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  • Articles  (1,617)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  In the recent literature on spatial agglomeration models, substantial progress has been made in modeling urban structures in terms of number and size of cities, but the question where cities arise remains unanswered. This paper illustrates that if a spatial agglomeration model is extended with a true geographical dimension, the location of cities can also be endogenized. A geographical agglomeration model for Europe shows that the size and place of cities can be simultaneously determined. The empirical results suggest that elementary economic forces such as agglomeration economies and transportation costs might be able to explain place and size of cities in the long run to a substantial degree. In addition, some new statistical measures of fit are discussed that are needed to evaluate simulations results of this kind.
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  • 2
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper estimates the effects of knowledge spillovers on patent growth rates across 335 European regions over the 1989–1999 period. We propose a dynamic model based on an innovation production function. A Bayesian approach is used to take into account area-specific innovation and spatial spillovers. The estimation of the model proceeds via Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. The results show significant positive and negative spatial effects on innovative activity. The model allows for a rich spatial specification, which we illustrate by incorporating transport proximity measured by transportation time between regions to augment the typical spatial proximity measure of connectivity between regions. Doing this produces more pronounced spatial spillovers that exhibit a more polarized spatial pattern than a model relying on spatial proximity alone.
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  • 3
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper provides an empirical investigation of the advantages accruing to workers in industrial clusters. Using a unique data set based on the Cluster Mapping Project of the Italian National Statistical Institute, we examine whether industry agglomeration leads to wage and labor mobility differentials. We estimate complete Mincerian wage equations, investigating whether returns to seniority and education are a possible source of differentiation. We find that working in an industrial cluster reduces the returns to education, does not affect the returns to seniority, and does not provide average wage premia. On the other hand, industrial agglomeration positively affects the likelihood of being employed, of starting a business, and of making a transition from payroll employment to entrepreneurship; it also increases blue-collar worker mobility across jobs.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Luc Anselin, Raymond J. G. M. Florax, and Sergio J. Rey. Advances in Spatial Econometrics: Methodology, Tools and ApplicationsAmy Ellen Schwartz. City Taxes, City Spending: Essays in Honor of Dick NetzerAndrew Wood and David Valler. Governing Local and Regional Economies: Institutions, Politics and Economic DevelopmentVijayendra Rao and Michael Walton. Culture and Public ActionKent W. Colton. Housing in the Twenty-First Century: Achieving Common GroundLeo van den Berg and Antonio Russo. The Student City: Strategic Planning for Student Communities in EU CitiesHarry W. Richardson and Chang-Hee Christine Bae. Urban Sprawl in Western Europe and the United StatesRon J. Johnston and James D. Sidaway. Geography & Geographers: Anglo-American Human Geography since 1945Georges Benko and Ulf Strohmayer. Human Geography: A History for the 21st CenturyGary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott. Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st CenturyMichael Storper. Institutions, Incentives and Communication in Economic GeographyMichael D. Bordo, Alan M. Taylor, and Jeffrey G. Williamson. Globalization in Historical PerspectiveA. J. Dietz, Ruerd Ruben, and A. Verhagen. The Impact of Climate Change on Drylands, With a Focus on West AfricaFrancis J. Leazes Jr. and Mark T. Motte. Providence, the Renaissance CityMike Carr. Bioregionalism and Civil Society: Democratic Challenges to Corporate Globalism
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  • 5
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  In this paper, we extend the partial equilibrium urban model of DeSalvo (1985) to include mode choice. DeSalvo demonstrated that the urban model of Muth (1969) was robust to the extension to leisure choice. We show that the model is robust to mode choice as well. In addition, we derive the comparative static results that commuters choose higher speed modes for longer commutes, at higher wage rates, with greater tastes for housing, and with lower housing prices. Also, for a given distance commuted, we derive the comparative static result that commuters chose shorter duration commutes at higher wage rates. Whereas it is typically assumed that marginal commuting cost is positive and non-increasing with distance, we derive these results. Moreover, we derive the results that marginal commuting cost rises with an exogenous increase in housing price and falls with increased tastes for housing. We also explore the effects of exogenous commuting-cost changes on the endogenous variables of the model. The remaining comparative static results on housing consumption and location are qualitatively the same as in DeSalvo.
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  • 6
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper presents methods to analyze convergence in cross-sectional data collected over time using distribution free statistics that are not sensitive to the magnitudes involved. Measures of concordance and discordance are employed in the empirical analysis of real personal income per capita for 48 U.S. States over the period 1929–2002. Although most States are converging with each other, some are converging faster than others. The methods used have the flexibility to focus on specific characteristics such as convergence in absolute differences or convergence in the ratio of rewards. The methods may also be used to consider convergence without switching and additionally be applied to other features such as the percentiles of the distributions.
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  • 7
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper tests some of the main hypotheses about the importance of horizontal clusters for the growth of employment in small firms using data from Computing Services in Great Britain. In the main section of the paper, spatial econometric models are estimated controlling for supply- and demand-side conditions to isolate the effect of initial cluster intensity. The paper then projects cluster development using the fitted model, showing how clusters are likely to emerge and intensify. One aspect of the paper is the existence of a de-clustering mechanism due to congestion effects.
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  • 8
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Numerous models propose an income-distribution/growth linkage, but the empirical evidence is ambiguous and depends on the regression approach. Mixed findings are not unexpected if there are differing short- and long-term responses. Approaches utilizing cross-sectional variation primarily reflect long-run effects, whereas those using time-series variation primarily reveal short-run effects. This study reconciles these issues using U.S. state data. After allowing for short- and long-run responses and for separate effects between the tails and middle of the distribution, the consistent pattern is the middle-class share and overall inequality are positively related to long-run growth. However, the short-run income-distribution response is less clear.
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  • 9
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Transaction costs have attracted considerable attention in the theoretical literature on residential mobility. Transaction costs are thought to cause suboptimal consumption of housing but may also negatively affect labor market outcomes. In the current paper, we demonstrate empirically for the Netherlands that transaction costs have a strong negative effect on the owners' probability of moving. Under a range of different specifications, it appears that a 1 percent-point increase in the value of transaction costs—as a percentage of the value of the residence—decreases residential mobility rates by (at least) 8 percent. The estimates imply that ownership to ownership mobility rates would be substantially higher in the absence of the current 6 percent ad valorem buyer transaction tax. Our estimates are consistent with the observation that in the Netherlands ad valorem transaction costs mainly consist of buyer transaction costs.
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  • 10
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  In this paper's model, undocumented workers are endogenously sorted into secondary labor markets. When further illegal immigration occurs, some new migrants follow their fellows into already migrant-dominated jobs, lowering migrant wages and raising real incomes of host-country labor and capital. Some submarkets switch from employing legal workers to employing migrants, lowering demand for and wages of legal workers. Undocumented immigration is Pareto-improving when enforcement reserves primary-sector jobs for legal workers. Pareto-dominant policies target the number of migrant-dominated submarkets, not the number of migrants. This appears consistent with U.S. enforcement practices. The effects of deportations, employer sanctions, and amnesties are explored.
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  • 11
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper extends the interval Hotelling model with quadratic transport costs to the n-player case. For a large set of locations including potential equilibrium configurations, we show for n 〉 2 that firms neither maximize differentiation—as in the duopoly model—nor minimize differentiation—as in the multi-firm game with linear transport cost. Subgame perfect equilibria for games with up to nine players are characterized by a U-shaped price structure and interior corner firm locations. Results are driven by an asymmetry between firms. Interior firms are weaker competitors than their rivals at the corners. Increasing the number of firms shifts even more power to the corner firms. As a result, there is too much differentiation from the social perspective if n ≤ 3, while adding firms leads to a level of differentiation in equilibrium below the social optimum.
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  • 12
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This study implements and tests a mathematical programming model to estimate interregional, interindustry transaction flows in a national system of economic regions based on an interregional accounting framework and initial information of interregional shipments. A national input–output (IO) table, regional data on gross output, value-added, exports, imports, and final demand at sector level are used as inputs to generate an interregional IO account that reconciles regional economic statistics and interregional transaction data. The model is tested using data from a multiregional global IO database and shows remarkable capacity to discover true interregional trade patterns from highly distorted initial estimates.
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  • 13
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  The concept of economic homogeneity in regional science is based on two very different notions: composition and similarity. In the case of the states of the US, measures of homogeneity based on these different notions are negatively correlated with each other, suggesting that the results of studies that use measures of economic homogeneity are likely to be sensitive to the conceptual basis of the specific measure. In order to overcome this problem, a portfolio-theoretic measure of economic homogeneity with some attractive properties is presented. It is naturally decomposable into two components reflecting each of these notions and easy to construct using widely available data. Using this measure, patterns of homogeneity for the states of the US are illustrated and discussed, and hypotheses about the relationship between homogeneity and economic instability are tested.
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  • 14
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  The U.S. Regional Ferrous Scrap Model analyzes spatial variations in prices for two grades of ferrous scrap using a logistic model of choice under differentiated products. The model uses a computer-generated equilibrium framework to solve for prices that support the observed spatial distribution of supply and demand quantities. This paper presents the model's formal structure and its solution algorithm. The model specification is highly disaggregated with 1,212 supply and 240 demand regions. Characteristics of the equilibrium solution are described for prices and interregional flows. Sensitivity of equilibrium values to changes in model parameters is reported.
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  • 15
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 16
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Der-Horng Lee, Urban and Regional Transportation Modeling: Essays in Honor of David BoyceRichard Netzer, The Property Tax, Land Use and Land Use RegulationEric Sheppard and Robert B. McMaster, Scale and Geographic Inquiry: Nature, Society, and MethodLaura A. Reese and David Fasenfest, Critical Evaluations of Economic Development PoliciesTracy M. Gordon, Planned Developments in California: Private Communities and Public LifeAlberto Alesina and Enrico Spolaore, The Size of NationsTimothy Bresnahan and Alfonso Gambardella, Building High-Tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and BeyondDavid Brunori, Local Tax Policy: A Federalist PerspectiveAndré Sorensen, Peter J. Marcotullio, and Jill Grant, Towards Sustainable Cities: East Asian, North American and European Perspectives on Managing Urban RegionsMichael Dear and Gustavo Leclerc, Postborder City: Cultural Spaces of Bajalta CaliforniaEdward J. Lincoln, East Asian Economic RegionalismFiona Hill and Clifford Gaddy, The Siberian Curse: How Communist Planners Left Russia Out in the ColdJonathan Barnett, Redesigning Cities: Principles, Practice, ImplementationJohn Punter, The Vancouver Achievement: Urban Planning and DesignDavid Halle, New York & Los Angeles: Politics, Society, and Culture: A Comparative ViewChris Couch, City of Change and Challenge: Urban Planning and Regeneration in LiverpoolAlan Rabinowitz, Urban Economics and Land Use in America: The Transformation of Cities in the Twentieth CenturyDon Mitchell, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space
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  • 17
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper examines the initial location choice of legal employment-based immigrants to the United States using Immigration and Naturalization Service data on individual immigrants, as well as economic, demographic, and social data to characterize the 298 metropolitan areas we define as the universal choice set. Focusing on interactions between place characteristics and immigrant characteristics, we provide multinomial logit model estimates for the location choices of about 38,000 employment-based immigrants to the United States in 1995, focusing on the top 10 source countries. We find that, as groups, immigrants from nearly all countries are attracted to large cities with superior climates, and to cities with relatively well-educated adults and high wages. We also find evidence that employment-based immigrants tend to choose cities where there are relatively few immigrants of nationalities other than their own. However, when we introduce interaction terms to account for the sociodemographic characteristics of the individual immigrants, we find that the estimated effects of location destination factors can reverse as one takes account of the age, gender, marital status, and previous occupation of the immigrants.
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  • 18
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    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Recent natural and manmade disasters have had significant regional economic impacts. These effects have been muted, however, by the resilience of individual businesses and of regional markets, which refers to the inherent ability and adaptive responses that enable firms and regions to avoid potential losses. Computable general equilibrium (CGE) analysis is a promising approach to disaster impact analysis because it is able to model the behavioral response to input shortages and changing market conditions. However, without further refinement, CGE models, as well as nearly all other economic models, reflect only “business-as-usual” conditions, when they are based on historical data. This paper advances the CGE analysis of major supply disruptions of critical inputs by: specifying operational definitions of individual business and regional macroeconomic resilience, linking production function parameters to various types of producer adaptations in emergencies, developing algorithms for recalibrating production functions to empirical or simulation data, and decomposing partial and general equilibrium responses. We illustrate some of these contributions in a case study of the sectoral and regional economic impacts of a disruption to the Portland Metropolitan Water System in the aftermath of a major earthquake.
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  • 19
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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  • 20
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper attempts to rescue the regional export-base growth model from a purely demand-side interpretation. It formally develops the classic Northian approach, where the exploitation of region-specific resources by export-orientated production sectors determines regional growth. In this model, the nature of the regional expansion is shown to be stimulus-specific with the value of the marginal export-base multiplier varying within very wide limits, depending upon key characteristics of the region and the nature of the supply-side shock to the export base.
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  • 21
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Recently, Oosterhaven and Stelder (2002, Journal of Regional Science, 42, 533–543) (OS) addressed the issue of measuring the economic importance of an industry. In practice, the traditional multipliers are commonly multiplied by, for example, the outputs. According to OS, this is a misuse that leads to double counting, a correction for which results in their net multipliers. In this note, I will provide an economic interpretation, which suggests that net multipliers may be a good choice for descriptive purposes. The comment by de Mesnard (2002, Journal of Regional Science, 42, 545–548) adopts a different viewpoint. Following his approach, I will show that also the common procedure—which was the central point of rejection in OS—has a sound economic interpretation. In its turn, this yields an alternative interpretation for the matrices used in supply-driven input–output models.
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  • 22
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    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Business cycles in different regions of the United States tend to synchronize. This study investigates the reasons behind this synchronization of business cycles and the consequent formation of a national business cycle. Trade between regions may not be strong enough for one region to “drive” business cycle fluctuations in another region. This study suggests that regional business cycles synchronize due to a nonlinear “mode-locking” process in which weakly coupled oscillating systems (regions) tend to synchronize. There is no definitive test for mode-lock. However, simulations, correlations, Granger causality tests, tests for nonlinearities, vector autoregressions, and spectral analysis reveal modest econometric support for the regional mode-locking hypothesis of business cycle synchronization.
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  • 23
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    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  The paper proposes a human capital-based model of choice between paid employment and entrepreneurship that can give rise to multiple equilibria in occupational structure. The model is consistent with evidence of pronounced, persistent, and hitherto unexplained regional variations in entrepreneurship. Whether multiple equilibria emerge is shown to depend on the occupation-specific productivity of human capital and the costs of human and financial capital. The paper goes on to discuss the implications for governments seeking to promote entrepreneurship as a tool of regional development policy.
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    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd/Inc.
    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1467-9787
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geography , Economics
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  We analyze an urban spatial model to examine the possible link between urban land use and obesity. Households maximize utility defined over housing, weight, and food subject to a fixed time budget allocated to commuting, calorie expenditure, and work. Our model explains the observed correspondence between high obesity rates and low development densities, but implies that these are determined endogenously in a spatial market equilibrium. We study the sorting of residents by attributes such as income, initial weight, and weight preferences, and examine the impacts on weight and density of urban design modifications that lower the costs of calorie expenditure.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  This paper draws on micro-level data to fully inform the debate on decentralization and regional development. Using labor-income trajectories of emigrants from Mexico City, the paper analyzes how the labor market in a regional city, Leon, evolves. Results from the econometric model suggest that migrants’ labor-income trajectories differ between the large agglomeration and the regional city in an early stage of the evolution of the labor market, but converge in a later stage. Specifically, the slope of the earning function for recent migrants is steeper and statistically different from the slope for early migrants. The findings presented in this paper enrich the existing theory by providing microfoundations to a typically macroeconomic area of research and enable policy makers to better understand the processes underpinning the evolution of regional labor markets.
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    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Books reviewed:Meric S. Gertler. Manufacturing Culture: The Institutional Geography of Industrial PracticeJamie Peck and Henry Wai-chung Yeung. Remaking the Global Economy: Economic-Geographical PerspectivesÅke E. Andersson, Börje Johansson, and William P. Anderson. The Economics of Disappearing DistancePriscilla Pue Ho Chu. The Making of Women Entrepreneurs in Hong KongJean-Louis Mucchielli and Thierry Mayer. Multinational Firms’ Location and the New Economic GeographyAnthony Downs. Still Struck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic CongestionAnthony Downs. Growth Management and Affordable Housing: Do They ConflictYasuhide Okuyama and Stephanie E. Chang. Modeling Spatial and Economic Impacts of DisastersTony Champion and Graeme Hugo. New Forms of Urbanization: Beyond the Urban–Rural DichotomyJoseph Persky, Daniel Felsenstein, and Virginia Carlson. Does “Trickle Down” Work? Economic Development Strategies and Job Chains in Local Labor MarketsSherry L. Smith. The Future of the Southern PlainsDoryane Kermel-Torrès et al. Atlas of Thailand: Spatial Structures and DevelopmentGyörgy Enyedi and István Tózsa. The Region: Regional Development, Policy, Administration and E-GovernmentHeinz G. Preusse. The New American RegionalismYue-man Yeung and Shen Jianfa. Developing China’s West: A Critical Path to Balanced National Development
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    Journal of regional science 45 (2005), S. 0 
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  Consider two firms, at different locations, supplying a homogenous good at constant marginal production cost. Consumers incur travel costs to the firm for each unit purchased, and the travel costs increase with the amount of travel to each firm (congestion). When all traffic and all congestion are generated by travel to a duopolist, both the Nash–Bertrand equilibrium prices and the Nash–Cournot equilibrium prices exceed the sum of the marginal production cost and the marginal external travel cost. However, when the road is shared by travelers to the duopolists' facilities and travelers in competitive markets, the Nash–Bertrand duopoly price equals the competitive price and the Nash–Cournot price contains a markup.
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    Topics: Geography , Economics
    Notes: Abstract.  We use the Getis/Ord local G statistic and detailed county-level industry employment data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics to isolate discrete industrial complexes—or groups of nominally linked industries clustered in particular locations—for two recent years: 1989 and 1997. We describe the characteristics of the complexes in terms of their number, spatial extent, broad regional distribution, and other factors. Data from the two periods help illustrate key shifts in industrial locations, including the continuing concentration of the apparel industry in the Southeast and the ongoing southern shift in U.S. vehicle production.
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    Notes: Abstract.  Less information about a location has long been believed to be a barrier to new migration to that location. Diverse empirical results support this belief. Here we show that if agents are risk-neutral, less information about a location not only is not a barrier to migration to that location, it is actually an attractor. Only if agents are Bayesian and risk-averse is less information a barrier.
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    Notes: Abstract.  This article adapts a regional adjustment model to examine land use change in the Rocky Mountain West region of the United States. Three interrelated questions motivate the research. How does the proliferation of urban, suburban, and exurban sprawl in the Rocky Mountain West relate to the population and employment growth process? Are population and employment endogenously determined there? And what does this imply for the sustainability of economic development in the region? Through a series of regional adjustment models, the empirical analysis links population and employment growth in the Rocky Mountain West to explicit spatial outcomes and delivers substantive evidence of endogeneity between the two. The results suggest that the long-term prosperity of the region depends on the preservation of the high quality of life it offers, and that greater intergovernmental coordination, careful infrastructure planning, and attention to the character of its economic structure may help to accomplish this. Future research should focus on looking deeper into certain explanatory variables used in this analysis and on developing a better picture of what the spatial equilibrium that regional adjustment models emulate may look like.
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    Notes: Books reviewed:Michael W. Klein, Scott Schuh, and Robert K. Triest, Job Creation, Job Destruction, and International CompetitionCarl Davidson and Steven J. Matusz, International Trade and Labor Markets: Theory, Evidence, and Policy ImplicationsWilliam R. Black, Transportation: A Geographical AnalysisBernard Fingleton, European Regional GrowthBernard Fingleton, Ayda Eraydin, and Raffaele Paci, Regional Growth, SMEs and the Wider EuropeJulia Traistaru, Peter Nijkamp, and Laura Resmini, The Emerging Economic Geography in EU Accession CountriesJohannes Bröcker, Dirk Dohse, and Rüdiger Soltwedel, Innovation Clusters and Interregional CompetitionAlan Hyde, Working in Silicon Valley: Economic and Legal Analysis of a High-Velocity Labor MarketRobert Mark Silverman, Community-Based Organizations: The Intersection of Social Capital and Local Context in Contemporary Urban SocietyWilliam A. V. Clark, Immigrants and the American Dream: Remaking the Middle ClassBarry G. Rabe, Statehouse and Greenhouse: The Emerging Politics of American Climate Change PolicyAmrita Daniere and Lois M. Takahashi, Rethinking Environmental Management in the Pacific Rim: Exploring Local Participation in Bangkok, ThailandCenter for Sustainable Environments, Northern Arizona University, with Terralingua and Grand Canyon Wildlands Council, Safeguarding the Uniqueness of the Colorado Plateau: An Ecoregional Assessment of Biocultural Diversity
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    Notes: Abstract.  Manufacturing industry in Northern Ireland receives extensive financial support from government with the objective of improving the economic performance of the plants that are directly assisted. Many studies have tried to assess the impact of such assistance, but without the counterfactual evidence it is difficult to ascertain whether or not such support does improve performance. The aim of this paper is to use a unique matched data set to establish if such assistance has made a difference to total factor productivity in Northern Ireland manufacturing plants.
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    Notes: Abstract.  Economic performance in Spanish provinces has led to a considerable improvement in standard of living of their populations. Intense capital accumulation since the 1950s played a key roll in this process. Provincial inequalities may increase or decrease as a result of this growth pattern. This study analyzes the evolution of the disparities by means of distribution dynamics techniques. It explicitly considers economic size of each province and whether spatial spillovers exist. Results indicate that the convergence process has been especially intense for labor productivity, total factor productivity, and capital intensity, while for per capita income the patterns of convergence are less marked. When we weight our analysis according to economic size of each province, our conclusions do not hold. However, when we take geographic location into account, we find support for our conclusions.
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    Notes: Abstract.  Microsimulation was introduced nearly 50 years ago but has recently experienced a revival in the social sciences. Its use in regional science, however, has been limited, although it offers some advantages over common regional analytic methods. This paper describes a microsimulation model that can be used to analyze the impact of a regional economic event. The model incorporates spatial, social, and economic factors and allows outcomes to be aggregated at different geographical scales, for different cohorts, and for variables not ordinarily considered in impact analysis. The model is used to simulate the effects of a plant shutdown on workers.
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    Notes: I consider two cases of legal abandonment in Vancouver—of murdered sex workers and live-in caregivers on temporary work visas—in light of Agamben’s claim that the generalized suspension of the law has become a dominant paradigm of government. I bring to Agamben’s theory a concern to specify both the gendering and racialisation of these processes, and the many geographies that are integral to legal abandonment and the reduction of categories of people to ‘bare life’. The case studies also allow me to explore two limit-concepts that Agamben offers as a means to re-envision political community: the refugee who refuses assimilation in the nation-state, and the human so degraded as to exist beyond conventional humanist ethics of respect, dignity and responsibility.
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    Notes: Over the past few decades, new forms of citizenship have emerged in the context of a globalizing and urbanizing world. The government of citizens and economies, it is argued, is increasingly trans-, supra-, or sub-national in scale, and characterized by the eclipse of Keynesian welfarism and rights-based citizenship. Scholars have documented the emergence of targeted, risk-based, and workfarist governmentalities and political economies at various spatial scales, and have even described emergent forms of citizenship as “post-national”. And yet, in many countries we are concurrently confronted with massive symbolic and fiscal reinvestment in national militaries, particularly in the welfare of personnel. Given this, and the longstanding relationships between the nation-state and military service, it is curious that the soldier has hardly figured in recent discussions about citizenship. This paper provides a genealogy of the soldier-citizen in Canada, from iconic national worker-citizen in the post-World War II period to its recent anxious positioning at the intersection of “domestic”, entrepreneurial, workfarist citizenship, and the widespread re-emergence of militarism and national security. It demonstrates that the military citizen has at key times been a template for innovations in social forms of national government, and argues that the soldier has been a crucial figure in their re-engineering in recent years. Situated amidst transformations in work and worker-citizenship, and at the intersections of political struggles in both the domestic and international spheres, the soldier provides a unique lens on questions of the national and the social. Through an engagement with the labour of social citizenship, and the war work that initiated many of its governing techniques, the military citizen emerges as a critical figure in the contemporary neoliberal nation.
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    Notes: I explore how the increasing professionalisation of international development has enabled the expansion of the neoliberal agenda of development agencies and, at the same time, the co-optation of so-called “alternative” approaches onto this agenda. The focus is on the key figure of the development “expert” as an agent involved in consolidating unilinear notions of modernising progress. First, there is an examination of the post-war production of the development expert and the reproduction of systems of expertise and forms of authority that they articulate. Research with former UK colonial officers who worked in the post-independence development industry is subsequently drawn upon to exemplify the continuities and divergences from colonial rule to contemporary discourses of development. Then, there is a demonstration of the co-optation of potentially critical discourses, focusing upon the creation of professionals and the exclusive forms of knowledge that surround the practice of participatory development. Finally, in the conclusion, I argue that increasing professionalisation within the development industry supports the neoliberal development agenda and that there remains a need to identify how critical discourses can be effective within it.
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    Notes: NGOs across the world work on a daily basis to assist marginalized and working poor communities to meet their most basic needs. As NGOs take on the provision of many services that previously existed in the domain of the state, they enter into a contradictory relationship. As they work to improve these communities abandoned by the state, they can become the conduit whereby neoliberal state policy enters marginalized communities. Growing numbers of NGOs find that their primary sources of income come from donors and state agencies that share a propensity for neoliberal forms of governance. In the colonias, working poor Mexican communities, of the US Southwest, the triumvirate relationship among the state, NGOs, and grassroots leaders can create a disabling situation. I examine these cases, in which the neoliberal preference for self-help projects and a focus on the fulfilment of individual needs can overshadow more collective forms of social change.
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    Notes: An analysis is presented of how a particular psychotherapeutic practice, namely voluntary sector counselling, contributes to and resists neoliberal forms of governance. Neoliberal governmentality invokes a concept of the human subject as an autonomous, individualised, self-directing, decision-making agent, attributes fostered in different ways by psychotherapies and processes of professionalisation. In this context I explore accounts of counselling offered by voluntary sector counsellors in Scotland, focusing on practitioners’ use of the idea of empowerment to describe what they do, and on how this idea intersects with the professionalisation of counselling. I argue that empowerment and professionalisation both privilege autonomy in ways that are consonant with neoliberal subjectivity, but I also argue that there are points of resistance to the individualisation associated with technologies of calculation on which neoliberal subject formation depends.
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    Notes: During the 1990s the urban became an important “institutional laboratory” for state-initiated policy experiments to address the social costs and political repercussions of economic polarisation and social exclusion associated with neo-liberalism. One such policy experiment has been neo-communitarianism, emphasising the contribution of the “third sector” to improving social welfare and reinvigorating a sense of civil society. Focusing on the UK, I examine the background to and implications of the emergence of a neo-communitarian strategy under the “new” Labour government, which came to power in 1997. First, I consider the repositioning of the third sector within contemporary policy discourse as a result of the Labour government's programme of welfare reforms and Prime Minister Blair's “Third Way” political philosophy, which attempts to combine neo-liberalism with a neo-communitarian stance of stressing the importance of civil society for social cohesion. Then, I draw on Foucauldian notions of governmentality to examine how Labour's neo-communitarian agenda has involved a fundamental reconfiguration of the governance of the third sector, centred on the creation of government–voluntary sector “compacts” at national and local levels. These compacts are of strategic importance for the restructuring of the UK third sector and so the local implications of such restructuring are then considered. In particular, case study evidence from Glasgow is used to critically evaluate government claims that the third sector can contribute to the “reinvigoration of civic life” by highlighting the importance of the internal characteristics and political environment of local third sector organisations for the differential development of social capital and citizenship.
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    Notes: This paper examines the new presence of “culture” within politics in Northern Ireland and attempts by cultural policymakers and community activists to constructively shift the meanings of “identity”, “tradition” and “heritage”. It focuses on the work of the Community Relations Council and the strategic development of its three principles of equity, diversity and interdependence, in relation to specific controversies about culture in Northern Ireland and wider debates about pluralism and multiculturalism. The distinctive configuration of questions of pluralism and culture in Northern Ireland highlights the ways in which multicultural theory is shaped by its geographies of development and circulation and how ideas of culture and multiculture work in different places and travel with sometimes ambiguous effects. At the same time, the pragmatic combination of optimism, realism, encouragement and critique in cultural policy in a context of continued division and political instability complicates familiar accounts of the geographies and politics of multiculture.
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    Notes: Chris Hamnett, Unequal City: London in the Global Arena Katherine Mumford and Anne Power, East Enders: Family and Community in East London Steven Flusty, De-Coca-Colonization: Making the Globe from the Inside Out Neil Smith, American Century: Roosevelt's Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization
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    Notes: Oppositional engagement with the phenomenon of terrorism by geographers could bring much needed scholarly clarity and balance to the militaristic dominant discourse on terrorism. The hazards subfield within the discipline of geography is germane to research on terrorism, as hazards geographers have been deeply concerned with environmental and technological extremes threatening human life and well-being. A hazards perspective on terrorism could contribute towards defining terrorism, clarifying the contours of the terrorism discourse, root causes, and response. Insights gleaned from geographical research on social violence, technological and environmental hazards can be eminently applicable to researching various aspects of terrorism. The fundamental point is that terrorism is a deeply geographical phenomenon with potentially disastrous consequences for international peace. Beyond enhancing human safety, the geographical research agenda in terrorism will be part of the struggle to wrest control of the terrorism terminology away from the Western politico-military elites, to keep them from using it to whip their real or imagined enemies.
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    Notes: This paper highlights the importance of organising workers in the low-paid services sector if British trade unions are to secure themselves for the future. After outlining the scale of the challenge and the new efforts being made to promote organising by unions, the paper looks at the hotel industry in more depth. A case study of a union campaign to win union recognition at the Dorchester Hotel in London is used to highlight the limitations of workplace-focused campaigns in this sector. Drawing on the lessons of experience in North America, the paper then argues that an extra-workplace, occupational and/or sectoral approach may well secure better results. In so doing, workplace issues could be recast as matters of economic and social injustice, widening the scale of any campaign.
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    Notes: This paper offers an exploration of problem drug use in the urban environment, connecting with broader concerns about the progress and contradictions of city redevelopment and change. The discussion is situated within some recent theoretical debates about the political economy of uneven development, urban restructuring and neoliberal governance. The empirical discussion is based on studies of economic and social change, conflict and grassroots praxis in the inner city of Dublin, Ireland, wherein a heroin crisis has impacted for the last few decades, affecting in particular working-class communities disadvantaged by broader patterns of economic restructuring and urban renewal. This provides some important analytical and political insights from a city that has undergone rapid and intense transformation and deepening patterns of inequality over recent decades, alongside the emergence of new forms of urban governance and community organization and contestation. The paper concludes with some considerations about the place and meaning of problem drug use in the city based on the foregoing theoretical and empirical discussion.
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    Notes: Indigenous social movements have become important development actors in recent years. As the targets of “socially inclusive” neoliberal policies and protagonists in global anti-capitalist movements, the position of these social movements in mainstream development is often ambivalent. This ambivalence reflects contradictions between economic neoliberalism and goals of social development as well as different understandings and practices in development-with-identity. We explore the relationship between the institutionalisation of ethnodevelopment and the creation of indigenous experts through indigenous social movements’ engagement in popular training that emphasises indigenous knowledge. Drawing on Michael Watt's notion of governable spaces of indigeneity, we examine how institutionalisation is occurring in a range of ways that establish new alliances and cut across scales. Analysing the politics occurring at the development policy interface, we focus on the processes of representation, negotiation and embodiment involved in indigenous professionalisation, as activism shapes “scaled up” policy making.
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    Notes: Books Reviewed: Katharine Neilson Rankin, The Cultural Politics of Markets: Economic Liberalization and Social Change in Nepal. Eric Klinenberg, Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago.
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    Notes: Since the 1990s the dominant political discourse of social movements concerned with “sexual politics” has been that of seeking access into mainstream culture through demanding equal rights of citizenship. I focus on the changing politics of sexuality in the context of new forms of social governance associated with neoliberalism, central to which is professionalisation and particular forms of knowledge production. Changes in political organising, coupled with the growth in identity-based consumption and the greater visibility of lesbians and gay men as consumer citizens, have provided a variety of opportunities for new professional careers. I discuss these developments and suggest that a key aspect of this increase in professionalisation is the construction of the gay and lesbian subject as part of a national and, in some instances, an international constituency. Finally, I consider how, in recent years, new forms of professionalisation of knowledge production about lesbians and gay men have emerged, not only in terms of political and market interests, but also in the academy.
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    Notes: Geography's debates about how to maintain a sense of morally responsible action often emphasise the problematic nature of caring at a distance, and take for granted particular kinds of moral selfhood in which responsibility is bound into notions of human agency that emphasise knowledge and recognition. Taking commodity consumption as a field in which the ethics, morality, and politics of responsibility has been problematised, we argue that existing research on consumption fails to register the full complexity of the practices, motivations and mechanisms through which the working-up of moral selves is undertaken in relation to consumption practices. Rather than assuming that ethical decision-making works through the rational calculation of obligations, we conceptualise the emergence of ethical consumption as ways in which everyday practical moral dispositions are re-articulated by policies, campaigns and practices that enlist ordinary people into broader projects of social change. Ethical consumption, then, involves both a governing of consumption and a governing of the consuming self. Using the example of Traidcraft, we present a detailed examination of one particular context in which self-consciously ethical consumption is mediated, suggesting that ethical consumption can be understood as opening up ethical and political considerations in new combinations. We therefore argue for the importance of the growth of ethical consumption as a new terrain of political action, while also emphasising the grounds upon which ethical consumption can be opened up to normative critique.
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    Notes: There is an ongoing debate within radical geography concerned with the trade union response to the hegemony of business interests apparent under neoliberal capitalism. In this paper, I contribute to this debate by exploring recent attempts to renew trade union organisation in the UK following decades of decline. I argue that, despite recent successes in stemming falling membership numbers and signing new recognition agreements, closer inspection reveals flaws in the renewal process that reflect the underlying nature of scale politics within the union movement itself. In particular, centralised strategies at the national level are failing to re-energise local-level union organisation leading to a rather hollow and pyrrhic renewal process. Drawing upon both macro-level analysis and evidence from a particular industry case study, I suggest that unions rethink their organisational geographies and scalar relations if they wish to re-connect with the grassroots and at a broader level remain a progressive force in the changing economic landscape.
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    Notes: Books reviewed: Manning Marable, The Great Wells of Democracy: The Meaning of Race in American Life Martin Powell (ed), Evaluating New Labour's Welfare Reforms Philip E Steinberg, The Social Construction of the Ocean Don Mitchell, The Right to the City: Social Justice and the Fight for Public Space
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    Notes: While for British policymakers the route out of social exclusion is paid work through the acquisition of educational qualifications, research shows that academic achievement in areas of social exclusion is often poor. Based on a study undertaken on an inner London council estate, this paper explores the experiences of a group of carers and their children's access to secondary school education. It demonstrates the importance of a geographical focus on inequality, and the need for a nuanced approach in explaining educational opportunities in socially excluded areas. It also counters the notion of working class people as an undifferentiated group, devoid of cultural capital, whilst at the same time acknowledging the structural constraints of place which limit the full exercise of agency, so that for many, the opportunities apparently open to them turn out to be illusory.
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    Notes: This article illuminates a paradox in the contemporary political mobilization of new Americans. While labor unions are taking an increasingly active role in the successful mobilization of foreign-born residents in electoral politics, a substantial number of these newly mobilized Americans are undocumented migrants and residents, and thus are members of a growing and permanently disenfranchised working class. While this marginalized labor force benefits capital, an expanding long-term, non-citizen population presents a serious challenge to democratic politics. In this article, I discuss a case study which demonstrates both sides of this paradox. Facilitated by broader Latino political mobilization, their membership in progressive labor unions, and labor's shifting political strategy, many undocumented residents of Los Angeles are participating in candidate endorsements, campaign rallies, and “get out the vote” efforts, even though they are unable to vote on election day. Their actions portend future reconfigurations of the boundaries which surround citizenship and suffrage.
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    Notes: In Aotearoa New Zealand, as elsewhere, partnership programmes overtly targeted to the strengthening of local communities are developing in a range of institutional sites. This development, it is claimed by some, moves social governance well beyond the narrow, market-oriented, contractualism of earlier forms of neoliberalism, and into a new era of joined up, inclusive governance. Here we highlight the emergent role of “strategic brokers” who do the grounded joining up of governance in this new partnering ethos. Drawing on the findings of a large project on local partnerships in Aotearoa New Zealand, we show how community activists have played a distinctive historical role in shaping the form that local partnerships take. We then turn our attention to the current context, examining the rise of mandatory partnership working and the implications of this for community activists. We highlight key aspects of new forms of gendered professionalism, including the need to have both knowledge of and knowledge about communities. In outlining the historical development and current scope of strategic broker roles, we ask what we can learn about the nature of would-be “post-neoliberal” social governance.
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