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  • Articles  (78)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (78)
  • Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology  (78)
  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (78)
  • 1970-1974
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  • 1996  (78)
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  • Articles  (78)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (78)
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  • 2000-2004
  • 1995-1999  (78)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Raman spectroscopic evidence for structural changes in poly-L-lysine induced by an approximately 50 mT static magnetic field (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 33-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: static magnetic field ; poly-L-lysine ; Raman spectroscopy ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have explored the mechanism of coupling of an approximately 50 mT static magnetic field with the α helices of poly-L-lysine. Structural changes in poly-L-lysine were determined by Raman spectroscopy. Our testable hypothesis is that static magnetic fields of this magnitude can couple with the α-helical segments of the polypeptide, and, as a result, the structure of the polypeptide is significantly altered. Our model further suggests that a static magnetic field can promote protein unfolding and can prevent refolding. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 2
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    Magnetic fields at resonant conditions for the hydrogen ion affect neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells: A test of the ion parametric resonance model (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 10-20 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: AC/DC magnetic fields ; IPR ; proton ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: PC-12 cells primed with nerve growth factor (NGF) were exposed to sinusoidal extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) selected to test the predictions of the ion parametric resonance (IPR) model under resonance conditions for a single ion (hydrogen). We examined the field effects on the neurite outgrowth (NO) induced by NGF using three different combinations of flux densities of the parallel components of the AC MF (Bac) and the static MF (Bdc). The first test examined the NO response in cells exposed to 45 Hz at a Bdc of 2.96 μT with resonant conditions for H+ according to the model. The Bac values ranged from 0.29 to 4.11 μT root-mean-square (rms). In the second test, the MF effects at off-resonance conditions (i.e., no biologically significant ion at resonance) were examined using the frequency of 45 Hz with a Bdc of 1.97 μT and covering a Bac range between 0.79 and 2.05 μT rms. In the third test, the AC frequency was changed to 30 Hz with the subsequent change in Bdc to 1.97 μT to tune for H+ as in the first test. The Bac values ranged from 0.79 to 2.05 μT rms. After a 23 h incubation and exposure to the MF in the presence of NGF (5 ng/ml), the NO was analyzed using a stereoscopic microscope. The results showed that the NGF stimulation of neurite outgrowth (NSNO) was affected by MF combinations over most of the Bac exposure range generally consistent with the predictions of the IPR model. However, for a distinct range of Bac where the IPR model predicted maximal ionic influence, the observed pattern of NSNO contrasted sharply with those predictions. The symmetry of this response suggests that values of Bac within this distinct range may trigger alternate or additional cellular mechanisms that lead to an apparent lack of response to the MF stimulus. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 3
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    Absence of relation between sick leave caused by musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to magnetic fields in an aluminum plant (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cohort ; electrolysis ; pot room ; sick leave ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This is a study of the relationship between occupational exposure to magnetic fields in pot rooms and occurrence of sick leave caused by musculoskeletal disorders. The average exposure to static magnetic fields was 8 mT in the pot rooms. Ripple fields were recorded as well. A cohort of 342 exposed workers and 222 unexposed workers from the same electrolysis plant was retrospectively followed for 5 years. The reference group had a type of work similar to the exposed group except for the exposure to magnetic fields. The occurrence of sick leave and the diagnoses causing the sick leave were obtained from the Occupational Health Care Unit: these data were stored in their computer files. The data were complete. No relationship between the occurrence of sick leave caused by musculoskeletal disorders and exposure to magnetic fields was found. This was the case for both the annual number of periods of sick leave and the total number of days with sick leave. The results must be interpreted with caution due to limitations in the design and available data. Also, static magnetic fields constituted the major exposure, and the results may be different when related to work in other types of magnetic-field exposure. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 4
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    Theoretical analysis of magnetic field interactions with aortic blood flow (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 21-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: blood flow ; static magnetic field ; magnetohydrodynamic interactions ; finite element analysis ; sinuatrial node ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The flow of blood in the presence of a magnetic field gives rise to induced voltages in the major arteries of the central circulatory system. Under certain simplifying conditions, such as the assumption that the length of major arteries (e.g., the aorta) is infinite and that the vessel walls are not electrically conductive, the distribution of induced voltages and currents within these blood vessels can be calculated with reasonable precision. However, the propagation of magnetically induced voltages and currents from the aorta into neighboring tissue structures such as the sinuatrial node of the heart has not been previously determined by any experimental or theoretical technique. In the analysis presented in this paper, a solution of the complete Navier-Stokes equation was obtained by the finite element technique for blood flow through the ascending and descending aortic vessels in the presence of a uniform static magnetic field. Spatial distributions of the magnetically induced voltage and current were obtained for the aortic vessel and surrounding tissues under the assumption that the wall of the aorta is electrically conductive. Results are presented for the calculated values of magnetically induced voltages and current densities in the aorta and surrounding tissue structures, including the sinuatrial node, and for their field-strength dependence. In addition, an analysis is presented of magnetohydrodynamic interactions that lead to a small reduction of blood volume flow at high field levels above approximately 10 tesla (T). Quantitative results are presented on the offsetting effects of oppositely directed blood flows in the ascending and descending aortic segments, and a quantitative estimate is made of the effects of assuming an infinite vs. a finite length of the aortic vessel in calculating the magnetically induced voltage and current density distribution in tissue. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 5
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    Effect of low-intensity millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation on regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 44-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: regeneration ; rat sciatic nerve ; microsurgical suture ; millimeter wave radiation ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of low-intensity millimeter wave electromagnetic radiation (MWR) on regeneration of the rat sciatic nerve after transection and microsurgical reapproximation was examined. Rats were exposed to 54 GHz MWR at a power density of 4 mW/cm2. It was found that MWR treatment of the femoral skin in the area of suture accelerated the regeneration of nerve fibers. At the twentieth postoperative day, the MWR-treated animals had a 32% increase in the regeneration distance compared to the control animals. The conduction velocity showed a 26% increase in the MWR-treated animals. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 6
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170101
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  • 7
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    Cell culture dosimetry for low-frequency magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 48-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF fields ; modeling ; induced current ; induced electric field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Calculations of the current density and electric field distributions induced in cell cultures by an applied low-frequency magnetic field have assumed that the medium is uniform. This paper calculates these distributions for a more realistic, inhomogeneous, anisotropic model in which the cells are regarded as conducting squares surrounded by insulating membranes. Separate parameters are used to specify the resistivities of the cell interior, the cell membrane parallel to its surface, the cell membrane perpendicular to its surface, and the intercellular junction parallel to the membrane. The presence of gap junctions connecting the interiors of adjacent cells is also considered. For vertical applied magnetic fields, the induced currents and field distributions may deviate considerably from the homogeneous medium model if there is sufficiently tight binding of the cells to each other. The presence of gap junctions can produce relatively large transmembrane electric fields or intracellular current densities. These considerations are generally less important for horizontal applied fields. A simple microscopic model of the cell surface is also discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 8
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    d' arsonval medal: Introduction Om P. Gandhi: 1995 receipient of the d' arsonval medal (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 1-2 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170102
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  • 9
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    Dynamic properties of Lednev's parametric resonance mechanism (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 58-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ion parametric resonance ; AC/DC magnetic fields ; excitation and deexcitation mechanisms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: This paper presents a further development of the mechanism for the detection of weak magnetic fields proposed by [Lednev (1991): Bioelectromagnetics 12:71-75]. The fraction of excited oscillator states of an unhydrated ion is studied in a dynamic model driven by the predicted (time-varying) transition probability in the presence of thermal noise and an unspecified excitation mechanism. The main results of Lednev are confirmed. In addition, I conclude that ultraharmonic and ultrasubharmonic resonances may also be observed, provided that the response time of the dynamic system is similar to the period of the oscillating magnetic field. I discuss the time scales involved in the mechanism and present theoretical constraints on these parameters. The crucial requirement for the theory's applicability is that the lifetime of the excited states of the affected ion oscillator exceeds the period of the applied magnetic field. Numerical solutions of the dynamic system are given and are shown to correspond well to theoretical expectations. The main discrepancy between the theories of Lednev and of Blanchard and Blackman [Blanchard and Blackman (1994): Bioelectromagnetics 15:217-238] appears to be due to an inconsistency in the latter paper. The general problem of robust analysis of experimental data is discussed, and I suggest a test of compliance with the Lednev model that is independent of all parameters except for the ratio of oscillating and static field strength (B1/B0) for many resonance conditions and experimental models. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 10
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    Resection of meningiomas with implantable microwave coagulation (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: brain tumor ; coagulation ; bleeding ; hemostasis ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Implantable microwave coagulation was used to perform resection on 62 patients that had intracranial meningiomas. When 20-60 W microwave power was applied for 15 s, the temperature at the center of the tumor tissue was 43-63°C; 30 mm from the center, the temperature was under 40°C. Histological changes in the center of the tumor showed coagulative necrosis, diminished nuclei, and obliterated blood vessels. The changes at 10-20 mm from the center of the tumor showed coagulative necrosis and degeneration and, 30-50 mm from the center of the tumor, showed normal cell morphology after microwave coagulation. The thermal field in brain tumor has an effective diameter of about 40 mm. No side effects on the normal brain tissues were observed. The amount of blood loss during the operation was minimal while the meningioma was coagulated, especially when the meningioma was located at the skull base or in the parasagittal or cerebral convexity region. After microwave coagulation, the entire tumor could easily be removed. Among the 62 surgically treated cases, gross total tumor excision was 85%. No postoperative complications occurred after microwave coagulation, and there was no operative mortality in the series. We believe that this new technique has the advantage of simplicity, less blood loss, and smooth postoperative procedures. Hemostatic effects during the operation are satisfactory, and blood transfusion can be reduced by 50-60%. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 11
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    Managing electromagnetic fields from residential electrode grounding systems: A predecision analysis (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 71-84 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: decision analysis ; grounding systems ; residential EMFs ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Several epidemiological studies have linked exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) with health effects, including leukemia and brain cancer, but the research is still inconclusive. In particular, no clear causal mechanism has been identified by which EMFs may promote cancers. Nevertheless, the concerns raised by the positive epidemiological studies have led to increasing efforts to reduce EMFs from a number of sources. One source of EMFs are home grounding systems that are connected through water pipes in homes to water mains. This paper analyzes whether home owners who are concerned about electromagnetic fields exposure from home grounding systems should take any action to reduce fields. Assuming that the grounding system produces elevated magnetic fields (e.g., 2-3 mG or higher), this study investigates several readily available alternatives and evaluates them with respect to five criteria: risk reduction, cost, fire risk increase, worker risk, and electrical shock risk. Because of the lack of conclusive evidence about an EMF-cancer relationship, this study uses a parameterized approach that makes conditional estimates of health risk depending on future research outcomes and on the nature of the EMF/health effects relationship. This type of analysis, which is called predecision analysis because of its preliminary nature, is therefore highly dependent on a set of assumptions. Nevertheless, this predecision analysis had some fairly clear results. First, waiting for more research or taking a fairly inexpensive corrective action (insulating the water pipe to reduce ground current flow) seem to be the main contenders for the best decision for many different assumptions and parameters. Second, the choice between these two actions is very sensitive to variations in assumptions and parameters. Homeowners who accept the base-case assumptions and parameters of this study should prefer to wait. If any of the base-case parameters are changed to more pessimistic estimates or if psychological concerns (like worry and regret) are considered, then the best action is to insulate the pipe to reduce the current flow through the water pipes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 12
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    Circadian locomotor activity of Musca flies: Recording method and effects of 10 Hz square-wave electric fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 100-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency ; electric fields ; rhythm ; synchronization ; period changes ; Musca domestica ; Calliphora ; Diptera ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Musca domestica flies that were exposed to a uniform vertical 10 Hz electric square-wave field of 1 kVm-1 changed the period length of their circadian locomotor activity rhythm. Under constant conditions, the clock of short-period flies was slowed down by the field, whereas the clock of long-period flies either was affected only scarcely (experiments at about 19°C) or ran faster (experiments at 25°C). If the field was applied for only 12 h daily, then 30-40% of the flies were synchronized. Thus, the field could function as a weak “Zeitgeber” (synchronizer). If the field was increased to 10 kVm-1, then 50-70% of the flies were synchronized. Flies avoided becoming active around the onset of the 12 h period of exposure to a 10 Hz field. The results of these experiments are discussed with respect to similar experiments by Wever on the effects of exposure to a 10 Hz field on the circadian system of man. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 13
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    Lorentz approach to static magnetic field effects on bound-ion dynamics and binding kinetics: Thermal noise considerations (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 89-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: EMF ; linear oscillator ; ion binding ; thermal noise ; spectral density ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The present study characterizes an ion-binding site, a molecular cleft in a signalling molecule such as calmodulin or troponin C, as a damped linear isotropic oscillator potential for small displacements about the origin. Quantitative assessments of the effects of thermal noise and exogenous static magnetic fields are made through a statistical mechanical treatment of the Lorentz-Langevin equation for an ion bound in a molecular cleft. Thermal noise causes a bound ion to be ejected from the site after a bound lifetime dependent upon the thermal noise spectral density. It is shown that the Lorentz-Langevin model requires values of the viscous damping parameter many orders of magnitude below those for bulk water in order to characterize the binding site and to obtain realistic lifetimes for a bound ion. The model predicts that milliTesla-range magnetic fields are required for static field effects on dissociation kinetics. The Lorentz equation also yields a classic coherent solution describing precession of the boundion oscillator orientation at the Larmor frequency. The bound-ion dynamics described by this coherent solution are sensitive to micro Tesla-range static magnetic fields in the presence of thermal noise. Numerical integration of the contribution of thermal noise forces to these dynamics is in good agreement with the results of statistical mechanical analysis, also producing realistic bound lifetimes for only very low viscous damping values. The mechanisms by which modulation of precessional motion might enable a signalling molecule such as calmodulin to detect an exogenous magnetic field are presently unclear. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 14
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    Evaluation of potential health effects of 10 kHz magnetic fields: A short-term mouse toxicology study (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 111-122 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: high-frequency inductive power distribution ; mice ; acute ; subchronic ; toxicity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A high-frequency inductive power distribution (HID) technology has been developed that generates sinusoidal magnetic fields at a frequency of 10 kHz. In typical industrial applications, field intensities in the order of 0.2 mT can be expected between the current-carrying coils. Because the possible health effects of 10 kHz sinusoidal magnetic fields of this type had never been investigated, a broad evaluation of possible effects on animal health was made in a preliminary 14 day acute study and in a 90 day subchronic study using male and female B6C3F1 mice. Exposures were at 0.08, 0.28, and 1.0 mT vs. a background exposure of 3.7 μT and were essentially continuous.These studies failed to demonstrate any health effects that can be clearly related to the magnetic field exposure. No changes in animal behaviour or indications of morbidity were detected during the initial exposure to the fields. There were no significant differences in body weight between exposed and unexposed (control) mice at any time in the study, and the clinical chemistry and hematology parameters were essentially unchanged. Although minor differences in some clinical chemistry and hematology parameters were seen between control and exposure groups, the lack of exposure dependence, the lack of consistency between sexes, and the lack of correspondence with the results of the two studies all suggest that these were chance associations. Even if the changes were real, the magnitude of the changes was very small and does not indicate serious biological effects. Finally, all organs were macroscopically and microscopically normal except for isolated, generally mild, histological lesions and lesions that were ascribed to fighting among males. There was no obvious association with field intensity. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 15
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    Acute effects of 50 Hz magnetic field exposure on human visual task and cardiovascular performance (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 131-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: statistical power ; duration discrimination ; blood pressure ; heart rate ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: One hundred subjects, males and females with ages ranging between 18 and 48 years, were studied under both field-exposed and sham-exposed conditions. A 50 Hz, 100 μT magnetic field (MF) was used. To examine the effect of field exposure on performance, a two-alternative, forced-choice, duration-discrimination task with three levels of difficulty was used. The subject's task was to decide which of two sequentially presented light flashes had the longer duration. The standard duration was 50 ms, and the alternative durations were 65, 100, or 125 ms. Both reaction time and percentage of correct responses were recorded for each subject. MF and sham exposure were for 9 min each. Blood pressure and heart rate were also measured before and following MF exposure and sham-exposure trials. The study was performed double blind, with the exposure order counterbalanced. Compared to sham exposure, MF exposure significantly decreased reaction time on the hardest level of the performance task. MF exposure did not reliably affect percentage correct or cardiovascular performance. It was demonstrated that a relatively high level of statistical power was the basis for the observed MF effect, and the need to pay closer attention to power levels in future research is discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 16
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    Behavioural evidence that magnetic field effects in the land snail, Cepaea nemoralis, might not depend on magnetite or induced electric currents (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 123-130 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF bioeffects ; attenuation of opioid-induced analgaesia ; biophysical mechanisms ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Although extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (〈300 Hz) appear to exert a variety of biological effects, the magnetic field sensing/transduction mechanism(s) remains to be established. Here, using the inhibitory effects of magnetic fields on endogenous opioid peptide-mediated “analgaesic” response of the land snail. Cepaea nemoralis, we addressed the mechanism(s) of action of ELF magnetic fields. Indirect mechanisms involving both induced electric fields and direct magnetic field detection mechanisms (e.g., magnetite, parametric resonance) were evaluated. Snails were exposed to a static magnetic field (BDC=78±1 μT) and to a 60 Hz magnetic field (BAC=299±1 μT peak) with the angle between the static and 60 Hz magnetic fields varied in eight steps between 0° and 90°. At 0° and 90°, the magnetic field reduced opioid-induced analgaesia by approximately 20%, and this inhibition was increased to a maximum of 50% when the angle was between 50° and 70°. Because BAC was fixed in amplitude, direction, and frequency, any induced electric currents would be constant independent of the BAC/BDC angle. Also, an energy transduction mechanism involving magnetite should show greatest sensitivity at 90°. Therefore, the energy transduction mechanism probably does not involve induced electric currents or magnetite. Rather, our results suggest a direct magnetic field detection mechanism consistent with the parametric resonance model proposed by Lednev. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 17
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    Evaluating alternative exposure indices in epidemiologic studies on extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 138-143 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: epidemiology ; pregnancy ; exposure assessment ; generalized additive modelling ; exposure-response relationship ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Choosing the right exposure index for epidemiological studies on 50-60 Hz magnetic fields is difficult due to the lack of knowledge about critical exposure parameters for the biological effects of magnetic fields. This paper uses data from a previously published epidemiological investigation on early pregnancy loss (EPL) to study the methods of evaluating the exposure-response relationship of 50 Hz magnetic fields. Two approaches were used. The first approach was to apply generalized additive modeling to suggest the functional form of the relationship between EPL and magnetic field strength. The second approach evaluated the goodness of fit of the EPL data with eight alternative exposure indices: the 24 h average of magnetic field strength, three indices measuring the proportion of time above specified thresholds, and four indices measuring the proportion of time within specified intensity windows. Because the original exposure data included only spot measurements, estimates for the selected exposure indices were calculated indirectly from the spot measurements using empirical nonlinear equations derived from 24 h recordings in 60 residences. The results did not support intensity windows, and a threshold-type dependence on field strength appeared to be more plausible than a linear relationship. In addition, the study produced data suggesting that spot measurements may be used as surrogates for other exposure indices besides the time average field strength. No final conclusions should be drawn from this study alone, but we hope that this exercise stimulates evaluation of alternative exposure indices in other planned and ongoing epidemiological studies. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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  • 18
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    Comment on “Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells” by Henry Lai and Narenda P. Singh (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 165-165 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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  • 19
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    Coaxial lines for multiphase power distribution (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 162-164 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: coaxial cable ; power distribution ; magnetic field ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A coaxial cable can be used to reduce the magnetic and electric fields that extend into environments in the vicinity of transmission lines and distribution lines and in-house or building wiring for power distribution systems. The use of the coaxial geometry may prove useful in cases where there are environmental concerns with respect to health effects and in cases where there is a need to run high-speed data communications in close proximity to power distribution systems. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Didactic discussion of stochastic resonance effects and weak signals (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 242-245 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: stochastic resonance ; electromagnetic fields ; signal-to-noise ratio ; ELF ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A simple, paradigmatic, model is used to illustrate some general properties of effects subsumed under the label “stochastic resonance.” In particular, analyses of the transparent model show that 1) a small amount of noise added to a much larger signal can greatly increase the response to the signal, but 2) a weak signal added to much larger noise will not generate a substantial added response. The conclusions drawn from the model illustrate the general result that stochastic resonance effects do not provide an avenue for signals that are much smaller than noise to affect biology. A further analysis demonstrates the effects of small signals in the shifting of biologically important chemical equilibria under conditions where stochastic resonance effects are significant. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170301
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    Prenatal exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field has no effect on spatial learning in adult mice (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radial-arm maze ; memory ; behavioural teratology ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Male CD1 mice were exposed in utero to a 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 5 mT (rms) for the period of gestation and were raised subsequently without applied fields. At 82-84 days of age, they began a radial-arm-maze experiment that was designed to test for deficits in spatial learning in memory. Mice exposed in utero and sham-exposed mice exhibited no statistically significant differences in performances. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Stimulation of Ca2+ influx in rat pituitary cells under exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 303-311 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; lactotrophs ; metabolic activity ; voltage-dependent calcium channels ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of exposure of single rat pituitary cells to 50 Hz sine wave magnetic fields of various strengths on the intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied by using dual-emission microfluorimetry, using indo-1 as probe. A 30 min exposure of the cells to vertical 50 μT peak magnetic field triggered a long-lasting increase in [Ca2+]i from a basal value of about 185 ± 4 nM to 326 ± 41 nM (S.E.; n = 150). The vertical and horizontal components of the static magnetic field were 57 and 15 μT, respectively. The 50 Hz ambient magnetic field was always below 0.1 μT rms. The effect was observed both at 25 ± 2 °C and at 37 ± 2 °C. Responsive cells, for which [Ca2+]i rose to values above 309 nM, were identified as lactotrophs and represented 29% of the total pituitaries. [Ca2+]i increase, for the most part, was due to Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent dihydropiridine-sensitive calcium channels inhibited by PN 200-110. However, neither Ca2+ channel blockers nor removal of Ca2+ from the external medium during exposure completely prevented the field-induced [Ca2+]i increase. Additional experiments using an MTT colorimetric assay showed that alteration of Ca2+ homeostasis of lactotrophs was associated with impairment of some mitochondrial processes. © Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Resonance effect of millimeter waves in the power range from 10-19 to 3 × 10-3 W/cm2 on Escherichia coli cells at different concentrations (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 312-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: low-intensity microwaves ; genome conformation ; viscosity ; electron-conformational interaction model ; half-width of resonance ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of millimeter waves (MMWs) on the genome conformational state (GCS) of E. coli AB1157 cells was studied by the method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) in the frequency range of 51.64-51.85 GHz. The 51.755 GHz resonance frequency of the cell reaction to MMWs did not depend on power density (PD) in the range from 10-19 to 3 × 10-3 W/cm2. The half-width of the resonant reaction of cells showed a sigmoid dependence on PD, changing from 3 MHz to 100 MHz. The PD dependence of the half-width had the same shape for different concentrations of exposed cells (4 × 107 and 4 × 108 cells/ml), whereas the magnitude of the 51.755 GHz resonance effect differed significantly and depended on the PD of MMW exposure. Sharp narrowing of the 51.755 GHz resonance in the PD range from 10-4 to 10-7 W/cm2 was followed by an emergence of new resonance frequencies. The PD dependence of the MMW effect at one of these resonance frequencies (51.674 GHz) differed markedly from the corresponding dependence at the 51.755 GHz resonance, the power window occurring in the range from 10-16 to 10-8 W/cm2. The results obtained were explained in the framework of a model of electron-conformational interactions. The frequency-time parameters of this model appeared to be in good agreement with experimental data. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170401
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    Orientation of glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes in strong static magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 335-338 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: membrane components ; hemoglobin ; paramagnetism ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In a uniform static magnetic field up to 8 Telsa, glutaraldehyde-fixed erythrocytes showed an orientation in which their disk plane was perpendicular to the magnetic field. The paramagnetism of membrane-bound hemoglobin was thought to contribute significantly to this orientation. The observation of magnetic orientation is directed toward understanding the fundamental microstructural aspects of the erythrocyte. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of microwave and radio frequency electromagnetic fields on lichens (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 327-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Parmelia tiliacea ; Hypogymnia physodes ; growth rate ; thermal effect ; nonthermal effect ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of electromagnetic fields on lichens were investigated. Field experiments of long duration (1-3 years) were combined with laboratory experiments and theoretical considerations. Samples of the lichen species Parmelia tiliacea and Hypogymnia physodes were exposed to microwaves (2.45 GHz; 0.2, 5, and 50 m W/cm2; and control). Both species showed a substantially reduced growth rate at 50 m W/cm2. A differentiation between thermal and nonthermal effects was not possible. Temperature measurements on lichens exposed to microwaves (2.45 GHz, 50 m W/cm2) showed a substantial increase in the surface temperature and an accelerated drying process. The thermal effect of microwave on lichens was verified. The exposure of lichens of both species was repeated near a short-wave broadcast transmitter (9.5 MHz, amplitude modulated; maximum field strength 235 V/m, 332 mA/m). No visible effects on the exposed lichens were detected. At this frequency, no thermal effects were expected, and the experimental results support this hypothesis. Theoretical estimates based on climatic data and literature showed that the growth reductions in the initial experiments could very likely have been caused by drying of the lichens from the heating with microwaves. The results of the other experiments support the hypothesis that the response of the lichens exposed to microwaves was mainly due to thermal effects and that there is a low probability of nonthermal effects. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Environmental magnetic fields change complementary DNA synthesis in cell-free systems (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 322-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cDNA ; DNA polymerase I ; reverse transcriptase ; replication ; rabbit globin ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A number of studies have shown that exposures to environmental magnetic fields (MFs) increase cellular transcription and enhance DNA synthesis. However, little is known about the basic mechanisms underlying specific biological responses to MFs. We looked directly at the effect of MFs by using a cell-free rabbit globin cDNA synthesis system. cDNA synthesis reaction mixtures were placed in each of four exposure conditions and were tested simultaneously. Condition one was the control, with no exposure during either single-strand or double-strand synthesis (M-M-). The second condition was MF exposure only during single-strand synthesis (M+M-). The third condition was exposure only during double-strand synthesis (M-M+). The fourth condition was exposure during both single-strand and double-strand synthesis (M+M+). Results showed that cDNA synthesis was affected by 5-100 μ T, 60 Hz MFs. Double-strand cDNA synthesis increased with MF exposure only during double-strand synthesis reactions (M-M+), and the greatest increase of double-strand cDNA synthesis was detected when MF exposure was at 10 μT, only during double-strand synthesis. Double-strand cDNA synthesis decreased when only single-strand synthesis reactions were exposed (M+M-; 100 μT). An increase of cDNA synthesis caused increased synthesis of rabbit globin cDNA and large-sized molecules. These results suggest that exposure to MF induced structural changes of synthesized cDNA, therefore altering the amount of cDNA. Our results show that environmental MFs can significantly alter cDNA synthesis in a cell-free system. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acute exposure to 50 Hz magnetic field does not affect hematologic or immunologic functions in healthy young men: A circadian study (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 364-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 50 Hz magnetic field ; hematology ; CD3 ; CD4 ; natural killer cells ; B cells ; circadian rhythm ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Some epidemiological studies report a relationship between magnetic field exposure and such human diseases as leukemia and immune system disturbances. The few published studies on animals do not demonstrate field exposure-related alterations in hematologic and immune systems. The data presented here are part of a broader study designed to investigate the possible effects of acute exposure to a 50 Hz linearly polarized magnetic field (10 μT) on hematologic and immunologic functions. Thirty-two young men (20-30 years old) were divided into two groups (control group, i.e., sham-exposed, 16 subjects; exposed group, 16 subjects). All subjects participated in two 24 h experiments to evaluate the effects of both continuous and intermittent (1 h “off” and 1 h with the field switched “on” and “off” every 15 s) exposure to linearly polarized magnetic fields. The subjects were exposed to the magnetic field (generated by three Helmholtz coils per bed) from 23:00 to 08:00 while lying down. Blood samples were collected during each session at 3 h intervals from 11:00 to 20:00 and hourly from 22:00 to 08:00. No significant differences were observed between sham-exposed (control) and exposed men for hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, red blood cells, platelets, total leukocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, or neutrophils. Immunologic variables [CD3, CD4, CD8, natural killer (NK) cells and B cells] were unaltered. To our knowledge, this study is the first to document the effects of a 50 Hz magnetic field on the circadian rhythm of human hematologic and immune functions, and it suggests that acute exposure to either a continuous or an intermittent 50 Hz linearly polarized magnetic field of 10 μT, at least under the conditions of our experiment, does not affect either these functions or their circadian rhythms in healthy young men. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    EMF and current cancer concepts (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 339-357 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cancer models ; cell proliferation ; animal bioassays ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Exposure to power frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMF) is ubiquitous, and a body of epidemiologic studies has produced evidence suggestive of a possible link between EMF exposure and cancer of several types. This paper provides a perspective that holds key findings in the EMF literature against the background of important models and established principles in cancer biology. It is intended primarily for scientists whose expertise lies outside of cancer biology and animal bioassays. Current thinking holds that carcinogenesis is a multistep process that requires at least two genotoxic events in its critical path but that is facilitated by nongenotoxic proliferative effects on target cells. EMF, which itself is not believed to be genotoxic, could influence carcinogenesis if it exerted either direct or indirect effects on target cell turnover. Such effects could operate through receptor-mediated or nonreceptor-mediated pathways. However, effects relevant to carcinogenesis have not been confirmed, and a mode of action for EMF has not been determined. Chronic bioassays in rodents are in progress to examine the potential carcinogenicity of EMFs. EMF research has the opportunity to capitalize on the recent major advances in our understanding of carcinogenic processes. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Difference in frequency spectrum of extremely-low-frequency effects on the genome conformational state of AB1157 and EMG2 E. coli cells (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 384-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: bioeffects ; weak ELF ; anomalous viscosity time dependence ; resonance frequency dependence ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of weak extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (sinusoidal, 30 μT amplitude) on the genome conformational state (GCS) of E. coli mutant and wild type cells was studied by using the method of anomalous viscosity time dependency (AVTD) in the 6-37 Hz frequency range. We confirmed the existence of three resonance frequencies of 8.9, 15.5, and 29.4 Hz when mutant cells of K12 AB1157 strain were exposed. In the same frequency range, the wild type K12 EMG2 cells displayed only two effective windows, with resonance frequencies of 8.3 and 27 Hz. The resonance frequencies differed significantly (P 〈 .001-.000001) in the strains studied, whereas other resonance parameters did not. It was concluded that mutations in the AB1157 strain resulted in a significant rearrangement in the ELF action spectrum, including the appearance of a new resonance. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Exposure to strong static magnetic field slows the growth of human cancer cells in vitro (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 358-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; magnetobiology ; human cancer cells ; cellular growth ; biophysics ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Proposals to enhance the amount of radiation dose delivered to small tumors with radioimmunotherapy by constraining emitted electrons with very strong homogeneous static magnetic fields has renewed interest in the cellular effects of prolonged exposures to such fields. Past investigations have not studied the effects on tumor cell growth of lengthy exposures to very high magnetic fields. Three malignant human cell lines, HTB 63 (melanoma), HTB 77 IP3 (ovarian carcinoma), and CCL 86 (lymphoma; Raji cells), were exposed to a 7 Tesla uniform static magnetic field for 64 hours. Following exposure, the number of viable cells in each group was determined. In addition, multicycle flow cytometry was performed on all cell lines, and pulsed-field electrophoresis was performed solely on Raji cells to investigate changes in cell cycle patterns and the possibility of DNA fragmentation induced by the magnetic field. A 64 h exposure to the magnetic field produced a reduction in viable cell number in each of the three cell lines. Reductions of 19.04 ± 7.32%, 22.06 ± 6.19%, and 40.68 ± 8.31% were measured for the melanoma, ovarian carcinoma, and lymphoma cell lines, respectively, vs. control groups not exposed to the magnetic field. Multicycle flow cytometry revealed that the cell cycle was largely unaltered. Pulsed-field electrophoresis analysis revealed no increase in DNA breaks related to magnetic field exposure. In conclusion, prolonged exposure to a very strong magnetic field appeared to inhibit the growth of three human tumor cell lines in vitro. The mechanism underlying this effect has not, as yet, been identified, although alteration of cell growth cycle and gross fragmentation of DNA have been excluded as possible contributory factors. Future investigations of this phenomenon may have a significant impact on the future understanding and treatment of cancer. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Light and magnetic fields in a neonatal intensive care unit (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 396-405 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: occupational exposure ; premature infants ; melatonin suppression ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Effects of light and electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on pineal function could have implications for long-term risk of breast cancer, reproductive irregularities, or depression. Health-care workers in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) were interviewed to determine the tasks, work locations, and practices in their work environment as well as the care provided to the infants. After an initial visit, methods for measuring illuminance, luminance, and broadband resultant magnetic fields throughout the NICU were developed. Measurements were made of one nursery during a daytime (1:00 p.m.) and a night-time (12:30 a.m.) visit. Measurements relevant to both nurses and premature infants in the NICU were made. Some measurements could not be completed so as not to interfere with nurses' duties in the NICU. Illuminances measured during the daytime and nighttime averaged 184 and 34 lux (lx), respectively, much lower than those reported in other studies of illuminance in NICUs, with a maximum illuminance of 747 lx. Peak levels may be consistent with those thought to suppress melatonin. There was a high degree of variability in EMF levels, which exceeded 1,000 mG close to certain hospital equipment but averaged 1-2 mG at the nurses' workstation. Fields within incubators exceeded 10 mG. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Differential modulation of natural and adaptive immunity in fischer rats exposed for 6 weeks to 60 Hz linear sinusoidal continuous-wave magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 373-383 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electromagnetic field ; extremely low frequency ; natural killer activity ; immunotoxicity ; lymphocyte markers ; macrophage ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two separate, independent experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of 60 Hz linearly polarized, sinusoidal, continuous-wave magnetic fields (MFs) on immune system performances in rats born and raised under these fields. Each experiment lasted for 6 weeks. A total of 96 animals, divided into groups of eight animals each, was exposed for 20 h/day to MFs of different intensities, i.e., sham (〈0.02 μT) and 2, 20, 200, and 2000 μT. Another group of animals, which was housed in a separate room, served as cage controls (CC). These animals were exposed to ambient MFs of 〈0.02 μT. The following immune responses were evaluated in both experiments: total T and B cells; CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulation and natural killer (NK) cell activity in splenic lymphocytes; hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), nitrous oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production by peritoneal macrophages. Our results show that a 6 week exposure to MFs induced a significant decrease in the number of CD5+, CD4+, and CD8+ populations. These changes were even more significant in rats that were exposed to fields of 2000 μT. A lower, although significant, decrease in the CD5+ population was also observed in animals that were exposed to fields of 200 μT. Linear regression analysis demonstrated a dose effect with MF intensity. B lymphocyte (Ig+ cell) populations also showed a 12% decrease (P 〈 .05) in the groups that were exposed to fields of 20 and 200 μT. However, these results were not significant, and no relation with MF intensities could be demonstrated. In contrast, evaluation of splenic NK cell activity revealed a 50% increase (P 〈 .05) in animals that were exposed to fields of 2000 μT. No significant results were obtained from the evaluation of TNF activity and NO secretion in peritoneal macrophages. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated and net H2O2 productions for a minor subpopulation of peritoneal cells showed positive dose-response correlations by linear regression analysis. Taken together, our results suggest that an in vivo exposure of rats for 6 weeks to 60 Hz MFs can induce significant immunological perturbations on effector cells of both natural and adaptive immunity in a dose-dependent fashion. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Activation-dependent and biphasic electromagnetic field effects: Model based on cooperative enzyme kinetics in cellular signaling (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 427-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cellular effects ; lymphocyte experiments ; capacitative calcium entry ; radical-pair mechanism ; theoretical models ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Experiments on field exposure effects of extremely-low-frequency electric and magnetic fields (EMFs) on biological systems have shown that, in many cases, the biological-functional status is of fundamental importance for an effective interaction. For example, studies of calcium uptake regulation in cells of the immune system, particularly in T lymphocytes, have revealed that, depending on the degree of cellular activation, either stimulatory, inhibitory, or no field exposure effects are observed for identical field parameters. A brief summary of the experimental findings is given, and a theoretical approach is presented that accounts in a qualitative manner for EMF exposure effects 1) that depend on the degree of cellular activation and 2) that exhibit a biphasic response behavior (stimulation/inhibition). In the model, biochemical stimulation of the cell results in activation of specific signaling pathways that regulate calcium dynamics in the cell (calcium release from intracellular calcium stores and capacitative calcium entry). We assume that, controlled by these pathways, a specific EMF-sensitive enzyme system becomes activated. The activated enzyme, in turn, exhibits a feedback control on the signal processes, thus leading to a modulation of calcium entry. This modulation may affect other cellular processes that are calcium dependent (e.g., DNA synthesis). Magnetic field exposure is assumed to alter the kinetics of a specific step within the enzyme-reaction cycle in accord with the radical-pair mechanism, although the formulism is not restricted to this specific example. Results show that inclusion of cooperative steps within the enzyme-reaction cycle provides a theoretical basis that enables a simple description of a biphasic response behavior to EMF exposure. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Some bioelectromagnetics research at the University of Utah: Acceptance speech on the occasion of receiving the d'Arsonval medal (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 3-9 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: No abstract.
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    Calcium homeostasis of isolated heart muscle cells exposed to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 144-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: calcium concentration ; pulsed RF fields ; TEM cell ; cardiac myocytes ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) of isolated ventricular cardiac myocytes of the guinea pig was measured during the application of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields. The high-frequency fields were applied in a transverse electromagnetic cell designed to allow microscopic observation of the myocytes during the presence of the high-frequency fields. The [Ca2+]i was measured as fura-2 fluorescence by means of digital image analysis. Both the carrier frequency and the square-wave pulse-modulation pattern were varied during the experiments (carrier frequencies: 900, 1,300, and 1,800 MHz pulse modulated at 217 Hz with 14% duty cycle; pulsation pattern at 900 MHz: continuous wave, 16 Hz, and 50 Hz modulation with 50% duty cycle and 30 kHz modulation with 80% duty cycle). The mean specific absorption rate (SAR) values in the solution were within one order of magnitude of 1 mW/kg. They varied depending on the applied carrier frequency and pulse pattern. The experiments were designed in three phases: 500 s of sham exposure, followed by 500 s of field exposure, then chemical stimulation without field. The chemical stimulation (K+-depolarization) indicated the viability of the cells. The K+ depolarization yielded a significant increase in [Ca2+]i. Significant differences between sham exposure and high-frequency field exposure were not found except when a very small but statistically significant difference was detected in the case of 900 MHz/50 Hz. However, this small difference was not regarded as a relevant effect of the exposure. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on early growth in three plant species and a replication of previous results (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 154-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radish ; mustard ; barley ; ion-cyclotron resonance ; Ca2+ ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In an attempt to replicate the findings of Smith et al., seeds of Raphanus sativus L. (radish), Sinapsis alba L. (mustard), and Hordeum vulgare L. (barley) were grown for between 9 and 21 days in continuous electromagnetic fields (EMFs) at “ion-cyclotron resonance” conditions for stimulation of Ca2+ (BH = 78.3 μT, BHAC = 40 μT peak-peak at 60 Hz, BV = 0). On harvesting, radish showed results similar to those of Smith et al. Dry stem weight and plant height were both significantly greater (Mann-Whitney tests, Ps 〈 0.05) in EMF-exposed plants than in control plants in each EMF experiment. Wet root weight was significantly greater in EMF-exposed plants in two out of three experiments, as were dry leaf weight, dry whole weight, and stem diameter. Dry root weight, wet leaf weight, and wet whole weight were significantly greater in EMF-exposed plants in one of three experiments. All significant differences indicated an increase in weight or size in the EMF-exposed plants. In each of the sham experiments, no differences between exposed and control plants were evident. Mustard plants failed to respond to the EMFs in any of the plant parameters measured. In one experiment, barley similarly failed to respond; but in another showed significantly greater wet root weight and significantly smaller stem diameter and dry seed weight at the end of the experiment in exposed plants compared to control plants. Although these results give no clue about the underlying bioelectromagnetic mechanism, they demonstrate that, at least for one EMF-sensitive biosystem, results can be independently replicated in another laboratory. Such replication is crucial in establishing the validity of bioelectromagnetic science. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170201
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    Reply to “Comment on ‘Acute low-intensity microwave exposure increases DNA single-strand breaks in rat brain cells’” (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 166-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: No abstract.
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    Editor's note (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. i 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170202
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    Microwave absorption by magnetite: A possible mechanism for coupling nonthermal levels of radiation to biological systems (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ferromagnetic resonance ; magnetoacoustic effect ; hypersound ; cellular telephones ; EMF bioeffects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The presence of trace amounts of biogenic magnetite (Fe3O4) in animal and human tissues and the observation that ferromagnetic particles are ubiquitous in laboratory materials (including tissue culture media) provide a physical mechanism through which microwave radiation might produce or appear to produce biological effects. Magnetite is an excellent absorber of microwave radiation at frequencies between 0.5 and 10.0 GHz through the process of ferromagnetic resonance, where the magnetic vector of the incident field causes precession of Bohr magnetons around the internal demagnetizing field of the crystal. Energy absorbed by this process is first transduced into acoustic vibrations at the microwave carrier frequency within the crystal lattice via the magnetoacoustic effect; then, the energy should be dissipated in cellular structures in close proximity to the magnetite crystals. Several possible methods for testing this hypothesis experimentally are discussed. Studies of microwave dosimetry at the cellular level should consider effects of biogenic magnetite. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Radio frequency electromagnetic exposure: Tutorial review on experimental dosimetry (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 195-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: SAR ; microwave ; nonionizing radiation ; electric field ; conductivity ; biological effects ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Radio frequency (RF) dosimetry is the quantification of the magnitude and distribution of absorbed electromagnetic energy within biological objects that are exposed to RF fields. At RF, the dosimetric quantity, which is called the specific absorption rate (SAR), is defined as the rate at which energy is absorbed per unit mass. The SAR is determined not only by the incident electromagnetic waves but also by the electrical and geometric characteristics of the irradiated subject and nearby objects. It is related to the internal electric field strength (E) as well as to the electric conductivity and the density of tissues; therefore, it is a suitable dosimetric parameter, even when a mechanism is determined to be “athermal.” SAR distributions are usually determined from measurements in human models, in animal tissues, or from calculations. This tutorial describes experimental techniques that are used commonly to determine SAR distributions along with the SAR limitations and unresolved problems. The methods discussed to obtain point, planar, or whole-body averaged SARs include the use of small E-field probes or measurement of initial rate of temperature rise in an irradiated object. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Miniature-probe measurements of electric fields induced by 60 Hz magnetic fields in rats (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 167-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF dosimetry ; induced currents ; homogeneous models ; tissue conductivity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields interact with an animal by inducing internal electric fields, which represent the internal dose from an external exposure. In this study, an electric field probe of approximately 2 mm resolution was used to measure fields induced in rat carcasses by a 60 Hz magnetic field at 1 mT. With the rat lying on its side, the probe was inserted through a small hole in the body wall, and scanned at 5 mm increments from the side with frontal and axial exposure (field horizontal) and from the front with lateral exposure (field vertical). The induced electric field declined from a maximum at the entrance to the abdomen and crossed zero to negative (180° phase shift) values within the body as expected. In general, the magnitudes of the measurements inside the abdomen were less than expected from whole-body calculations that used homogeneous-ellipsoidal models of a rat in the three orientations. The low measurements did not appear to be explained by perpendicular field components, by conductivity differences between the tissue and the probe path, or by air in the lungs. The low measurements probably result from inhomogeneities in actual rats that include conductivity differences between tissues and biological membranes. For example, an alternative model considered the abdominal cavity to be electrically isolated from the body by the diaphragm and the peritoneum and calculations from this model were in better agreement with the measurements inside the abdomen (than were the whole-body calculations). Therefore, inhomogeneities in conductivity and biomembranes such as the peritoneum should be considered in order to fully understand ELF-induced field dosimetry. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Magnetic field characteristics of electric bed-heating devices (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 174-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; electric blanket ; water-bed heater ; magnetic field exposure ; magnetic field dosimetry ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Measurements of the flux density and spectra of magnetic fields (MFs) generated by several types of electric bed heaters (EBH) were made in order to characterize the MFs to which the fetus may be exposed in utero from the mother's use of these devices. Data on MFs were gathered from more than 1,300 in-home and laboratory spot measurements. In-home measurements taken at seven different positions 10 cm from the EBHs determined that the mean flux density at the estimated position of the fetus relative to the device was 0.45 μT (4.5 mG) for electric blankets and 0.20 μT (2.0 mG) for electrically heated water beds. A rate-of-change (RC) metric applied to the nighttime segment of 24 h EMDEX-C personal-dosimeter measurements, which were taken next to the bed of volunteers, yielded an approximate fourfold to sixfold higher value for electric blanket users compared to water-bed heater users. These same data records yielded an approximate twofold difference for the same measurements when evaluated by the time-weighted-average (TWA) MF exposure metric. Performance of exposure meters was checked against standard fields generated in the laboratory, and studies of sources of variance in the in-home measurement protocols were carried out. Spectral measurements showed that the EBH's measured produced no appreciable high-frequency MFs. Data gathered during this work will be used in interpreting results from a component of the California Pregnancy Outcome Study, which evaluates the use of EBHs as a possible risk factor in miscarriage. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Acute exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields has no effect on the acquisition of a spatial learning task by adult male mice (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 180-186 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: 50 Hz ; electromagnetic fields ; memory ; radial-arm maze ; rodents ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: A series of four experiments was performed to determine whether acute exposure to a range of 50 Hz magnetic fields had any effect on a learning task in adult male CD1 mice. A radial-arm maze placed within the bore of an electromagnet was used to assess spatial discrimination learning for food reward. Subjects were reduced to 85% of their free-feeding weight and were placed in the maze for up to 15 minutes each day for 10 days. Performance of the task was measured by using maximum likelihood techniques to calculate the probability that an animal would not reenter any given arm of the maze. Experimental subjects were exposed to a vertical, 50 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 5 μT, 50 μT, 0.5 mT, or 5.0 mT (rms). Control subjects were exposed only to a background time-varying field of less than 50 nT and the ambient static field of about 40 μT. The variation in the applied magnetic field was less than 5% except at the ends of the arms, where it approached 10%. It was found that all eight groups of subjects (n = 10 in all cases) showed similar increases in performance with testing, and the acquisition curve for each group of experimental subjects was not significantly different from that of their control group (P 〉 0.05 in all cases). It was concluded that exposure had no effect on learning at any flux density. This result is contrary to the findings of a number of preliminary studies, although other studies have reported that magnetic fields do not affect spatial learning in adult male rodents. It is possible that differences between experimental conditions might explain some of this apparent discrepancy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    High-voltage overhead power lines in epidemiology: Patterns of time variations in current load and magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 209-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic fields ; power transmission ; distribution system ; temporal variations ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In epidemiological studies of electromagnetic fields and health effects, exposure classification is crucial. There is no generally accepted biophysical interaction mechanism, but many studies are based on the hypothesis of a causal relationship with the strength of magnetic field. Some definition of the magnitude of exposure must be used, e.g., mean magnetic flux density, the integral of magnetic flux and time, or a peak value. Magnetic fields around a particular power line depend on the current load. The aim of the present study was to follow variations in line current load in the power supply system of the largest Norwegian city on a yearly, monthly, daily, and diurnal basis. Fairly large variations in load were found, but increases in consumption were not necessarily reflected in current load on high voltage lines. The correlation between outdoor temperature and current load varied widely, depending on the type of power station feeding the line in question. The registered time variations are large enough to interfere with epidemiological classification of residences and testing of epidemiological hypotheses. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Temperature oscillations in liquid media caused by continuous (nonmodulated) millimeter wavelength electromagnetic irradiation (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 223-229 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: millimeter microwaves ; convection ; temperature gradients ; vortex ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
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    Notes: Convection in liquids caused by 53-78 GHz millimeter wave irradiation with incident power density that ranged from 10 μW/cm2 to 1 W/cm2 was studied. Infrared thermography was used as an artifact-free method for recording surface-temperature dynamics during irradiation. It was found that continuous (nonmodulated) waves can produce a relaxation-type temperature oscillation in liquids with a relatively high stability of the period between temperature spikes. The temperature oscillation is due to the repetitive formation and dissipation of a torroidal type of convection vortex. When the vortex became stable during irradiation, we observed a temperature decrease following the initial temperature-rise phase, even though the irradiation was constantly maintained. This result constitutes a new process that can play a significant role in producing microwave bioeffects, including some so-called “nonthermal” effects and some effects that are inversely related to heating. Also, it can be considered as a newly discovered potential artifact in microwave bioeffects studies. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Preliminary report on treatment of bone tumors with microwave-induced hyperthermia (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 218-222 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: skeletal neoplasm ; thermotherapy ; surgery ; limb sparing ; knee joint ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Between July, 1992, and February, 1995, 62 patients with various bone tumors were treated with microwave-induced hyperthermia. The series had 47 cases of malignant tumors and 15 cases with benign tumors; most of the tumors occurred at or near knee joints (53/62 = 85.4%). The surgical procedure consisted of separating the tumorous segment from surrounding normal tissues with a safe margin, cooling the normal tissues (including the vital neurovascular bundle and the intrajoint structures) with a water circulation system while heating the tumor simultaneously with the microwave antenna array, and providing an adequate soft-tissue cover for the dead bone. The tumor core temperature and the surface temperature reached 108 and 65 °C, respectively. The duration of microwave irradiation was usually 40-50 minutes. Meanwhile, the temperature of the normal tissues was kept under 39 °C. The minimal and maximal periods of clinical observation were 3 months and 36 months, respectively, and the mean follow-up period was 17 months. The 62 cases were evaluated from both oncological and orthopedic points of view. Five cases had local recurrence and required amputation. The 57 other cases had excellent local control. Six malignancy cases died of lung metastasis during a period of 1-2 years. Pathological fracture occurred at devitalized bone in five cases. In most of the cases, the knee joints functioned well, were stable and painless, and had almost full range of motion. Single-photon emission-computed tomography study in 16 cases revealed that revascularization of the devitalized tumorous bone segment could be accomplished in 1 year or more. These results show that the use of microwave hyperthermia for the treatment of bone tumors can be considered to be a definitive operation procedure that is safe and is well tolerated by patients. The oncological and orthopedic results are very encouraging. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effect on the immune system of mice exposed chronically to 50 Hz amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwaves (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 246-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: immune response ; AM or CW microwave radiation ; chronic MW exposure ; male and female mice ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effect of continuous (CW; 2.45 GHz carrier frequency) or amplitude-modulated (AM; 50 Hz square wave) microwave radiation on the immune response was tested. CW exposures (6 days, 3 h/day) induced elevations of the number of antibody-producing cells in the spleen of male Balb/c mice (+37%). AM microwave exposure induced elevation of the spleen index (+15%) and antibody-producing cell number (+55%) in the spleen of male mice. No changes were observed in female mice. It is concluded that both types of exposure conditions induced moderate elevation of antibody production only in male mice. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    In vivo 3-D distributions of electric fields in pig skin with rectangular pulse electrical current stimulation (RPECS) (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 253-262 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: wound healing ; RPECS ; perpendicular field ; tangential field ; pig model ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We developed stimulating and detecting electrodes. We experimentally examined three dimensional (3-D) distributions of electric fields in living pig skin under and around the stimulating electrodes with the detecting electrodes and rectangular pulsed electrical current stimulation (RPECS). We verified our previous physical assumption, E ≈ I / (A σdz), in the skin under the electrode, where E, I, A and σdz respectively represent the electric field, the externally imposed peak current, the cross sectional area of the stimulating electrode and the perpendicular conductivity of the skin. Pulses were 30 mA, 140 μs and 128 pulses per second (pps). These parameters were previously used in our laboratory to enhance cutaneous regeneration, in vivo, with RPECS. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Human perception of electric fields and ion currents associated with high-voltage DC transmission lines (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 230-241 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: exposure chamber ; psychophysics ; detection ; environmental guidelines ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The objective of this study was to assess the ability of humans to detect the presence of DC electric fields and ion currents. An exposure chamber simulating conditions present in the vicinity of high-voltage DC (HVDC) lines was designed and built for this purpose. In these experiments, the facility was used to expose observers to DC electric fields up to 50 kV/m and ion current densities up to 120 nA/m2. Forty-eight volunteers (25 women and 23 men) between the ages of 18 and 57 years served as observers. Perception of DC fields was examined by using two psychophysical methods: an adaptive staircase procedure and a rating method derived from signal-detection theory. Subjects completed three different series of observations by using each of these methods: one was conducted without ion currents, and the other two involved various combinations of electric fields and ion currents. Overall, subjects were significantly more likely to detect DC fields as the intensity increased. Observers were able to detect the presence of DC fields alone, but only at high intensities; the average threshold was 45 kV/m. Except in the most sensitive individuals, ion current densities up to 60 nA/m2 did not significantly facilitate the detection of DC fields. However, higher ion current densities were associated with a substantial lowering of sensory thresholds in a large majority of observers. Data analysis also revealed large variations in perceptual thresholds among observers. Normative data indicating DC field and ion current intensities that can be detected by 50% of all observers are provided. In addition, for the most sensitive observers, several other detection proportions were derived from the distribution of individual detection capabilities. These data can form the basis for environmental guidelines relating to the design of HVDC lines. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Human performance and physiology: A statistical power analysis of ELF electromagnetic field research (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 274-278 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: power survey ; sample size ; effect size ; alpha level ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Research examining the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) on human performance and physiology has produced inconsistent results; this might be attributable to low statistical power. Statistical power refers to the probability of obtaining a statistically significant result, given the fact that a real effect exists. The results of a survey of published investigations of the effects of EMFs on human performance and physiology show that statistical power levels are very low, ranging from a mean of.08 for small effect sizes to .46 for large effect sizes. Implications of these findings for the interpretation of results are discussed along with suggestions for increasing statistical power. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Nocturnal melatonin levels in human volunteers exposed to intermittent 60 Hz magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 263-273 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF ; EMF ; human ; neuroendocrine ; cancer ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two double-blind laboratory-based studies were performed to determine whether a suppression of nocturnal melatonin similar to that observed in rodents occurs when humans are exposed to magnetic fields at night. In study 1, 33 men were exposed to sham, 10 mG, or 200 mG intermittent, circularly polarized magnetic fields from 2300 to 0700 h under controlled environmental and exposure test conditions. Overall, exposure had no effect on melatonin levels. Men with preexisting low levels of melatonin, however, showed significantly greater suppression of melatonin when they were exposed to light and also when they were exposed to the 200 mG magnetic-field condition. Study 2 directly tested the hypothesis that low-melatonin subjects show enhanced sensitivity when exposed to light and to 200 mG magnetic fields. After preexposure screening, each of 40 men slept in the exposure facility on two nights. On one night, the men were sham exposed. On the other night, they were exposed to the 200 mG field condition used previously. Again, exposure had no overall effect on melatonin levels. The original finding of enhanced sensitivity in low-melatonin subjects was not replicated in this study. We conclude that the intermittent exposure conditions used in these two studies were not effective in altering nocturnal melatonin release patterns in human volunteers. Further research is underway with regard to exposure parameters, hormonal and immune system measures, and individual differences. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Exposure to combined static and 60 Hz magnetic fields: Failure to replicate a reported behavioral effect (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 279-292 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: low flux-density magnetic fields ; cyclotron resonance ; operant conditioning ; multiple schedules ; rats ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Two experiments failed to confirm the Thomas, Schrot, and Liboff report that low-intensity magnetic fields disrupted the operant behavior of rats. In their experiment, food-deprived rats were trained to press a lever to obtain food pellets under a multiple fixed-ratio (FR) 30, differential reinforcement of low rate 18-24 s (DRL 18-24) schedule. After baseline training, the rats were exposed to a 30 min treatment in a different chamber prior to behavioral testing. When the treatment consisted of a horizontal 60 Hz magnetic field at 5 x 10-5 Telsa aligned along the north-south axis combined with a static field that reduced the background to 2.61 x 10-5 Telsa, the rate of lever pressing in the DRL component of the multiple schedule increased reliably during the immediately following test session. Changes in responding were not observed when the rats were exposed to either the static field or the 60 Hz field independently nor during sham exposures to the fields. In the present experiments, only the combined fields, i.e., those reported to be effective, were studied in rats using the same general behavioral and exposure protocol used by Thomas et al [1986a]. In experiment 1, the 2.61 x 10-5 Telsa was achieved by reducing the vertical component of the static field. In experiment 2, both the horizontal and the vertical components were altered to match those used by Thomas et al. In both experiments additional magnetic field conditions were also studied to ensure that threshold values were exceeded and, in experiment 2, to address concerns about the role of harmonic frequencies of the 60 Hz field. The baseline performances approximated those of Thomas et al. Performances were compared between exposure, sham-exposure and control sessions. None of the exposure conditions altered any of the behavioral measures. The reasons for failing to replicate the results of Thomas et al. remain unknown. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effects of pulsed magnetic fields on neurite outgrowth from chick embryo dorsal root gangliaConsideration of this manuscript was coordinated by a guest editor and was independent of any of the authors. (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 293-302 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: nerve growth factor ; induced electric field ; directional growth ; in vitro ; waveform generator ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We have previously shown that neurite outgrowth from 6-day chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in vitro was stimulated when nerve growth factor (NGF) and pulsed magnetic fields (PMF) are used in combination. 392 DRGs were studied in a field excited by a commercial PMF generator. We have now analyzed an additional 416 DRGs exposed to very similar PMF's produced by an arbitrary wave from generator and power amplifier. We reproduced our previous findings that combination of NGF and bursts of asymmetric, 220 μs-wide, 4.0 mT-peak pulses induced significantly (p〈0.05) greater outgrowth than NGF alone, that fields without NGF do not significantly alter outgrowth, and that, unlike NGF alone, 4.0 mT fields and NGF can induce asymmetric outgrowth. The asymmetry does not seem to have a preferred orientation with respect to the induced electric field. Analysis of the data for the entire 808 DRGs confirms these findings. Importantly, we find similar results for pulse bursts repeated at 15 or 25 Hz. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Development of chicken embryos exposed to an intermittent horizontal sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 411-424 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: intermittent exposure ; growth curve ; malformation ; basement membrane ; extracellular matrix ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of intermittent exposure (2 h on/22 h off) to a 200 μT horizontal, sinusoidally oscillating (50 Hz) magnetic field were studied in 210 fertilized chicken eggs. Two hundred ten control eggs (sham-exposed) were incubated in the same chamber as the experimental eggs. Chick embryos were examined for developmental anomalies and maturity stage after 48 h of incubation. Immunohistochemical analysis of extracellular membrane components (laminin, fibronectin, and type IV collagen) were conducted on day 7 and histological examinations for malformations of brain, liver, and heart, on days 7, 12, and 18 of incubation. Furthermore, egg fertility and egg weights were evaluated on days 2, 7, 12, and 18. The investigation also measured the body weight of chickens for 90 days from hatching and included histological analysis of body organs. Each variable was investigated blind. Statistical comparison between exposed and sham-exposed values did not show significant differences in any of the variables investigated. Thus, it appears that the exposure of embryos to an intermittent 200 μT magnetic field at 50 Hz does not cause developmental anomalies, changes in maturity stage, alterations in distribution of extracellular membrane components, or malformations in the brain, liver, or heart. Moreover, there were no differences in body weight, morphology, or histology of central nervous system, liver, heart, or testis in 90-day-old chickens hatched from exposed in comparison to sham-exposed eggs. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170501
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    Extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields disrupt rhythmic slow activity in rat hippocampal slices (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 388-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: ELF magnetic fields ; hippocampus ; theta rhythm ; nitric oxide ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Several studies have indicated that weak, extremely-low-frequency (ELF; 1-100 Hz) magnetic fields affect brain electrical activity and memory processes in man and laboratory animals. Our studies sought to determine whether ELF magnetic fields could couple directly with brain tissue and affect neuronal activity in vitro. We used rat hippocampal slices to study field effects on a specific brain activity known as rhythmic slow activity (RSA), or theta rhythm, which occurs in 7-15 s bursts in the hippocampus during memory functions. RSA, which, in vivo, is a cholinergic activity, is induced in hippocampal slices by perfusion of the tissue with carbachol, a stable analog of acetylcholine. We previously demonstrated that the free radical nitric oxide (NO), synthesized in carbachol-treated hippocampal slices, lengthened and destabilized the intervals between successive RSA episodes. Here, we investigate the possibility that sinusoidal ELF magnetic fields could trigger the NO-dependent perturbation of the rate of occurrence of the RSA episodes. Carbachol-treated slices were exposed for 10 min epochs to 1 or 60 Hz magnetic fields with field intensities of 5.6, 56, or 560 μT (rms), or they were sham exposed. All exposures took place in the presence of an ambient DC field of 45 μT, with an angle of -66° from the horizontal plane. Sinusoidal 1 Hz fields at 56 and 560 μT, but not at 5.6 μT, triggered the irreversible destabilization of RSA intervals. Fields at 60 Hz resulted in similar, but not statistically significant, trends. Fields had no effects on RSA when NO synthesis was pharmacologically inhibited. However, field effects could take place when extracellular NO, diffusing from its cell of origin to the extracellular space, was chelated by hemoglobin. These results suggest that ELF magnetic fields exert a strong influence on NO systems in the brain; therefore, they could modulate the functional state of a variety of neuronal ensembles. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Dielectric properties of human fetal organ tissues at radio frequencies (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 425-426 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: dielectric measurement ; permittivity ; conductivity ; in vitro human tissues ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The in vitro dielectric properties of human fetal organ tissues were measured in the frequency range from 100 kHz to 500 MHz at 24 °C. The dielectric measurements were performed by using a network analyzer (HP4195A) and a coaxial line capacitive sensor. The tested samples, including skin, muscle, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and brain tissues, were obtained from the legal abortion of five women with 14-16 week gestation periods. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Validity of surrogates for determination of 30-1000 Hz magnetic field exposure for video display terminal users in office settings (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 406-410 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: video display terminals ; electromagnetic fields ; exposure assessment ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: In studies investigating adverse reproductive outcomes associated with video display terminal (VDT) usage, amounts of time spent in front of a VDT or magnetic field (MF) levels in front of the VDT are used as surrogate measures of subject's MF exposure. However, the relevance of such surrogates to actual exposures has not been demonstrated, and the validity of the use of such measures as a surrogate for the actual MF exposure is only speculative. This study examines 1) measurements of MFs at frequencies of approximately 30-1000 Hz at a fixed distance from the VDTs, 2) reported hours of VDT use, and 3) reported distance between the VDT and the subject's waist as surrogate measures for the average MF exposure level of a VDT user during one 8 h workday. The results showed a weak correlation between the average exposure level of a VDT user and the MF 46 cm from a VDT (R = 0.52, n = 67, P 〈 0.001). This study showed no association between self-reported hours of VDT usage, or self-reported distance between waist and VDT, and the average MF exposures. Moreover, individuals' average MF exposures did not seem to be affected by other variables, such as position of a VDT on the desk, hours of desk use, and the VDT type (color vs. monochrome). These findings indicate that VDT exposures within office settings are complex and cannot be easily predicted by surrogates. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Conductivity of a chronic wound model (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 445-449 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: cells ; cultured ; electric conductivity ; collagen ; wound healing ; fibroblasts ; dermal equivalent matrix ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The dermal equivalent matrix (DEM) is well recognized as an in vitro model of wound healing. To quantify the low-frequency (10-100 Hz) electric fields that cause proliferative effects in this model, determination of conductivity is a prerequisite. This article outlines a four-electrode technique to establish conductivity of DEM at 100 Hz. DEM is fabricated from human foreskin fibroblasts and collagen type I extracted from rat tail. Over 8-10 days, fibroblasts contract translucent collagen matrices into opaque circular “dime-sized” structures that are approximately 10 mm in diameter and 1 mm thick. To determine conductivity, rectangular samples are cut from each matrix. Thickness and width of each sample is measured by microscopy. Over 17 experiments, conductivity of multiple samples is found to be related inversely to cell density in matrix, with 1.22 Siemens/meter (S/m) corresponding to 0 cells/mm3 matrix and 0.78 S/m corresponding to 2.6×104 cells/mm3. These results are consistent with a physical model of DEM consisting of pores within a framework of type I collagen; the cells and medium are within the pores. The model is most compatible with a relative pore area of 73% and a cell volume of 9.0 × 10-6 mm3 (the latter in agreement with published fibroblast dimensions). From these results, DEM is much more porous than dermis. Although DEM has been recognized as a reasonable model of chronic wound healing, this dissimilarity is noted. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Coronary heart diseases: Assessment of risk associated with work exposure to ultralow-frequency magnetic fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 436-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: pulsed magnetic fields ; engine drivers ; cardiovascular morbidity ; electric railway locomotives ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The present analysis was stimulated by previous findings on the possible influence of natural ultralow-frequency (ULF; 0.001-10 Hz) geomagnetic field variations on the cardiovascular system and indications of an effect of man-made ULF magnetic fields on the rate of myocardial infarction. In the present study, we considered the occupational health hazards of the strongest ULF magnetic fields in densely populated urban areas. Measurements of ULF magnetic field fluctuations produced by trains powered by DC electricity were performed by means of a computer-based, highly sensitive, three-component magnetometer. We found that the magnitude of magnetic field pulses inside the driver's cab of electric locomotives (ELs) could be ≥ 280 μT in the horizontal component perpendicular to the rails and up to approximately 130 μT in the vertical component, and, in the driver's compartment of electric motor unit (EMU) trains, they were approximately 50 and 35 μT, respectively. We have investigated the relationships between the occupational exposure to ULF magnetic field fluctuations produced by electric trains and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) among railroad workers in the former Soviet Union. We have analyzed medical statistical data for a period of 3 years for approximately 45,000 railroad workers and 4,000 engine drivers. We have also analyzed 3 years of morbidity data for three subgroups of engine drivers (∼4,000 in each group) operating different types of trains. We find that EL drivers have a twofold increase in risk (2.00 ± 0.27) of coronary heart diseases (CHDs) compared with EMU drivers. Because our analysis of major CVDs shows that the examined subpopulations of drivers can be considered to have had equal exposure to all known risk factors, the elevated CHD risk among EL drivers could be attributed to the increased occupational exposure to ULF magnetic fields. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Electric fields and proliferation in a chronic wound model (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 450-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric stimulation therapy ; wound healing ; fibroblasts ; skin ; cell division ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: A wound model for decubitus and leg ulcers consisting of human dermal fibroblasts in type I collagen dermal “equivalent” matrix (DEM) was exposed in vitro to electric fields similar to postulated endogenous fields in wounds. After an 8-10 day maturation period, conductivity of DEM samples was determined. Then, DEM samples were mounted in oval windows equidistant between Ag/AgCl agar electrodes in exposure chambers containing serum-free medium. A known low-frequency sinusoidal current was then applied for 12 h, and the average electric field amplitude was calculated in the region of the cells. After a 6 h hiatus, 3H-thymidine was introduced for 6 h. This was followed by assay. Over a series of trials, field amplitude ranged from 18 to 1,000 mV/m at frequencies of 10 and 100 Hz. Proliferation was measured by total DNA and 3H-thymidine incorporation. Results indicated that a narrow amplitude window between 37 and 50 mV/meter at 10 Hz yielded increases in proliferation: At maximum (41 mV/m), there was a 70% increase in total DNA (P 〈 .01). Increases occurred in 3H-thymidine incorporation at 41-50 mV/m but not at other amplitudes (P 〈 .05). Increases in total DNA at 41 mV/m occurred at 10 Hz but not 100 Hz (P 〈 .01). 3H-thymidine incorporation was in agreement (P 〈 .05). Response was also a function of cell density within matrix. Proliferation occurred in the same amplitude and frequency ranges in which endogenous fields are expected to occur. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Conductivities of pig dermis and subcutaneous fat measured with rectangular pulse electrical current (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 458-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: skin wound healing ; rectangular pulse electrical currents ; perpendicular ; tangential ; anisotropic ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We examined experimentally the relationship between perpendicular and tangential electrical conductivities, σ, and peak current density J, in pig skin dermis and subcutaneous fat specimens by using a four-electrode measuring system with rectangular pulse electrical current (RPEC). We also investigated the relationship of the conductivity, σ, vs. pulse rate, f. The rates were selected at 8, 32, 64, and 128 pulses per second (pps), and the pulse width was fixed at 140 μs. These values are often used in vivo to enhance cutaneous regeneration with RPEC stimulation. It was found that the conductivities may be approximated to be $$\sigma_d= [\sigma_{dx}\sigma_{dy}\sigma_{dz}]= \hbox{[0.38 S/m 0.38 S/m 0.27 S/m]}$$ for the skin dermis and $$\sigma_f= [\sigma_{fx}\sigma_{fy}\sigma_{fz}]= \hbox{[0.074 S/m 0.074 S/m 0.045 S/m]}$$ for the subcutaneous fat in the conditions of this experiment. These findings implies that the conductivities of pig skin dermis and subcutaneous fat are anisotropic, i.e., σx = σy ≠ σz. It was also found that the conductivities are independent of current density and pulse rate in the current range from 20 μA/cm2 to 120 mA/cm2. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Characterizing cellular systems by means of dielectric spectroscopy (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 475-482 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: spherical cell suspensions ; diffusive membrane ; α and β dispersion ; cellular division cycle ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The dielectric behavior of a suspension of synchronized, spherical cells has been investigated in relation to the electrical parameters of certain cell structures. In the quasistatic approximation, Poisson's equations are solved for the respective diffusive media, and the local charge distributions are derived by taking into account the continuity equations. The results describe both α and β dispersion and reduce, in the corresponding limiting cases, to previous reports. The dependence of suspension permittivity in α-and β-dispersion ranges on the diffusive effects, the conductivity, and the permittivity of cytoplasm, of membrane, and of culture medium as well as on membrane thickness is pointed out. The possibility is pointed out of characterizing cellular behavior by means of the evolution of certain electrical and morphological parameters during cell cycle progression as well the effects of different stimuli on cellular systems derived by fast dielectric spectroscopy. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Numerical and experimental dosimetry of petri dish exposure setups (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 483-493 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: radiofrequency ; transverse electromagnetic (TEM) cell ; in vitro ; specific absorption rate ; Crawford cell ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Crawford TEM cells are often used to expose cell cultures or small animals in order to study the effects caused by high-frequency fields. They are self-contained, easy-to-use setups that provide a rather homogeneous field distribution in a large area around its center, corresponding approximately to far-field conditions. However, a number of conditions must be met if such TEM cells are intended to be used for in vitro experiments. For instance, poor interaction with the incident field must be maintained to avoid significant field disturbances in the TEM cell. This is best achieved with E-polarization, i.e., when the E-field vector is normal to the investigated cell layer lining the bottom of a synthetic Petri dish. In addition, E-polarization provides the most homogeneous field distribution of all polarizations within the entire layer of cells. In this paper, we present a detailed dosimetric assessment for 60 and 100 mm Petri dishes as well as for a 48-well titer plate at 835 MHz. The dosimetry was performed by using numerical computations. The modeling and the simplifications are validated by a second numerical technique and by experimental measurements. For thin liquid layers, an approximation formula is provided with which the induced field strength for many other experiments conducted in Petri dishes can be assessed reliably. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Spatial learning deficit in the rat after exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 494-496 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely-low-frequency magnetic field ; radial-arm maze ; spatial memory ; learning ; cholinergic systems ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Rats were trained in ten daily sessions to perform in a 12-arm radial maze, which is a behavioral test for spatial memory functions. Exposure to a 60 Hz magnetic field (45 min, 0.75 mT) immediately before each training session retarded learning significantly. Pretreatment with the cholinergic agonist physostigmine before magnetic field exposure reversed the field's effect on spatial learning. Data from this experiment indicate that magnetic field-induced spatial learning deficit is caused by the effect of the field on cholinergic systems. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Weak extremely-low-frequency magnetic field-induced regeneration anomalies in the planarian Dugesia tigrina (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 467-474 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: extremely low frequency ; planarian regeneration ; teratogenesis ; cyclotron resonance ; Faraday induction ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We recently reported that cephalic regeneration in the planarian Dugesia tigrina was significantly delayed in populations exposed continuously to combined parallel DC and AC magnetic fields. This effect was consistent with hypotheses suggesting an underlying resonance phenomenon. We report here, in a parallel series of investigations on the same model system, that the incidence of regeneration anomalies presenting as tumor-like protuberances also increases significantly (P 〈 .001) in association with exposure to weak 60 Hz magnetic fields, with peak intensities ranging between 1.0 and 80.0 μT. These anomalies often culminate in the complete disaggregation of the organism. Similar to regeneration rate effects, the incidence of regeneration anomalies is specifically dependent upon the planaria possessing a fixed orientation with respect to the applied magnetic field vectors. However, unlike the regeneration rate effects, the AC magnetic field alone, in the absence of any measurable DC field, is capable of producing these anomalies. Moreover, the incidence of regeneration anomalies follows a clear dose-response relationship as a function of AC magnetic field intensity, with the threshold for induced electric field intensity estimated at 5 μV/m. The addition of either 51.1 or 78.4 μT DC magnetic fields, applied in parallel combination with the AC field, enhances the appearance of anomalies relative to the 60 Hz AC field alone, but only at certain AC field intensities. Thus, whereas our previous study of regeneration rate effects appeared to involve exclusively resonance interactions, the regeneration anomalies reported here appear to result primarily from Faraday induction coupling. These results together with those reported previously point to two distinct physiological effects produced in regenerating planaria by exposure to weak extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. They further suggest that the planarian, which has recently been identified elsewhere as an excellent system for use in teratogenic investigations involving chemical teratogens, might be used similarly in teratogenic investigations involving ELF magnetic fields. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Effect of continuous-wave and amplitude-modulated 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the liver and brain aminoacyl-transfer RNA synthetases of in utero exposed mice (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 497-503 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: microwave ; mice ; in utero ; aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase ; prenatal exposure ; enzyme activity ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Investigations have been carried out concerning the effects of microwave (MW) exposure on the aminoacyl-transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) synthetase of the progeny of females that were exposed during their entire period of gestation (19 days). The changes caused by continuous-wave (CW) and amplitude-modulated (AM) MW radiation have been compared. CFLP mice were exposed to MW radiation for 100 min each day in an anechoic room. The MW frequency was 2.45 GHz, and the amplitude modulation had a 50 Hz rectangular waveform (on/off ratio, 50/50%). The average power density exposure was 3 mW/cm2, and the whole body specific absorption rate (SAR) was 4.23 ± 0.63 W/kg. The weight and mortality of the progeny were followed until postnatal day 24. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzymes and tRNA from the brains and livers of the offspring (461 exposed, 487 control) were isolated. The aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activities were determined. The postnatal increase of body weight and organ weight was not influenced by the prenatal MW radiation. The activity of enzyme isolated from the brain showed a significant decrease after CW MW exposure, but the changes were not significant after 50 Hz AM MW exposure. The activity of the enzyme isolated from liver increased under CW and 50 Hz modulated MW. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Measurements described in a paper by Blackman, Blanchard, Benane, and House are statistically invalid (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 510-511 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Blackman et al. [1994] describe an experiment that purports to show that weak 45 Hz magnetic fields inhibit the growth of neurites from PC-12 cells treated with a growth stimulation factor. I present a statistical analysis of the data in that paper that shows that the data were corrupted in some way; hence, the results are invalid. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Nonbinomial distributions of relative neurite outgrowth in PC-12 cells (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 512-515 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: statistical variation ; AC/DC magnetic fields ; binomial distribution ; IPR ; mathematical models ; PC-12 cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: Previously we reported the results of a series of experimental tests using PC-12 cells to examine the biological effects of prescribed combinations of both nerve growth factor and magnetic fields. Because our assay of the PC-12 cells is based on a binary classification of the cells following treatment, our data might be expected to have a binomial distribution. However, our data consistently show a smaller variability than that predicted by the binomial distribution model. In this paper, we examine some possible reasons for this reduction in variability in our results. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Protein kinase C activity is altered in HL60 cells exposed to 60 Hz AC electric fields (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 504-509 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: electric fields ; extremely-low-frequency electromagnetic fields ; protein kinase C ; phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate ; signal transduction ; promyelocytic leukemia cells ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: We examined the effects of electric fields (EFs) on the activity and subcellular distribution of protein kinase C (PKC) of living HL60 cells. Sixty Hertz AC sinusoidal EFs (1.5-1.000 mV/cm p-p) were applied for 1 h to cells (107/ml) in Teflon chambers at 37 °C in the presence or absence of 2 μM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). PMA stimulation alone evoked intracellular translocation of PKC from the cytosolic to particulate fractions. In cells that were exposed to EFs (100-1,000 mV/cm) without PMA, a loss of PKC activity from the cytosol, but no concomitant rise in particulate PKC activity, was observed. In the presence of PMA. EFs (33-330 mV/cm) also accentuated the expected loss of PKC activity from the cytosol and augmented the rise in PKC activity in the particulate fraction. These data show that EFs alone or combined with PMA promote down-regulation of cytosolic PKC activity similar to that evoked by mitogens and tumor promoters but that it does not elicit the concomitant rise in particulate activity seen with those agents. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Masthead (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996) 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170601
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    No effect of exposure to static and sinusoidal magnetic fields on nitric oxide production by macrophages (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 519-521 
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    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: nitric oxide ; activated macrophages ; static magnetic fields ; sinusoidal magnetic fields ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: The effects of exposure to static (1-100 mT) or sinusoidal (1 Hz, 1.6 mT) magnetic fields on the production of nitric oxide (NO) by murine BCG-activated macrophages were investigated. In these cells, the inducible isoform of NO synthase is present. No significant differences were observed in nitrite levels among exposed, sham-exposed, or control macrophages after exposure for 14 h to static fields of 1, 10, 50, and 100 mT and to sinusoidal 1.6 mT, 1 Hz magnetic fields. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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    Mechanical vibration in “double-wound” magnetic field exposure coils (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 516-518 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: magnetic fields ; exposure systems ; mechanical stimulation ; artifacts ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Notes: It has been suggested that “double-wound” (bifilar) exposure coils are capable of producing a sham environment in which hum and vibration will be “similar” to the field-exposed condition. We found by direct measurements in a bifilar coil system that vibration amplitude in sham and exposed conditions differed by a factor of 50 when our test system was driven at B = 10 mT. We also found that the normal laboratory environment can include vibrations of an intensity similar to that produced by the exposure system, although not necessarily of similar spectral distribution. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
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    Editor's note (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. i 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170602
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    Referees for bioelectromagnetics, 1996 (1996)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Bioelectromagnetics 17 (1996), S. 522-525 
    Details
    ISSN: 0197-8462
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Occupational Health and Environmental Toxicology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.1996.2250170603
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