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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Immunogenetics 49 (1999), S. 865-871 
    ISSN: 1432-1211
    Schlagwort(e): Key words Orangutan ; MHC class I ; HLA-C ; natural killer cells ; evolution
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract  HLA-B and C are related class I genes which are believed to have arisen by duplication of a common ancestor. Previous study showed the presence of orthologues for both HLA-B and C in African apes but only for HLA-B in Asian apes. These observations suggested that the primate C locus evolved subsequent to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae. From an analysis of orangutan Tengku two HLA-C-like alleles (Popy C*0101 and Popy C*0201) were defined as well as three HLA-B-like (Popy-B) alleles. By contrast, no Popy-C alleles were obtained from orangutan Hati, although three Popy-B alleles were defined. Thus an HLA-C-like locus exists in the orangutan (as well as a duplicated B locus), implying that the primate C locus evolved prior to the divergence of the Pongidae and Hominidae and is at least 12–13 million years old. Uncertain is whether all orangutan MHC haplotypes contain a C locus, as the failure to find C alleles in some individuals could be due to a mispairing of HLA-C-specific primers with certain Popy-C alleles. These results raise the possibilities that other primate species have a C locus and that the regulation of natural killer cells by C allotypes evolved earlier in primate evolution than has been thought.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-0646
    Schlagwort(e): Antagonist G ([Arg6, D-Trp7,9,,MePhe 8 ]-Substance P {6-11}) ; analytical characterization ; parenteral formulation ; stability ; oxidative degradation products
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a stable parenteral dosage form for the investigational cytotoxic drug [Arg6, D-Trp7,9, MePhe8]-Substance P {6-11} (Substance P Antagonist G; Antagonist G). Antagonist G bulk drug was structurally and analytically characterized. The drug exhibits excellent aqueous solubility, although relatively poor aqueous stability characteristics. Lyophilization was, therefore, selected as the manufacturing process. Differential scanning calorimetry studies were conducted to determine the freeze-drying cycle parameters which resulted in a stable, lyophilized formulation of Antagonist G. The prototype, containing 50 mg Antagonist G per vial, was found to be the optimal formulation in terms of solubility, length of the freeze-drying cycle, stability, and dosage requirements in the planned phase I clinical trials. Quality control of the freeze-dried formulation showed that the manufacturing process does not change the integrity of Antagonist G. Shelf life studies demonstrated that the formulation is stable for at least 3 years, when stored at 2–8°C in a dark environment. Oxidative degradation products of Antagonist G were isolated and structurally characterized by mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of computational neuroscience 7 (1999), S. 119-147 
    ISSN: 1573-6873
    Schlagwort(e): central pattern generators ; dynamical modules ; computational neuroethology ; walking ; biomechanics ; evolution ; dynamical systems theory
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medizin , Physik
    Notizen: Abstract Are there general principles for pattern generation? We examined this question by analyzing the operation of large populations of evolved model central pattern generators (CPGs) for walking. Three populations of model CPGs were evolved, containing three, four, or five neurons. We identified six general principles. First, locomotion performance increased with the number of interneurons. Second, the top 10 three-, four-, and five-neuron CPGs could be decomposed into dynamical modules, an abstract description developed in a companion article. Third, these dynamical modules were multistable: they could be switched between multiple stable output configurations. Fourth, the rhythmic pattern generated by a CPG could be understood as a closed chain of successive destabilizations of one dynamical module by another. A combinatorial analysis enumerated the possible dynamical modular structures. Fifth, one-dimensional modules were frequently observed and, in some cases, could be assigned specific functional roles. Finally, dynamic dynamical modules, in which the modular structure itself changed over one cycle, were frequently observed. The existence of these general principles despite significant variability in both patterns of connectivity and neural parameters was explained by degeneracy in the maps from neural parameters to neural dynamics to behavior to fitness. An analysis of the biomechanical properties of the model body was essential for relating neural activity to behavior. Our studies of evolved model circuits suggest that, in the absence of other constraints, there is no compelling reason to expect neural circuits to be functionally decomposable as the number of interneurons increase. Analyzing idealized model pattern generators may be an effective methodology for gaining insights into the operation of biological pattern generators.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Journal of clinical monitoring and computing 14 (1998), S. 421-424 
    ISSN: 1573-2614
    Schlagwort(e): Automated record keeper ; evolution ; management of risk ; object-oriented
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Informatik , Medizin
    Notizen: Abstract In the course of five years the development of an automated anesthesia record keeper has evolved through nearly a dozen stages, each marked by new features and sophistication. Commodity PC hardware and software minimized development costs. Object oriented analysis, programming and design supported the process of change. In addition, we developed an evolutionary strategy that optimized motivation, risk management, and maximized return on investment. Besides providing record keeping services, the system supports educational and research activities and through a flexible plotting paradigm, supports each anesthesiologist's focus on physiological data during and after anesthesia.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Erwartet Verfügbarkeit
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