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  • Artikel  (243)
  • Artikel: DFG Deutsche Nationallizenzen  (243)
  • taxonomy  (67)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Schlagwort(e): Biogeography ; geographic variation ; taxonomy ; Amazilia ; Trochilidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie stellt die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Biogeographie, geographischen Variation, Habitatwahl und Taxonomie der Lesson-Amazilie (Amazilia amazilia) vor. Das Taxon umfaßt gegenwärtig fünf Unterarten, die von W-Ecuador bis SW-Peru verbreitet sind und überwiegend submontane Lebensräume besiedeln. Die Ventralfärbung unterliegt klinaler Variation; weiße Gefiederanteile nehmen von nördlichen zu südlichen Populationen ab, rotbraune Partien dagegen zu. Eigenständige morphologisch-morphometrische Kennzeichen sowie Unterschiede in den Habitatpräferenzen und in der Gesangsstruktur rechtfertigen es, die bisherige UnterartA. a. alticola als Paraspezies (A. alticola, Loja-Amazilie) anzuerkennen. Der Vulgärname weist auf den rezenten Verbreitungsschwerpunkt in den südecuadorianischen Anden hin. Aufgrund der engen Verwandtschaft bildenA. amazilia undA. alticola sowie die in Kolumbien endemische ArtA. castaneiventris eine Superspezies.
    Notizen: Summary This paper reviews the biogeography, geographic variation, and habitat characteristics of the Amazilia Hummingbird (Amazilia amazilia). Based on morphological features, habitat preferences, and bioacoustics, I propose that the currently recognized subspeciesA. a. alticola should be regarded as a species distinct fromA. amazilia. Synapomorphic characters found in both taxa indicate membership of the same superspecies, together with the Colombian speciesA. castaneiventris. Considering the distributional focus ofA. alticola in the Andes of southern Ecuador, the English species name Loja Hummingbird is suggested.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of ornithology 141 (2000), S. 275-284 
    ISSN: 1439-0361
    Schlagwort(e): East Asia ; taxonomy ; species delimitation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Zusammenfassung Über die Gliederung der ostasiatischen Dickschnabelkrähen (Corvus macrorhynchos s.l.) in Biospezies besteht bisher keine einhellige Meinung. In dem großen Verbreitungsgebiet zwischen Indien, Japan und Timor werden gegenwärtig eine, zwei oder drei Arten anerkannt. Hier versuchen wir, in akustischen Merkmalen artanzeigende Merkmale zu finden. Eine Diskriminanzanalyse der Rufstruktur (76 Parameter) trennt dreiCorvus-Taxa (levaillantii undjaponensis aus der ‘macrorhynchos-Gruppe’,splendens) von der Südabdachung des Himalaya (Nepal, Kashmir) vollständig voneinander. BeiC. japonensis bleiben die trennenden Merkmale über große geographische Gebiete konstant. Die akustischen Unterschiede werden als taxonomisch relevant angesehen; sie zeigen Artgrenzen an. Folglich werden die Dickschnabelkrähen aus den Tief- und Hochlagen Nepals (Kontaktzone um 2 000 m) zwei Biospezies zugeordnet (C. japonensis undC. levaillantii), in Übereinstimmung mit morphologischen, ökologischen und parasitologischen Daten. Taxonomische Extrapolation der Befunde auf die Systematik anderer ‘macrorhynchos’-Populationen erscheint über die Rufstruktur (bis zum Fernen Osten Rußlands) und über Federling-Parasiten (Mallophaga) auf große Teile SO-Asiens möglich, bedarf aber für die stimmlichen Merkmale noch weiterer Klärung. Wahrscheinlich müssen immacrorhynchos-Komplex mindestens drei biologische Arten anerkannt werden (C. japonensis, C. levaillantii, C. macrorhynchos s. str.).
    Notizen: Summary A discriminant analysis of the call structure completely separates threeCorvus taxa (levaillantii andjaponensis of the ‘macrorhynchos group’,splendens) inhabiting the southern slopes of the Himalayas (Nepal, Kashmir). The acoustic differences are considered taxonomically relevant, indicating species boundaries. Therefore the Jungle Crows of lower and upper Nepal (contact zone at around 2,000 m) are assigned to two biospecies (C. japonensis andC. levaillantii), as is consistent with morphological, ecological and parasitological data. It appears possible to extrapolate the findings regarding call structure to the systematics of other ‘macrorhynchos’ populations as distant as the Russian Far East, and those regarding mallophagan parasites to large areas of SE Asia; regarding the vocal characteristics, however, further clarification is needed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 95 (2000), S. 105-111 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): biological control ; Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 185-188 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Trichogramma turkestanica ; Ephestia kuehniella ; development time ; activity threshold ; biological control ; flour mills
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Leptomastix epona ; Pseudaphycus flavidulus ; Pseudococcus viburni ; host size ; suitability ; quality ; preference ; sex ratio ; clutch size ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Five host size classes which mostly consisted of one host stage (first, second, third instar nymph, young adult and preovipositing adult) of the mealybug Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) Fernald,1903  [Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae] were tested for susceptibility and suitability for the solitary parasitoid Leptomastix epona(Walker) Graham, 1969  and the gregarious Pseudaphycus flavidulus (Brèthes) De Santis, 1964 [both of them Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae] in no choice experiments. Hosts larger than 1  mm (third instar) were suitable for the development of the parasitoids. Choice experiments with all the host size classes offered simultaneously showed that L. epona and P. flavidulus are parasitoids of mainly larger hosts (〉1 mm, third instar nymphs) therefore the parasitoids exploit the same host range. In L. epona, a faster development and a larger size of wasps occurred in host size class 1.83–2.33 mm (young adult mealybugs) indicating a greater host quality compared to other sizes. Proportion of male offspring decreased with the host size following the host size distribution models. In P. flavidulus there was no effect of host quality (size at parasitism) on developmental time, sex ratio or parasitoid size and fecundity. Larger clutch sizes of P. flavidulus emerged from larger hosts but overall this parasitoid was able to parasitize smaller hosts (〈1 mm, second instar nymphs) compared to L. epona.Experience of oviposition for 24 h does not seem to affect host size preference or sex ratio of the offspring in L. epona. Implications of the findings for mass-rearing and single applications of the parasitoids for the purpose of a biological control programme are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 94 (2000), S. 141-147 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): aphid honeydew ; biological control ; Coccinellidae ; diet ; oviposition ; predation ; reproduction
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Insect predators may commit to reproduction to varying degrees depending on the nature of the prey they consume. I compared egg production by females of the aphidophagous ladybird beetle Coccinella transversalis (F.) (Coccinellidae) maintained on differing diets. As expected, females laid most eggs on a diet of aphids (pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum[Harris]). Upon being switched from a diet of aphids, females laid no eggs after the first 3 days when maintained on a water solution of sucrose, and laid almost no eggs when maintained on a diet of second-instar larvae of the moth Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). However, females laid eggs in small numbers (on average, 2.7 eggs per day) when provided both sucrose and Helicoverpa larvae. Females laid similar numbers of eggs when aphid honeydew was substituted for sucrose in combination with Helicoverpa larvae; in both cases, egg production was only 10–15% of that on a diet of aphids. The production of small numbers of eggs from consumption of non-aphid foods may enhance the ability of aphidophagous ladybirds to optimize their timing of reproduction at short-lived colonies of their preferred aphid prey.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Aleochara bilineata ; Aleochara bipustulata ; Delia radicum ; interspecific competition ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract This study evaluates the efficacy of Aleochara bilineata Gyll and Aleochara bipustulata L. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) as biological control agents against the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Biological and demographic characters are documented and comparisons made between the two species. The following results were obtained: (1) The reproductive potential and longevity of A. bipustulata females are significantly higher than those of A. bilineata. These differences are correlated with the biology and ecology of the hosts of both species. (2) Under laboratory conditions the rate of increase (rm) of both staphylinids species is significantly higher than that of the pest and their major competitor Trybliographa rapae West. (Hymenoptera:Figitidae). This may indicate that A. bilineata and A. bipustulata can be effective biological control agents. (3) Aleochara bilineata appears to be the most interesting biological control agent against D. radicum, because of its higher rate of increase, higher host specificity and host acceptance, and a development time which is well synchronised with that of its host. With its higher competitive ability, a population of A. bilineata may increase even if competition occurs. However, A. bipustulata presents interesting biocontrol characteristics, but the best strategy may be only to use the potential of its natural populations.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 96 (2000), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): Trybliographa rapae ; Delia radicum ; parasitoid ; host-stage ; acceptance ; host quality ; preference ; biological control
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Host-stage selection by Trybliographa rapae Westwood (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) was studied in choice and no-choice experiments in the laboratory. The parasitoid was able to reproduce in first, second, and third instars of the cabbage root fly, Delia radicum L. (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), but oviposition occurred more frequently in third instars when all three developmental stages were offered simultaneously. Oviposition in third instars increased the rate of development of offspring and their body size, but did not alter sex ratio. Results are discussed in the light of predictions made by the theory of optimal host acceptance.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): aphid ; biological control ; Nicholson–Bailey ; parasitoid ; population dynamics
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract An increasing number of researchers are studying behaviour in the hopes of understanding population dynamics or improving biological control efforts of insect pests by natural enemies. However, it is unclear exactly how behavioural studies will improve our understanding of these population level processes. In this paper we argue that in order to understand population level processes, the problem must be approached from a population biology perspective. A comprehensive understanding of certain behaviours will provide little towards our understanding of host-natural enemy interactions. For example, using an aphid-parasitoid model, we examined the effect that a commonly studied behaviour, variance in host selection by aphid parasitoids, has on aphid-parasitoid population dynamics. Differential host selection does not qualitatively alter classic Nicholson-Bailey dynamics, but only results in quantitative differences in aphid-parasitoid population sizes. Irrespective of the degree of aphid instar preference, a large increase in the number of aphids is followed by a large increase in the number of parasitoids, decimating the aphid population. Thus, studying some behaviours, such as variance in host selection, will not contribute substantially to an understanding of aphid-parasitoid population dynamics.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 97 (2000), S. 167-174 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Schlagwort(e): foraging behaviour ; patch-time allocation ; rules-of-thumb ; biological control ; Orius ; Anthocoridae
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie
    Notizen: Abstract Components of search effort were determined for adult females of Orius tristicolor (White) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) on bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., leaves with either western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) or twospotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae) as prey. In the absence of prey, females of O. tristicolor allocated significantly more search time to leaves damaged by western flower thrips than to leaves damaged by twospotted spider mites, artificially damaged leaves or undamaged leaves. In the presence of prey, search time increased with increasing amounts of leaf damage for both prey species, but was not affected by prey species. Amounts of leaf damage or type of prey did not affect giving-up-time. The proportion of predators that successfully located thrips increased with increasing amounts of thrips damage on leaves. Females of O. tristicolor appeared to follow some simple, behavioural rules-of-thumb for allocation of search effort. The presence and type of damage determined the initial effort allocated to searching a leaf. Subsequent effort was determined by successful capture of prey, regardless of species. The implications of these results for application of Orius spp. for biological control are discussed.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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