the design step, the lack of integration between geometric modeling and numerical analysis remains a crucial problem and it still tends to restrain the use of finite element methods to a small number of engineers. Here we tackle the problem of the automatic remeshing of an object in the context of minor changes in its geometry and topology without restarting the mesh generation from the beginning. We have developed a mesh generator that is able to adapt a previous mesh, through two complementary strategies (for 2D cases) to a new geometry without destroying the whole initial discretization. We also present the possible extension of these concepts to three-dimensional problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050005
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    Designing Assemblies (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 229-253 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Assembly – Assembly sequence analysis – Feature-based design of assemblies – Kinematic assembly – Kinematic constraint – Screw theory – Tolerance analysis of assemblies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract. This paper presents a theory to support the design of assemblies. It brings together prior work in a new synthesis, resulting in a top-down process for designing assemblies so that they deliver geometric Key Characteristics (KCs) that achieve top level customer requirements. The theory applies to assemblies that take the form of mechanisms (e.g. engines) or structures (e.g. aircraft fuselages), but has less relevance to assemblies that take the form of connective or distributive systems (e.g. hydraulic piping). The theory shows how kinematically constrained (statically determinate) assemblies can be unambiguously designed to satisfy geometrically-defined customer requirements. The top-down process presented here begins by creating a kinematic constraint structure and a systematic scheme by which parts are located in space relative to each other, followed by declaration of assembly features that join parts in such a way as to create the desired constraint relationships. This process captures design intent by creating a connective data model that contains information to support relevant analyses such as variation buildup, constraint analysis, and establishment of constraint-consistent assembly sequences. Adjustable assemblies, assemblies built using fixtures, and selective assemblies can also be described by this theory. Problems arising from multiple KCs and KC conflict can be identified. Issues unresolved by the theory are also noted.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001630050017
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    A Taxonomy for Design Requirements from Corporate Customers (1999)
    Springer
    Research in engineering design 11 (1999), S. 103-115 
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    ISSN: 1435-6066
    Keywords: Key words:Design – QFD – Requirements – Taxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Technology
    Notes: Abstract: We have developed a taxonomy that classifies those needs of a corporation that impact product design. We call these needs corporate requirements. In contrast to the consumer or end-user requirements, corporate requirements come from internal sources such as marketing, finance, manufacturing, and service. This taxonomy allows for an organized method of gathering, managing, and retrieving the requirements. The taxonomy also helps to facilitate a broader, clearer form of Quality Function Deployment. Generic in nature, this taxonomy provides a template with which to create taxonomies for a given product within a given company or industry. We include an industrial case study to demonstrate this concept.
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    Subdirectly Irreducible Modal Algebras and Initial Frames (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 269-282 
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    Keywords: duality theory in modal logic ; modal algebras ; generated frames ; subdirect irreducibility
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The duality between general frames and modal algebras allows to transfer a problem about the relational (Kripke) semantics into algebraic terms, and conversely. We here deal with the conjecture: the modal algebra A is subdirectly irreducible (s.i.) if and only if the dual frame A* is generated. We show that it is false in general, and that it becomes true under some mild assumptions, which include the finite case and the case of K4. We also prove that a Kripke frame F is generated if and only if the dual algebra F* is s.i. The technical result is that A is s.i. when the set of points which generate the dual frame A* is not of zero measure.
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    Monotone Majorizable Functionals (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 283-289 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: Monotone functionals ; monotone majorizable functionals ; hereditarily majorizable functionals ; simply typed lambda-calculus ; extensionality ; Dialectica interpretation
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Several properties of monotone functionals (MF) and monotone majorizable functionals (MMF) used in the earlier work by the author and van de Pol are proved. It turns out that the terms of the simply typed lambda-calculus define MF, but adding primitive recursion, and even monotonic primitive recursion changes the situation: already λZ.Z(1 — sg) is not MMF. It is proved that extensionality is not Dialectica-realizable by MMF, and a simple example of a MF which is not hereditarily majorizable is given.
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    From Brouwerian Counter Examples to the Creating Subject (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 305-314 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: intuitionism ; Brouwerian counter examples ; continuum ; creating subject
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The original Brouwerian counter examples were algorithmic in nature; after the introduction of choice sequences, Brouwer devised a version which did not depend on algorithms. This is the origin of the ‘creating subject’ technique. The method allowed stronger refutations of classical principles. Here it is used to show that ‘negative dense’ subsets of the continuum are indecomposable.
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    Preface (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 117-120 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    Marginalia on Sequent Calculi (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 291-303 
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    Keywords: sequent calculus ; normal deduction ; cutfree deduction ; complete discharge convention
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    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses the relationship between normal natural deductions and cutfree proofs in Gentzen (sequent) calculi in the absence of term labeling. For Gentzen calculi this is the usual version; for natural deduction this is the version under the complete discharge convention, where open assumptions are always discharged as soon as possible. The paper supplements work by Mints, Pinto, Dyckhoff, and Schwichtenberg on the labeled calculi.
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    A Translation of Intuitionistic Predicate Logic into Basic Predicate Logic (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 341-352 
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    Keywords: Basic Predicate Logic ; Intuitionistic Predicate Logic ; translation
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Basic Predicate Logic, BQC, is a proper subsystem of Intuitionistic Predicate Logic, IQC. For every formula ϕ in the language {∨, ∧, →, ⊤, ⊥, ∀, ∃}, we associate two sequences of formulas 〈ϕ0,ϕ1,...〉 and 〈ϕ0,ϕ1,...〉 in the same language. We prove that for every sequent ϕ ⇒ ψ, there are natural numbers m, n, such that IQC ⊢ ϕ ⇒ ψ, iff BQC ⊢ ϕn ⇒ ψm. Some applications of this translation are mentioned.
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    Conservative Theories of Classical Truth (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 353-370 
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    Keywords: truth ; satisfaction class ; cut elimination
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Some axiomatic theories of truth and related subsystems of second-order arithmetic are surveyed and shown to be conservative over their respective base theory. In particular, it is shown by purely finitistically means that the theory PA ÷ "there is a satisfaction class" and the theory FS↾ of [2] are conservative over PA.
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    Quantifiers and Congruence Closure (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 315-340 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: generalized quantifier ; finite model theory
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    Notes: Abstract We prove some results about the limitations of the expressive power of quantifiers on finite structures. We define the concept of a bounded quantifier and prove that every relativizing quantifier which is bounded is already first-order definable (Theorem 3.8). We weaken the concept of congruence closed (see [6]) to weakly congruence closed by restricting to congruence relations where all classes have the same size. Adapting the concept of a thin quantifier (Caicedo [1]) to the framework of finite structures, we define the concept of a meager quantifier. We show that no proper extension of first-order logic by means of meager quantifiers is weakly congruence closed (Theorem 4.9). We prove the failure of the full congruence closure property for logics which extend first-order logic by means of meager quantifiers, arbitrary monadic quantifiers, and the Härtig quantifier (Theorem 6.1).
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    Minimal p-morphic Images, Axiomatizations and Coverings in the Modal Logic K4 (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 371-398 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: Kripke frames ; p-morphisms ; axiomatizations ; covers
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    Notes: Abstract We define the concepts of minimal p-morphic image and basic p-morphism for transitive Kripke frames. These concepts are used to determine effectively the least number of variables necessary to axiomatize a tabular extension of K4, and to describe the covers and co-covers of such a logic in the lattice of the extensions of K4.
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    Book Reviews (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 429-448 
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    Contents of Volume 62 (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 449-451 
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    Proof-Theoretic Modal PA-Completeness I: A System-Sequent Metric (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 27-48 
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    Keywords: Proof-Theory ; Probability Logic ; metric between sentences and systems ; characteristic formula of a modal sequent
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is the first of a series of three articles that present the syntactic proof of the PA-completeness of the modal system G, by introducing suitable proof-theoretic objects, which also have an independent interest. We start from the syntactic PA-completeness of modal system GL-LIN, previously obtained in [7], [8], and so we assume to be working on modal sequents S which are GL-LIN-theorems. If S is not a G-theorem we define here a notion of syntactic metric d(S, G): we calculate a canonical characteristic fomula H of S (char(S)) so that ⊢G ∼ H → (∼S) and ⊢GL-LIN ∼ H, and the complexity σ of ∼ H gives the distance d(S, G) of S from G. Then, in order to produce the whole completeness proof as an induction on this d(S, G), we introduce the tree-interpretation of a modal sequent Q into PA, that sends the letters of Q into PA-formulas describing the properties of a GL-LIN-proof P of Q: It is also a d(*, G)-metric linked interpretation, since it will be applied to a proof-tree T of ∼ H with H = char(S) and σ(∼ H) = d(S, G).
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    Some Logics of Iterated Belief Change (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 49-84 
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    Notes: Abstract The problems that surround iterated contractions and expansions of beliefs are approached by studying hypertheories, a generalisation of Adam Grove's notion of systems of spheres. By using a language with dynamic and doxastic operators different ideas about the basic nature of belief change are axiomatised. It is shown that by imposing quite natural constraints on how hypertheories may change, the basic logics for belief change can be strengthened considerably to bring one closer to a theory of iterated belief change. It is then argued that the logic of expansion, in particular, cannot without loss of generality be strengthened any further to allow for a full logic of iterated belief change. To remedy this situation a notion of directed expansion is introduced that allows for a full logic of iterated belief change. The new operation is given an axiomatisation that is complete for linear hypertheories.
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    New Intuitionistic Logical Constants and Novikov Completeness (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 151-180 
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    Keywords: intuitionistic logic ; new logical constants ; Novikov completeness
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    Notes: Abstract Extending the language of the intuitionistic propositional logic Int with additional logical constants, we construct a wide family of extensions of Int with the following properties: (a) every member of this family is a maximal conservative extension of Int; (b) additional constants are independent in each of them.
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    Substructural Implicational Logics Including the Relevant Logic E (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 181-212 
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    Keywords: substructural logic ; relevant logic ; cut-elimination
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce several restricted versions of the structural rules in the implicational fragment of Gentzen's sequent calculus LJ. For example, we permit the applications of a structural rule only if its principal formula is an implication. We investigate cut-eliminability and theorem-equivalence among various combinations of them. The results include new cut-elimination theorems for the implicational fragments of the following logics: relevant logic E, strict implication S4, and their neighbors (e.g., E-W and S4-W); BCI-logic, BCK-logic, relevant logic R, and the intuitionistic logic.
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    Proof-Theoretic Modal PA-Completeness II: The Syntactic Countermodel (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 245-268 
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    Keywords: Proof-Theory ; Provability Logic ; countermodel of a sequent ; classification of arithmetical interpretations of modal logic
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is the second part of the syntactic demonstration of the Arithmetical Completeness of the modal system G, the first part of which is presented in [9]. Given a sequent S so that ⊢GL-LIN S, ⊬G S, and given its characteristic formula H = char(S), which expresses the non G-provability of S, we construct a canonical proof-tree T of ~ H in GL-LIN, the height of which is the distance d(S, G) of S from G. T is the syntactic countermodel of S with respect to Gand is a tool of general interest in Provability Logic, that allows some classification in the set of the arithmetical interpretations.
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    L. T. F. Gamut, Logic, Language, and Information, Volume 1: Introduction to Logic; L. T. F. Gamut, Logic, Language, and Information, Volume 2: Intensional Logic and Logical Grammar (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 269-300 
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    Basic Logic, K4, and Persistence (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 343-352 
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    Keywords: Basic Logic ; Bisimulation ; Kripke Model ; Persistence
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    Notes: Abstract We characterize the first-order formulas with one free variable that are preserved under bisimulation and persistence or strong persistence over the class of Kripke models with transitive frames and unary persistent predicates.
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    Actuality and World-Indexed Sentences (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 311-330 
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    Keywords: modal logic ; actuality indexed sentences
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    Notes: Abstract Some logical properties of modal languages in which actuality is expressible are investigated. It is argued that, if a sentence like 'Actually, Quine is a distinguished philosopher' is understood as a special case of world-indexed sentences (the index being the actual world), then actuality can be expressed only under strong modal assumptions. Some rival rigid and indexical approaches to actuality are discussed.
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    Selective Revision (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 331-342 
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    Keywords: belief change ; belief revision ; success postulate ; non-prioritized revision ; choice function
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    Notes: Abstract We introduce a constructive model of selective belief revision in which it is possible to accept only a part of the input information. A selective revision operator ο is defined by the equality K ο α = K * f(α), where * is an AGM revision operator and f a function, typically with the property ⊢ α → f(α). Axiomatic characterizations are provided for three variants of selective revision.
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    Proof-Theoretic Modal PA-Completeness III: The Syntactic Proof (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 301-310 
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    Keywords: Proof-Theory ; Provability Logic ; metric between sentences and systems ; PA-representation of the syntactic countrmodel of a modal sequent.
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    Notes: Abstract This paper is the final part of the syntactic demonstration of the Arithmetical Completeness of the modal system G; in the preceding parts [9] and [10] the tools for the proof were defined, in particular the notion of syntactic countermodel. Our strategy is: PA-completeness of G as a search for interpretations which force the distance between G and a GL-LIN-theorem to zero. If the GL-LIN-theorem S is not a G-theorem, we construct a formula H expressing the non G-provability of S, so that ⊢GL-LIN ∼ H and so that a canonical proof T of ∼ H in GL-LIN is a syntactic countermodel for S with respect to G, which has the height θ(T) equal to the distance d(S, G) of S from G. Then we define the interpretation ξ of S which represents the proof-tree T in PA. By induction on θ(T), we prove that ⊢PA Sξ and d(S, G) 〉 0 imply the inconsistency of PA.
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    Book Reviews (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 417-448 
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    On Canonicity and Strong Completeness Conditions in Intermediate Propositional Logics (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 353-385 
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    Keywords: strong completeness ; strong w-completeness ; completeness ; hypercanonicity ; extensive canonicity ; canonicity ; extensive w-canonicity ; w-canonicity
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract By using algebraic-categorical tools, we establish four criteria in order to disprove canonicity, strong completeness, w-canonicity and strong w-completeness, respectively, of an intermediate propositional logic. We then apply the second criterion in order to get the following result: all the logics defined by extra-intuitionistic one-variable schemata, except four of them, are not strongly complete. We also apply the fourth criterion in order to prove that the Gabbay-de Jongh logic D1 is not strongly w-complete.
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    Algebraic Kripke Sheaf Semantics for Non-Classical Predicate Logics (1999)
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    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 387-416 
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    Keywords: super-intuitionistic predicate logics ; modal predicate logics ; Kripke semantics ; algebraic semantics ; disjunction property ; existence property
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    Notes: Abstract In so-called Kripke-type models, each sentence is assigned either to true or to false at each possible world. In this setting, every possible world has the two-valued Boolean algebra as the set of truth values. Instead, we take a collection of algebras each of which is attached to a world as the set of truth values at the world, and obtain an extended semantics based on the traditional Kripke-type semantics, which we call here the algebraic Kripke semantics. We introduce algebraic Kripke sheaf semantics for super-intuitionistic and modal predicate logics, and discuss some basic properties. We can state the Gödel-McKinsey-Tarski translation theorem within this semantics. Further, we show new results on super-intuitionistic predicate logics. We prove that there exists a continuum of super-intuitionistic predicate logics each of which has both of the disjunction and existence properties and moreover the same propositional fragment as the intuitionistic logic.
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    Nanobiotechnology Center (NBTC) (1999)
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    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 91-92 
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    NanoLaser/Microfluidic BioChip for Realtime Tumor Pathology (1999)
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    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 111-122 
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    Keywords: tumor pathology semiconductor microfabrication microfluidics nanolasers ; nanotechnology cytometry
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Through recent interdisciplinary scientific research, modern medicine has significantly advanced the diagnosis and treatment of disease. However, little progress has been made in reducing the death rate due to cancer, which remains the leading cause of death in much of the world. Pathologists routinely rely on microscopic examination of cell morphology using methods that originated over a hundred years ago. These staining methods are labor-intensive, time-consuming, and frequently in error. New micro-analytical methods1 (JBM, 1998; Harrison et al., 1993; Ramsey et al., 1995; Mauro Ferrari, Lynn Jelinski, 1994; Anderson et al., 1996; Carlson et al., 1996) for high speed (real time) automated screening of tissues and cells are critical to advancing pathology and hold the potential for improving diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients. By teaming experts in semiconductor physics, microfabrication, surface chemistry, film synthesis, and fluid mechanics with microbiologists and medical doctors, we are investigating nanostructured biochips to assess the condition of tumor cells by quantifying total protein content. This technique has the potential to quickly identify a cell population that has begun rapid protein synthesis and mitosis, characteristic of tumor cell proliferation. By incorporating microfluidic flow of cells inside the laser microcavity for the first time, we have enabled high throughput screening of cells in their native state, without need of chemical staining, in a sensitive nanodevice.
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 97-98 
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    DNA Analysis in Microfabricated Formats (1999)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 107-112 
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    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The use of microfabricated DNA analysis tools utilizing microfluidics will provide the next generation of inexpensive DNA diagnostics. It will also provide methodologies to measure gene expression in a massively parallel manner, eventually providing the methodologies to measure most or all the human genes of significance on a single chip. These technologies, including PCR analysis, electrophoresis and gene chips are described using examples from the archival literature.
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    Array Biosensor: Optical and Fluidics Systems (1999)
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    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 139-153 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: array biosensor ; automation ; CCD imaging ; fluorescence imaging ; antibody patterning ; waveguide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Optical and fluidics systems have been developed as central components for an automated array biosensor. Disposable planar waveguides are patterned with immobilized capture antibodies using a physically isolated patterning (PIP) method. The PIP method enables simultaneous deposition of several antibodies and completely circumvents cross-immobilization problems encountered with other array deposition processes. A multi-channel fluidics cell allows numerous assays to be performed on the patterned waveguide. The sensing arrays are optically interrogated using a diode laser with a tailored output to optimize coupling to and maximize excitation uniformity within the waveguide. A patterned cladding is employed to optically isolate the waveguide from perturbations induced by the permanently attached flow cells. Compact optics image the evanescently excited fluorescence onto a large area, cooled CCD array. The image data is processed and automated signal analysis corrects for local background and noise variations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009900608757
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    Prolegomena of a Logic of Causality and Dynamism (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 77-105 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: Linear logic ; causality ; actions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We present in this article a new logical system inspired from linear logic. This system is designed in order to express causality and dynamism. The cut elimination theorem holds for this logic. Examples of applications are given.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005124501371
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    Relating Quine's NF to Feferman's EM (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 141-162 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: sets ; types ; comprehension principles ; combinatory logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We show that, if non-uniform impredicative stratified comprehension is assumed, Feferman's theories of explicit mathematics are consistent with a strong power type axiom. This result answers a problem, raised by Jäger. The proof relies upon an interpretation into Quine's set theory NF with urelements.
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    Finite Trees in Tense Logic (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 121-140 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: Tense logics ; trees ; axiomatizations ; US-logics ; e-frames
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we show the adequacy of tense logic with unary operators for dealing with finite trees. We prove that models on finite trees can be characterized by tense formulas, and describe an effective method to find an axiomatization of the theory of a given finite tree in tense logic. The strength of the characterization is shown by proving that adding the binary operators "Until" and "Since" to the language does not result in a better description than that given by unary tense logic; although the greater expressive power of "Until" and "Since" can be exploited by using the semantics of e-frames instead of traditional Kripke semantics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026456817552
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    Bull's Theorem by the Method of Diagrams (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 163-176 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: propositional modal logics ; finite model property ; completeness property
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We show how to use diagrams in order to obtain straightforward completeness theorems for extensions of K4.3 and a very simple and constructive proof of Bull's theorem: every normal extension of S4.3 has the finite model property.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026447418461
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    A Uniform Approach for Characterizing the Provably Total Number-Theoretic Functions of KPM and (Some of) its Subsystems (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 399-427 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: provably total functions ; subrecursive hierarchies ; ordinal analysis ; cut-elimination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this article we show how to extract with the use of the Buchholz-Cichon-Weiermann approach to subrecursive hierarchies from Rathjen's 1991 ordinal analysis of KPM a characterization of the provably total number-theoretic functions of KPM and some of its (most prominent) subsystems in a uniform and direct way.
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    A Note on Goodman's Theorem (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 1-5 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: Goodman's theorem ; intuitionistic arithmetic ; axiom of choice ; restricted induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract Goodman's theorem states that intuitionistic arithmetic in all finite types plus full choice, HAω + AC, is conservative over first-order intuitionistic arithmetic HA. We show that this result does not extend to various subsystems of HAω, HA with restricted induction.
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    An Operational Logic of Proofs with Positive and Negative Information (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 63 (1999), S. 7-25 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: provability logic ; logic of proofs ; proof theory
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The logic of proofs was introduced by Artemov in order to analize the formalization of the concept of proof rather than the concept of provability. In this context, some operations on proofs play a very important role. In this paper, we investigate some very natural operations, paying attention not only to positive information, but also to negative information (i.e. information saying that something cannot be a proof). We give a formalization for a fragment of such a logic of proofs, and we prove that our fragment is complete and decidable.
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    Streamlining the Drug Discovery Process by Integrating Miniaturization, High Throughput Screening, High Content Screening, and Automation on the CellChip™ System (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 99-109 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: drug discovery ; CellChip ; high content screening ; fluorescence ; patterning ; sensors ; microarrays ; bioinformatics ; tissue engineering
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A major bottleneck to the early stages of drug discovery is the absence of integration of high throughput screening (HTS) with smarter assays that screen “hits” from HTS to identify leads (High content screening, HCS). We propose a solution using novel fluorescent engineered protein biosensors integrated into a miniaturized live-cell-based screening platform (CellChip™ System) that markedly shortens the early drug discovery process. Microarrays of selectively localized living cells, containing engineered fluorescent biosensors, serve to integrate HTS and HCS onto a single platform. HTS “hits” are identified using one biosensor while reading the whole chip array of cells. The high-biological content information is then obtained from probing target activity at inter-cellular, sub-cellular and molecular levels in the “hit” wells. HCS assays yield temporal-spatial dynamic maps of the drug-target interaction within each living cell. We predict that a new platform incorporating HTS and HCS assays that are automated, miniaturized, and information-rich will dramatically improve the decision making process in the pharmaceutical industry and optimize lead compounds during the early part of the drug discovery process. There is an opportunity to establish a new paradigm for drug discovery based on integration of fluorescence technology, micropatterning of living cells, automated optical detection and data analysis, and a new generation of knowledge building bioinformatics approaches. The technology will have an expansive impact spanning the fields of drug discovery, biomedical research, environmental monitoring, life sciences, and clinical diagnostics. The integrated CellChip™ Platform with miniaturized tissue-specific microarrayed cells capable of providing inter-cellular and sub-cellular spatio-temporal information in response to drug-cell, toxin-cell, or pathogen-cell interactions will serve to enhance the decision making process in drug discovery, toxicology, and clinical diagnostics.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009993519771
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    Micro-Electroporation: Improving the Efficiency and Understanding of Electrical Permeabilization of Cells (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 145-150 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: electroporation ; micro-electroporation chip ; cell membrane electrical currents
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Electroporation is commonly used in biotechnology to introduce macromolecules into cells. We have developed a micro-electroporation chip that incorporates a live biological cell in the electrical circuit. The chip configuration forces electrical currents to pass through the cell, thereby producing electrically measurable information about the electroporation state of the cell. The cell membrane electrical properties make the cell function as a diode in the electroporation current-voltage range. The chip is transparent in the area of the cell to allow microscope viewing. during electroporation. This chip may be used to study the fundamental biophysics of cell electroporation and in biotechnology for controlled macromolecule introduction in individual cells. We describe the chip principle and show results on the electrical current-voltage pattern during reversible and irreversible electroporation in individual cells.
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    Multifunctional Biocompatible Membrane and Its Application to Fabricate A Miniaturized Glucose Sensor with Potential for Use In Vivo (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 155-166 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: MPC ; BMA ; AMPS ; biocompatibility ; cellulose triacetate ; diffusion-limiting effect ; glucose sensor ; needle type ; glucose oxidase ; serum ; whole blood
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract A multifunctional membrane with biocompatibility, diffusion-limiting effect, and the ability to curtail the responses of an H2O2 electrode to ascorbate and urate was prepared. It was composed of MB, AB, and CTA, where MB is the copolymer of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) and n-butylmethacrylate (BMA), AB is the copolymer of acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) and BMA, CTA is cellulose triacetate. Investigation of the biocompatibility of this membrane showed that, compared with CTA, relatively few platelets bound to it. The membrane was coated onto the working electrode of a needle-type glucose sensor on which immobilized glucose oxidase membrane has been coated. The sensor did not respond to ascorbate and urate at their concentration normally encountered in blood. Its response was not inhibited by metal ions in blood at usual concentration. The sensor exhibited superior thermostability in addition to a rapid response (〈90 seconds in batch operation), good reproducibility (RE〈5%), good stability (more than 36 hours continuously in heparinized whole blood), and a wide dynamic range (5–650 mg/dl glucose). The sensor was used to determine glucose in serum. The data obtained from the sensor showed good agreement with that from a clinical autoanalyzer (R=0.973).
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    Editorial (1999)
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    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 87-88 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009963417953
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    Evanescent Electromagnetics: A Novel, Super-Resolution, and Non-Intrusive, Imaging Technique for Biological Applications (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 73-80 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: nondestructive testing ; evanescent microwave imaging ; quantitative testing ; conductivity in biomaterials ; high resolution imaging ; material non-uniformity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopes (STM and AFM) are used to study biological materials. These methods, often capable of achieving atomic resolutions, reveal fascinating information regarding the inner workings of these materials. However, both STM and AFM require physical contact to the specimen. In the case of STM, the specimen needs to be conducting as well. Here we introduce a new method for imaging biological materials through air or a suitable liquid using decaying or evanescent fields at the tip of a properly designed microwave resonator. This novel method involves the use of an evanescent microwave probe (EMP) and is capable of imaging a variety of non-uniformities in biological materials including conductivity, permittivity, and density variations. EMP is a non-contact and non-destructive sensor and it does not require conducting specimens. Its spatial resolution is currently around 0.4 μm at 1 GHz. We have used this probe to map non-uniformities in a variety of materials including metals, semiconductors, insulators, and biological and botanical samples. Here we discuss applications of EMP imaging in bone, teeth, botanical, and agricultural specimens.
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    An Integrated Micromachined Electrochemical Pump and Dosing System (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 121-130 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: electrochemical actuation ; micropump ; liquid dosing ; gas bubbles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a micromachined electrochemically driven pump capable of dosing precise nanoliter amounts of liquid is presented. The pump consists of a micromachined channel structure realized in silicon by reactive ion etching. On top of this structure a Pyrex® cover piece with noble metal electrodes was bonded. The fluid to be dispensed is stored in a meander shaped reservoir which is part of the channel structure. This meander starts in an electrolyte solution containing reservoir, on top of which two noble metal electrodes are positioned. By the electrochemical production of gas bubbles by electrolysis of water at these electrodes, liquid can be driven out of the meander. The measured volume displacements were in close agreement with theory. Pump rates as low as a few nl/s could accurately be controlled via the actuation current through the electrodes. By applying current pulses rather than a continuous current, preset amounts of fluid in the nanoliter range could be dosed successfully. Because the resulting device consists of simple channel structures and metal electrodes it can easily be integrated in miniaturized chemical analysis systems to dose reagents or calibration solutions.
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    Patent Watch: Powering Biomedical Microdevices (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 9-10 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009951031888
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    Thin-Film Magnetoelastic Microsensors for Remote Query Biomedical Monitoring (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 51-60 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: magnetoelastic ; remote query ; microdevice ; sensor ; glucose
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Magnetoelastic thin-film sensors can be considered the magnetic analog of an acoustic bell: in response to an externally applied magnetic field impulse the sensors ring like a bell, emitting magnetic flux with a characteristic resonant frequency. The magnetic flux can be detected remotely, external to the test area, using a pick-up coil. By monitoring changes in the characteristic resonant frequency of the sensor multiple environmental parameters can be measured. In this work we report on application of magnetoelastic sensors for remote query measurement of temperature, pressure, viscosity and, in combination with a glucose-responding mass-changing polymer, in situ measurement of biological-level glucose concentrations. The advantage of using magnetoelastic sensors is that they are monitored remotely, without the need for direct physical connections such as wires or cables, nor line-of-sight alignment as needed with optical detection methods. The remote query capability allows the magnetoelastic sensors to be monitored from inside sealed, opaque containers. Depending upon the application magnetoelastic sensors can be sized from micrometer to millimeter dimensional scales, and have a material cost of approximately $0.001 allowing for their use on a disposable basis.
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    Microfluidic Cell Separation by 2-dimensional Dielectrophoresis (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 41-49 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: cell sorting ; travelling wave dielectrophoresis ; filed-flow-fractionation ; computer microvision
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract We describe a microfluidic device for separating cells according to their dielectric properties by combining 2-dimensional dielectrophoretic forces with field-flow-fractionation. The device comprises a thin chamber in which a travelling-wave electrical field is generated by a planar, multilayer microelectrode array at the bottom. Under the balance of gravitational and dielectrophoretic levitation forces, cells introduced into the device are positioned at different equilibrium heights in a velocity profile established inside the chamber, and thereby transported at different velocities by the fluid. Simultaneously, cells are subjected to a horizontal travelling-wave dielectrophoretic force that deflects them across the flow stream. The 2-dimensional dielectrophoretic forces acting on cells and the associated velocities in the fluid-flow and travelling-field directions depend sensitively on cell dielectric properties. The responses of cultured MDA-435 human breast cancer, HL-60 human leukemia and DS19 murine erythroleukemia cells, and of peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMN) cells were studied as functions of the frequency and voltage of the applied electric signals, and of the fluid flow rate. Significant differences were observed between the responses of different cell types. Cell separation was demonstrated by the differential redistribution of MDA-435 and PBMN cells as they flowed through the device. The device can be readily integrated with other microfluidic components for microscale sample preparation and analysis.
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    Book review (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 107-116 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017124027353
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    Interpolation and Amalgamation; Pushing the Limits. Part II (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 1-19 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: algebraic logic ; general theory of logics ; algebraizable logics ; Craig interpolation property ; amalgamation property ; superamalgamation property ; modal logics ; multimodal logics ; Boolean algebras with operators ; discriminator varieties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This is the second part of the paper [Part I] which appeared in the previous issue of this journal.
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    Varieties of Monadic Heyting Algebras Part II: Duality Theory (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 21-48 
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    Keywords: monadic Heyting algebras ; augmented Kripke frames ; Ono frames ; Kripke bundles ; topological augmented Kripke frames
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    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we continue the investigation of monadic Heyting algebras which we started in [2]. Here we present the representation theorem for monadic Heyting algebras and develop the duality theory for them. As a result we obtain an adequate topological semantics for intuitionistic modal logics over MIPC along with a Kripke-type semantics for them. It is also shown the importance and the effectiveness of the duality theory for further investigation of monadic Heyting algebras and logics over MIPC.
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    Predicate Logics on Display (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 49-75 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: predicate logic ; quantifiers ; display logic ; modal logic
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract The paper provides a uniform Gentzen-style proof-theoretic framework for various subsystems of classical predicate logic. In particular, predicate logics obtained by adopting van Behthem's modal perspective on first-order logic are considered. The Gentzen systems for these logics augment Belnap's display logic by introduction rules for the existential and the universal quantifier. These rules for ∀x and ∃x are analogous to the display introduction rules for the modal operators □ and ♦ and do not themselves allow the Barcan formula or its converse to be derived. En route from the minimal ‘modal’ predicate logic to full first-order logic, axiomatic extensions are captured by purely structural sequent rules.
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    On the Elementarity of Some Classes of Abelian-by-Infinite Groups (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 201-213 
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    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026451519369
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    Every Finitely Reducible Logic has the Finite Model Property with Respect to the Class of ♦-Formulae (1999)
    Springer
    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 177-200 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: multi-modal logic ; epistemic logic ; dynamic logic ; information logics ; algebras of relations ; finite model property ; filtration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In this paper a unified framework for dealing with a broad family of propositional multimodal logics is developed. The key tools for presentation of the logics are the notions of closure relation operation and monotonous relation operation. The two classes of logics: FiRe-logics (finitely reducible logics) and LaFiRe-logics (FiRe-logics with local agreement of accessibility relations) are introduced within the proposed framework. Further classes of logics can be handled indirectly by means of suitable translations. It is shown that the logics from these classes have the finite model property with respect to the class of ♦-formulae, i.e. each ♦-formula has a ℒ-model iff it has a finite ℒ-model. Roughly speaking, a ♦-formula is logically equivalent to a formula in negative normal form without occurrences of modal operators with necessity force. In the proof we introduce a substantial modification of Claudio Cerrato's filtration technique that has been originally designed for graded modal logics. The main core of the proof consists in building adequate restrictions of models while preserving the semantics of the operators used to build terms indexing the modal operators.
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    Paradigms in Measure Theoretic Learning and in Informant Learning (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 243-268 
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    ISSN: 1572-8730
    Keywords: identification ; learning ; probability ; informants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We investigate many paradigms of identifications for classes of languages (namely: consistent learning, EX learning, learning with finitely many errors, behaviorally correct learning, and behaviorally correct learning with finitely many errors) in a measure-theoretic context, and we relate such paradigms to their analogues in learning on informants. Roughly speaking, the results say that most paradigms in measure-theoretic learning wrt some classes of distributions (called δ canonical) are equivalent to the corresponding paradigms for identification on informants.
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    Theories of Types and Names with Positive Stratified Comprehension (1999)
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    Studia logica 62 (1999), S. 215-242 
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    Keywords: Explicit mathematics ; Types ; Extended lambda-calculus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract We introduce a certain extension of λβη-calculus, and show that it has the Church-Rosser property. The associated open-term extensional combinatory algebra is used as a basis to construct models for theories of Explict Mathematics (formulated in the language of "types and names") with positive stratified comprehension. In such models, types are interpreted as collections of solutions (of terms) w.r. to a set of numerals. Exploiting extensionality, we prove some consistency results for special ontological axioms which are refutable under elementary comprehension.
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    Filtration of Sub-100 nm Particles Using a Bulk-Micromachined, Direct-Bonded Silicon Filter (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 1 (1999), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: bioseparation ; filter ; MEMS ; micromachining ; BioMEMS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract For successful size separation in biomedical applications, the filter used must meet several strict criteria. Not only must it have precisely-machined sub-100 nm pores (〈5% variation), but it must also be able to handle large and small volumes with very high reduction ratios (〉104). In this paper, we will present a bulk-micromachined, direct-bonded silicon nanofilter that can remove particles as small as 44 nm. In doing so, we will describe the fabrication, the gas and liquid characterization, and the filtrations studies done on 44 nm and 100 nm beads.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009944423778
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    Editorial: Most Distinguished Readership (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 5-7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009954715050
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  • 95
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    Nanopore Technology for Biomedical Applications (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 11-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: BioMEMS ; nanotechnology ; microfabrication ; membranes ; silicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The ability to create well-defined and controlled interfaces has been an area of great interest over the last few years, particularly in the biomedical arena. This paper will describe the development of technology for the fabrication of nanopore membranes, and their operation in biological environments. With monodisperse pores sizes as small as 10 nanometers, these membranes offer advantages in their reproducibility, and their ability to be integrated with controlled biochemical surface modification protocols. A comprehensive review of results in the areas of nanopore and biocapsule microfabrication technologies, biocompatibility of nanomembrane materials, biologically appropriate post-processing protocols (bonding, sterilization), surface modification protocols, and appropriate mass transport models will be presented. The results point to the potential of using such technologies for therapeutic applications including immunoisolation biocapsules, drug delivery devices, and targeted biorecognition platforms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009903215959
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  • 96
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    Towards a Retina Prosthesis Model: Neurons on Microphotodiode Arrays In Vitro (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 61-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: biohybrid cell culture ; chick ; neurite growth ; immunocytochemistry ; microphotodiode ; optoelectric stimulation ; retinal implant ; retinitis pigmentosa ; scanning electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Various neurodegenerative diseases of the retina lead to blindness. Since no pharmacological or gene therapy is available, the alternative concept of neuroprostheses has stimulated the development of micromachined photovoltaic devices. One strategy aims to replace degenerated photoreceptors by microphotodiode arrays (MPDA). MPDAs in the subretinal space shall transform light stimuli into electrical current for the stimulation of still unhampered retinal neurons. MPDAs were fabricated as silicon based multilayered PIN microstructures comprising titanium nitride stimulation electrodes of an area of 8 × 8 μm2. In an effort to develop meaningful tools to evaluate functional MPDA biocompatibility, a novel in vitro system was designed. Retinal cells were cultured on MPDAs, while current generation in MPDAs as in the eye was imitated by light emitting diodes (LED) operating at different wavelengths. For analysis epifluorescence and scannning electron microscopy was employed. MPDAs displayed increasing current delivery with increasing illumination. Surface modification of MPDAs including oxygen plasma treatment and adsorption of polyanions together with laminin were found to render the MPDA surface permissive for cell adhesion. Cell vitality tests using fluorescence markers revealed no adverse effects of optoelectric stimulation via LED/MPDAs. In addition, neurite formation and the expression of differentiation antigen 2A10 were unaffected after stimulation. Optoelectric stimulation allowed regular differentiation of various retinal cell types. In summary, the data provide the first evidence that optoelectric stimulation via MPDAs does not hamper cellular integrity under the experimental conditions chosen. The results support the concept of microphotodiodes as a retinal prosthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009959300938
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  • 97
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    Patent Watch Patent Searching by the Numbers: Applications to Tissue Engineering (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 89-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009937302024
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  • 98
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    Tensile Tests of Collagen Fibers Obtained from the Rabbit Patellar Tendon (1999)
    Springer
    Biomedical microdevices 2 (1999), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8781
    Keywords: tensile test ; collagen fiber ; mechanical property ; patellar tendon ; biomechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract Tensile properties of collagen fibers of approximately 1 μm in diameter were determined using a newly developed micro tensile test system for cells and fine fibrous biological tissues. The test system consists of a thermostatic test chamber, an inverted microscope, micromanipulators, a direct drive linear actuator, a cantilever-type load cell, and a video dimension analyzer (VDA). The fibers were isolated with a mechanical method from collagen fascicles (approximately 300 μm in diameter) cut out from the rabbit patellar tendon. The ends of each fiber were attached to the tips of a pair of glass microtubes (15 to 20 μm in outer diameter) using a cyanoacrylate adhesive. One of the microtubes was attached to the load cell; the other one was connected to the linear actuator which was utilized to stretch the fiber. Load applied to the fiber was measured with the load cell, while its elongation was determined with the VDA using the images of the edges of the adhesive as markers. Tangent modulus, tensile strength, and strain at failure of the tested fibers were 54.3± 25.1 MPa, 8.5± 2.6 MPa, and 21.6± 3.0%, respectively. These values were much different from those of collagen fascicles (300 μm in diameter) cut out from the rabbit patellar tendon and also from those of the bulk patellar tendon (Trans. ASME, J. Biomech. Eng. 121, 124–294, 1999); for example, tensile strength and strain at failure of the fibers were approximately 50 and 200% of those of the fascicles, respectively. These results suggest that the mechanical interactions between fibers and between fibers and ground substances contribute much to the mechanical properties of collagen fascicles and bulk tendons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009953805658
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  • 99
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    Instructions for Authors (1999)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 1 (1999), S. 87-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1017145612971
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  • 100
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    The ethics of representation and action in virtual reality (1999)
    Springer
    Ethics and information technology 1 (1999), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8439
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract This essay addresses ethical aspects of the design and use of virtual reality (VR) systems, focusing on the behavioral options made available in such systems and the manner in which reality is represented or simulated in them. An assessment is made of the morality of ‘immoral’ behavior in virtual reality, and of the virtual modeling of such behavior. Thereafter, the ethical aspects of misrepresentation and biased representation in VR applications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010069907461
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