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1

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Langfristige Zunahme früher Bruten beim Teichrohrsänger (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) in einem südwestdeutschen Untersuchungsgebiet (1999)

Bergmann, Felix

Springer

Journal of ornithology 140 (1999), S. 81-86

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ISSN: 1439-0361

Keywords: Reed Warbler ; timing of breeding ; spring arrival ; global climate change ; temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem Untersuchungsgebiet am westlichen Bodensee (Halbinsel Mettnau) zeichnet sich zwischen 1976 und 1997 eine deutliche Zunahme früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger ab, was auf ein früheres Brüten schließen läßt. Weiterhin hat sich die Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee in den letzten 16 Jahren (1982–1997) im Vergleich zum Zeitraum 1961 bis 1980 um genau eine Woche verfrüht (im Mittel vom 26.4. auf den 19.4.). Während sich zwischen der jährlichen Erstankunft des Teichrohrsängers am Bodensee und der Zahl früh ausgeflogener Jungvögel kein statistisch gesicherter Zusammenhang finden läßt, ist die Temperatur in der ersten Maihälfte ein guter (statistisch signifikanter) Indikator für die Zahl früh ausgeflogener Teichrohrsänger. Die vorliegende Untersuchung zeigt, daß sich offenbar auch Langstreckenzieher an die sich abzeichnende Klimaveränderung anzupassen beginnen.

Notes: Summary Data from a standardized mist-netting programme (the so-called "MRI-Programm") were used to assess the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers (Acrocephalus scirpaceus) at Lake Constance (South Germany). The number of Reed Warblers fledged early in the season increased significantly between 1976 and 1997 (rs=0.614; p〈0.01). This is most probably due to a long-term increase in spring temperature as suggested by the high correlation between the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and mean temperature in the first half of May (rs=0.416; p〈0.01). While in the period from 1961 to 1980 the mean date of spring arrival was on the 26th of April, it shifted towards the 19th April from 1981 to 1997. However, the number of early-fledged Reed Warblers and the date of spring arrival are not significantly correlated. The lack of a significant correlation may be due to a number of reasons, for instance early arriving birds do not belong to the local population or there could be an observational bias among years. Yet, the most likely explanation is that the timing of breeding in Reed Warblers is triggered by vegetation growth and food supply rather than by the timing of spring arrival. There is growing body of evidence from this and other studies that the recent climate change is responsible for the shift in both the timing of migration and breeding in birds.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02462091

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Effects of temperature and photoperiod on development and oviposition of the legume flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (1999)

Ekesi, S. ; Maniania, N.K. ; Onu, I.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 149-155

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Megalurothrips sjostedti ; temperature ; photoperiod ; development ; pre-oviposition ; oviposition ; diapause

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Megalurothrips sjostedti is an economic pest of cowpea in tropical Africa. There are no reports of the effect of temperature on the development of the pest and no diapause has been detected. The developmental rate and reproduction of M. sjostedti was studied under six constant temperatures (14, 17, 20, 23, 26 and 29 °C ) and a photoperiod of L12:D12 in the laboratory. Total developmental time ranged from 33.1 days at 14 °C to 19.2 days at 26 °C. At 29 °C, all larvae died during hatching. Egg, larval and pupal stages required 94.3, 97.1 and 105.3 deg-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.2, 9.1 and 10.4 °C, respectively, to complete development. Total developmental cycle was completed at 163.9 DD above a threshold of 12.6 °C. Adult longevity was lowest (11.1 days) at 29 °C and highest (28.7 days) at 14 °C. At constant temperatures, the highest pre-oviposition period was observed at 29 °C under a photoperiod of L16:D8. Egg production also ceased at this temperature/photoperiod combination. Total fecundity was highest at 26 °C under L10:D14. At cyclical temperatures, pre-oviposition period was longest (12.4 days) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. Total fecundity was highest (168.4 eggs) at 14/26 °C under L10:D14, and lowest (8.2 eggs) at 20/29 °C under L16:D8. The significance of these findings in the management of M. sjostedti is discussed.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003896919284

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3

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Influence of temperature on bionomics of cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii, on cotton (1999)

Xia, J.Y. ; van der Werf, W. ; Rabbinge, R.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 90 (1999), S. 25-35

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Aphis gossypii ; development ; survival ; fecundity ; intrinsic rate of increase ; life table ; temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract Life table parameters of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Gossypium hirsutum L. were determined at six temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 0.5 °C) in the laboratory. Relationships of life table parameters with temperature were described with mathematical equations. Development was fastest at 30 °C, with a pre-larviposition period of 4.6 d. Survival to adult was greatest at 25 °C (81%). Fecundity was highest at 25 °C, with a total fecundity of 28.3 nymphs per female and a mean reproductive rate of 3.1 nymphs per female per day. Threshold temperatures for development in the first through fourth instar and the adult were 8.2, 8.0, 7.2, 6.2 and 7.9 °C, respectively. The durations of these stages, expressed as temperature sums above these thresholds, were 24.2, 23.7, 23.0, 25.5 and 168.8 degree-days (D°), respectively. A. gossypii achieved its maximum net reproductive number (24.4 nymphs per female) and greatest intrinsic rate of increase (0.386 d−1) at 25 °C. The high relative rate of population increase at 25 °C results in a daily population increase of 47% and a doubling time of only 1.8 d, illustrating the tremendous growth capacity of A. gossypii populations under favourable conditions. Compared to literature sources, our source of A. gossypii, fed on cotton, showed a comparatively great heat tolerance.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003580413487

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4

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The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii: predicting the phenology of adult emergence (1999)

Graf, B. ; Höpli, H.U. ; Höhn, H.

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 93 (1999), S. 297-302

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: smaller fruit tortrix ; Grapholita lobarzewskii ; phenology ; post-diapause development ; temperature ; thermal threshold ; thermal constant ; forecasting ; modelling

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Notes: Abstract The smaller fruit tortrix, Grapholita lobarzewskii Nowicki, has become a major pest in the recent past in apple orchards north of the Alps. Nevertheless little is known about the biology and the behaviour of this species. The effect of temperature on post-diapause development and survival was studied under controlled conditions in order to establish a basis for the forecasting of adult emergence. Survival was found to be highest at 17 °C and lowest at 11.8 °C. The sex ratio did not differ significantly from 1:1. Based on a linear relationship between temperature and developmental rates, thermal thresholds of 9.6 °C and 9.8 °C were determined for females and males respectively. The thermal constants, i.e., the mean developmental times in physiological time units, were found to be 342 day-degrees for females and 317 day-degrees for males, suggesting a slight protandry. Based on the mean and the variance of the developmental times, a simple temperature-driven phenology model was built using a time-varying distributed delay. The model was validated by visually comparing the predictions with independent observations on adult emergence, and by calculating the temporal deviations of the predictions. In 4 out of 5 years the mean error was less than 3 days. The model was therefore found to give reliable forecasts of the emergence of G. lobarzewskii and can be used to determine the optimal time for the exposure of pheromone traps, the application of pheromone dispensers for mating disruption, and for the timing of insecticide applications.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003905026249

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5

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Termination of the facultative diapause in the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) (1980)

Sieber, Robert ; Benz, Georg

Springer

Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 28 (1980), S. 204-212

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ISSN: 1570-7458

Keywords: Laspeyresia pomonella (L.) ; Tortricidae ; diapause ; photoperiod ; temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Biology

Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde untersucht, welche abiotischen Faktoren die Beendigung der fakultativen Diapause ausgewachsener Apfelwicklerlarven (Laspeyresia pomonella) steuern. Die Beendigung der Diapause unter Langtagbedingungen (LT) wird beeinflusst durch: 1. die Zuchttemperatur der Larven während der Prädiapauseentwicklung; 2. die Dauer der Präinkubation, d.h. die Zeit, während der diapausierende Larven unter Prädiapause-Zuchtbedingungen bleiben; 3. die Reaktivierungs-inkubation, d.h. eine Periode von 70 d, während der die Larven auf 4° gekühlt werden und 4. die Komplementärinkubation (LT und, ausser in einem Experiment, 26°), d.h. die nach der Kühlung bzw. dem Wechsel in der Photoperiode benötigte Zeitdauer bis zur Verpuppung. Die Komplementärinkubation ist deutlich kürzer, wenn die Prädiapauseentwicklung der Larven bei Temperaturen unter 26° stattfindet. Bei 19° verpuppten sich 100% der Larven, wobei der Zeitpunkt der Verpuppung durch die Verlängerung der Präinkubationszeit beschleunigt wurde. Bei Larven, die bei 26° gezüchtet wurden, erreichte die Verpuppungsrate lediglich 56% bei einer relativ langen Präinkubationsdauer, wobei deren Verlängerung auch die Larvenmortalität erhöhte. Nach einer Zuchttemperatur von 19° und einer Präinkubationsdauer von 90 Tagen konnte die Diapause unter Kurztagbedingungen beendet werden, wenn die Temperatur auf 26° erhöht wurde.

Notes: Abstract The abiotic factors regulating the termination of the facultative diapause of the mature larva of the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella (L.), are described. The termination of diapause under long-day conditions (LD) is influenced by: (i) the rearing temperature of the larvae during prediapause development, (ii) the duration of the preincubation period, i.e. the time for which the diapausing larvae remain under prediapause rearing conditions, (iii) the reactivating incubation, i.e. the period for which the larvae are chilled, and (iv) the complementary incubation (LD and, except in one experiment, 26°), i.e. the period after the chilling needed for the pupation of the insects. The complementary incubation is distinctly shorter if the prediapause development of the larvae takes place at rearing temperatures below 26°, i.e. 21° or 19°. The latter conditions led to 100% pupae and pupation could be accelerated by prolonging the preincubation period. In larvae reared at 26°, the prolongation of the preincubation period raised the rate of pupation to a maximum of only 56% and also caused higher mortality. On the other hand, diapause was terminated under short-day conditions if the temperature was raised to 26° after a rearing temperature of 19° and a preincubation period of 90 days.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00287130

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6

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Temperature Effects on Soil Mineralization of Polylactic Acid Plastic in Laboratory Respirometers (1999)

Ho, Kai-Lai G. ; Pometto III, Anthony L.

Springer

Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 101-108

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ISSN: 1572-8900

Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; respirometers ; soil degradation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: Abstract A respirometric system was used to analyze the biodegradation of high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions. The respirometric system consisted of air-conditioning pretraps, a soil reactor, and a carbon dioxide (CO2) posttrap. A 200-g homogeneous soil mixture of all-purpose potting soil : manure soil : sand [1 : 1 : 1 (w/w)] and 1.5 g of PLA plastic films in 1 × 1-cm2 squares was added to each bottle. The respirometers were placed in a 28, 40, or 55°C water bath for 182 days. Treatments (three replicates) included native corn starch (positive control), polyethylene (Glad Cling Wrap; negative control), and three PLA films: Ca-I (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, monolayer), GII (Cargill Dow Polymers LLC, Generation II), and Ch-I (Chronopol; monolayer). The degree of polymer mineralization was indicated by the cumulative CO2 liberated from each respirometer. The initial average mineralization rate and total percentage mineralized of the PLA plastic films at 28, 40, and 55°C was 24.3, 41.5, and 76.9 mg/day with a 27, 45, and 70% carbon loss, respectively. No decrease in soil pH was observed after 182 days of mineralization. Hence, increase in soil temperature drastically enhanced the biodegradation of PLA plastic films in soil under laboratory conditions (P 〈 0.0001).

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021812418325

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7

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Effects of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Polylactic Acid Plastic Degradation (1999)

Ho, Kai-Lai G. ; Pometto, Anthony L. ; Hinz, Paul N.

Springer

Journal of polymers and the environment 7 (1999), S. 83-92

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ISSN: 1572-8900

Keywords: Polylactic acid ; temperature ; relative humidity ; degradation

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics

Notes: Abstract Three high molecular weight (120,000 to 200,000 g mol−1) polylactic acid (PLA) plastic films from Chronopol (Ch-I) and Cargill Dow Polymers (GII and Ca-I) were analyzed for their degradation under various temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions. Two sets of plastic films, each containing 11 samples, were randomly hung in a temperature/humidity-controlled chamber by means of plastic-coated paper clips. The tested conditions were 28, 40, and 55°C at 50 and 100% RH, respectively, and 55°C at 10% RH. The three tested PLA films started to lose their tensile properties when their weight-average molecular weight (M w) was in the range of 50,000 to 75,000 g mol−1. The average degradation rate of Ch-I, GII, and Ca-I was 28,931, 27,361, and 63,025 M w/week, respectively. Hence, GII had a faster degradation rate than Ch-I and Ca-I under all tested conditions. The degradation rate of PLA plastics was enhanced by the increase in temperature and relative humidity. This trend was observed in all three PLA plastics (Ca-I, GII, and Ch-I). Of the three tested films, Ch-I was the first to lose its mechanical properties, whereas Ca-I demonstrated the slowest loss, with mechanical properties under all tested conditions.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021808317416

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8

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Electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder Part II: Process conditions (1999)

Stanković, Z. D. ; Rajčić-vujasinović, M. ; Vuković, M. ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 81-85

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ISSN: 1572-8838

Keywords: cupric oxide ; powder ; current density ; temperature ; sodium sulfate

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

Notes: Abstract Electrosynthesis of cupric oxide powder was carried out on a laboratory scale in an electrochemical cell under various experimental conditions. The electrolysis was appraised in terms of the particle size of the cupric oxide product and the anodic dissolution of the copper electrode. Using a previously determined pH value of 7.50, the other optimum electrolysis operating conditions established were a current density of 4000Am−2, temperature of 353K, and Na2SO4 concentration of 0.5m. The optimum values of current efficiency, cell voltage and specific energy consumption for the electrochemical synthesis of cupric oxide powder were determined.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003464914657

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9

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Sulfate solubility algorithms for CaSO4–NaCl–H2O and Na2SO4–NaCl–H2O in chlor alkali brine at 25, 65, 75 and 85 ∘C (1999)

Dotson, R. L. ; Loftis, H. L. ; Cochran, H. B.

Springer

Journal of applied electrochemistry 29 (1999), S. 525-528

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ISSN: 1572-8838

Keywords: brine ; chlor-alkali cells ; solubility ; sulfate ions ; temperature

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026405806916

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10

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A Taxonomy of Evolutionary Algorithms in Combinatorial Optimization (1999)

Calégari, Patrice ; Coray, Giovanni ; Hertz, Alain ; [et al.]

Springer

Journal of heuristics 5 (1999), S. 145-158

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ISSN: 1572-9397

Keywords: evolutionary algorithms ; genetic algorithms ; taxonomy

Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000

Topics: Mathematics

Notes: Abstract This paper shows how evolutionary algorithms can be described in a concise, yet comprehensive and accurate way. A classification scheme is introduced and presented in a tabular form called TEA (Table of Evolutionary Algorithms). It distinguishes between different classes of evolutionary algorithms (e.g., genetic algorithms, ant systems) by enumerating the fundamental ingredients of each of these algorithms. At the end, possible uses of the TEA are illustrated on classical evolutionary algorithms.

Type of Medium: Electronic Resource

URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009625526657

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