ALBERT

All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

X
feed icon rss

Your email was sent successfully. Check your inbox.

An error occurred while sending the email. Please try again.

Proceed reservation?

Export
Filter
  • Articles  (4,248)
  • Maps
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (4,248)
  • 2005-2009  (4,248)
  • 1955-1959
  • 2009
  • 2008  (1)
  • 2006  (4,247)
  • Medicine  (4,248)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Two-Sample Tests of Area-Under-the-Curve in the Presence of Missing Data (2008)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 4 (2008), S. 1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: The commonly used two-sample tests of equal area-under-the-curve (AUC), where AUC is based on the linear trapezoidal rule, may have poor properties when observations are missing, even if they are missing completely at random (MCAR). We propose two tests: one that has good properties when data are MCAR and another that has good properties when the data are missing at random (MAR), provided that the pattern of missingness is monotonic. In addition, we discuss other non-parametric tests of hypotheses that are similar, but not identical, to the hypothesis of equal AUCs, but that often have better statistical properties than do AUC tests and may be more scientifically appropriate for many settings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol4/iss1/1
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insurance and Incentives for Medical Innovation (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: This paper studies the interactions between health insurance and the incentives for innovation. Although we focus on pharmaceutical innovation, our discussion applies to other industries producing novel technologies for sale in markets with subsidized demand. Standard results in the growth and productivity literatures suggest that firms in many industries may possess inadequate incentives to innovate. Standard results in the health literature suggest that health insurance leads to the overutilization of health care. Our study of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry emphasizes the interaction of these incentives. Because of the large subsidies to demand from health insurance, limits on the lifetime of patents and possibly limits on monopoly pricing may be necessary to ensure that pharmaceutical companies do not possess excess incentives for innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/biomedical_research/4
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adverse Selection in Retiree Prescription Drug Plans (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: We used claims data from a large U.S. employer that introduced changes in its medical and drug coverage offerings in 2002 for non-Medicare eligible retirees. In addition to the existing plans, the employer introduced two new plans in 2002 that were less generous both in terms of medical and drug coverage. Further, one of the new plans had an annual benefit limit of $2,500 on prescription drugs, similar to the "doughnut hole" in the standard Medicare Part D benefit. We examined beneficiaries switching behavior in response to the new choice set and estimated the independent effects of medical and drug benefits on plan selection. We found that beneficiaries in better health were more likely to switch to the new, less generous plans. While the generosity of the medical benefit played a more important role in choosing a plan, choices did not vary significantly by health status. In contrast, sicker individuals were more likely to enroll in plans with generous drug benefits. This suggests that drug coverage may be more susceptible to adverse selection than medical insurance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/9/1/4
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Business Case for Diabetes Disease Management for Managed Care Organizations (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: Diabetes is a common and very costly chronic disease. There is broad-based agreement on how to manage diabetes, yet less than 40% of adults with diabetes achieve guideline-recommended levels of medical care. We investigate the reasons for this phenomenon by examining the business case for improved diabetes care from the perspective of a single health plan (HealthPartners of Minnesota). The potential benefits accruing to a health plan from diabetes disease management include medical care cost savings and higher premiums. The potential costs to the health plan derive from disease management program costs and adverse selection. We find that the implementation of diabetes disease management coincided with large health improvements. For a defined population of diabetes patients, medical care cost savings over several years were small in the closed panel medical group but moderate for the health plan overall. We find evidence that adverse selection and the timing of cost and benefits worsen the health plan business case. In addition, the payment systems, from purchaser to health plan and health plan to provider, are very weakly connected to the quality of diabetes care, further weakening the business case. Finally, overlapping provider networks create a public goods externality that limits the health plan's ability to privately capture the benefits from its investments. Nonetheless, it is clear that improved diabetes care affords economic benefits to health plans as well as valuable quality of life benefits to adults with diabetes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/9/1/1
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparing Distribution Functions via Empirical Likelihood (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 1 (2006), S. 5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: This paper develops empirical likelihood based simultaneous confidence bands for differences and ratios of two distribution functions from independent samples of right-censored survival data. The proposed confidence bands provide a flexible way of comparing treatments in biomedical settings, and bring empirical likelihood methods to bear on important target functions for which only Wald-type confidence bands have been available in the literature. The approach is illustrated with a real data example.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol1/iss1/5
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Application of a Variable Importance Measure Method (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 6 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: Van der Laan (2005) proposed a targeted method used to construct variable importance measures coupled with respective statistical inference. This technique involves determining the importance of a variable in predicting an outcome. This method can be applied as inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) or double robust inverse probability of treatment weighted (DR-IPTW) estimators. The variance and respective p-value of the estimate are calculated by estimating the influence curve. This article applies the Van der Laan (2005) variable importance measures and corresponding inference to HIV-1 sequence data. In this application, the method is targeted at every codon position. In this data application, protease and reverse transcriptase codon positions on the HIV-1 strand are assessed to determine their respective variable importance, with respect to an outcome of viral replication capacity. We estimate the DR-IPTW W-adjusted variable importance measure for a specified set of potential effect modifiers W. In addition, simulations were performed on two separate datasets to examine the DR-IPTW estimator.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/6
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical Classification of Abnormal Blood Profiles in Athletes (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: Blood doping has been challenging the scientific community since the early 1970's, where it was demonstrated that blood transfusion significantly improves physical performance. Here, we present through 3 applications how statistical classification techniques can assist the implementation of effective tests to deter blood doping in elite sports. In particular, we developed a new indirect and universal test of blood doping, called Abnormal Blood Profile Score (ABPS), based on the statistical classification of indirect biomarkers of altered erythropoiesis. Up to 601 hematological profiles have been compiled in a reference database. Twenty-one of them were obtained from blood samples withdrawn from professional athletes convicted of blood doping by other direct tests. Discriminative training algorithms were used jointly with cross-validation techniques to map these labeled reference profiles to target outputs. The strict cross-validation procedure facilitates the adherence to medico-legal standards mandated by the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA). The test has a sensitivity to recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) abuse up to 3 times better than current generative models, independently whether the athlete is currently taking rhEPO or has stopped the treatment. The test is also sensitive to any form of blood transfusion, autologous transfusion included. We finally conclude why a probabilistic approach should be encouraged for the evaluation of evidence in anti-doping area of investigation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/3
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Approximate Power and Sample Size Calculations with the Benjamini-Hochberg Method (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: We provide a method for calculating the sample size required to attain a given average power (the ratio of rejected hypotheses to the number of false hypotheses) and a given false discovery rate (the number of incorrect rejections divided by the number of rejections) in adaptive versions of the Benjamini-Hochberg method of multiple testing. The method works in an asymptotic sense as the number of hypotheses grows to infinity and under quite general conditions, and it requires data from a pilot study. The consistency of the method follows from several results in classical areas of nonparametric statistics developed in a new context of "weak" dependence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/8
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Choice of Monitoring Mechanism for Optimal Nonparametric Functional Estimation for Binary Data (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 7 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: Optimal designs of dose levels in order to estimate parameters from a model for binary response data have a long and rich history. These designs are based on parametric models. Here we consider fully nonparametric models with interest focused on estimation of smooth functionals using plug-in estimators based on the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator. An important application of the results is the derivation of the optimal choice of the monitoring time distribution function for current status observation of a survival distribution. The optimal choice depends in a simple way on the dose-response function and the form of the functional. The results can be extended to allow dependence of the monitoring mechanism on covariates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/7
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Statistical Inference for Variable Importance (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: Many statistical problems involve the learning of an importance/effect of a variable for predicting an outcome of interest based on observing a sample of $n$ independent and identically distributed observations on a list of input variables and an outcome. For example, though prediction/machine learning is, in principle, concerned with learning the optimal unknown mapping from input variables to an outcome from the data, the typical reported output is a list of importance measures for each input variable. The approach in prediction has been to learn the unknown optimal predictor from the data and derive, for each of the input variables, the variable importance from the obtained fit. In this article we propose a new approach which involves for each variable separately 1) defining variable importance as a real valued parameter, 2) deriving the efficient influence curve and thereby optimal estimating function for this parameter in the assumed (possibly nonparametric) model, and 3) develop a corresponding double robust locally efficient estimator of this variable importance, obtained by substituting for the nuisance parameters in the optimal estimating function data adaptive estimators. We illustrate this methodology in the context of prediction, and obtain in this manner double robust locally optimal estimators of marginal variable importance, accompanied with p-values and confidence intervals. In addition, we present a model based and machine learning approach to estimate covariate-adjusted variable importance. Finally, we generalize this methodology to variable importance parameters for time-dependent variables.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/2
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating a Survival Distribution with Current Status Data and High-dimensional Covariates (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: We consider the inverse problem of estimating a survival distribution when the survival times are only observed to be in one of the intervals of a random bisection of the time axis. We are particularly interested in the case that high-dimensional and/or time-dependent covariates are available, and/or the survival events and censoring times are only conditionally independent given the covariate process. The method of estimation consists of regularizing the survival distribution by taking the primitive function or smoothing, estimating the regularized parameter by using estimating equations, and finally recovering an estimator for the parameter of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/9
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Targeted Maximum Likelihood Learning (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: Suppose one observes a sample of independent and identically distributed observations from a particular data generating distribution. Suppose that one is concerned with estimation of a particular pathwise differentiable Euclidean parameter. A substitution estimator evaluating the parameter of a given likelihood based density estimator is typically too biased and might not even converge at the parametric rate: that is, the density estimator was targeted to be a good estimator of the density and might therefore result in a poor estimator of a particular smooth functional of the density. In this article we propose a one step (and, by iteration, k-th step) targeted maximum likelihood density estimator which involves 1) creating a hardest parametric submodel with parameter epsilon through the given density estimator with score equal to the efficient influence curve of the pathwise differentiable parameter at the density estimator, 2) estimating epsilon with the maximum likelihood estimator, and 3) defining a new density estimator as the corresponding update of the original density estimator. We show that iteration of this algorithm results in a targeted maximum likelihood density estimator which solves the efficient influence curve estimating equation and thereby yields a locally efficient estimator of the parameter of interest, under regularity conditions. In particular, we show that, if the parameter is linear and the model is convex, then the targeted maximum likelihood estimator is often achieved in the first step, and it results in a locally efficient estimator at an arbitrary (e.g., heavily misspecified) starting density. We also show that the targeted maximum likelihood estimators are now in full agreement with the locally efficient estimating function methodology as presented in Robins and Rotnitzky (1992) and van der Laan and Robins (2003), creating, in particular, algebraic equivalence between the double robust locally efficient estimators using the targeted maximum likelihood estimators as an estimate of its nuisance parameters, and targeted maximum likelihood estimators. In addition, it is argued that the targeted MLE has various advantages relative to the current estimating function based approach. We proceed by providing data driven methodologies to select the initial density estimator for the targeted MLE, thereby providing data adaptive targeted maximum likelihood estimation methodology. We illustrate the method with various worked out examples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/11
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Value of Elderly Disease Prevention (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: Approximately 100 million elderly will enter Medicare over the next 25 years. We consider the potential benefits of interventions that would reduce or eliminate the most important risk factors for disease and spending. Effective control of hypertension could reduce health care spending $890 billion for these cohorts while adding 75 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Eliminating diabetes would add 90 million life-year equivalents at a cost of $2,761 per DALY. Reducing obesity back to levels seen in the 1980's would have little effect on mortality, but yields great improvements in morbidity (especially heart disease and diabetes) with a cost savings of over $1 trillion. Smoking cessation will have the smallest impact, adding 32 million DALYs at a cost of $9.045 per DALY. While smoking cessation reduces lung disease and lung cancer, but these are relatively low prevalence compared to the other diseases. Its impact on heart disease is negligible. The effects on overall social welfare are unknown, since we do not estimate the costs of these interventions, the costs of any behavioral modification, or the welfare loss due to providers from lower medical spending.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/biomedical_research/1
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Who Pays? The Incidence of High Malpractice Premiums (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: This paper uses data from physician group practice to examine the relationship between malpractice premium levels and physician net incomes for the years 1994, 1998, and 2002, a period in which malpractice premiums rose rapidly. We find, as did work covering earlier periods of premium growth, that physician net incomes were not reduced by high or rising premiums, and that gross practice revenues were higher when premiums were higher. There is evidence that this forward shifting of costs was associated more with higher quantities of services than with higher unit fees.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/9/1/2
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Real Output in Mental Health Care during the 1990s (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: Health accounts document changes over time in the level and composition of health spending. There has been a continued evolution in the ability to track such outlays. Less rapid has been the ability to interpret changes in spending. In this paper we apply quality adjusted price indexes for several major mental disorders to national mental health expenditure account estimates to assess changes in real "output". We show that using the new price indexes reveals large gains in real output relative to the application of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics' indexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/9/1/5
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Who Benefits from New Medical Technologies? Estimates of Consumer and Producer Surpluses for HIV/AIDS Drugs (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: The social value of an innovation is comprised of the value to consumers and the value to innovators. We estimate that for the HIV/AIDS therapies that entered the market from the late 1980's onwards, innovators appropriated only 5% of the social surplus arising from these new technologies. Despite the high annual costs of these drugs to patients, the low share of social surplus going to innovators raises concerns about advocating cost-effectiveness criteria that would further reduce this share, and hence further reduce incentives for innovation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/biomedical_research/3
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is Managed Care Still an Effective Cost Containment Device? (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 3 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: In this paper we take a historical perspective to examine the effects of managed care and hospital competition on hospital cost and revenue growth during managed care's boom period (1990-1994), mature period (1995-1999), and backlash period (2000-2003). We find that while higher managed care presence, in particular, HMOs, was effective in slowing down hospital cost and revenue growth during the boom and the mature periods, its cost containment effect diminished during the backlash period. This result is stable under different specifications and sensitivity analyses. Hospital competition effects, however, remain strong throughout the three periods. It appears that hospital competition effects were initially the result of aggressive selective contracting in the high managed care markets, but were later fueled by the less saturated, but growing managed care markets that seemed to catch up with the more developed markets.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/9/1/3
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Two Sample Problem for Multiple Categorical Variables (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: Comparing two large multivariate distributions is potentially complicated at least for the following reasons. First, some variable/level combinations may have a redundant difference in prevalence between groups in the sense that the difference can be completely explained in terms of lower-order combinations. Second, the total number of variable/level combinations to compare between groups is very large, and likely computationally prohibitive. In this paper, for both the paired and independent sample case, an approximate comparison method is proposed, along with a computationally efficient algorithm, that estimates the set of variable/level combinations that have a non-redundant different prevalence between two populations. The probability that the estimate contains one or more false or redundant differences is asymptotically bounded above by any pre-specified level for arbitrary data-generating distributions. The method is shown to perform well for finite samples in a simulation study, and is used to investigate HIV-1 genotype evolution in a recent AIDS clinical trial.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/5
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling the Effect of a Preventive Intervention on the Natural History of Cancer: Application to the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: The Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) recently demonstrated a significant reduction in prostate cancer incidence of about 25% among men taking finasteride compared to men taking placebo. However, the effect of finasteride on the natural history of prostate cancer is not well understood. We adapted a convolution model developed by Pinsky (2001) to characterize the natural history of prostate cancer in the presence and absence of finasteride. The model was applied to data from 10,995 men in PCPT who had disease status determined by interim diagnosis of prostate cancer or end-of-study biopsy. Prostate cancer cases were either screen-detected by Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), biopsy-detected at the end of the study, or clinically detected, that is, detected by methods other than PSA screening. The hazard ratio (HR) for the incidence of preclinical disease on finasteride versus placebo was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.20-0.58). The progression from preclinical to clinical disease was relatively unaffected by finasteride, with mean sojourn time being 16 years for placebo cases and 18.5 years for finasteride cases (p-value for difference = 0.2). We conclude that finasteride appears to affect prostate cancer primarily by preventing the emergence of new, preclinical tumors with little impact on established, latent disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/12
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Labor Market Value of Health Improvements (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Forum for health economics & policy 9 (2006), S. 2 
    Details
    ISSN: 1558-9544
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine , Economics
    Notes: We analyze the value to the labor force of improvements in survival and health over the years 1970 to 1999. We find that survival gains and reductions in the number of work-days missed due to poor health have added about 8 percent to the remaining labor force value of black males, and about the same to the value of 60 year-old white males. This is almost as large an effect as a full year of schooling. Gains for younger white males appear to be approximately 5%, and gains for women are around 2%. Overall, health improvements have added $1.5 trillion to the value of labor market human capital over this period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/fhep/biomedical_research/2
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 21
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Regression Model for Dependent Gap Times (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 1 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: A natural choice of time scale for analyzing recurrent event data is the ``gap" (or soujourn) time between successive events. In many situations it is reasonable to assume correlation exists between the successive events experienced by a given subject. This paper looks at the problem of extending the accelerated failure time (AFT) model to the case of dependent recurrent event data via intensity modeling. Specifically, the accelerated gap times model of Strawderman (2005), a semiparametric intensity model for independent gap time data, is extended to the case of multiplicative gamma frailty. As argued in Aalen & Husebye (1991), incorporating frailty captures the heterogeneity between subjects and the ``hazard" portion of the intensity model captures gap time variation within a subject. Estimators are motivated using semiparametric efficiency theory and lead to useful generalizations of the rank statistics considered in Strawderman (2005). Several interesting distinctions arise in comparison to the Cox-Andersen-Gill frailty model (e.g., Nielsen et al, 1992; Klein, 1992). The proposed methodology is illustrated by simulation and data analysis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/1
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 22
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between Derivatives of the Observed and Full Loglikelihoods and Application to Newton-Raphson Algorithm (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 4 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: In the case of incomplete data we give general relationships between the first and second derivatives of the loglikelihood relative to the full and the incomplete observation set-ups. In the case where these quantities are easy to compute for the full observation set-up we propose to compute their analogue for the incomplete observation set-up using the above mentioned relationships: this involves numerical integrations. Once we are able to compute these quantities, Newton-Raphson type algorithms can be applied to find the maximum likelihood estimators, together with estimates of their variances. We detail the application of this approach to parametric multiplicative frailty models and we show that the method works well in practice using both a real data and a simulated example. The proposed algorithm outperforms a Newton-Raphson type algorithm using numerical derivatives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/4
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 23
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An Improved Akaike Information Criterion for Generalized Log-Gamma Regression Models (2006)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    The @international journal of biostatistics 2 (2006), S. 10 
    Details
    ISSN: 1557-4679
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics , Medicine
    Notes: We propose an improved Akaike information criterion (AICc) for generalized log-gamma regression models, which include the extreme-value and normal regression models as special cases. Moreover, we extend our proposed criterion to situations when the data contain censored observations. Monte Carlo results show that AICc outperforms the classical Akaike information criterion (AIC), and an empirical example is presented to illustrate its usefulness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/ijb/vol2/iss1/10
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 24
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROLE OF FXYD PROTEINS IN ION TRANSPORT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 431-459 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The FXYD proteins are a family of seven homologous single transmembrane segment proteins (FXYD1Đ??7), expressed in a tissue-specific fashion. The FXYD proteins modulate the function of Na,K-ATPase, thus adapting kinetic properties of active Na+ and K+ transport to the specific needs of different cells. Six FXYD proteins ( 1Đ??5, 7 ) are known to interact with Na,K-ATPase and affect its kinetic properties in specific ways. Although effects of FXYD proteins on parameters such as K1/2Na+, K1/2K+, KmATP, and Vmax are modest, usually twofold, these effects may have important long-term consequences for homeostasis of cation balance. In this review we summarize basic features of FXYD proteins and present recent evidence for functional effects, structure-function relations and structural interactions with Na,K-ATPase. We then discuss possible physiological roles, based on in vitro observations and newly available knockout mice models. Finally, we also consider evidence that FXYD proteins affect functioning of other ion transport systems.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131852
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 25
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENDOTHELIAL-CARDIOMYOCYTE INTERACTIONS IN CARDIAC DEVELOPMENT AND REPAIR (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 51-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Communication between endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes regulates not only early cardiac development but also adult cardiomyocyte function, including the contractile state. In the normal mammalian myocardium, each cardiomyocyte is surrounded by an intricate network of capillaries and is next to endothelial cells. Cardiomyocytes depend on endothelial cells not only for oxygenated blood supply but also for local protective signals that promote cardiomyocyte organization and survival. While endothelial cells direct cardiomyocytes, cardiomyocytes reciprocally secrete factors that impact endothelial cell function. Understanding how endothelial cells communicate with cardiomyocytes will be critical for cardiac regeneration, in which the ultimate goal is not simply to improve systolic function transiently but to establish new myocardium that is both structurally and functionally normal in the long term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124629
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 26
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PERMEATION AND SELECTIVITY OF TRP CHANNELS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 685-717 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Ion channels are pore-forming transmembrane proteins that allow ions to permeate biological membranes. Pore structure plays a crucial role in determining the ion permeation and selectivity properties of particular channels. In the past few decades, efforts have been undertaken to identify key elements of the pore regions of different classes of ion channels. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about permeation and selectivity of channel proteins from the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. Whereas all TRP channels are permeable for cations, only two TRP channels are impermeable for Ca2+ (TRPM4, TRPM5), and two others are highly Ca2+ permeable (TRPV5, TRPV6). Despite the great advances in the TRP channel field during the past decade, only a limited number of reports have dealt with functional characterization of pore properties, biophysical aspects of cation permeation, or description of pore structures of TRP channels. This review gives an overview of available experimental and theoretical data and discusses the functional impact of pore-structure modifications on TRP channel properties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.101406
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 27
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PROTECTING THE PUMP: Controlling Myocardial Inflammatory Responses (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 67-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Because of the anatomy, function, and nonregenerative nature of the myocardium, inflammation in this tissue is not well tolerated. Nevertheless, various diseases of the heart are characterized by inflammatory responses involving the effector mechanisms of innate and adaptive (lymphocyte-dependent) immunity. The innate immune response to ischemia-reperfusion injury is, by far, the most common cause of myocardial inflammation. Innate responses may have beneficial influences that preserve myocardial function in the short term but may be maladaptive in chronic states. Adaptive responses in the myocardium occur with infection or loss of tolerance, and lead to myocarditis. Given the narrow margin for benefit of cardiac inflammation, special regulatory mechanisms likely raise the threshold, compared to other tissues, for the induction and persistence of adaptive immune responses. These mechanisms include strong central and peripheral T cell tolerance to heart antigens and induction of anti-inflammatory feedback mechanisms involving cytokines such as interferon-??.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124611
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 28
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    LXRS AND FXR: The Yin and Yang of Cholesterol and Fat Metabolism (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 159-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Liver X receptors (LXRs) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) are nuclear receptors that function as intracellular sensors for sterols and bile acids, respectively. In response to their ligands, these receptors induce transcriptional responses that maintain a balanced, finely tuned regulation of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism. LXRs also permit the efficient storage of carbohydrate- and fat-derived energy, whereas FXR activation results in an overall decrease in triglyceride levels and modulation of glucose metabolism. The elegant, dual interplay between these two receptor systems suggests that they coevolved to constitute a highly sensitive and efficient system for the maintenance of total body fat and cholesterol homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that the tissue-specific action of these receptors is also crucial for the proper function of the cardiovascular, immune, reproductive, endocrine pancreas, renal, and central nervous systems. Together, LXRs and FXR represent potential therapeutic targets for the treatment and prevention of numerous metabolic and lipid-related diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.033104.152158
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 29
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    BRAINSTEM CIRCUITS REGULATING GASTRIC FUNCTION (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 279-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Brainstem parasympathetic circuits that modulate digestive functions of the stomach are comprised of afferent vagal fibers, neurons of the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), and the efferent fibers originating in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). A large body of evidence has shown that neuronal communications between the NTS and the DMV are plastic and are regulated by the presence of a variety of neurotransmitters and circulating hormones as well as the presence, or absence, of afferent input to the NTS. These data suggest that descending central nervous system inputs as well as hormonal and afferent feedback resulting from the digestive process can powerfully regulate vago-vagal reflex sensitivity. This paper first reviews the essential "static" organization and function of vago-vagal gastric control neurocircuitry. We then present data on the opioidergic modulation of NTS connections with the DMV as an example of the "gating" of these reflexes, i.e., how neurotransmitters, hormones, and vagal afferent traffic can make an otherwise static autonomic reflex highly plastic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094635
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 30
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SGK KINASES AND THEIR ROLE IN EPITHELIAL TRANSPORT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 461-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The serum/glucocorticoid-induced kinase Sgk1 plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion transport. This kinase is very rapidly regulated at the transcriptional level as well as via posttranslational modifications involving phosphorylation by the MAP or PI-3 kinase pathways and/or ubiquitylation. Although Sgk1 is a cell survival kinase, its primary role likely concerns the regulation of epithelial ion transport, as suggested by the phenotype of Sgk1-null mice, which display a defect in Na+ homeostasis owing to disturbed renal tubular Na+ handling. In this review we first discuss the molecular, cellular, and regulatory aspects of Sgk1 and its paralogs. We then discuss its roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial ion transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131654
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 31
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DESIGN AND FUNCTION OF SUPERFAST MUSCLES: New Insights into the Physiology of Skeletal Muscle (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 193-221 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Superfast muscles of vertebrates power sound production. The fastest, the swimbladder muscle of toadfish, generates mechanical power at frequencies in excess of 200 Hz. To operate at these frequencies, the speed of relaxation has had to increase approximately 50-fold. This increase is accomplished by modifications of three kinetic traits: (a) a fast calcium transient due to extremely high concentration of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-Ca2+ pumps and parvalbumin, (b) fast off-rate of Ca2+ from troponin C due to an alteration in troponin, and (c) fast cross-bridge detachment rate constant (g, 50 times faster than that in rabbit fast-twitch muscle) due to an alteration in myosin. Although these three modifications permit swimbladder muscle to generate mechanical work at high frequencies (where locomotor muscles cannot), it comes with a cost: The high g causes a large reduction in attached force-generating cross-bridges, making the swimbladder incapable of powering low-frequency locomotory movements. Hence the locomotory and sound-producing muscles have mutually exclusive designs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105418
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 32
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CLAUDINS AND EPITHELIAL PARACELLULAR TRANSPORT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 403-429 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Tight junctions form continuous intercellular contacts controlling solute movement through the paracellular pathway across epithelia. Paracellular barriers vary among epithelia in electrical resistance and behave as if they are lined with pores that have charge and size selectivity. Recent evidence shows that claudins, a large family (at least 24 members) of intercellular adhesion molecules, form the seal and its variable pore-like properties. This evidence comes from the study of claudins expressed in cultured epithelial cell models, genetically altered mice, and human mutants. We review information on the structure, function, and transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of the claudin family as well as of their evolutionarily distant relatives called the PMP22/EMP/MP20/claudin, or pfam00822, superfamily.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131404
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 33
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF FOOD DEPRIVATION: From Feast to Famine (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 223-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The ability of animals to survive food deprivation is clearly of considerable survival value. Unsurprisingly, therefore, all animals exhibit adaptive biochemical and physiological responses to the lack of food. Many animals inhabit environments in which food availability fluctuates or encounters with appropriate food items are rare and unpredictable; these species offer interesting opportunities to study physiological adaptations to fasting and starvation. When deprived of food, animals employ various behavioral, physiological, and structural responses to reduce metabolism, which prolongs the period in which energy reserves can cover metabolism. Such behavioral responses can include a reduction in spontaneous activity and a lowering in body temperature, although in later stages of food deprivation in which starvation commences, activity may increase as food-searching is activated. In most animals, the gastrointestinal tract undergoes marked atrophy when digestive processes are curtailed; this structural response and others seem particularly pronounced in species that normally feed at intermittent intervals. Such animals, however, must be able to restore digestive functions soon after feeding, and these transitions appear to occur at low metabolic costs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.105739
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 34
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF NORMAL AND CYSTIC FIBROSIS AIRWAY SURFACE LIQUID VOLUME BY PHASIC SHEAR STRESS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 543-561 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The physical removal of viruses and bacteria on the mucociliary escalator is an important aspect of the mammalian lung's innate defense mechanism. The volume of airway surface liquid (ASL) present in the respiratory tract is a critical determinant of both mucus hydration and the rate of mucus clearance from the lung. ASL volume is maintained by the predominantly ciliated epithelium via coordinated regulation of (a) absorption, by the epithelial Na+ channel, and (b) secretion, by the Ca2+ -activated Cl channel (CaCC) and CFTR. This review provides an update on our current understanding of how shear stress regulates ASL volume height in normal and cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelia through extracellular ATP- and adenosine (ADO)-mediated pathways that modulate ion transport and ASL volume homeostasis. We also discuss (a) how derangement of the ADO-CFTR pathway renders CF airways vulnerable to viral infections that deplete ASL volume and produce mucus stasis, and (b) potential shear stressĐ??dependent therapies for CF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.112754
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 35
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TRP CHANNELS IN C. ELEGANS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 719-736 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The TRP (transient receptor potential) superfamily of cation channels is present in all eukaryotes, from yeast to mammals. Many TRP channels have been studied in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, revealing novel biological functions, regulatory modes, and mechanisms of localization. C. elegans TRPV channels function in olfaction, mechanosensation, osmosensation, and activity-dependent gene regulation. Their activity is regulated by G protein signaling and polyunsaturated fatty acids. C. elegans TRPPs related to human polycystic kidney disease genes are expressed in male-specific neurons. The KLP-6 kinesin directs TRPP channels to cilia, where they may interact with F0/F1 ATPases. A sperm-specific TRPC channel, TRP-3, is required for fertilization. Upon sperm activation, TRP-3 translocates from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane to allow store-operated Ca2+ entry. The TRPM channels GON-2 and GTL-2 regulate Mg2+ homeostasis and Mg2+ uptake by intestinal cells; GON-2 is also required for gonad development. The TRPML CUP-5 promotes normal lysosome biogenesis and prevents apoptosis. Dynamic, precise expression of TRP proteins generates a remarkable range of cellular functions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.100715
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 36
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INSIGHTS ON TRP CHANNELS FROM IN VIVO STUDIES IN DROSOPHILA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 649-684 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels mediate responses in a large variety of signaling mechanisms. Most studies on mammalian TRP channels rely on heterologous expression, but their relevance to in vivo tissues is not entirely clear. In contrast, Drosophila TRP and TRP-like (TRPL) channels allow direct analyses of in vivo function. In Drosophila photoreceptors, activation of TRP and TRPL is mediated via the phosphoinositide cascade, with both Ca2+ and diacylglycerol (DAG) essential for generating the light response. In tissue culture cells, TRPL channels are constitutively active, and lipid second messengers greatly facilitate this activity. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) completely blocks lipid activation of TRPL, suggesting that lipid activation is mediated via PLC. In vivo studies in mutant Drosophila also reveal an acute requirement for lipid-producing enzyme, which may regulate PLC activity. Thus, PLC and its downstream second messengers, Ca2+ and DAG, constitute critical mediators of TRP/TRPL gating in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.100939
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 37
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CARDIAC REGENERATION: Repopulating the Heart (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 29-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Many forms of pediatric and adult heart disease result from a deficiency in cardiomyocyte number. Through repopulation of the heart with new cardiomyocytes (that is, induction of regenerative cardiac growth), cardiac disease potentially can be reversed, provided that the newly formed myocytes structurally and functionally integrate in the preexisting myocardium. A number of approaches have been utilized to effect regenerative growth of the myocardium in experimental animals. These include interventions aimed at enhancing the ability of cardiomyocytes to proliferate in response to cardiac injury, as well as transplantation of cardiomyocytes or myogenic stem cells into diseased hearts. Here we review efforts to induce myocardial regeneration. We also provide a critical review of techniques currently used to assess cardiac regeneration and functional integration of de novo cardiomyocytes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124530
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 38
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FROM MICE TO MEN: Insights into the Insulin Resistance Syndromes (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 123-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The insulin resistance syndrome refers to a constellation of findings, including glucose intolerance, obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, that promote the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other disorders. Defining the pathophysiological links between insulin resistance, the insulin resistance syndrome, and its sequelae is critical to understanding and treating these disorders. Over the past decade, two approaches have provided important insights into how changes in insulin signaling produce the spectrum of phenotypes associated with insulin resistance. First, studies using tissue-specific knockouts or tissue-specific reconstitution of the insulin receptor in vivo in mice have enabled us to deconstruct the insulin resistance syndromes by dissecting the contributions of different tissues to the insulin-resistant state. Second, in vivo and in vitro studies of the complex network of insulin signaling have provided insight into how insulin resistance can develop in some pathways whereas insulin sensitivity is maintained in others. These data, taken together, give us a framework for understanding the relationship between insulin resistance and the insulin resistance syndromes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.124723
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 39
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL AS PACEMAKERS IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 307-343 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: In the gastrointestinal tract, phasic contractions are caused by electrical activity termed slow waves. Slow waves are generated and actively propagated by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The initiation of pacemaker activity in the ICC is caused by release of Ca2+ from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptorĐ??operated stores, uptake of Ca2+ into mitochondria, and the development of unitary currents. Summation of unitary currents causes depolarization and activation of a dihydropyridine-resistant Ca2+ conductance that entrains pacemaker activity in a network of ICC, resulting in the active propagation of slow waves. Slow wave frequency is regulated by a variety of physiological agonists and conditions, and shifts in pacemaker dominance can occur in response to both neural and nonneural inputs. Loss of ICC in many human motility disorders suggests exciting new hypotheses for the etiology of these disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094718
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 40
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AN INTRODUCTION TO TRP CHANNELS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 619-647 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The aim of this review is to provide a basic framework for understanding the function of mammalian transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, particularly as they have been elucidated in heterologous expression systems. Mammalian TRP channel proteins form six-transmembrane (6-TM) cation-permeable channels that may be grouped into six subfamilies on the basis of amino acid sequence homology (TRPC, TRPV, TRPM, TRPA, TRPP, and TRPML). Selected functional properties of TRP channels from each subfamily are summarized in this review. Although a single defining characteristic of TRP channel function has not yet emerged, TRP channels may be generally described as calcium-permeable cation channels with polymodal activation properties. By integrating multiple concomitant stimuli and coupling their activity to downstream cellular signal amplification via calcium permeation and membrane depolarization, TRP channels appear well adapted to function in cellular sensation. Our review of recent literature implicating TRP channels in neuronal growth cone steering suggests that TRPs may function more widely in cellular guidance and chemotaxis. The TRP channel gene family and its nomenclature, the encoded proteins and alternatively spliced variants, and the rapidly expanding pharmacology of TRP channels are summarized in online supplemental material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040204.100431
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    COMMENTARY ON THE PLEASURES OF SOLVING IMPOSSIBLE PROBLEMS OF EXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 1-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: This commentary presents a series of examples of "impossible experimental problems" that we have encountered over the years in addressing various challenging questions in physiology. We aim to show how stimulating the challenges of physiology can be and demonstrate how our naive invocation of methods from disparate fields of science and engineering has led to delightful resolutions of physiological challenges that were utterly new to this intrepid interdisciplinary researcher.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.151957
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 42
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NUCLEAR AND MITOCHONDRIAL COMPARTMENTATION OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND REDOX SIGNALING (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 215-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: New methods to measure thiol oxidation show that redox compartmentation functions as a mechanism for specificity in redox signaling and oxidative stress. Redox Western analysis and redox-sensitive green fluorescent proteins provide means to quantify thiol/disulfide redox changes in specific subcellular compartments. Analyses using these techniques show that the relative redox states from most reducing to most oxidizing are mitochondria 〉 nuclei 〉 cytoplasm 〉 endoplasmic reticulum 〉 extracellular space. Mitochondrial thiols are an important target of oxidant-induced apoptosis and necrosis and are especially vulnerable to oxidation because of the relatively alkaline pH. Maintenance of a relatively reduced nuclear redox state is critical for transcription factor binding in transcriptional activation in response to oxidative stress. The new methods are applicable to a broad range of experimental systems and their use will provide improved understanding of the pharmacologic and toxicologic actions of drugs and toxicants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141122
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 43
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HUMAN FLAVIN-CONTAINING MONOOXYGENASES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 65-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: This review summarizes recent information concerning the pharmacological and toxicological significance of the human flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO, EC 1.14.13.8). The human FMO oxygenates nucleophilic heteroatom-containing chemicals and drugs and generally converts them into harmless, polar, readily excreted metabolites. Sometimes, however, FMO bioactivates chemicals into reactive materials that can cause toxicity. Most of the interindividual differences of FMO are due to genetic variability and allelic variation, and splicing variants may contribute to interindividual and interethnic variability observed for FMO-mediated metabolism. In contrast to cytochrome P450 (CYP), FMO is not easily induced nor readily inhibited, and potential adverse drug-drug interactions are minimized for drugs prominently metabolized by FMO. These properties may provide advantages in drug design and discovery, and by incorporating FMO detoxication pathways into drug candidates, more drug-like materials may be forthcoming. Although exhaustive examples are not available, physiological factors can influence FMO function, and this may have implications for the clinical significance of FMO and a role in human disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141043
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 44
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS: How Their Effects on Macrophages Can Lead to the Development of a New Drug Therapy Against Atherosclerosis (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 1-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) alpha (ʼ̛), beta/delta (?‚/??), and gamma (??) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, which also includes the estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptors. Recent evidence suggests that PPARs regulate genes involved in lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and inflammation in various tissues; however, the mechanisms involved are not completely understood. Anti-diabetic drugs, called glitazones, can selectively activate PPAR??, and hypolipidemic drugs, called fibrates, can weakly activate PPARʼ̛. Both classes of drugs can decrease insulin resistance and dyslipidemias, which also makes them attractive for treating the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome exhibits a constellation of risk factors for atherosclerosis that include obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemias, and hypertension. Interestingly, all three PPARs are present in macrophages and can therefore have a profound effect on several disease processes, including atherosclerosis. Macrophages are key players in atherosclerotic lesion development. Currently, the first line of defense in reducing the risk of atherosclerosis is aimed at lowering low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and raising high-density lipoproteins (HDL), but a large percentage of patients on statins still succumb to coronary artery disease. However, with the development of drugs selectively activating PPARs, a new arsenal of drugs specifically targeting to the macrophage/foam cell may potentially have a profound impact on how we treat cardiovascular disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141247
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 45
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE REGULATION AND PHARMACOLOGY OF ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 235-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Nitric oxide (NO) is a small, diffusible, lipophilic free radical gas that mediates significant and diverse signaling functions in nearly every organ system in the body. The endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) is a key source of NO found in the cardiovascular system. This review summarizes the pharmacology of NO and the cellular regulation of endothelial NOS (eNOS). The molecular intricacies of the chemistry of NO and the enzymology of NOSs are discussed, followed by a review of the biological activities of NO. This information is then used to develop a more global picture of the pharmacological control of NO synthesis by NOSs in both physiologic conditions and pathophysiologic states.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121844
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 46
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CYTOCHROME P450 AND XENOBIOTIC RECEPTOR HUMANIZED MICE * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 41-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Most xenobiotics that enter the body are subjected to metabolism that functions primarily to facilitate their elimination. Metabolism of certain xenobiotics can also result in the production of electrophilic derivatives that can cause cell toxicity and transformation. Many xenobiotics can also activate receptors that in turn induce the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and xenobiotic transporters. However, there are marked species differences in the way mammals respond to xenobiotics, which are due in large part to molecular differences in receptors and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. This presents a problem in extrapolating data obtained with rodent model systems to humans. There are also polymorphisms in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that can impact drug therapy and cancer susceptibility. In an effort to generate more reliable in vivo systems to study and predict human response to xenobiotics, humanized mice are under development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100007
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 47
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CHRONIC EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL FORCE ON AIRWAYS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 563-583 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Airways are embedded in the mechanically dynamic environment of the lung. In utero, this mechanical environment is defined largely by fluid secretion into the developing airway lumen. Clinical, whole lung, and cellular studies demonstrate pivotal roles for mechanical distention in airway morphogenesis and cellular behavior during lung development. In the adult lung, the mechanical environment is defined by a dynamic balance of surface, tissue, and muscle forces. Diseases of the airways modulate both the mechanical stresses to which the airways are exposed as well as the structure and mechanical behavior of the airways. For instance, in asthma, activation of airway smooth muscle abruptly changes the airway size and stress state within the airway wall; asthma also results in profound remodeling of the airway wall. Data now demonstrate that airway epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts respond to their mechanical environment. A prominent role has been identified for the epithelium in transducing mechanical stresses, and in both the fetal and mature airways, epithelial cells interact with mesenchymal cells to coordinate remodeling of tissue architecture in response to the mechanical environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.113102
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 48
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE ASSOCIATION OF NHERF ADAPTOR PROTEINS WITH G PROTEINĐ??COUPLED RECEPTORS AND RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES * (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 491-505 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: The sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factors (NHERF-1 and NHERF-2) are a family of adaptor proteins characterized by the presence of two tandem PDZ protein interaction domains and a C-terminal domain that binds the cytoskeleton proteins ezrin, radixin, moesin, and merlin. The NHERF proteins are highly expressed in the kidney, small intestine, and other organs, where they associate with a number of transporters and ion channels, signaling proteins, and transcription factors. Recent evidence has revealed important associations between the NHERF proteins and several G proteinĐ??coupled receptors such as the ?‚2-adrenergic receptor, the ?”-opioid receptor, and the parathyroid hormone receptor, as well as growth factor tyrosine kinase receptors such as the platelet-derived growth factor receptor and the epidermal growth factor receptor. This review summarizes the emerging data on the biochemical mechanisms, physiologic outcomes, and potential clinical implications of the assembly and disassembly of receptor/NHERF complexes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.131050
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 49
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CNG AND HCN CHANNELS: Two Peas, One Pod (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 375-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Cyclic nucleotideĐ??activated ion channels play a fundamental role in a variety of physiological processes. By opening in response to intracellular cyclic nucleotides, they translate changes in concentrations of signaling molecules to changes in membrane potential. These channels belong to two families: the cyclic nucleotideĐ??gated (CNG) channels and the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotideĐ??modulated (HCN) channels. The two families exhibit high sequence similarity and belong to the superfamily of voltage-gated potassium channels. Whereas HCN channels are activated by voltage and CNG channels are virtually voltage independent, both channels are activated by cyclic nucleotide binding. Furthermore, the channels are thought to have similar channel structures, leading to similar mechanisms of activation by cyclic nucleotides. However, although these channels are structurally and behaviorally similar, they have evolved to perform distinct physiological functions. This review describes the physiological roles and biophysical behavior of CNG and HCN channels. We focus on how similarities in structure and activation mechanisms result in common biophysical models, allowing CNG and HCN channels to be viewed as a single genre.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.134728
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 50
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    OXIDATIVE STRESS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS: Biochemistry and Physiological Ecology (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 253-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Oxidative stressĐ??the production and accumulation of reduced oxygen intermediates such as superoxide radicals, singlet oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicalsĐ??can damage lipids, proteins, and DNA. Many disease processes of clinical interest and the aging process involve oxidative stress in their underlying etiology. The production of reactive oxygen species is also prevalent in the world's oceans, and oxidative stress is an important component of the stress response in marine organisms exposed to a variety of insults as a result of changes in environmental conditions such as thermal stress, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, or exposure to pollution. As in the clinical setting, reactive oxygen species are also important signal transduction molecules and mediators of damage in cellular processes, such as apoptosis and cell necrosis, for marine organisms. This review brings together the voluminous literature on the biochemistry and physiology of oxidative stress from the clinical and plant physiology disciplines with the fast-increasing interest in oxidative stress in marine environments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.110001
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 51
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE CONTRIBUTION OF BIOPHYSICAL LUNG INJURY TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIOTRAUMA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 585-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome who die usually succumb to multiorgan failure as opposed to hypoxia. Despite appropriate resuscitation, some patients' symptoms persist on a downward spiral, apparently propagated by an uncontained systemic inflammatory response. This phenomenon is not well understood. However, a novel hypothesis to explain this observation proposes that it is related to the life-saving ventilatory support used to treat the respiratory failure. According to this hypothesis, mechanical ventilation per se, by alterating both the magnitude and the pattern of lung stretch, can cause changes in gene expression and/or cellular metabolism that ultimately can lead to the development of an overwhelming inflammatory responseĐ??even in the absence of overt structural damage. This mechanism of injury has been termed biotrauma. In this review we explore the biotrauma hypothesis, the causal relationship between biophysical injury and organ failure, and its implications for the future therapy and management of critically ill patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.113443
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 52
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SIGNALING FOR CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION IN SMOOTH MUSCLE OF THE GUT (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 345-374 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Phosphorylation of Ser19 on the 20-kDa regulatory light chain of myosin II (MLC20) by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) is essential for initiation of smooth muscle contraction. The initial [Ca2+]i transient is rapidly dissipated and MLCK inactivated, whereas MLC20 and muscle contraction are well maintained. Sustained contraction does not reflect Ca2+ sensitization because complete inhibition of MLC phosphatase activity in the absence of Ca2+ induces smooth muscle contraction. This contraction is suppressed by staurosporine, implying participation of a Ca2+-independent MLCK. Thus, sustained contraction, as with agonist-induced contraction at experimentally fixed Ca2+ concentrations, involves (a) G protein activation, (b) regulated inhibition of MLC phosphatase, and (c) MLC20 phosphorylation via a Ca2+-independent MLCK. The pathways that lead to inhibition of MLC phosphatase by Gq/13-coupled receptors are initiated by sequential activation of Gʼ̛q/ʼ̛13, RhoGEF, and RhoA, and involve Rho kinaseĐ??mediated phosphorylation of the regulatory subunit of MLC phosphatase (MYPT1) and/or PKC-mediated phosphorylation of CPI-17, an endogenous inhibitor of MLC phosphatase. Sustained MLC20 phosphorylation is probably induced by the Ca2+-independent MLCK, ZIP kinase. The pathways initiated by Gi-coupled receptors involve sequential activation of G?‚??i, PI 3-kinase, and the Ca2+-independent MLCK, integrin-linked kinase. The last phosphorylates MLC20 directly and inhibits MLC phosphatase by phosphorylating CPI-17. PKA and PKG, which mediate relaxation, act upstream to desensitize the receptors (VPAC2 and NPR-C), inhibit adenylyl and guanylyl cyclase activities, and stimulate cAMP-specific PDE3 and PDE4 and cGMP-specific PDE5 activities. These kinases also act downstream to inhibit (a) initial contraction by inhibiting Ca2+ mobilization and (b) sustained contraction by inhibiting RhoA and targets downstream of RhoA. This increases MLC phosphatase activity and induces MLC20 dephosphorylation and muscle relaxation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040504.094707
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 53
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS AND CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 97-121 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Although there have been important advances in diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies for congenital heart defects (CHD), these malformations still lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Over the past 10 years, characterization of the genetic causes of CHD has begun to elucidate some of the molecular causes of these defects. Linkage analysis and candidate-gene approaches have been used to identify gene mutations that are associated with both familial and sporadic cases of CHD. Complementation of the human studies with developmental studies in mouse models provides information for the roles of these genes in normal development as well as indications for disease pathogenesis. Biochemical analysis of these gene mutations has provided further insight into the molecular effects of these genetic mutations. Here we review genetic, developmental, and biochemical studies of six cardiac transcription factors that have been identified as genetic causes for CHD in humans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.040104.113828
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 54
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    STRESS TRANSMISSION IN THE LUNG: Pathways from Organ to Molecule (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Physiology 68 (2006), S. 507-541 
    Details
    ISSN: 0066-4278
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Biology
    Notes: Gas exchange, the primary function of the lung, can come about only with the application of physical forces on the macroscale and their transmission to the scale of small airway, small blood vessel, and alveolus, where they serve to distend and stabilize structures that would otherwise collapse. The pathway for force transmission then continues down to the level of cell, nucleus, and molecule; moreover, to lesser or greater degrees most cell types that are resident in the lung have the ability to generate contractile forces. At these smallest scales, physical forces serve to distend the cytoskeleton, drive cytoskeletal remodeling, expose cryptic binding domains, and ultimately modulate reaction rates and gene expression. Importantly, evidence has now accumulated suggesting that multiscale phenomena span these scales and govern integrative lung behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.physiol.68.072304.114110
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 55
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CO AS A CELLULAR SIGNALING MOLECULE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 411-449 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Many biological functions of heme oxygenase (HO), such as cytoprotection against oxidative stress, vasodilation, neurotransmission in the central or peripheral nervous systems, and anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, or anti-proliferative potential, have been attributed to its enzymatic byproduct carbon monoxide (CO), although roles for biliverdin/bilirubin and iron have also been proposed. In addition to these well-characterized effects, recent findings reveal that HO-derived CO may act as an oxygen sensor and circadian modulator of heme biosynthesis. In lymphocytes, CO may participate in regulatory T cell function. A number of the known signaling effects of CO depend on stimulation of soluble guanylate cyclase and/or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Furthermore, modulation of caveolin-1 status may serve as an essential component of certain aspects of CO action, such as growth control. In this review, we summarize recent findings of the beneficial or detrimental effects of endogenous CO with an emphasis on the signaling pathways and downstream targets that trigger the action of this gas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141053
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 56
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF PHOSPHOLIPASE C ISOZYMES BY RAS SUPERFAMILY GTPASES (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 355-379 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The physiological effects of many extracellular stimuli are mediated by receptor-promoted activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and consequential activation of inositol lipid-signaling pathways. These signaling responses include the classically described conversion of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to the Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger Ins(1,4,5)P3 and the protein kinase CĐ??activating second messenger diacylglycerol as well as alterations in membrane association or activity of many proteins that harbor phosphoinositide binding domains. Here we discuss how the family of PLCs elaborates a minimal catalytic core typified by PLC-?? to confer multiple modes of regulation on their phospholipase activities. Although PLC-dependent signaling is prominently regulated by direct interactions with heterotrimeric G proteins or tyrosine kinases, the existence of at least 13 divergent PLC isozymes promises a diverse repertoire of regulatory mechanisms for this class of important signaling proteins. We focus here on the recently realized and extensive regulation of inositol lipid signaling by Ras superfamily GTPases directly acting on PLC isozymes and conclude by considering the biological and pharmacological ramifications of this regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141223
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 57
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF DRUG-METABOLIZING ENZYMES AND TRANSPORTERS IN INFLAMMATION (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 123-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Inflammation and infection have long been known to downregulate the activity and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes involved in hepatic drug clearance. This can result in elevated plasma drug levels and increased adverse effects. Recent information on regulation of human CYP enzymes is presented, as are new developments in our understanding of the mechanisms of regulation. Experiments to study the effects of modulating CYP activities on the inflammatory response have yielded possible insights into the physiological consequences, if not the purpose, of the downregulation. Regulation of hepatic flavin monooxygenases, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases, sulfotransferases, glutathione S-transferases, as well as of hepatic transporters during the inflammatory response, exhibits similarities and differences with regulation of CYPs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141059
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 58
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    PHARMACOGENOMICS OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 317-353 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Over the past four decades, treatment of acute leukemia in children has made remarkable progress, from this disease being lethal to now achieving cure rates of 80% for acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 45% for acute myeloid leukemia. This progress is largely owed to the optimization of existing treatment modalities rather than the discovery of new agents. However, the annual number of patients with leukemia who experience relapse after initial therapy remains greater than that of new cases of most childhood cancers. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to develop strategies to personalize medications and tailor treatment regimens to individual patients, with the goal of enhancing efficacy and safety through better understanding of the person's genetic makeup. In this review, we summarize recent pharmacogenomic studies related to the treatment of pediatric acute leukemia. These include work using candidate-gene approaches, as well as genome-wide studies using haplotype mapping and gene expression profiling. These strategies illustrate the promise of pharmacogenomics to further advance the treatment of human cancers, with childhood leukemia serving as a paradigm.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.100018
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 59
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    THE PROTEASOME AND PROTEASOME INHIBITORS IN CANCER THERAPY (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 189-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The proteasome, a multicatalytic proteinase complex, is responsible for the majority of intracellular protein degradation. Pharmacologic inhibitors of the proteasome possess in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, and bortezomib, the first such agent to undergo clinical testing, has significant efficacy against multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Preclinical studies demonstrate that proteasome inhibition potentiates the activity of other cancer therapeutics, in part by downregulating chemoresistance pathways. Early clinical studies of bortezomib-based combinations, showing encouraging activity, support this observation. Molecular characterization of resistance to proteasome inhibitors has revealed novel therapeutic targets for sensitizing malignancies to these agents, such as the heat shock pathway. Below, we review the pharmacologic, preclinical, and clinical data that have paved the way for the use of proteasome inhibitors for cancer therapy; outline strategies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors; and review other potential targets in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway for the treatment of cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141300
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 60
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF 7TM RECEPTOR ACTIVATIONĐ??A GLOBAL TOGGLE SWITCH MODEL (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 481-519 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The multitude of chemically highly different agonists for 7TM receptors apparently do not share a common binding mode or active site but nevertheless act through induction of a common molecular activation mechanism. A global toggle switch model is proposed for this activation mechanism to reconcile the accumulated biophysical data supporting an outward rigid-body movement of the intracellular segments, as well as the recent data derived from activating metal ion sites and tethered ligands, which suggests an opposite, inward movement of the extracellular segments of the transmembrane helices. According to this model, a vertical see-saw movement of TM-VIĐ??and to some degree TM-VIIĐ??around a pivot corresponding to the highly conserved prolines will occur during receptor activation, which may involve the outer segment of TM-V in an as yet unclear fashion. Small-molecule agonists can stabilize such a proposed active conformation, where the extracellular segments of TM-VI and -VII are bent inward toward TM-III, by acting as molecular glue deep in the main ligand-binding pocket between the helices, whereas larger agonists, peptides, and proteins can stabilize a similar active conformation by acting as Velcro at the extracellular ends of the helices and the connecting loops.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141218
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 61
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTION OF RETINOID NUCLEAR RECEPTORS: Lessons from Genetic and Pharmacological Dissections of the Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathway During Mouse Embryogenesis (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 451-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Retinoic acid (RA) is involved in vertebrate morphogenesis, growth, cellular differentiation, and tissue homeostasis. The use of in vitro systems initially led to the identification of nuclear receptor RXR/RAR heterodimers as possible transducers of the RA signal. To unveil the physiological functions of RARs and RXRs, genetic and pharmacological studies have been performed in the mouse. Together, their results demonstrate that (a) RXR/RAR heterodimers in which RXR is either transcriptionally active or silent are involved in the transduction of the RA signal during prenatal development, (b) specific RXRʼ̛/RAR heterodimers are required at many distinct stages during early embryogenesis and organogenesis, (c) the physiological role of RA and its receptors cannot be extrapolated from teratogenesis studies using retinoids in excess. Additional cell typeĐ??restricted and temporally controlled somatic mutagenesis is required to determine the functions of RARs and RXRs during postnatal life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141156
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 62
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    CANNABINOID RECEPTORS AS THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 101-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors are the primary targets of endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids). These G proteinĐ??coupled receptors play an important role in many processes, including metabolic regulation, craving, pain, anxiety, bone growth, and immune function. Cannabinoid receptors can be engaged directly by agonists or antagonists, or indirectly by manipulating endocannabinoid metabolism. In the past several years, it has become apparent from preclinical studies that therapies either directly or indirectly influencing cannabinoid receptors might be clinically useful. This review considers the components of the endocannabinoid system and discusses some of the most promising endocannabinoid-based therapies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141254
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 63
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    REGULATION OF PLATELET FUNCTIONS BY P2 RECEPTORS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 277-300 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The main role of blood platelets is to ensure primary hemostasis, which is the maintenance of vessel integrity and cessation of bleeding upon injury. While playing a major part in acute arterial thrombosis, platelets are also involved in inflammation, atherosclerosis, and angiogenesis. ADP and ATP play a crucial role in platelet activation, and their receptors are potential targets for antithrombotic drugs. The ATP-gated cation channel P2X1 and the two G proteinĐ??coupled ADP receptors, P2Y1 and P2Y12, selectively contribute to platelet aggregation and formation of a thrombus. Owing to its central role in the growth and stabilization of a thrombus, the P2Y12 receptor is an established target of antithrombotic drugs such as clopidogrel. Studies in P2Y1 and P2X1 knockout mice and selective P2Y1 and P2X1 antagonists have shown that these receptors are also attractive targets for new antithrombotic compounds. The potential role of platelet P2 receptors in the involvement of platelets in inflammatory processes is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141207
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 64
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    FUNCTIONAL IMAGING OF TUMOR PROTEOLYSIS (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 301-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The roles of proteases in cancer are now known to be much broader than simply degradation of extracellular matrix during tumor invasion and metastasis. Furthermore, proteases from tumor-associated cells (e.g., fibroblasts, inflammatory cells, endothelial cells) as well as tumor cells are recognized to contribute to pathways critical to neoplastic progression. Although elevated expression (transcripts and proteins) of proteases, and in some cases protease inhibitors, has been documented in many tumors, techniques to assess functional roles for proteases require that we measure protease activity and inhibition of that activity rather than levels of proteases, activators, and inhibitors. Novel techniques for functional imaging of protease activity, both in vitro and in vivo, are being developed as are imaging probes that will allow us to determine protease activity and in some cases to discriminate among protease activities. These should be useful clinically as surrogate endpoints for therapies that alter protease activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095853
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ROLE OF ABCG2/BCRP IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 381-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The protein variously named ABCG2/BCRP/MXR/ABCP is a recently described ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter originally identified by its ability to confer drug resistance that is independent of Mrp1 (multidrug-resistance protein 1) and Pgp (P-glycoprotein). Unlike Mrp1 and Pgp, ABCG2 is a half-transporter that must homodimerize to acquire transport activity. ABCG2 is found in a variety of stem cells and may protect them from exogenous and endogenous toxins. ABCG2 expression is upregulated under low-oxygen conditions, consistent with its high expression in tissues exposed to low-oxygen environments. ABCG2 interacts with heme and other porphyrins and protects cells and/or tissues from protoporphyrin accumulation under hypoxic conditions. Individuals who carry ABCG2 alleles that have impaired function may be more susceptible to porphyrin-induced toxicity. Abcg2 knock-out models have allowed in vivo studies of Abcg2 function in host and cellular defense. In combination with immunohistochemical analyses, these studies have revealed how ABCG2 influences the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs and cytotoxins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141238
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 66
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ACCESSORY PROTEINS FOR G PROTEINS: Partners in Signaling (2006)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Pharmacology 46 (2006), S. 151-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 0362-1642
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Medicine , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Accessory proteins involved in signal processing through heterotrimeric G proteins are generally defined as proteins distinct from G proteinĐ??coupled receptor (GPCR), G protein, or classical effectors that regulate the strength/efficiency/specificity of signal transfer upon receptor activation or position these entities in the right microenvironment, contributing to the formation of a functional signal transduction complex. A flurry of recent studies have implicated an additional class of accessory proteins for this system that provide signal input to heterotrimeric G proteins in the absence of a cell surface receptor, serve as alternative binding partners for G protein subunits, provide unexpected modes of G protein regulation, and have introduced additional functional roles for G proteins. This group of accessory proteins includes the recently discovered Activators of G protein Signaling (AGS) proteins identified in a functional screen for receptor-independent activators of G protein signaling as well as several proteins identified in protein interaction screens and genetic screens in model organisms. These accessory proteins may influence GDP dissociation and nucleotide exchange at the G subunit, alter subunit interactions within heterotrimeric G independent of nucleotide exchange, or form complexes with G or G independent of the typical G heterotrimer. AGS and related accessory proteins reveal unexpected diversity in G protein subunits as signal transducers within the cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.46.120604.141115
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Supressing the supressors (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1000-1002 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown in multiple models to limit the activity of autoreactive T lymphocytes and curb autoimmunity (Fig. 1a). However, the concept that T cells have a choice of whether to 'listen' to the regulatory population is beginning to unfold. In this issue, King et al. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-1000
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 68
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrigendum: ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase signaling mediates early demyelination induced by leprosy bacilli (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1100-1100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Nat. Med. 12, 961–966 (2006); published online 30 July 2006; corrected after print 17 August 2006 In the version of this article initially published, the middle panel of Figure 4d incorrectly reported the percentage of demyelination in M. leprae–treated cultures. The percentage should ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-1100a
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    AIDS meeting spotlights pills to prevent infection (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 981-981 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Gels, creams and pills that can prevent HIV infection are the most promising new tools in the fight against HIV/AIDS: that was the recurring theme at the 16th international AIDS conference in Toronto in August.... Faced with growing numbers of HIV infections and the dim prospects of a vaccine to ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-981
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 70
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News In brief (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 984-985 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] 〈!--20-Jul About 18% of 997 US Food and Drug Administration scientists surveyed say they've been asked to withhold or alter findings, 40% fear retaliation for voicing safety concerns in public and only 47% think the agency routinely provides complete and accurate information to the public, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-984
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 71
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HDAC7 supports vascular integrity (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 997-998 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Miles of blood vessels must rapidly and seamlessly interconnect for normal circulation to be established during mammalian development. A breach in the connection between adjoining endothelial cells or reduced recruitment of surrounding vascular smooth muscle cells can lead to tissue edema, vessel ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-997
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 72
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News feature: A few good scientists (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 986-987 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] For the editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association, this has been a summer of discontent. In two short months, the prestigious medical journal has published four corrections detailing significant financial conflicts of interest that its authors had not previously revealed. The ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-986
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 73
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biotechnology and humanity (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 989-989 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The Human Genome Project created a cottage industry in bioethics: a plethora of books, workshops, conferences and research projects designed to help us cope with the radical shift in our understanding of what it means to be human and our frightening ability to alter that humanity. This volume ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-989
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 74
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss of the tumor suppressor Vhlh leads to upregulation of Cxcr4 and rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in mice (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1081-1087 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is a clinical syndrome characterized by loss of renal function within days to weeks and by glomerular crescents on biopsy. The pathogenesis of this disease is unclear, but circulating factors are believed to have a major role. Here, we show that ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1460
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 75
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Transfer of a point mutation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis   inhA resolves the target of isoniazid (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1027-1029 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Isoniazid is one of the most effective antituberculosis drugs, yet its precise mechanism of action is still controversial. Using specialized linkage transduction, a single point mutation allele (S94A) within the putative target gene inhA was transferred in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The inhA(S94A) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1466
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 76
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inflammation in Alzheimer disease: driving force, bystander or beneficial response? (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1005-1015 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Alzheimer disease is a progressive dementia with unknown etiology that affects a growing number of the aging population. Increased expression of inflammatory mediators in postmortem brains of people with Alzheimer disease has been reported, and epidemiological studies link the use of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1484
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 77
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adoptive transfer of T-cell precursors enhances T-cell reconstitution after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1039-1047 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Immunoincompetence after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) affects in particular the T-cell lineage and is associated with an increased risk for infections, graft failure and malignant relapse. To generate large numbers of T-cell precursors for adoptive therapy, we cultured ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1463
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 78
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Text messages dig up pure water for Bangladesh's poor (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 983-983 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The teenage craze of text messaging will soon enable Bangladeshi villagers to tap into safe water supplies. A new program developed by Columbia University scientists uses cell phones to help villagers digging wells avoid water contaminated with arsenic.... About half of Bangladesh's estimated 7 ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-983b
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 79
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Killers become builders during pregnancy (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 991-992 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The public and clinicians have become increasingly interested in understanding reproductive failures such as recurrent miscarriage, intrauterine fetal growth retardation and preeclampsia. In recent years, reproductive immunologists have begun to pay more attention to the role of natural killer (NK) ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-991
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 80
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbes adapt to inner space (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 994-996 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Where does the human body begin? We all agree that the heart, liver and brain are part of the body and that food and water are not. But what happens at the interface, in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract? When food is eaten, we can trace its passage, digestion, absorption and assimilation ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-994
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 81
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Snake bites and bee stings: the mast cell strikes back (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 999-1000 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Millions of people are bitten by snakes each year around the world. Deaths are rare, but complications such as persistent hemorrhaging, neurological problems and amputations are more common. The mast cell, an immune cell known to be involved in allergic reactions, is commonly thought to contribute ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0906-999
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 82
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells induces features of plaque vulnerability in atherosclerosis (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 1075-1080 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) apoptosis occurs in many arterial diseases, including aneurysm formation, angioplasty restenosis and atherosclerosis. Although VSMC apoptosis promotes vessel remodeling, coagulation and inflammation, its precise contribution to these diseases is unknown, given ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1459
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 83
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Connexin37 protects against atherosclerosis by regulating monocyte adhesion (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 950-954 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] A genetic polymorphism in the human gene encoding connexin37 (CX37, encoded by GJA4, also known as CX37) has been reported as a potential prognostic marker for atherosclerosis. The expression of this gap-junction protein is altered in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions: it disappears from the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1441
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 84
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heparin binding directs activation of T cells against adeno-associated virus serotype 2 capsid (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 967-971 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Activation of T cells to the capsid of adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 2 vectors has been implicated in liver toxicity in a recent human gene therapy trial of hemophilia B. To further investigate this kind of toxicity, we evaluated T-cell responses to AAV capsids after intramuscular injection ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1445
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 85
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The amyloid code (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 747-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] In the Church of the Holy Amyloid, the reigning deity is a 42–amino acid protein, thought to be the key to the mysteries that underlie Alzheimer disease. Amyloid has many believers—and like any good religion, a few staunch heretics who question its supremacy.... As flippant as this ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0706-747
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 86
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Budget cuts put children's health study on chopping block (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 720-720 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The fate of a much-anticipated long-term study on the effect of the environment on children's health is in jeopardy, a potential victim of the tight federal budget. The $3.2 billion National Children's Health Study, launched with much fanfare in 2000, was intended to follow 100,000 children ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0706-720a
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 87
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mobile clinic model debuts in Manhattan (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 721-721 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Retrofitted from an 8–by–20 freight shipping container, Rx Box is a prototype mobile health clinic that promises to treat people in the poorest villages of the world. The Council on Foreign Relations and the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, which together developed Rx Box, unveiled the ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0706-721b
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 88
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reply to 'Your cheatin' heart' (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 725-725 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] To the editor: I'm writing to clarify a few points raised in 'Your cheatin' heart' (Nat. Med. 12, 490; 2006). In particular, the comment attributed to me, “Graduate students would do anything to please their principal investigator” needs explanation. To suggest that a graduate student ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0706-725
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 89
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hope and hype (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 727-727 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] When interferon was first discovered, it was initially hailed as the new penicillin, and was expected by many, including my tutor, Pieter De Somer, who pioneered the mass production of penicillin to save the lives of millions of people with viral infections. But the interferon story did not pan ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0706-727
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 90
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Corrigendum: Cytokine-mediated deployment of SDF-1 induces revascularization through recruitment of CXCR4 + hemangiocytes (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 978-978 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Nature Medicine 12, 557–567 (2006); published online 30 April 2006; corrected after print 14 July 2006 In the version of this article initially published, one of the micrographs in Figure 4d was incorrect. In Figure 4d, the micrograph showing CD31 staining of AdNull-treated adductor muscle ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0806-978
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 91
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Neuronal PTP1B regulates body weight, adiposity and leptin action (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 917-924 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Obesity is a major health problem and a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Leptin, an adipocyte-secreted hormone, acts on the hypothalamus to inhibit food intake and increase energy expenditure. Most obese individuals develop hyperleptinemia and leptin resistance, limiting the therapeutic efficacy of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1435
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 92
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interaction of KAI1 on tumor cells with DARC on vascular endothelium leads to metastasis suppression (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 933-938 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] CD82, also known as KAI1, was recently identified as a prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene on human chromosome 11p1.2 (ref. 1). The product of CD82 is KAI1, a 40- to 75-kDa tetraspanin cell-surface protein also known as the leukocyte cell-surface marker CD82 (refs. 1,2). Downregulation of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1444
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 93
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Embryonic and tumorigenic pathways converge via Nodal signaling: role in melanoma aggressiveness (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 925-932 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Bidirectional cellular communication is integral to both cancer progression and embryological development. In addition, aggressive tumor cells are phenotypically plastic, sharing many properties with embryonic cells. Owing to the similarities between these two types of cells, the developing ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1448
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 94
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Memory T H 2 cells induce alternatively activated macrophages to mediate protection against nematode parasites (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 955-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Although primary and memory responses against bacteria and viruses have been studied extensively, T helper type 2 (TH2) effector mechanisms leading to host protection against helminthic parasites remain elusive. Examination of the intestinal epithelial submucosa of mice after primary and secondary ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm1451
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 95
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    UK eyes single source of funds for biomedical research (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 598-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The UK government is seeking feedback on its proposed scheme to establish a single funding agency for both basic and clinical research. The plan also suggests scrapping the traditional peer-review system for allotting research funds to universities. Both initiatives, announced in late March by ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0606-598b
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 96
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cross-dressing T cells go wild (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 611-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Cytotoxic T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are the two major lineages of the immune system that can directly kill target cells; but the two cell types work differently. Cytotoxic T cells use a receptor rearranged during development to recognize microbial peptides bound to major ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0606-611
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 97
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbes plump up mice (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 737-737 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Interactions among the microbes in our gut could contribute to obesity, suggest findings by Buck Samuel and Jeffrey Gordon (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103, 10011–10016). Gordon and his colleagues had previously found that germ-free mice gained fat after they were inoculated with a suite of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0706-737
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weathington et al. reply: (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 604-604 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Weathington et al. reply: We thank Krishna Rajarathnam for pointing out the two exceptions to the 'GP' rule. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that PGP acts as a specific neutrophil chemoattractant through an action on CXCR1, CXCR2 or both. We were pleased that he found the data supporting this ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0606-604
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 99
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osteoclasts eat stem cells out of house and home (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 610-611 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has proven exceptionally useful in the clinic as a means of harvesting stem cells for transplantation. This cytokine 'mobilizes' hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) from the bone marrow to blood. This is now the preferred method of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0606-610
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    US court rules to allow experimental drugs for dying patients (2006)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature medicine 12 (2006), S. 596-596 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-170X
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] People dying from a terminal illness have the right to buy experimental drugs from companies before the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved them, a US federal appeals court ruled in May. If upheld, the ruling could bring hope to people desperately trying to extend their lives, but ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nm0606-596a
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
    BibTip Others were also interested in ...
    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
Close ⊗
This website uses cookies and the analysis tool Matomo. More information can be found here...