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  • Articles  (10)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (10)
  • Sustainable development  (4)
  • agriculture  (3)
  • carbon cycle  (3)
  • 1990-1994  (10)
  • 1993  (10)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (10)
Collection
  • Articles  (10)
Source
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (10)
Keywords
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  • 1990-1994  (10)
Year
Topic
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 20 (1993), S. 161-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: carbon cycle ; land-use change ; organic carbon ; tillage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cultivation of previously untilled soils usually results in release of carbon from the soil to the atmosphere, which can affect both soil fertility locally and the atmospheric burden of CO2 globally. Generalizations about the magnitude of this flux have been hampered by a lack of good quality comparative data on soil carbon stocks of cultivated and uncultivated soils. Using data from several recent studies, we have reexamined the conclusions of previous reviews of this subject. The data were divided into subsets according to whether the soils were sampled by genetic horizon or by fixed depths. Sampling by fixed depths appears to underestimate soil C losses, but both subsets of data support earlier conclusions that between 20% and 40% of the soil C is lost following cultivation. Our best estimate is a loss of about 30% from the entire soil solum. Our analysis also supports the conclusion that most of the loss of soil C occurs within the first few Years (even within two Years in some cases) following initial cultivation. Our analysis does not support an earlier conclusion that the fractional loss of soil carbon is positively correlated to the amount of carbon initially present in the uncultivated soil. We found no relation between carbon content of uncultivated soil and the percentage lost following cultivation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000786
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spatial systems approach to sustainable development: A conceptual framework (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental management 17 (1993), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Development ; Environment ; Environmental accounting ; Resource ; Spatial System ; Sustainability ; Sustainable development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Even though “sustainable development” seems to have emerged as the development paradigm of the 1990s, a great deal of vagueness still surrounds the meaning, definition, and theoretical underpinnings of the concept. There is also a general lack of emphasis on the spatial dimension of sustainable development when developing relevant conceptual or environmental accounting frameworks. In clarifying the concept, this article proposes a definition that explicitly incorporates the temporal as well as the spatial dimension of sustainability. It also develops a logically consistent conceptual framework for the analysis and evaluation of sustainable development, following a spatial systems approach. Five interconnected aspatial subsystems or subsets of a spatial system are identified and their respective operational dimensions discussed. A proposed composite index calleddegree of stainable development (DSD) and its five component indicators are also outlined. The difficulties involved in operationalizing the DSD measure and the conceptual framework are noted, and the various tasks that need to be undertaken in this regard are specified. It is concluded that future research utilizing the proposed conceptual framework should not only foster the development of appropriate methodologies for the comparative evaluation of sustainable development at global, national, or regional scales, but also offer insights to appropriate decision makers at various levels regarding available options and alternative actions for the healthy development of their respective societies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394688
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Doubling sockeye salmon production in the Fraser River—Is this sustainable development? (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental management 17 (1993), S. 719-728 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Sockeye salmon ; Oncorhynchus nerka ; Fraser River ; Sustainable development ; Salmon production ; Fisheries management
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract We evaluate a proposal to double sockeye salmon production from the Fraser River and conclude that significant changes will be required to current management processes, particularly the way available catch is allocated, if the plan is to be consistent with five major principles embodied in the concept of sustainable development. Doubling sockeye salmon production will not, in itself, increase economic equity either regionally or globally. Developing nations may actually be hindered in their attempts to institute other, nonsalmon fisheries in the North Pacific Ocean as a result of the possible interception of salmon. Further, other users of the Fraser River basin will have to forgo opportunities so that salmon habitat can be conserved. If doubling sockeye salmon production is to meet the goal of doing more with less, it will be necessary to develop more efficient technologies to harvest the fish. If increasing salmon production is to reflect the integration of environmental and economic decision making at the highest level, then a serious attempt must be made to incorporate environmental assets into national economic accounting. Finally, to promote biodiversity and cultural self-sufficiency within the Fraser River basin, it will be important to safeguard the small, less-productive salmon stocks as well as the large ones and to allocate a substantial portion of the increased production to the Native Indian community.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02393892
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Environmental planning, ecosystem science, and ecosystem approaches for integrating environment and development (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental management 17 (1993), S. 289-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1009
    Keywords: Ecosystems ; Ecosystem approach ; Sustainable development ; Regional planning ; Environmental planning ; Human ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Currently popular concepts such as sustainable development and sustainability seek the integration of environment and development planning. However, there is little evidence that this integration is occurring in either mainstream development planning or environmental planning. This is a function of the history, philosophies, and evolved roles of both. A brief review of the experience and results of mainstream planning, environmental planning, and ecosystem science suggests there is much in past scientific and professional practice that is relevant to the goal of integrated planning for environment and development, but still such commonly recommended reforms as systems and multidisciplinary approaches, institutional integration, and participatory, goal-oriented processes are rarely achieved. “Ecosystem approaches,” as developed and applied in ecology, human ecology, environmental planning, anthropology, psychology, and other disciplines, may provide a more transdisciplinary route to successful integration of environment and development. Experience with ecosystem approaches is reviewed, their advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and they are compared to traditional urban and regional planning, environmental planning, and ecosystem science approaches. Ultimately a synthesis of desirable characteristics for a framework to integrate environment and development planning is presented as a guide for future work and a criterion for evaluating existing programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02394672
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A framework for modelling economy-environment-development relationships based on dynamic carrying capacity and sustainable development feedback (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 395-412 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Sustainable development ; dynamic models ; growth theory ; integrated modelling ; carrying capacity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract A large literature exists that deals with economic issues of development and growth. It includes various approaches that can be classified as formal-theoretical, empirical-statistical and qualitative-verbal. Recently, the issue of sustainable development has been discussed much, which has given rise to some novel views on the relationship between development and environment. Most of these contributions utilize a more or less qualitative approach. A comprehensive inquiry of the relationship between economy, development, growth and environment may include an analytical approach as well. An analytical framework is proposed here for studies of environment-economy-development relationships that separates between economy, development, environment, and value system. A distinction is made between direct and indirect economy-environment interactions. To overcome disadvantages of assumptions of determinism in long term analysis a sustainable development feedback mechanism is proposed. It reflects anticipative behaviour to natural environmental changes in making long term decisions. This can be seen as a specific element of endogenous growth, namely one based on environmental factors. To illustrate the ideas a number of theoretical models are discussed that can be regarded as dynamic formal extensions of the concept of carrying capacity. Different cases include combinations of internal and external feedback mechanisms to an economy. The results demonstrate that in addition to behaviourial patterns that have been obtained by more complex studies other patterns may emerge.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418819
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The carbon cycle and global forest ecosystem (1993)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 70 (1993), S. 295-307 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: carbon ; carbon fluxes ; carbon sink ; carbon cycle ; tropical and temperate forests ; deforestation ; global warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Attempts to account for the fluxes by quantifying C sources and sinks have provided evidence of a missing C sink (Detwiler and Hall, 1988), which may be located somewhere in the temperate region of the northern hemisphere (Tanset al., 1990). Until recently, most estimates have concluded that the temperate forest is a small C source. Two recent papers (Sedjo, 1992; Kauppiet al., 1992) provided evidence that the temperate forests are substantial C sinks. This paper combines these earlier findings on temeperate forest carbon sequestration with a new estimate of the annual C releases due to tropical deforestation, 1.7 Gt, which is obtained using the FAO estimates of the rate of deforestation in the tropics over the decade of the 1980s and conservative estimates of C releases associated with this deforestation. Finally, to this is added the crude estimate of C export by the global river system found in Hallet al. (1992). Applying these estimates of the C sink function of both temperate and tropical forests to Detwiler and Hall's alternative C budgets largely eliminates the “missing C” hypothesized by Detwiler and Hall, and Tanset al.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01105003
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abatement of agricultural pollution and economic incentives: The case of intensive livestock farming in France (1993)
    Springer
    Environmental and resource economics 3 (1993), S. 285-296 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1502
    Keywords: Pollution control ; nitrogen taxation ; agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Economics
    Notes: Abstract Amongst possible economic incentives to encourage reduced nitrate contamination of water, this paper emphasizes a nitrogen tax as a possible solution. This finding is based on models estimated from panel data for 100 intensive livestock farms. For each farm a threshold is established (nitrogen units which can be spread per hectare without damage) above which there is an excess of nitrogen. The 100 farms can consequently be classified into two subsamples. The demand for nitrogen is derived for each sub-sample using the dual approach. Both categories are pooled together and a tobit model is estimated. This is used to derive total nitogen demand if all farms were under the threshold. A mineral nitrogen tax would lead to a reduced nitrate concentration in water supplies, because of a more efficient use of organic nitrogen together with a reduction in the use of mineral nitrogen in crop production.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00313163
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The geochemistry of methane in Lake Fryxell, an amictic, permanently ice-covered, antarctic lake (1993)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 21 (1993), S. 95-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: antarctic lake ; carbon cycle ; methane ; methane oxidation ; methane production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and distribution of dissolved CH4 were determined from 1987–1990 in Lake Fryxell, Antarctica, an amictic, permanently ice-covered lake in which solute movement is controlled by diffusion. CH4 concentrations were 〈 1 υM in the upper oxic waters, but increased below the oxycline to 936 μM at 18 m. Sediment CH4 was 1100 μmol (1 sed)−1 in the 0–5 cm zone. Upward flux from the sediment was the source of the CH4, NH4 +, and DOC in the water column; CH4 was 27% of the DOC+CH4 carbon at 18 m. Incubations with surficial sediments indicated that H14CO3 − reduction was 0.4 μmol (1 sed)−1 day−1 or 4× the rate of acetate fermentation to CH4. There was no measurable CH4 production in the water column. However, depth profiles of CH4, NH4, and DIC normalized to bottom water concentrations demonstrated that a significant CH4 sink was evident in the anoxic, sulfate-containing zone of the water column (10–18 m). The δ13CH4 in this zone decreased from −72 % at 18 m to −76% at 12 m, indicating that the consumption mechanism did not result in an isotopic enrichment of 13CH4. In contrast, δ13CH4 increased to −55 % at 9 m due to aerobic oxidation, though this was a minor aspect of the CH4 cycle. The water column CH4 profile was modeled by coupling diffusive flux with a first order consumption term; the best-fit rate constant for anaerobic CH4 consumption was 0.012 yr−1. On a total carbon basis, CH4 consumption in the anoxic water column exerted a major effect on the flux of carbonaceous material from the underlying sediments and serves to exemplify the importance of CH4 to carbon cycling in Lake Fryxell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00000873
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impact of education on the attitudes of college students toward biotechnology (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 75-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: biotechnology ; education ; agriculture ; socio-economic issues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract An interdisciplinary course was designed as an introduction to the applications of, and the socio-economic issues associated with, biotechnology. College students enrolled in the course were surveyed prior to the first formal lecture, and again upon completion of the course. Assessment was made of the impact of the educational materials on the attitudes and perceptions of the students toward the applications of biotechnology to agriculture. Data were collected for the first three semesters in which the course was offered. Answers to survey questions were analyzed on a before and after basis. It was found that students were very accepting of biotechnology prior to taking the course, despite a generally low level of exposure to this type of technology. The course was effective in increasing the knowledge base of the students, but not as effective in allaying their perceptions of risks associated with biotechnology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965616
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Basic principles of agroecology and sustainable agriculture (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of agricultural and environmental ethics 6 (1993), S. 1-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-322X
    Keywords: agroecosystems ; agriculture ; ecology ; sustainability ; biodiversity ; competition ; succession ; culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Philosophy
    Notes: Abstract In the final analysis, sustainable agriculture must derive from applied ecology, especially the principle of the regulation of the abundance and distribution of species (and, secondarily, their activities) in space and time. Interspecific competition in natural ecosystems has its counterparts in agriculture, designed to divert greater amounts of energy, nutrients, and water into crops. Whereas natural ecosystems select for a diversity of species in communities, recent agriculture has minimized diversity in favour of vulnerable monocultures. Such systems show intrinsically less stability and resilience to perturbations. Some kinds of crop rotation resemble ecological succession in that one crop prepares the land for successive crop production. Such rotations enhance soil organic processes such as decomposition and material cycling, build a nutrient capital to sustain later crop growth, and reduce the intensity of pest buildup. Species in natural communities occur at discrete points along the r-K continuum of reproductive maturity. Clearing forested land for agriculture, rotational burning practices, and replacing perennial grassland communities by cereal monocultures moves the agricultural community towards the r extreme. Plant breeders select for varieties which yield at an earlier age and lower plant biomass, effectively moving a variety towards the r type. Features of more natural landscapes, such as hedgerows, may act as physical and biological adjuncts to agricultural production. They should exist as networks in agricultural lands to be most effective. Soil is of major importance in agroecosystems, and maintaining, deliberately, its vitality and resilience to agricultural perturbations is the very basis of sustainable land use.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01965612
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