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  • Articles  (11)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (11)
  • pastoralism  (6)
  • adaptation  (5)
  • Springer  (11)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (11)
  • 1950-1954
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (11)
  • History
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  • Articles  (11)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (11)
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  • Springer  (11)
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Year
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatility of animal wealth among Southwest Asian pastoralists (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 85-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Middle East ; pastoralism ; economic anthropology ; economic mobility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Accounts of Southwest Asian pastoralism often suggest that wealth in animals is volatile. However, no systematic study has been undertaken to determine either the potential for herd increase and loss or the likely long-term implications of this potential. Drawing on an analysis of data from the Komachi nomads of south-central Iran and other Southwest Asian pastoralists, this paper addresses these questions. It argues that, contrary to conventional expectations, (a) herds in the region do not show potential for dramatic increase; (b) radical shifts in individual economic status are unlikely to occur through normal gains and losses; and (c) to the extent that short-term gains or losses of individual holdings do occur, long-term economic differentiation within a population can be expected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531106
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecology of a pastoral caste: Gavli Dhangars of peninsular India (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 107-143 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; ecology and development ; malarial history ; shifting cultivation ; ecological history
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract The Gavlis are a pastoral caste of the forested hill tracts of India 's Western Ghats region. This paper examines their shift under British colonial rule from buffalo-keepers to goatherds to cultivators of increasingly marginal hill tracts, the context of forest exploitation and malaria control as well as more recent dairy development programs of the Indian government. It concludes that if present trends continue Gavlis everywhere will follow the same progression, eventually becoming landless migrants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531107
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interactions of genetic and cultural evolution: Models and examples (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 289-323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: coevolution ; adaptation ; cultural evolution ; genetic evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper proposes models and examples of five principal modes of interaction between genes and culture in human evolution. Because genes and culture ultimately interact in the minds of individuals, the models are focused on individual level processes of “constrained microevolution.” The central hypotheses are (1) that cultural evolution as well as genetic evolution commonly proceeds by the differential transmission of alternative “instructions” among individuals, (2) that genetic and cultural processes directly interact through mutual influence on each other's differentials of transmission in a population, (3) that the cultural process is often self-selecting by its own criteria, and (4) that these criteria generally operate to enhance rather than oppose human adaptation. Evolutionary change at higher levels, which is particularly important in sociocultural evolution, is interpreted as restructuring the nature and extent of the variability available at the individual level. To clarify the conceptual differences of the models and hopefully to stimulate related analyses in other areas, I discuss selected examples of each of these interactions. I conclude with some remarks on the relative importance of the models to human ecology and evolution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531188
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Response to drought among farmers and herders in southern Kajiado District, Kenya (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 35-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Kenya ; drought ; farming ; pastoralism ; rural development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract From 1972 to 1976 rainfall in Kajiado District of Kenya was below normal. The capacity of the farming and herding systems to cope with the consequent reduction in production is discussed within a context of changing land-use patterns and altered resource availability. It is concluded that land-use planning to allocate the available land and water resources and to promote off-farm employment is required to reduce the vulnerability of the population to future drought conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531283
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pastoralism and conservation (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 431-441 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: pastoralism ; overstocking ; overgrazing ; environmental degradation ; wildlife conservation ; joint land use ; Ngorongoro Conservation Area
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Traditional subsistence pastoralists are often seen as causing environmental degradation through overgrazing, and are also seen as responsible for a decline in wildlife numbers through resource competition and habitat change. This paper investigates recent ideas on the interaction of pastoralism and conservation that question the validity of the concepts of overstocking and overgrazing as applied to arid and semiarid rangelands. The Ngorongoro Conservation Area, a Maasai pastoralist/wildlife conservation joint land use area in northern Tanzania, shows no clear signs of pastoralist-induced environmental degradation despite a preoccupation with this possibility by successive administrations. Ecological studies together with other considerations suggest that joint land use works to the long-term benefit of both pastoralism and conservation in this and other areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531127
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental analysis in human evolution and adaptation research (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 135-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: cultural ecology ; adaptation ; environmental analysis ; human evolution ; evolutionary ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Human evolution and ecology analyses argue that environment is a major factor influencing biological and sociocultural adaptation, but they rarely analyze environmental properties. Multiple problems of perspective and method can arise from the normative and nondynamic environmental descriptions which pervade these analyses. This paper examines human adaptation frameworks to identify theoretical guidelines for environmental description in ways appropriate to available theories of biocultural evolution or congruent with known ecosystem qualities. Concepts and terminology are given for describing the spatial and temporal properties characteristic of ecosystems and central to hypotheses about ecological adaptation. These include: patchiness and grain; stability and resilience; persistence and recurrence; and predictability, constancy, and contingency. Field experience, theory, and the qualities of ecosystems themselves suggest that detailed, historical (long-term) environmental analysis is necessary to determine the role of ecological factors in human evolution and adapation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531439
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ecology of marine exploitation in prehistoric Hawaii (1982)
    Springer
    Human ecology 10 (1982), S. 455-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: fishing ; faunal analysis ; Oceania (Hawaii) ; niche width ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Archaeological evidence for prehistoric strategies of marine exploitation in Oceania may be profitably analyzed from an ecological perspective, in which individual sites and assemblages are viewed in the context of adaptation to local environmental constraints. This perspective is illustrated through the contrastive analysis of environment, technology, and faunal remains at three prehistoric Hawaiian sites. Differing strategies of marine exploitation evidenced for each site are shown to reflect local marine environmental conditions. An ecological approach shows greater promise for an understanding of prehistoric adaptation to marine environment than the typological analyses current in much archaeological work on fishing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531167
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monoculture, polyculture, and polyvariety in tropical forest Swidden cultivation (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 13-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: Swidden cultivation ; Ye'kwana ; Yanomamö ; neotropics ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract A number of researchers have suggested that polyculture is characteristic of native tropical forest swiddens and have adduced theory from community ecology to account for its adaptiveness. Ye'kwana and Yanomamö swidden cultivation is examined, and it is shown that polyculture is not practiced to any significant degree. Instead, the concept of polyvariety is introduced along with a number of other cultivation practices that more simply account for the adaptiveness of Ye'kwana and Yanomamö gardening. In addition, comparative data from other parts of the tropical world indicate that polyculture is no more common than monoculture and recent advances in ecological research indicate that the diversity-stability hypothesis that underpins adaptive arguments of polyculture is in need of drastic revision.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891228
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The significance of latitudinality in Himalayan mountain ecosystems (1980)
    Springer
    Human ecology 8 (1980), S. 117-134 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: mountain ecosystems ; latitudinality ; mixed mountain agriculture ; Himalayas ; Tibetans ; pastoralism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper argues that the altitude-oriented “mixed mountain agriculture” model in which mountain dwellers move to higher altitudes in summer and lower ones in winter does not fit the empirical situation in many areas of the Himalayas where north-south or latitudinally differentiated habitat and production zones play important and, in some instances, central roles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01531438
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ciguatera — Parameters of a tropical health problem (1984)
    Springer
    Human ecology 12 (1984), S. 253-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: ciguatera ; fish poisoning ; marine biotoxins ; ciguatoxin ; neurotoxins ; dinoflagellates ; marine resources ; Pacific Islands ; health ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is a significant health and resource problem in the tropical world, largely because of its uneven and unpredictable distribution in space and through time. Here, the problem is reviewed with evidence from the Pacific Basin. The contemporary distribution of ciguatera and the species commonly perceived to be toxic are considered and a hypothesis relating the greater prevalence of ciguatera in the eastern Pacific to reduced species diversity is presented. The problem is also considered as a public health phenomenon (the mean reported incidence for the Pacific region as a whole in 1981 was 109/100,000) and attention is given to island dwellers' adaptation to the problem, their explanations of its etiology, as well as its detection, prophylaxis, and cure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01540591
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decision-making organization and pastoral nomad camp size (1983)
    Springer
    Human ecology 11 (1983), S. 175-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9915
    Keywords: decision-making ; organization theory ; pastoralism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Ethnic Sciences
    Notes: Abstract It is suggested on both theoretical and empirical grounds that both central tendency and maximum potential range of variation in camp size among a variety of pastoral nomad groups is heavily constrained by limitations on the ability of individuals and small groups to monitor and process information in decision-making contexts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00891742
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