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  • Articles  (7)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7)
  • probabilistic analysis  (4)
  • technology  (3)
  • Springer  (7)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (7)
  • 1950-1954
  • Economics  (7)
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  • Articles  (7)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (7)
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  • Springer  (7)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 1 (1984), S. 23-42 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Hierarchical planning problem ; stochastic programming ; heuristic ; performance measure ; probabilistic analysis ; asymptotic optimality ; machine scheduling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract As we have argued in previous papers, multi-level decision problems can often be modeled as multi-stage stochastic programs, and hierarchical planning systems designed for their solution, when viewed as stochastic programming heuristics, can be subjected to analytical performance evaluation. The present paper gives a general formulation of such stochastic programs and provides a framework for the design and analysis of heuristics for their solution. The various ways to measure the performance of such heuristics are reviewed, and some relations between these measures are derived. Our concepts are illustrated on a simple two-level planning problem of a general nature and on a more complicated two-level scheduling problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 1 (1984), S. 67-78 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Integer linear programming ; stochastic programming ; probabilistic analysis ; computational complexity ; order statistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A method is proposed to estimate confidence intervals for the solution of integer linear programming (ILP) problems where the technological coefficients matrix and the resource vector are made up of random variables whose distribution laws are unknown and only a sample of their values is available. This method, based on the theory of order statistics, only requires knowledge of the solution of the relaxed integer linear programming (RILP) problems which correspond to the sampled random parameters. The confidence intervals obtained in this way have proved to be more accurate than those estimated by the current methods which use the integer solutions of the sampled ILP problems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 229-238 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Trends ; efficiency ; technology ; energy ; productivity ; alternatives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper discusses long-term trends in relationships between energy use and the overall productive efficiency of the American economy. While total energy consumption grew strongly during the twentieth century, the intensity of energy use (i.e. the energy/GNP ratio) fell persistently much of the time. Thus, there were simultaneous long-term improvements in labor productivity, total factor productivity,and energy productivity. The historical record appears to be at odds with conventional beliefs that gains in productive efficiency depend upon the rising intensity of energy use in production processes. A key role in bringing about these counter-intuitive results is assigned to what is referred to as the energy-technology-productivity nexus, in which the quality of particular energy forms such as electricity and liquid fuels (along with closely linked changes in energy-using technologies) played a critical part in leveraging the overall efficiency of production. As a result of these energy form-dependent improvements in productive efficiency, outputs grew more rapidly than all inputs, including the inputs of energy. The more recent past stands in sharp contrast to the long-term record. While energy efficiency (as measured by energy/GNP) showed strong gains during the late 1970's and early 1980's, the growth in overall productive efficiency was severely retarded. Implications for the future of suggested linkages between the quality of particular energy forms and technological progress are considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 329-334 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: nation ; technology ; economics ; environment ; tradeoff's ; policy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of pending national policy takes on greater importance each day to supply policy makers with much needed data on the overall economic effect such policies will have on total employment, income, output, tax revenues, and the general price level throughout the economy. This short paper examines the potential for integration of existing modeling technology into a meaningful national planning model to provide a sound set of economic indices leading to enhanced market efficiency and resource use. Initial efforts at integrated modeling and analysis are described, together with indications of their levels of success in replicating the existing economic environment. Emphasis is placed on determination of shadow prices in a growing economy and their incorporation into the systematic development of a national planning model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 1 (1984), S. 291-303 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Towers of Hanoi ; error-correcting algorithm ; probabilistic analysis ; discrete density function ; recurrence equations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Any sequence of legal moves leads the Towers of Hanoi puzzle to an arrangement from which the final configuration must be built up. A recursive algorithm which finishes off the puzzle is considered and, assuming a uniform distribution on the possible unfinished situations, the density function of the number of moves it takes is derived.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 1 (1984), S. 215-238 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Geometric location problems ; probabilistic analysis ; heuristics ; k center ; k median
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract We analyze the behaviour of thek center and median problems forn points randomly distributed in an arbitrary regionA ofR d . Under a mild assumption on the regionA, we show that fork≦k(n)=o(n/logn), the objective function values of the discrete and continuous versions of these problems are equal to each otheralmost surely. For the two-dimensional case, both these problems can be solved by placing the centers or medians in an especially simple regular hexagonal pattern (the ‘honeycomb heuristic’ of Papadimitriou). This yields the exact asymptotic values for thek center and median problem, namely, α(|A|/k)1/2 and β(|A|/k)1/2, where |A| denotes the volume ofA, α and β are known constants, and the objective of the median problem is given in terms of the average, rather than the usual total, distance. For the 3- and 4-dimensional case, similar results can be obtained for the center problem to within an accuracy of roughly one percent. As a by-product, we also get asymptotically optimal algorithms for the 2-dimensionalp-normk median problem and for the twin problems of minimizing the maximum number of vertices served by any center and similarly for maximizing the minimum.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Annals of operations research 2 (1984), S. 201-211 
    ISSN: 1572-9338
    Keywords: Industry ; decisions ; plans ; technology ; fuel ; tradeoffs ; executives
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Economics
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the present status of new product evaluation and decision making in large and small companies. It discusses the need to draw from a wide range of sources for societal as well as financial and technical information. While deficiencies and the need for improved analytical capabilities are identified, the emphasis is on what can be done, and near term problems using as an example the decision to produce a new type of vehicle engine.
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