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  • Articles  (33,071)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (33,071)
  • Nature Publishing Group  (31,534)
  • Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)  (1,537)
  • Irkutsk : Ross. Akad. Nauk, Sibirskoe Otd., Inst. Zemnoj Kory
  • Krefeld : Geologischer Dienst Nordhein-Westfalen
  • Springer Nature
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  • 1975-1979  (18,001)
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  • Articles  (33,071)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Importance of Industrial Policy in Quality-Ladder Growth Models (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 8.2008, 1, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We extend the class of quality-ladder growth models (Grossman and Helpman, 1991, Segerstrom, 1998 and others), to encompass an economy with asymmetric fundamentals. In contrast to the standard framework, in our model industries may differ in terms of their innovative potential (quality jumps and arrival rates) and consumers' preferences. This extension allows us to bring industrial policy back into the realm of the growth policy debate. We first show that it is always possible to raise the long-run growth rate and the social welfare of the economy through a costless tax/subsidy scheme reallocating resources towards the relatively more promising industries. We then prove that, in certain economies, even a mere profit taxation policy increases economic growth and social welfare above the laissez-faire.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejm/vol8/iss1/art1
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review of Tony Fitzpatrick, New Theories of Welfare (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art16
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Basic Income Viable? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The debate about Basic Income (BI) has hitherto been preoccupied with questions of desirability. To correct this imbalance and to throw light on the problems of winning political support for BI, this article considers whether BI is viable. At this stage, the exercise is necessarily speculative, but can be useful as long as care is taken to specify institutional arrangements and to take into account the way social agents are likely to respond to the introduction of BI. Accordingly, I develop a theoretical model of the interaction between tax-transfer policy and economic performance to explore the options facing the citizens of an imaginary state, who are contemplating radical reform but espouse divergent moral values. Initially, to fix ideas, I assume that their options are independent of the prevailing normative climate. In the end, however, I show that this assumption is untenable, and I draw conclusions for BI as a political project.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art4
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Republican Right to Basic Income? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art10
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Why Republicanism? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art12
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    List of Contributors (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art3
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    WACC or APV? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 2.2008, 2, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Miller and Modigliani's seminal papers (1958, 1963) gave rise to two alternative methodologies for project and firm valuations: the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) and Adjusted Present Value (APV). As is often the case of many larger firms in industrialized economies, whenever a target debt ratio is set up for the long term, WACC might be a good approximation. However, APV has certain advantages making it more convenient for smaller companies with unstable debt ratios, in countries with complex tax legislation and in emerging markets where high economic uncertainty makes the leveraging decision much more opportunistic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jbvela/vol2/iss2/art1
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Testing for a Unit Root in the Net Discount Rate: A Survey of the Empirical Results (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 2.2008, 2, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study provides a survey of the empirical results associated with testing for a unit root in the net discount rate. As suggested by the literature, the use of the historical average of the net discount rate in the calculation of the present value of lost future earnings is valid if the net discount rate follows a mean reverting, stationary process. However, if the net discount rate follows a mean averting, non-stationary process forensic economists should perhaps use the current value of the net discount rate in such calculations. A majority of the studies surveyed indicate that the net discount rate experienced a structural break in the late 1970s-early 1980s. In general, if the net discount rate is stationary as a result of a structural break, forensic economists should use the average net discount rate over the post-break period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jbvela/vol2/iss2/art4
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risk-Adjusted Performance as a Rigorous Approach to Removing Subjectivity from Expert Assessments of Suitability (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 2.2008, 2, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A broker has an obligation to ensure that his client incorporates suitable assets into his portfolio. Greater objectivity can be brought to assessments of suitability by comparing the performance of the aggrieved investor's portfolio to a benchmark portfolio using the Modigliani & Modigliani risk-adjusted performance measure. The applicable counterfactual benchmark could be either a ``market" portfolio or a suitable alternative portfolio. The calculation of confidence intervals associated with the measured difference in risk-adjusted returns is demonstrated. Castaneda-like standards can be used as criteria for whether defendant's actions negatively impacted portfolio performance rather than outside events.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jbvela/vol2/iss2/art3
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Privatization and Financial Performance: Can Value Be Created by Privatizing State Owned Enterprises in the Middle East & North Africa (MENA) Region? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 3.2008, 1, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This study investigates the impact of privatization on value creation in State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. A multi-case study approach, using quantitative and qualitative data, is used to rectify the findings of prior SOE privatization research by taking a finer-grained analysis into the conditions that determine post-privatization performance. This study addresses the research question, "What is the effect of privatization in terms of value creation for State Owned Enterprises in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region?" Value creation is measured in terms of profitability, operating efficiency, capital expenditures, and leverage. Using quantitative performance metrics to assess value creation, we also use qualitative data to show that post-privatization value creation depends on specific strategic initiatives as well as government policy toward competition. Our overall conclusion is that privatizing SOEs can be beneficial in the MENA region but must coincide with strong government reform policies, and certain financial and managerial strategies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jbvela/vol3/iss1/art1
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Review of Guy Standing and Michael Samson, A Basic Income Grant for South Africa (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art15
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic Income and Economic Integration (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This article addresses some of the issues raised for the Basic Income (BI) principle by global economic integration; especially the argument that a new model of reciprocity between affluent and developing economies does not require, and might be undermined by, this approach. In that view, complementarity between an Anglophone version of capitalism and an Asian model of human development can supply a more reliable route to eliminating world poverty and advancing global well-being.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art7
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic Income and the Republican Ideal: Rethinking Material Independence in Contemporary Societies (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art9
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Content (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art1
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    From the Editors (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bis/vol2/iss2/art2
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Argument against Arguments for Enhancement (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: The treatment-enhancement distinction is difficult to make, and defenders of enhancement often base their case on that. Critics of enhancement, however, often have prototypical cases of enhancement-oriented interventions in mind, and the ethics of these can be evaluated on a case by case basis. Things like intelligence enhancement may have adverse effects on equality and utility. If the equality and utility effects of such enhancements were sufficiently severe, then restrictions would be called for. We need to think more about how to make tradeoffs between liberty, equality, and utility--and we need to know more about the extent to which each of these is at stake--before reaching conclusions about the ethics of, and appropriate social policy regarding, human enhancement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art12
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preserving Humanity - and Technology? A Response to de Grey (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Aubrey de Grey's enthusiasm may or may not be infectious, but it is certainly palpable. And it adds a dimension to the discussion the priority that should be given to life-extension/anti-ageing research of which he seems to be unaware. For on the cusp of developments in emerging technologies we find ourselves button-holed by enthusiasts whose ``transhumanist" visions importunately press upon us the most radical understanding of their implications. My suspicion is that the transhumanist mini-insurgency is partly responsible for the general failure of the policy establishment to summon up the courage and vision to address the implications of emerging technologies at all. The insurgents' effort at ``branding" these technologies as transhumanist (like that of the Raelian flying-saucer cult, a decade ago, to claim cloning as their own) does no favors to the technology. The irony is that de Grey and his fellow-visionaries, far from generating consensus enthusiasm for emerging technology applications, are making them too hot to handle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/selt/vol1/iss1/art11
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Navigating the Jungle of Valuing Complex Capital Structures in Privately Held Companies: An Integrative Simulation Approach (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 2.2008, 2, art5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: With the FASB's emphasis on fair value, valuation of privately held companies' capital structures has taken on additional emphasis. Each methodology proposed in the AICPA's Practice Aid "Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation" can result in suboptimal valuations when valuing complex capital structures. We discuss valuation of such capital structures and offer a workable, integrated simulation methodology combining the strengths of the probability-weighted expected return method with those of the option-pricing method. We demonstrate the methodology using transformed real-world data resulting in a flexible methodology that can be expanded to accommodate various aspects of complex capital structures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jbvela/vol2/iss2/art5
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Enhancement and Procreative Autonomy (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: Liberal eugenics according to one version is distinguished from authoritarian eugenics on the basis that the choice of enhancement is devolved to parents. The argument for liberal eugenics combines a commitment to the right of parents to autonomy - in reproductive decisions and in the upbringing of children - and a parity claim that there is no morally significant difference between ante-natal and post-natal alterations of a child. The article reviews the putative constraints on parental choice, and assesses some criticisms of the parity claim. It concludes that a liberal commitment to social justice is in tension with a liberal commitment to parental choice, but judges that the former commitment does not entail the authoritarian eugenics which is represented as the alternative to liberal eugenics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leveraging Green Power: Environmental Rules for Project Finance (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 9.2008, 3, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Environmental policies of providers of international finance - namely the World Bank, export credit agencies, and Equator Principles banks - provide interesting cases within which to study the power of business not as only an input to the political process or as a constraint on politics, but also as a conduit for both state and non-state actors.This paper shows how targeting financial actors has allowed NGOs to transform their rather weak discursive power base into instrumental power over business actors in other sectors. NGOs have channeled their power through states, consumers, and financial institutions; this has allowed them to augment discursive power over their targets with additional indirect, yet more immediate, forms of structural and instrumental power. As a consequence of both direct and indirect NGO pressure, financial institutions have adopted environmental policies. This article posits a theoretical explanation of the underspecified power relationships in NGO strategies that allow NGOs to exploit weak links in commodity chains for their campaigns.This paper argues that financial institutions wield considerable structural power through their ability to control access to finance. It is particularly this power base which has made them prime targets for NGOs campaigning for the greening of infrastructure development projects. As a consequence of NGO pressure, financial institutions have adopted environmental policies which in turn have provided the World Bank and Equator banks with additional sources of discursive power.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol9/iss3/art3
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  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Power of Socialization: Engaging the Diamond Industry in the Kimberley Process (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 9.2008, 3, art2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: Research on conflict in resource-rich countries suggests that resource extraction companies contribute to tension but not development. In recent times, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have flourished, in which set up regulation is not against business but in joint cooperation with corporate actors. Yet PPPs are criticized for serving business self-interest and increasing business power rather than the common good. The paper takes the Kimberley Process and the diamond industry as an example to examine the multi-faceted nature of business power when this PPP was negotiated. The core of the argument is that realist-informed perspectives about business power in PPPs and constructivist accounts emphasizing socialization and social learning processes only tell one part of the story. While demonstrating that the diamond industry acted as a both a socializing and socialized agent, the analysis of the different facets of power shows that structural and discursive power were crucial elements in making socialization happen in the first place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bap/vol9/iss3/art2
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  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Power of Transnational Private Governance: Financialization and the IASB (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 9.2008, 3, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: This investigation of accounting standard setting as a case of business power in global governance links together three facets of power. First we examine the discursive power of international accounting standards in the ongoing process of financialization, which we break into two dynamics centered on profit and control. We argue that the selection of accounting paradigms does not concern measurement accuracy but is rather a choice of perspectives between finance and production when presenting economic reality as numbers. Drawing on evidence from the contestation between Rhenish capitalism and the financial perspective, we then explain why, despite the overwhelming structural power of finance, instrumental power exercised in political lobbying over accounting standards can still have considerable success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Conflict and Production: An Application to Natural Resources (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 1, art2 
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    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: I present a Stackelberg model of conflict, in which contestants have limited endowments to be put in two separate sectors, thus incorporating salient features of many conflicts. The model is applied to the case of conflict over natural resources. Consistent with amounting empirical evidence regarding a so-called "resource curse," I find that the relation between conflict intensity and resource rents is non-monotonous, and that the economy's income growth rate may be negatively affected by resource abundance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejeap/vol8/iss1/art2
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  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-Sample Tests of Area-Under-the-Curve in the Presence of Missing Data (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 4 (2008), S. 1 
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    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: The commonly used two-sample tests of equal area-under-the-curve (AUC), where AUC is based on the linear trapezoidal rule, may have poor properties when observations are missing, even if they are missing completely at random (MCAR). We propose two tests: one that has good properties when data are MCAR and another that has good properties when the data are missing at random (MAR), provided that the pattern of missingness is monotonic. In addition, we discuss other non-parametric tests of hypotheses that are similar, but not identical, to the hypothesis of equal AUCs, but that often have better statistical properties than do AUC tests and may be more scientifically appropriate for many settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol4/iss1/1
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  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Coalescent Time Distributions in Trees of Arbitrary Size (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Statistical applications in genetics and molecular biology 7.2008, 1, art2 
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    ISSN: 1544-6115
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The relationship between speciation times and the corresponding times of gene divergence is of interest in phylogenetic inference as a means of understanding the past evolutionary dynamics of populations and of estimating the timing of speciation events. It has long been recognized that gene divergence times might substantially pre-date speciation events. Although the distribution of the difference between these has previously been studied for the case of two populations, this distribution has not been explicitly computed for larger species phylogenies. Here we derive a simple method for computing this distribution for trees of arbitrary size. A two-stage procedure is proposed which (i) considers the probability distribution of the time from the speciation event at the root of the species tree to the gene coalescent time conditionally on the number of gene lineages available at the root; and (ii) calculates the probability mass function for the number of gene lineages at the root. This two-stage approach dramatically simplifies numerical analysis, because in the first step the conditional distribution does not depend on an underlying species tree, while in the second step the pattern of gene coalescence prior to the species tree root is irrelevant. In addition, the algorithm provides intuition concerning the properties of the distribution with respect to the various features of the underlying species tree. The methodology is complemented by developing probabilistic formulae and software, written in R. The method and software are tested on five-taxon species trees with varying levels of symmetry. The examples demonstrate that more symmetric species trees tend to have larger mean coalescent times and are more likely to have a unimodal gamma-like distribution with a long right tail, while asymmetric trees tend to have smaller mean coalescent times with an exponential-like distribution. In addition, species trees with longer branches generally have shorter mean coalescent times, with branches closest to the root of the tree being most influential.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/sagmb/vol7/iss1/art2
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  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local Network Effects and Complex Network Structure (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of theoretical economics 7.2008, 1, art46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0478
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a model of local network effects in which agents connected in a social network each value the adoption of a product by a heterogeneous subset of other agents in their neighborhood, and have incomplete information about the structure and strength of adoption complementarities between all other agents. I show that the symmetric Bayes-Nash equilibria of this network game are in monotone strategies, can be strictly Pareto-ranked based on a scalar neighbor-adoption probability value, and that the greatest such equilibrium is uniquely coalition-proof. Each Bayes-Nash equilibrium has a corresponding fulfilled-expectations equilibrium under which agents form local adoption expectations. Examples illustrate cases in which the social network is an instance of a Poisson random graph, when it is a complete graph, a standard model of network effects, and when it is a generalized random graph. A generating function describing the structure of networks of adopting agents is characterized as a function of the Bayes-Nash equilibrium they play, and empirical implications of this characterization are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/bejte/vol7/iss1/art46
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  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disciplinary Biases in Approaching African Development (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Global jurist 7.2008, 3, art6 
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    ISSN: 1934-2640
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper tries to individuate various actual and potential aspects of an anthropological analysis of development, aiming to draw a comprehensive picture. A number of background questions encourage this attempt. Is development a form of engagement with the great questions of poverty, hunger and oppression in Africa? What is the relationship between development and politics? What is that between development and technical expertise? Why should African people articulate their political aspirations in the language of development, while Europeans or Americans have at their disposal a political language? Section one considers the general representation of Africa as transmitted by social and economical indicators. It underlines some dissatisfaction with the process of reducing the social and economic reality to a set of data. It also considers the material and cultural implications lying behind technocratic attitudes, suggesting that they should be the object of anthropological analysis. The limits of data reductionism make clearer the advantages of an anthropological perspective on the topic of development, which is too often considered in a technical dimension, ultimately discarding human agency. In turn, however, a deeper understanding of the geo-political and historical context of development intervention is very much needed in order to enrich anthropological approaches, which run the risk of being excessively narrow and self-reflective. Reviewing a number of works in the field of development and anthropology, section two tries to find out the main limitations of such literature, and calling for a broader understanding. Finally, section three considers more ambitious approaches, such as Ferguson's ``anti-politics machine". In particular, this part puts an emphasis on the de-politicizing effect of technocratic development interventions. It also underlines the problems arising from a Foucauldian view of institutions being produced by discourses. The conclusion will summarise the tools needed by an anthropological perspective on development, trying to find a balance between the representation of human agency and the understanding of the deeper hegemonic structures characterising development intervention.
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    One Country, Two Systems, and Three Memberships: Legal and Economic Integration between China and its Two SARs (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Global jurist 7.2008, 3, art7 
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    ISSN: 1934-2640
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines legal and economic integration between China and its two Special Administrative Regions, namely, Hong Kong and Macau. Two dimensions are dealt with in this paper: the constitutional/national framework and the WTO/CEPA framework. In the constitutional/national framework, this paper examines the interaction between People's Supreme Court and the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong and Macau. It analyzes the horizontal and vertical interaction between courts in China and in the Special Administrative Regions, focusing mainly on three issues: the Standing Committee/CFA, exclusive/residual competence, and the competition of jurisdiction. In the WTO/CEPA framework, this paper presents the legal bases and accession histories of these three memberships in the WTO, and examines their trade policies and practices both in the GATT and the WTO. Emphasis is placed on how and why Hong Kong, China and Macau, China enjoy full memberships in the WTO as China does. This paper finally explores the dispute settlement mechanism provided in the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangements between China and its two SARs, and examines the possibility for these three members to avail themselves of the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. This paper finds that the legal and economic integration between China and its two SARs offers much both to comparative lawyers and international trade lawyers: the vast diversity of legal culture in these three areas yields an unprecedented conflict and combination, while the interaction between China and its two separate customs territories, Hong Kong, China and Macau, China, in the international trading regime, presents a new landscape in the WTO.
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    A Basic Income for Housing? Simulating a Universal Housing Transfer in the Netherlands and Sweden (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art5 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The gradualist approach towards an unconditional basic income for all involves the introduction or extension of universal benefits in place of current income-tested ones. Such a policy shift might cause higher fiscal costs or adverse distributional effects, at least in the short run. However, this need not always be the case. Using the tax-benefit model EUROMOD, the article simulates the introduction of a universal housing transfer - that is flat rate, tenure neutral and budget neutral - in place of mortgage interest tax relief and housing benefits in the Netherlands and Sweden. As it turns out, the regressive effect of mortgage interest tax relief thwarts the progressive effect of housing benefits. In view of that, replacing both by the universal housing transfer (equivalent to a partial basic income for housing) would enhance tax progressivity and reduce income inequality at no extra fiscal cost. Policy implications and possible objections are discussed in the concluding section.
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    The Republican Case for Basic Income: A Plea for Difficulty (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art13 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
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    In Support of Human Enhancement (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art10 
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    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This short comment presents arguments in support of human enhancement.What is enhancement? Surely it is a procedure that improves our functioning: any intervention which increases our general capabilities for human flourishing. We exclude from consideration those procedures often termed ``enhancements" that are of dubious overall benefit (for example breast or penis augmentation, or the taking of anabolic steroids to increase muscle mass). Equally we are not talking of ``designer" modifications which are more akin to aesthetic or fashion preferences than to improvements: hair colour, eye colour, or physique. An enhancement (as we are using the term) is something of benefit to the individual.
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    The Economics of Workaholism: We Should Not Have Worked on This Paper (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 1, art3 
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    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: A large literature examines the addictive properties of such behaviors as smoking, drinking alcohol, gambling and eating. We argue that for some people addictive behavior may apply to a much more central aspect of economic life: working. Although workaholism raises some of the same health-related concerns as other addictions, compared to most of the more familiar addictions it is more likely to be a problem of higher-income individuals and is more likely to generate negative spillovers onto individuals around the workaholic. Using the Retirement History Survey and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we show that high-income, highly educated people exhibit behavior that is consistent with workaholism with regard to retiring-they are more likely to postpone earlier plans for retirement. The theory and evidence suggest that the presence of workaholism calls for a more progressive income tax system than otherwise, although other more targeted policies may be part of optimal policy.
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    The Shape of Demand: What Does It Tell Us about Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Antidepressants? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 2, art4 
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    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Much of the debate surrounding Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) of pharmaceuticals centers on whether DTCA conveys useful information to consumers or indiscriminately increases requests for the advertised medication. By identifying how DTCA changes the shape of the demand curve for antidepressants, we seek to infer the promotional objectives of manufacturers. Using data from the 1996-2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we find that advertising shifts the demand curve for antidepressants outward and rotates it counter-clockwise. DTCA increases the probability that an individual will initiate use of antidepressants, particularly when out-of-pocket medication costs are low, but does not necessarily increase utilization levels among those already taking antidepressants. This is consistent with a promotional campaign that seeks to alert consumers to the product's existence, but conveys no real information that would allow them to learn their true match with the product.
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    Incompatibility, Product Attributes and Consumer Welfare: Evidence from ATMs (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 1, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Incompatibility in markets with network effects reduces consumers' ability to "mix and match" components offered by different sellers, but can also spur changes in product attributes that might benefit consumers. In this paper, we estimate the effects of incompatibility on consumers in a classic hardware/software market: ATM cards and machines. We find that ATM fees ceteris paribus reduce the network benefit from other banks' ATMs. However, a surge in ATM deployment accompanies the shift to surcharging. Even under conservative assumptions regarding how much of the surge is directly attributable to surcharging, greater deployment often completely offsets the harm from higher fees. The results suggest that policy discussions of incompatibility must consider not only its direct effect on consumers, but also its effect on product attributes.
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    How Did SCHIP Affect the Insurance Coverage of Immigrant Children? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 2, art3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) significantly expanded public insurance eligibility and coverage for children in ``working poor" families. Despite this success, it is estimated that over 6 million children who are eligible for public insurance remain uninsured. An important first step for designing strategies to increase enrollment of eligible but uninsured children is to determine how the take-up of public coverage varies within the population. Because of their low rates of insurance coverage and unique enrollment barriers, children of immigrants are an especially important group to consider. We compare the effect of SCHIP eligibility on the insurance coverage of children of foreign-born and native-born parents. In contrast to research on the earlier Medicaid expansions, we find similar take-up rates for the two groups. This suggests that state outreach strategies were not only effective at increasing take-up overall, but were successful in reducing disparities in access to coverage.
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    The Effect of the Consolidated Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1985 on Health Care Utilization of Employment Separators (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 2, art2 
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    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper uses data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey to estimate the effect of COBRA on health care utilization among a sample of individuals who experience employment separation. The empirical specification employs a structural simultaneous equations model of insurance choice and utilization that is estimated by Maximum Simulated Likelihood. Results indicate that employment separators who elect COBRA appear to consume more health care compared to individuals who become temporarily uninsured. In addition, results do not indicate adverse selection into COBRA. Although COBRA enrollees consume more health care than temporary insurance losers, election appears to exhibit favorable selection with respect to physician utilization.
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    Did `Targets and Terror' Reduce Waiting Times in England for Hospital Care? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 2, art5 
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    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Waiting times have been a central concern in the English NHS, where care is provided free at the point of delivery and is rationed by waiting time. Pro-market reforms introduced in the NHS in the 1990s were not accompanied by large drops in waiting times. As a result, the English government in 2000 adopted the use of an aggressive policy of targets coupled with the publication of waiting times data at the hospital level and strong sanctions for poor performing hospital managers. This regime has been dubbed `targets and terror'. We estimate the effect of the English target regime for waiting times for hospital care after 2001 by a comparative analysis with Scotland, a neighbouring country with the same healthcare system that did not adopt the target regime. We estimate difference-in-differences models of the proportion of people on the waiting list who waited over 6, 9 and 12 months. Comparisons between England and Scotland are sensitive to whether published or unpublished data are used but, regardless of the data source, the 'targets and terror' regime in England lowered the proportion of people waiting for elective treatment relative to Scotland.
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    Property and Republican Freedom: An Institutional Approach to Basic Income (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art11 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
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    Review of Harvey and Boyle (eds.), Basic Income Guarantees and the Right to Work (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art14 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
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    Review of Erik Olin Wright (ed.), Redesigning Distribution (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art17 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
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    Performance of Statistical Process Control Tools under Different Plant Operation Strategies (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 3 (2008), S. 4 
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    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The outputs of statistical process control (SPC) tools developed for fault detection are comparatively examined while applied to actual data collected in an industrial plant. The influence of added information gathered from the plant operation under different strategies is analyzed. Particularly, standard principal component analysis (PCA), kernel PCA and the Hotelling's T2 charts are inspected for a reported problem. The effect of training the tools either with an extended historic databank obtained under standard operation, or including also non-conventional conditions, is studied. The ability of the tools to provide a specific alarm and identify the responsible variable is examined by analyzing the contributions per variable to the SPE and the T2 statistics. In addition, the capacity of the tested tools to adapt to a new operation strategy is compared.
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    Generous Funding for Interventive Aging Research Now? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Studies in ethics, law and technology 1.2008, 1, art13 
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    ISSN: 1941-6008
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Sociology , Technology
    Notes: This article examines Aubrey de Grey's case for allocating substantial funding to interventive biogerontological research immediately. The conclusion is that the case is inconclusive and that scientific analyses of costs and probabilities would be needed to defend it properly.
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    The Power of Business (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 9.2008, 3, art1 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The introduction to the special issue develops a systematic and theoretically grounded framework for assessing business power in global governance. It is shown that power is said to have shifted from the world of states to the world of business. However, in order to evaluate such a claim first a differentiation of power in its instrumental, structural, and discursive facets is necessary. It is furthermore explained that the strength of such a three-dimensional assessment is that it combines different levels of analysis and considers actor-specific and structural dimensions and their material and ideational sources. Following a short introduction to the more empirical articles is provided summarizing their commonalities and differences.
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    On the Effect of Risk Aversion in Two-Person, Two-State Finance Economies (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of theoretical economics 7.2008, 1, art47 
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    ISSN: 1555-0478
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The effect of replacing an agent in a two-person two-state finance economy by a more risk averse agent is studied. It is established under which conditions the other agent benefits or looses in equilibrium from dealing with a more risk averse agent. If one agent becomes more risk averse, then the equilibrium allocation moves towards that agent's certainty line. Whether or not that is beneficial for the other agent depends on the location of the endowment point.
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    Reforming Tax Incentives Into Uniform Refundable Tax Credits (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art8 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Each year the US federal individual income tax delivers over $500 billion worth of tax incentives intended to encourage socially beneficial activities. Currently the vast majority operate through deductions or exclusions, which link the size of the subsidy to the taxpayer's marginal tax bracket. This article argues that uniform refundable credits are a more efficient approach for tax incentives intended to correct for positive externalities, absent evidence that positive externalities exist or that externalities or elasticities associated with the subsidized activity vary by income class. Moreover, some type of refundable credit should almost always be the most efficient subsidy even if externalities or elasticities rise with income. Their efficiency benefits are further magnified by their tendency to automatically smooth household income and macroeconomic demand. This article thus proposes a dramatic change in how the government provides tax incentives for socially valued activities: the default for all such tax incentives should be a uniform refundable tax credit.
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    Anthroposophical Reflections on Basic Income (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Basic income studies 2.2008, 2, art6 
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    ISSN: 1932-0183
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In the 1930s Danish author and painter Johannes Hohlenberg (1881-1960) published several essays in defense of an unconditional income for all. These original writings, strongly influenced by Rudolf Steiner's anthroposophy, are not widely known. This article makes two of Hohlenberg's essays on this topic available in English translation for the first time. The first part of this article introduces Hohlenberg's ideas, followed in section two by English translations of the two Hohlenberg essays: Samfundsarven (The Heritage of Society) (1934) and Dersom nogen ikke vil arbejde, så skal han heller ikke have føden (He who Does not Work, Neither Shall He Eat) (1937).
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    Macroeconomic Activity and the Compensation of Health Care Workers (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 2.2008, 2, art2 
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    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper identifies the responses of measures of health care workers' relative compensation to unexpected changes in several macroeconomic variables. The results provide time series information about the relative compensation of workers in the health care sector of the economy. The findings will be valuable to those engaged in economic loss analysis, business valuations and assessments, and related research that often requires industry-specific knowledge about business conditions, trends in cost factors, and the overall economic environment. Moreover, the results should be important to health care managers and administrators who must plan for labor market changes following macroeconomic events.
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    Recoverable Damages for Wrongful Death in the States: A Decennial View (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of business valuation and economic loss analysis 3.2008, 1, art2 
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    ISSN: 1932-9156
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: State statutory law concerning recoverable damages for wrongful death is comprehensively surveyed and categorized, as in Schap and Valvo (1997). Various kinds of awards, limitations, and procedures are presented in tabular form. Suitable coding within the table highlights statutory changes since the previous published survey. The table should both facilitate comparative institutional analysis by researchers and provide an informational base for practitioners.
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    Dynamic Model for Polyethylene Production in a Multizone Circulating Reactor (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 3 (2008), S. 1 
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    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: The multizone circulating reactor (MZCR) technology is a newly announced reactor design for solid-catalyzed gas-phase polymerization. The process is characterized by two hydrodynamically distinct but interconnecting polymerization zones, thus forming a continuous loop of polymer flow between the said zones. In the present study, a dynamic model for the MZCR reactor is developed to illustrate the basic dynamic behavior of the new reactor design; the model is used to study the copolymerization of ethylene with butene. Several parameter sensitivity analyses are performed to show the computer-simulated time responses for reactor temperature, number-average molecular weight, weight-average molecular weight, catalyst feed rate and the monomer concentration along the reactor length.
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    A Modeling and Optimization Tool for the Expandable Polystyrene Batch Process (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 3 (2008), S. 3 
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    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Expandable Polystyrene (EPS), a material of the insulation productions and packages, is commonly produced in a batch process. The control of the batch process is based on predefined process recipes and process parameters such as mixing properties. The EPS production has to be able to satisfy the aims and quality requirements of the markets, which causes additional demands on the process control. In this paper we demonstrate the optimization and modeling application for the EPS-batch process. The application consists of a production optimization tool and a simulation tool for the process parameters based on the Multi-Layer Perceptron network (MLP) with retrain properties. The software can be used at the operational level as well as at the process management level. The features are programmed into standalone software built up in the Matlab environment and it is tailored for the needs of the EPS production company StyroChem Ltd. The results show that the application can offer an efficient tool to economize production and storage costs.
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    Investigation and Modeling of Splashing in the Peirce Smith Converter (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Chemical product and process modeling 3 (2008), S. 2 
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    ISSN: 1934-2659
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: To investigate the factors affecting splashing in Peirce-Smith copper converters of Sarcheshmeh copper complex, South-East Iran, a laboratory scale model with dimensions one eighth of the actual converter was designed and assembled. The model was filled with water. Air was impinged onto the water. The sequence of events was subsequently recorded using high speed cameras. Factors affecting splashing such as blowing angle, volumetric flow rate of air, and the distance of the blowers from water surface were studied.Using a value of 2.65×10-11 for Morton dimensionless number, it was found that splashing may be reduced by 75% if the air speed in the tuyeres is reduced from 155 m/s to 30 m/s while the nozzle distance from the melt free surface is between 2 to 0.5 meters.
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    The Other Side of the Coin: Conceptualizing the Relationship between Business and the State in the Age of Globalisation (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Business and politics 9.2008, 3, art5 
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    ISSN: 1369-5258
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Political Science , Economics
    Notes: The concluding article to the special issue critically reflects on arguments and analysis presented in the preceding articles. It argues that globalisation, new forms of private authority and the increased power of transnational business have not generally weakened the state, but rather advanced a business-oriented transformation of statehood. To understand this transformation the article first provides a very short overview of the state-globalisation debate. Subsequently, it deals more explicitly with the state theoretical debate. In particular, it brings together neo-Marxist and post-Weberian conceptualisations in order to address both the social nature of the state and the particular forms and processes by which it is interactively embedded in the economy and society. After an outline of the transformation of statehood and the strategic options for non-state actors, the article concludes with some critical remarks on the future of democratic politics.
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    Intergenerational Earnings Mobility: Changes across Cohorts in Britain (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 7.2008, 2, art9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The aim of this paper is to analyze intergenerational earnings mobility in Britain for cohorts of sons born between 1950 and 1972. Since there are no British surveys with information on both sons' and their fathers' earnings covering the above period, we consider two separate samples from the British Household Panel Survey. We combine information from the two samples using the two-sample two-stage least squares estimator described by Arellano and Meghir (1992). Our main result shows that intergenerational earnings mobility was stable for the cohorts born between 1950 and 1960 and decreased statistically significantly among more recent cohorts, those born during 1961-1972.
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    Children of the Post-Communist Transition: Age at the Time of the Parents' Job Loss and Dropping Out of Secondary School (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 7.2008, 2, art8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Using data on children whose parents lost their jobs during the post-communist transition of Hungary, we address the causal effect of unexpected long-term unemployment of parents on their children's educational achievement. We estimate the effect of the children's age at the time of their parents' job loss on their probability of dropping out of secondary school (an event that follows the parents' job loss by many years). The treatment is an additional year reared in a family with regularly employed parents, which can be interpreted as additional human capital investment. We provide bounding estimates to the causal effect. The estimated bounds are tight, they show a substantial effect, and the effect is significantly stronger for preschool age children than for older ones.
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    Sequential Patterns of Drug Use Initiation - Can We Believe In the Gateway Theory? (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 8.2008, 2, art1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The gateway, or stepping stone, hypothesis is important as it has had considerable influence on drug policy and legislation in many countries. The gateway hypothesis offers one possible explanation for young people's development of serious drug problems. It simply states that the use of one drug increases the risk of starting to consume another, possibly more harmful, drug later on and that the risk increases with frequency of use (dose-response). The empirical basis for the hypothesis is the common finding that most heavy drug users have started with less dangerous drugs first and that there seems to be a "staircase" from alcohol and solvents via cannabis and tablets to amphetamine, cocaine and heroin. The core question is whether the sequential initiation pattern of drug use is best explained by the gateway hypothesis or whether the phenomenon is better understood by employing the concepts of accessibility and/or transition proneness? Based on unique data from a representative sample of 21-30 year olds in Oslo we have examined the gateway effect of both legal (alcohol) and illegal drugs (cannabis) on subsequent use of cannabis and hard drugs (amphetamine and cocaine). We are the first to use multivariate probit models to examine the hypothesis. The models take into account unobservable individual-specific effects to reduce the possibility of a spurious effect of soft drug use on the onset of hard drug use. The gateway effects are greater when we do not take account of unobserved heterogeneity, but, although substantially reduced, they remain considerable when unobserved factors are accounted for.
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    Marital Sorting, Household Labor Supply, and Intergenerational Earnings Mobility across Countries (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of economic analysis & policy 7.2008, 2, art7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1555-0494
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We present comparable evidence on intergenerational earnings mobility for Denmark, Finland, Norway, the UK and the US, with a focus on the role of gender and marital status. We confirm that earnings mobility in the Nordic countries is typically greater than in the US and in the UK, but find that, in contrast to all other groups, for married women mobility is approximately uniform across countries when estimates are based on women's own earnings. Defining offspring outcomes in terms of family earnings, on the other hand, leads to estimates of intergenerational mobility in the Nordic countries which exceed those for the US and the UK for both men and women, single and married. Unlike in the Nordic countries, we find that married women with children and with husbands from affluent backgrounds tend to exhibit reduced labor supply in the US and the UK. In these countries, it is the combination of assortative mating and labor supply responses which weakens the association between married women's own earnings and their parents' earnings.
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    Self-Organizing Maps with Statistical Phase Synchronization (SOMPS) for Analyzing Cell Cycle-Specific Gene Expression Data (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Statistical applications in genetics and molecular biology 7.2008, 1, art1 
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    ISSN: 1544-6115
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Based on previous studies related to the yeast cell cycle, it is well known that the underlying cellular network in yeast consists of many interactions between genes that have periodic expression patterns during the cell division cycle. In this study, it is proposed that cell cycle-specific gene expression can be understood as a phenomenon of collective synchronization or, in other words, an ensemble of non-identical oscillating response signals from different systems. Therefore, we aimed to apply the theory of statistical multivariate phase synchronization to understand the cell's cyclic transcriptome as a phenomenon of collective synchronization. To this end, a novel algorithm called Self-Organizing Maps with statistical Phase Synchronization (SOMPS) is proposed and evaluated using yeast cell cycle-specific gene expression data. From the evaluation experiments, we draw the following conclusions: 1) It is possible to find groups of genes that have biological interactions with each other and significantly share gene ontology slim terms of biological processes using the theory of multivariate phase synchronization with cell cycle-specific gene expression signals; 2) Among all output clusters of SOMPS, a relatively large cluster with high periodicity with respect to its trained mean field can be considered a prominent cluster; 3) For each gene, it is possible to identify the degree of the strength of its biological interactions with other genes using the coupling strength of synchronization with its trained mean field; and 4) It is feasible to understand cell cycle-specific expression patterns as a phenomenon of collective synchronization.
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    Exporting Western Law to the Developing World: The Troubling Case of Niger (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Global jurist 7.2008, 3, art8 
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    ISSN: 1934-2640
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In recent years the West has dispatched ``rule doctors" across the developing world to guide poor countries through the process of legal modernization and westernization. Their goal, laid out by the so-called Washington Consensus, has been to reform those countries' legal systems so that they might share in the economic bounty of globalization. But things have not always gone well, particularly - this paper argues - where those rule doctors have ignored existing legal traditions.The paper focuses on the particular case of Niger, one of the poorest countries in the world. At present, most of Niger's citizens rely on magio-religious traditions to accomplish what we in the West would consider law. One important, and from a Western perspective colorful, Nigerien legal tradition is its citizens' reliance on an oracle called the gon to identify wrongdoers and restore harmony to their communities. The paper will describe the gon, and will point out some of the ways that it differs fundamentally from Western conceptions of law. It then will conclude that Washington Consensus law reform in Niger will fail, and will very likely cause social unrest, unless it takes a different tack and finds a way to accommodate existing legal traditions.
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    The Gender Pay Gap (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 4, art5 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: After decades of near constancy at 40 cents on the dollar, the gender pay gap has declined markedly. Francine Blau and Lawrence Kahn document these developments and explore the reasons both for the remaining gender pay gap and changes in the gap over time.
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    Curing Spam: Rights, Signals & Screens (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 2, art4 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Recognizing spam as a pollution problem points to a market-based approach that could be more effective than prior approaches based on technology or law. Marshall Van Alstyne argues that an imperfect market could create more value than even a hypothetical "perfect" filter.
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    Needed: A New Empiricism (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 2, art2 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: How do economists know what they know? In a call for a new empiricism Barbara Bergmann asserts that economists mainly make it up.
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    Letter: The Other Problems with the Stern Report (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 3, art4 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The Stern Report seems optimistic about the cost of emissions reductions, and does not seriously face the fact that stabilizing the climate could require keeping much of the world in poverty, according to Rognvaldur Hannesson.
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    Housing Collapse? Bring It On! (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 1, art2 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Aaron Edlin confesses his selfish reasons to root for a collapse of housing prices and explains why many who worry should not.
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    Is a Recession Ahead? The Models Say Yes, but the Mind Says No (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 1, art1 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Models based on leading indicators suggest that a recession is almost certainly imminent, but Edward Leamer, a prominent econometrician, distrusts the econometrics and argues that the housing slump will be confined to that sector.
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    Proposal for a New Climate Change Treaty System (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 3, art6 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The existing international agreements on climate change are inadequate, according to Scott Barrett, and a new approach is needed.
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    The Fed's Real Job (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 4, art4 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Business reporters and Fed watchers focus on monetary policy which is no longer--if it ever was--the Fed's main job, according to Lester Telser. Ben Bernanke's own research suggests that even long ago the main danger to the economy came from the non-monetary effects of disruptions in confidence in the soundness of the banking system, a fact that is all the more true today.
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    The President's New Executive Order on Regulation (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 2, art1 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Robert Hahn and Robert Litan defend President Bush's recent executive order on government regulation.
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    Letter: Why Not Just Ask the Dolphins? (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 4, art1 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Adam Smith's methodology -- and the modern economist's -- is one of theory, led by observation. Alternative methodologies, including opinion surveys of businessmen are no more likely to generate useful answers than this time-tested epistemology.
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    Letter: Observation-Based Analysis and Industry Studies (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 4, art3 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Observation-based analysis at the firm and plant level is alive, well, and growing, according to Frank Giarratani. More than eight hundred scholars, including many economists, embrace observation-based analysis, and identify with industry studies as a research field based on this principle.
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    Letter: Why Urgent Emissions Reductions are Needed (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 5, art3 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Steffen Kallbekken and Torben K. Mideksa explain why economic analysis may demand sharp emissions reductions today rather than the gradual path recommended by Sheila Olmstead and Robert Stavins.
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    Time to Change U.S. Climate Policy (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Economists' voice 4.2007, 5, art2 
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    ISSN: 1553-3832
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Carbon taxes are not likely to be politically feasible in the U.S. for addressing climate change in the short term, according to Robert Hahn and Peter Passell. The time is now ripe for the U.S. to consider adopting a cap and trade approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
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    Transient Behavior Analysis of Induction Generator at Three-Phase Fault Condition (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 2, art1 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In recent years, renewable energy generation has been coming up for effective use of natural energy, such as wind energy. Induction generators consisting squirrel-cage rotors are widely used as wind generators because of their salient features like robust rotor design, simplicity in the construction, maintenance free operation, etc. In this paper, it is derived that the transient current, electromechanical torque, and active power taking into account rotor speed change of induction generators at three-phase fault conditions. The output equations of the induction generator has nonlinearity, and the speed-time characteristic in a fault period is also expressed by the nonlinear equation. The approximation to derive analytical formulas for transient conditions is proposed, and the transient behavior of the induction generator is analyzed by the developed equations. The simulation block diagram in MATLAB/SIMULINK is constituted using the system equation in consideration of the nonlinearity of the induction generator. The simulation results obtained from each theoretical analysis are in close agreement with that of results obtained using MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation. Furthermore, theoretical discussion also developed to determine the fault phase angle and the time at which maximum transient currents flow in the system.
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    Electric Load Management Using Electricity Tariff Algorithm (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 5, art3 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The tariff is the best incentive factor for the industrial customer today to reduce the peak load. This paper describes different methods of pricing electricity. It is important to study the influence of the tariff on the industrial loads and the costs of electricity before ILM can be implemented. This paper is interested in studying the economic aspects of fixed and operating cost, other factors affecting the generation economy, distribution of power, etc. Costs of supplying electricity to consumers are also considered. A utility can influence its customers' load by providing financial incentives through the prices charged for electricity at different times of use. By designing discriminatory time of use tariffs in which the prices of electricity corresponds to the marginal cost of supply, a utility provides appropriate signals to the customer to increase consumption of electricity at off peak periods. The proposed algorithm is implemented to a real system in operation.
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    Neuro-Wavelet Approach to Time-Series Signals Prediction: An Example of Electricity Load and Pool-Price Data (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 2, art5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Accurate electricity load and pool-price forecasting can provide a set of vital predicted information that helps generation, transmission and retailer participating companies to bid strategically into a deregulated electricity market in order to maximize their profits and increase returns to their stakeholders. Although a number of forecasting methods have been proposed to solve the short-term and long-term electricity load forecast, pool-price forecasting is a relatively new research area. In this article, we propose an autoregressive approach, based on a wavelet multiscale decomposition, for the prediction of one-hour ahead load and pool price based respectively on historical electricity load, and pool-price data. This approach is based on a multiple resolution decomposition of the signal using the redundant Haar à trous wavelet transform whose advantage is taking into account the asymmetric nature of the time-varying data. There is an additional computational advantage in that there is no need to re-compute the wavelet transform (wavelet coefficients) of the full signal if the electricity and pool price data (time series) is regularly updated. We assess results produced by this multiscale autoregressive method, in both linear and nonlinear variants, with single resolution autoregressive, multilayer perceptron, Elman recurrent neural network and the general regression neural network models. The input data consists of historical load and pool price data, which is collected over a period of 3 years (1999-2001), used for training, and 1 year (2002) used for testing. Experimental results are based on the New South Wales (Australia) electricity load and pool price data that is provided by the National Electricity Market Management Company.
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    Application of Trajectory Sensitivity for the Evaluation of the Effect of TCSC Placement on Transient Stability (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 1, art4 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper investigates the use of trajectory sensitivity analysis (TSA) technique for assessing the transient stability of a power system at various operating conditions. The effect of placement of a thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) as well as the influence of the change in firing angle is also discussed. The TCSC is modeled by a variable capacitor, the value of which changes with the firing angle. The systems studied are the WSCC 3-machine, 9-bus system and IEEE 16 machine 68 bus system. The results using TSA are validated by PSCAD/EMTDC simulation.
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    Distributed Generation Capacity Evaluation Using Combined Genetic Algorithm and OPF (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 2, art7 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A range of techniques has been proposed to define the optimal locations and capacities of distributed generation (DG) as a means of ensuring that the maximum amount of DG can be connected to existing and future networks. However, there are limitations inherent in these methods, not least in finding the best combination of sites for connecting a predefined number of DGs. Here, a method combining optimal power flow and genetic algorithms aims to meet this requirement. Its use would be in enabling Distribution Network Operators to search a network for the best sites and capacities available to strategically connect a defined number of DGs among a large number of potential combinations. Some applications of the proposed methodology confirmed its effectiveness in sitting and sizing an assigned number of DG units.
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    Intelligent Approach for Fault Diagnosis in Power Transmission Systems Using Support Vector Machines (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 4, art3 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents an approach for identifying the faulted line section and fault location on transmission systems using support vector machines (SVMs) for diagnosis/post-fault analysis purpose. Power system disturbances are often caused by faults on transmission lines. When fault occurs on a transmission system, the protective relay detects the fault and initiates the tripping operation, which isolates the affected part from the rest of the power system. Based on the fault section identified, rapid and corrective restoration procedures can thus be taken to minimize the power interruption and limit the impact of outage on the system. The approach is particularly important for post-fault diagnosis of any mal-operation of relays following a disturbance in the neighboring line connected to the same substation. This may help in improving the fault monitoring/diagnosis process, thus assuring secure operation of the power systems. In this paper we compare SVMs with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNN) in data sets corresponding to different faults on a transmission system. Classification and regression accuracy is reported for both strategies. Studies on a practical 24-Bus equivalent EHV transmission system of the Indian Southern region is presented for indicating the improved generalization with the large margin classifiers in enhancing the efficacy of the chosen model.
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    A Hybrid Decision Tree Model for Fast Voltage Contingency Screening and Ranking (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 4, art7 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: This paper presents a new decision tree (DT) based approach for fast voltage contingency screening and ranking for on-line applications in energy management systems. The hybrid decision tree model is developed to learn all the selected contingencies simultaneously, therefore fewer DTs are required. To reduce the size and improve the accuracy of the decision tree, the K-class problem is converted into the set of K two-class problems, and separate decision tree modules are trained for each of the two class problems. All the selected contingencies are presented to the filter module, which is trained to separate them in critical and non-critical contingency classes, which reduces the burden on ranking modular DT. The critical contingencies screened out by the filter module are presented to the ranking modular decision tree for their further ranking. To measure the severity of contingencies, bus voltage violation based scalar performance index is used. Full AC load flow is performed to generate the training and testing patterns for the proposed hybrid decision tree, under each contingency. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is tested on IEEE test systems. Once trained, a hybrid decision tree method gives fast and accurate screening and ranking of contingencies for unknown load patterns.
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    A Novel Load Compensation Algorithm under Unbalanced and Distorted Supply Voltages (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 5, art1 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper, a novel control algorithm is proposed to compensate the unbalanced and non-linear loads in a three-phase four-wire system using active power filters. The algorithm results in balanced and sinusoidal source currents under unbalanced and distorted three-phase supply voltages. The algorithm makes use of the positive sequence extraction of the supply voltage and the theory of instantaneous symmetrical components. To illustrate the concept, a three-phase four-wire system with unbalanced and non-linear load is considered for compensation. The detailed simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the proposed method.
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    Identification of External Power System Linear Dynamic Equivalents as MIMO Feedback Blocks for the Study System (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 5, art6 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: The necessity of dynamic equivalents for power system analysis has been well known since the expansion of large interconnected power networks, and has been discussed during the last decades. The present paper proposes a new method for constructing dynamic equivalents of power systems. In this method, at the first step the ``study system" is modeled completely via a single machine-infinite bus modeling procedure. Then the ``external system" is identified as a MIMO feedback block of this model in such a manner that can include dynamic effects of the latter on the behavior of the former. The method is successfully experimented on a part of the Iranian southern network.
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    Synchronous Generators Modeling and Control Using the Framework of Individual Channel Analysis and Design: Part 1 (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 5, art4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: In this paper a comprehensive dynamical assessment of a high order synchronous generator plant is carried out using the Individual Channel Analysis and Design (ICAD) framework -a multivariable control engineering tool that allows robustness and system performance evaluations. The great benefits of ICAD are elucidated and contrasted to those provided by the long-time honored block diagram representations. Several models used for the small signal stability analysis of synchronous generators are evaluated under the framework of ICAD. The study, which builds on pioneering work, reveals the great advantages of carrying out control system analysis and design with higher order generator models. Moreover, careful analysis of the ICAD's Multivariable Structure Function (MSF) helps to explain, formally, why some operating conditions of the control system are more critical than others. Furthermore, correct interpretations of MSFs are amenable to robust and stable control system designs. Two kinds of studies are considered in the paper; one assesses operation under various power factor conditions and the other under a varying tie-line reactance. The control system design and stability and structural robustness assessment of the system are presented in the second part of this paper. Moreover, results obtained under the ICAD framework are compared with those arising from conventional controllers.
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    Model of Noise Source for HF Interference Calculation in a Converter Station (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    International journal of emerging electric power systems 8.2007, 6, art3 
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    ISSN: 1553-779X
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: For high-frequency (HF) interference in an HVDC converter station, the modeling of the noise source which causes interference with the power line carrier (PLC) remains a problem. Based on the profound analysis of the basic principles on which HF noise in PLC band is produced during the commutation process, the equivalent model of the HVDC valve with a snubber circuit is applied to the simulation of the GUI-GUANG HVDC project in PSCAD/EMTDC. Then spectrum plots of the noise source in the frequency domain are obtained by FFT analysis of the voltage waveforms gained from the simulation. Through analyzing the spectrum characteristics of the noise source in various operating modes, the main factors influencing the level of HF noise are found. Furthermore, a modified empirical model used to calculate the level of the noise source is introduced, with particular explanation of the physical quantities used in the model. The spectra of the noise source gained from the modified empirical model and from the simulation are compared with an actual spectrum based on the GUI-GUANG HVDC project. The results show that the modified empirical model can meet the requirement of HF interference calculation.
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    Stable Sunspot Equilibria in a Cash-in-Advance Economy (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art3 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyze a monetary model with flexible labor supply, cash-in-advance constraints, and seigniorage- and tax-financed government spending. If the intertemporal elasticity of substitution of labor is greater than one, both determinate and indeterminate steady states exist. If the elasticity is less than one, there is a unique steady state, which can be indeterminate. Only in the latter case do there exist sunspot equilibria that are stable under adaptive learning. A sufficient reduction in government purchases or increase in tax rates eliminates the sunspot equilibria in many cases. However, raising taxes enough to balance the budget can fail to achieve determinacy.
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    The Arrow Effect under Competitive R&D (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art2 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper shows that standard Schumpeterian theory does not imply that the incumbent monopolist has too little incentive to carry out R&D aimed at displacing its own product. If the patent holder is rational as is any other R&D investor, she will know that in equilibrium her patent's obsolescence shall not be affected by her own R&D investment, because all the R&D firms operate under perfect competition and constant returns to scale at the private level. This reconciles Schumpeterian theory with the empirical evidence on innovation by incumbents. It is proved that the usual macroeconomic implications maintain their validity.
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    Liquidity Effects, Variable Time Preference, and Optimal Monetary Policy (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art6 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper examines the role of monetary policy in the presence of endogenous time preference. The framework in which this issue is addressed is a monetary model with cash-in-advance constraints and an additional trading friction that is typical of the class of "liquidity models" of the monetary business cycle. We find that the nature of the optimal policy designed to remove these distortions gets modified in the presence of endogenous utility discounting. Consequently the role of monetary policy is significantly altered. Specifically, monetary policy is likely to be less activist relative to the model with a fixed rate of time preference.
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    To Pool or to Aggregate? Tests with a Dynamic Panel Macroeconometric Model of Australian State Labor Markets (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art1 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We construct a dynamic error correction model of the Australian labor market using a macroeconomic panel across seven states from 1972:3 to 1999:1. Medium-run equilibrium estimates support a real wage-productivity gap and an unemployment gap. The dynamic short-run estimates support expectations-augmented Phillips curves for wages and prices, and demand-led employment growth. We compare three procedures - pooled, aggregate and mean group estimates. Considerable heterogeneity existed across states in the pooled procedure, and state-level variables had a significant impact in the aggregate procedure. Out-of-sample aggregate forecasting for the pooled, aggregate and mean group procedures suggests that the pooled one performs best.
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    Openness, Wage Floors and Technology Change (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art5 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper argues that the effect of openness to trade on process innovations and skill premia importantly depends on the structure of labor markets in developed countries. Openness to trade with less developed countries is often modelled as a fall in the relative price of unskilled-labor intensive goods. We show within the model of Acemoglu (2003b) that such a fall in the relative price can make wage floors more binding and trigger costly process innovations that increase the productivity of unskilled workers. Empirical evidence using an industry panel for the US and Germany in the 1970s to 1990s supports this hypothesis: (i) embodied technology change seems distorted towards unskilled-labor intensive industries in Germany where wage floors are more important and (ii) embodied technology change in the 1980s is associated with an increase of the share of skilled labor in the wage bill of 15 percentage points in the US whereas the corresponding increase in Germany is much smaller at 3 percentage points.
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    TFP Differences and the Aggregate Effects of Labor Mobility in the Long Run (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art10 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: The coexistence of barriers to labor mobility with large output-per-worker disparities driven by Total Factor Productivity (TFP) differences suggests that the world's labor force is misallocated across countries. We investigate the extent and consequences of this potential misallocation in the context of a simple two-location growth model, in which production requires capital, labor and an essential immobile factor (land). We characterize the magnitude of labor movements implied by an efficient long-run allocation, and derive their implications for capital accumulation. Quantitatively, even for moderate TFP differences, we find substantial increases in world output associated with efficient allocations. These output increases are driven by large movements of labor from low to high TFP countries, as well as by a sizeable increase in the capital stock and changes in its endogenous division across countries. Our results are robust to a large set of parameter values, including unrealistically conservative ones.
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    Political Sustainability of Unfunded Pensions in an Endogenous Growth Model (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art29 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Cooley and Soares (1999) show that a pay-as-you-go (unfunded) pension system can be an outcome of a political equilibrium even without intergenerational altruism. This note assumes an endogenous growth model rather than an exogenous one. This assumption establishes a link between the savings rate and economic growth. Since the introduction of a pay-as-you-go system lowers the savings rate, it has an adverse effect on the growth rate and hence on the future interest rate and future pensions. When this additional incentive is taken into account, the level of the pay-as-you-go system chosen in political equilibrium can be lower or even, depending on calibration values, disappear entirely, relative to the exogenous growth model of Cooley and Soares.
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    Institutional Determinants of International Equity Portfolios - A Country-Level Analysis (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art34 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Despite large potential gains, international equity investment is less diversified across countries than predicted by the international version of the traditional capital asset pricing model (ICAPM). This paper provides empirical evidence on the impact of capital market frictions on international equity portfolios using data on bilateral equity holdings. Two important findings are reported: First, besides a home bias in equities, a 'friendship bias' can be observed for some country pairs. Second, indirect barriers such as the degree of financial market development and especially information asymmetries have strong explanatory power, whereas direct barriers such as capital flow restrictions have no impact.
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    Optimal Monetary Policy, Endogenous Sticky Prices, and Multiple Equilibria (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art8 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We analyze optimal discretionary monetary policy in an endogenous sticky prices model. Similar models with exogenous sticky prices can deliver multiple equilibria. This is a necessary condition for the occurrence of expectation traps (when private agents' expectations determine the equilibrium level of inflation). In our model, sticky-price firms are allowed to switch to flexible pricing by paying a random cost. For plausible parametrizations, our model has a unique low-inflation equilibrium. With endogenous sticky prices, the monetary authority does not validate high-inflation expectations and deviates to the Friedman rule.
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    Habit Formation and Aggregate Consumption Dynamics (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art21 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper finds that a benchmark model of habit formation in consumer preferences can explain two well-known failures of the permanent income hypothesis: the sensitivity of aggregate consumption to predictable changes in income and to lagged consumer sentiment. One novel feature of the paper's methodology is to allow for measurement errors and other transitory elements (for example, weather-related disturbances) in consumption data. In contrast with traditional wisdom, aggregate consumption growth appears to be highly persistent after controlling for measurement errors and transitory consumption fluctuations: the estimates of persistence in quarterly consumption growth jump up from the commonly assumed 0.3 to about 0.7.
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    Fiscal Discipline and the Cost of Public Debt Service: Some Estimates for OECD Countries (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art28 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: We use a panel of 16 OECD countries over several decades to investigate the effects of government debts and deficits on long-term interest rates. In simple static specifications, a one-percentage-point increase in the primary deficit relative to GDP increases contemporaneous long-term interest rates by about 10 basis points. In a vector autoregression (VAR), the same shock leads to a cumulative increase of almost 150 basis points after 10 years. The effect of debt on interest rates is non-linear: only for countries with above-average levels of debt does an increase in debt affect the interest rate. World fiscal policy is also important: an increase in total OECD-government borrowing increases each country's interest rates. However, domestic fiscal policy continues to affect domestic interest rates even after controlling for worldwide debts and deficits.
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    The Political Economy of Numbers: On the Application of Benford's Law to International Macroeconomic Statistics (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art17 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In this paper we present a technique for assessing data quality based on conformity with Benford's Law, which states that the first digits of numbers generated from natural phenomena do not occur with equal frequency. If data do not conform to the Benford distribution, then questions arise about the process that generated it. Because neutral transformations should preserve conformity to Benford's Law, any macroeconomic adjustment that destroys this conformity should make those calculations suspect.Benford's Law is applied to one of the most commonly used data sets in economics: international macroeconomic statistics. We find that the World Bank international GDP data and purchasing power parity (PPP) corrected Penn World tables for OECD countries conform well to Benford's Law. But some subsets of the data - particularly GDP figures from the developing world -- show non-conformity consistent with deliberate manipulation of the underlying series. The test also flags potential problems with a variety of standard macro transformations of the data.
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    A Simple Wicksellian Macroeconomic Model (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art11 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper describes a simple Wicksellian macroeconomic model that can be used in undergraduate macroeconomics courses. It is designed as an alternative to the Romer (2000) model that is slowly replacing IS-LM/AS-AD in many textbooks. The Wicksellian model has four desirable features relative to the Romer model. First, it treats the interest rate as an exogenous monetary policy instrument rather than assuming that the central bank follows a monetary policy rule. Second, the model can be used to derive a monetary policy rule that is consistent with optimizing behavior on the part of the central bank. Third, the model includes a term structure equation. Fourth, the model has a simple recursive structure that makes it easy to work with. The model can be used to analyze a number of interesting issues in monetary policy that are difficult to handle in the IS-LM/AS-AD or Romer model frameworks. These include issues involving permanent versus temporary expenditures shocks, anticipated expenditures shocks, and shocks to the term structure of interest rates. The model can easily be simplified for use in a principles course or extended for use in upper-level macroeconomics courses.
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    Economic Growth: A Channel Decomposition Exercise (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art4 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper empirically decomposes the channels through which the determinants of growth operate. Methodologically, channel decomposition combines growth accounting with regression analysis. Under channel decomposition, the determinants could affect aggregate productivity growth through physical capital accumulation, through human capital acquisition, or through growth in total factor productivity (TFP). The results from channel decomposition show that TFP growth is the main channel of operation for most of the determinants. Specifically, TFP growth, not factor accumulation, is what accounts for conditional convergence. This finding is extremely robust. There is also no evidence that rich and poor countries converge through different channels.
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    A Positive Analysis of Targeted Employment Protection Legislation (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art14 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: In many countries, Employment Protection Legislation (EPL) establishes less strict dismissal procedures for specific groups of workers. This paper builds a simple matching model with heterogeneous workers in order to analyze this feature of EPL. We use the model to analyze the effects of reforms targeted at lowering the firing costs of a particular group of workers, and compare the results with those stemming from a comprehensive reform that reduces firing costs for all workers. The model is calibrated for the Spanish economy, where an important reform of this kind took place in 1997. Overall, our results point out that EPL reforms achieve the largest reduction in unemployment when they are targeted to workers with lower and more volatile productivity.
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    ICT and Productivity Resurgence: A Growth Model for the Information Age (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art31 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: Since the mid-1990s, extraordinary advances in semiconductors have enhanced the embodied nature of information technology, fuelling efficiency growth in computers and communication equipment industries. The consequent fall in prices has enabled the rapid diffusion of these new technologies, which have reached the critical threshold to foster productivity growth. In light of the recent growth pattern of the United States, this paper presents a model where the endogenous engine of development is the learning-by-doing process stemming from the usage of ICT for investment and consumption. Based on a two-sector framework (à la Whelan) that distinguishes between ICT-producers and -users, the model yields a sound representation of the stylized facts of the Information Age.
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    Decomposing Consumer Wealth Effects: Evidence on the Role of Real Estate Assets Following the Wealth Cycle of 1990-2002 (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art25 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: During the period from 1990 to 2002, U.S. households experienced a dramatic wealth cycle, induced by a 369 percent appreciation in the value of real per capita liquid stock-market assets, followed by a 55 percent decline. However, despite predictions at the time by some analysts relying on life-cycle models of consumption, consumer spending in real terms continued to rise throughout this period. Using data that include the period from 1990 to 2005, traditional approaches to estimating macroeconomic wealth effects on consumption confront two puzzles: (i) econometric evidence of a stable cointegrating relationship among consumption, income, and wealth is weak at best; and (ii) life-cycle models that rely on aggregate measures of wealth cannot explain why consumption did not collapse when the value of stock-market assets declined so dramatically. We address both puzzles by decomposing wealth according to the liquidity of household assets. In particular, we find that significant appreciation in the value of real estate assets that occurred after the peak of the wealth cycle helped to sustain consumer spending from 2000 to 2005.
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    Rich, Poor and Growth-Miracle Nations: Multiple Equilibria Revisited (2007)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @B.E. journal of macroeconomics 7.2007, 1, art20 
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    ISSN: 1555-0486
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Economics
    Notes: This paper presents a two-sector growth model of international trade that can account for the key features of the postwar world development experience. Two sectors represent traditional primitive production and modern sophisticated production. Due to increasing returns in the modern sector, the open-economy version of our model gives rise to three different equilibria: one in which the country produces only primitive goods and converges to a low-income steady state; another in which it produces both primitive and sophisticated goods and converges to the world-average steady state; and a third in which it specializes in the production of sophisticated goods and converges to a balanced growth path. We argue that the development experiences of poor, rich and growth-miracle countries are well described by these three equilibria.
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