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  • Articles  (630)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (630)
  • Chemistry  (630)
  • 1965-1969  (630)
  • 1968  (630)
  • Physics  (630)
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  • Articles  (630)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (630)
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  • 1965-1969  (630)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water-containing resin based on unsaturated polyester (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Unsaturated polyester resins containing water were prepared through two steps: formation of a stable W/O emulsion of polyester prepolymer and subsequent polymerization of the emulsion. In this paper, conditions for formation of the resins from the W/O type emulsion and the heat-protection properties of the resulting water-containing resins are reported. The stability of the emulsions was measured, and the results are discussed in relation to the gelation time, since the polymerization of the emulsions is required to proceed faster than their disintegration. It was found that with increasing viscosity of the emulsions their stability increases and the gelation time shortens. The above requirement is fulfilled at almost all regions of emulsifier concentration where stable W/O emulsions are formed. Water-containing unsaturated polyester resins exhibit a remarkable heat-protection effect at elevated temperatures (500 and 2500°C.) in comparison with polyester resins not containing water.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120103
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of true flow curves from capillary rheometer data (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The evaluation of polymer melt viscosity versus shear rate has been customarily done by a time-consuming graphical method, which corrects for non-Newtonian behavior and pressure losses at flow transitions. It is shown by mathematical analysis that the flow data in terms of applied pressure and apparent shear rate can be treated by a semigraphical method, in which calculation of the true flow curve can be done with a computer. Moreover, it is possible in some cases to program the data treatment entirely for computer calculation. Results obtained by the proposed method are in excellent agreement with those obtained by the older graphical method.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120111
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epoxy resins from dinaphthols (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 699-709 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Epoxy resins were prepared from di-α-naphthol(4,4′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl) and di-β-naphthol(2,2′-dihydroxy-1,1′-dinaphthyl). The resins consisted mainly of the reaction product of 1 mole of dinaphthol with 2 moles of epichlorhydrin. They contained chlorine, however, and were correspondingly deficient in diepoxide functionality. The resins from di-α-naphthol were crystalline, had m.p. 200°C., and were not miscible with conventional curing agents. Di-β-naphthol gave resins with softening points in the range 50-70°C., which cured with diethylenetriamine or the anhydrides of dibasic acids, giving hard but brittle products. The brittleness was not removed by curing with plasticizing curing agents, such as tetrapropenyl succinic anhydride. The cured di-β-naphthol-based resins had thermal stabilities similar to analogous epoxy resins based on bisphenol A.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120408
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of degree of nitration of nitrocellulose by refractometry (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1865-1871 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Nitrocellulose (NC) films, when dried on a rigid substrate, tend to be biaxial and thus exhibit two refractive indices. The absolute difference between these indices has been found to provide an accurate measure of the degree of nitration of NC. A film of NC is cast from a 1% solution in butyl acetate to provide a film about 0.5 mil thick. The dry film, when placed in an Abbé-3L refractometer, gives two white lines which go to extinction alternately upon rotation of a cap analyzer through the east-west (EW) and north-south (NS) directions. Refractive index measurements are made using the line visible in each direction of the analyzer. The absolute difference between the two indices is related to the degree of nitration through standard curves for various grades of NC. The standard deviation for the proposed method was found to be ±0.01% N.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120808
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some properties of low molecular weight polybutadiene and polytetrahydrofuran (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1889-1899 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The proposition, that low molecular weight polymer fractions in good solvents behave as if they were under ⊖ conditions, has been examined experimentally. Series of monodisperse hydroxy-terminated polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF), 82% 1,4-polybutadiene (PBD), and 30% 1,4-PBD were prepared, and values of M̄n obtained by vapor-pressure osmometry and endgroup analysis. The Mark-Houwink viscosity parameters K and ν were determined in a number of solvents. The general conclusion is that the proposition is invalid for these systems notwithstanding the fact that ν = 0.50 for one of them [82% 1,4-PBD in methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) at 25°C]. For this particular case, the following evidence suggests that these are actually ⊖ conditions so that the apparent fulfilment of the proposition is fortuitous. (1) Cloud-point precipitation yields ⊖ = 26 ± 3°C in MEK. (2) The value of K is close to that of K⊖ found elsewhere for PBD in a different solvent at a similar temperature. (3) Application of the Kurata-Stockmayer iterative procedure for estimating K⊖ from data in good and bad solvents yields a reasonably small discrepancy (10%) between the K⊖ values from data in toluene and MEK at 25°C for this polymer and only a 3% difference in the unperturbed dimensions (〈r02〉/M)1/2 derived from them. Measured melting points Tm of PTHF (M̄n = 1000-13000), plotted as a function of chain length Z, viz., 1/Tm = 1/Tm0 + 2R/ZΔHf, yield 43 ± 3°C and 1.6 kcal/submole, respectively, for the limiting melting point Tm0 and the heat of fusion ΔHf. The former is in good agreement with the value obtained dilatometrically for high molecular weight polymer, while the latter indicates a degree of crystallinity of ca. 54%.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120810
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel thermally stable and chemically resistant epoxy polymers derived from phenylene oxides (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 607-618 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis data are presented for three novel bisepoxy monomers and formulated coatings derived therefrom. The coatings were insensitive to impact in liquid oxygen and showed excellent resistance to liquid nitrogen tetroxide, concentrated nitric acid, and a variety of organic solvents. All coatings showed excellent adhesion to metals and oxidation resistance superior to any known commercial epoxy polymer. Thermal resistance was excellent at 500°F. for periods of at least 500 hr. in air. Other data on these novel epoxy polymers are also presented.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120401
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The mechanism of oxidative degradation of ABS resin. Part II. The mechanism of photooxidative degradation (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 671-682 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The mechanism of oxidative degradation of ABS resin under ultraviolet irradiation, especially with respect to the wavelength dependencies of the photooxidative rate, has been examined by a spectroweather tester and infrared spectroscopy. The irradiation wave region was 290-800 mμ, and the region was divided into six parts. The changes in each part were examined by infrared spectroscopy. The absorption bands belonging to nitrile and phenyl groups showed no changes, but bands belonging to carbonyl and hydroxyl groups changed markedly, much as in the thermooxidative degradation described in a previous paper. There was a distinct gap between the third and fourth regions, which corresponded to 350 mμ. The graph of the normalized absorbance ratio and the logarithm of the wavelength gave a straight line, and it indicated that the rate of oxidation is proportional to the light intensity and the logarithm of the wavenumber.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120406
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of strain rate on the stress-strain curve of oriented polymers. I. Presentation of experimental results (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 731-738 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The stress-strain curves of viscose, nylon 6.6, poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyacrylonitrile, and polypropylene have been determined at a large number of different strain rates between 10-4 and 330 sec.-1. The shape of these stress-strain curves and its change with strain rate is shown to depend upon whether the material is tested above or below its glass temperature. The stress-strain curves of materials tested below their glass temperature consists of an initial straight portion followed by a yield point at a few per cent strain. The breaking strain is only slightly affected by strain rate, and the energy to rupture increases with increasing rate. For materials tested above their glass temperature the initial portion of the stress-strain curves in nonlinear, and the yield strain is much higher than for the other materials. There is a small range of strain rate, in which the breaking strain falls sharply to the yield strain with increasing rate, and the energy to rupture also decreases. Outside this range the energy to rupture increases with increasing rate.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120411
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adiabatic compressibility of polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions: Poly(methacrylic acid)Communication No. 1105 from the National Chemical Laboratory, Poona, India (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 751-760 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The adiabatic compressibility of dilute aqueous solutions of methacrylic acid, poly-(methacrylic acid), and three poly(sodium methacrylates) obtained by neutralizing the polyacid with sodium hydroxide to different extents were determined from soundvelocity and density data. The ultrasonic velocity at 25°C. was measured by employing a precision ultrasonic interferometer, and the density was measured with Ostwald-type pycnometers. The plots of the decrease of compressibility per unit concentration, (β1 - β)/c versus c shows that there is a marked difference between the curves of monomer and of polymer solutions. In case of the monomer there is a proportional decrease with increase in concentration, whereas in polymer in the dilute region (0.1-0.5g./dl.) the curve rises sharply, then shows down, and finally approaches a constant value at comparatively higher concentrations. The nature and number of the free counterions and the shape and the concentration of the polymer molecules are responsible for the compressibility of polymer solutions. However, the contribution of the size and shape and concentration of the polymer seem to be less than that of the nature and number of the counterions. The apparent molal volume ΦV2 and apparent molal compressibility ΦK2 for polymer repeat units show a sharp decrease with increase in concentration and finally attain a constant value at higher concentrations; this has been explained by the fact that in the dilute region the polymer, being extended by coulombic repulsion between similar charges situated on the side chain, enhances the formation of water clusters around it, and the free counterions are solvated, leading to a decrease to these values. The number of free counterions proportionately increases with concentration, causing a proportional decrease of the ΦV2 and ΦK2 values, until the concentration reaches a definite stage, above which the so-called condensation of ions occurs, and the number of free counterions does not increase further at higher concentrations.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120413
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary extrudate puff-up of PVC and other structural melts (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 218-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120120
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