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  • Articles  (41)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (41)
  • 47B35  (15)
  • risk assessment  (13)
  • Animals
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  • 2000-2004  (41)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (25)
  • Mathematics  (15)
  • Geography  (3)
  • Technology  (1)
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  • Articles  (41)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (41)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Algebras on the unit disk and Toeplitz operators on the Bergman space (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 37 (2000), S. 106-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper studies algebras of functions on the unit disk generated byH ∞(D) and bounded harmonic functions. Using these algebras, we characterize compact semicommutators and commutators of Toeplitz operators with harmonic symbols on the Bergman space.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673626
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relations between convolution type operators on intervals and on the half-line (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 37 (2000), S. 169-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35 ; 45E10 ; 47A20 ; 47A05 ; 46E35 ; 47A68 ; 78A45
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is devoted to the question to obtain (algebraic and topologic) equivalence (after extension) relations between convolution type operators on unions of intervals and convolution type operators on the half-line. These operators are supposed to act between Bessel potential spaces,H s,p , which are the appropriate spaces in several applications. The present approach is based upon special properties of convenient projectors, decompositions and extension operators and the construction of certain homeomorphisms between the kernels of the projectors. The main advantage of the method is that it provides explicit operator matrix identities between the mentioned operators where the relations are constructed only by bounded invertible operators. So they are stronger than the (algebraic) Kuijper-Spitkovsky relation and the Bastos-dos Santos-Duduchava relation with respect to the transfer of properties on the prize that the relations depend on the orders of the spaces and hold only for non-critical orders:S − 1/p ∉ ℤ. For instance, (generalized) inverses of the operators are explicitly represented in terms of operator matrix factorization. Some applications are presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01192422
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quasi-coherence of Hardy spaces in several complex variables (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 38 (2000), S. 120-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47A13 ; 32W10 ; 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper, we prove that the Hardy spaceH p (Ω), 1≤p〈∞, over a strictly pseudoconvex domain in ℂ n with smooth boundary is quasi-coherent. More precisely, we show that Toeplitz tuplesT φ with suitable symbols φ onH p (Ω) have property (βɛ). This proof is based on a well known exactness result for the tangential Cauchy-Riemann complex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01192304
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New results on the invertibility of the finite interval convolution operator (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 38 (2000), S. 317-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35 ; 45E10
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Conditions for the invertibility and explicit formulas for the inverse of the convolution operator on a finite interval are obtained making use of solutions of corona problems. Using these results, a family of classes of functions is defined for which the study of invertibility can be carried through. An example of one class of this family is presented and a smaller class, for which the calculations are simpler, is more thoroughly studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01291717
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Galerkin method for Wiener-Hopf operators with piecewise continuous symbol (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 38 (2000), S. 66-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: Primary 65R20 ; Secondary 45E10 ; 47B35 ; 47C15
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with the applicability of maximum defect polynomial (Galerkin) spline approximation methods with graded meshes to Wiener-Hopf operators with matrix-valued piecewise continuous generating function defined on R. For this, an algebra of sequences is introduced, which contains the approximating sequences we are interested in. There is a direct relationship between the stability of the approximation method for a given operator and invertibility of the corresponding sequence in this algebra. Exploring this relationship, the methods of essentialization, localization and identification of the local algebras are used in order to derive stability criteria for the approximation sequences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01192302
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on the existence, uniqueness and symmetry of par-balanced realizations (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 37 (2000), S. 423-436 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 93B15 ; 93B28 ; 47B35 ; 47B50
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We give a proof of the realization theorem of N.J. Young which states that analytic functions which are symbols of bounded Hankel operators admit par-balanced realizations. The main tool used in this proof is the induced Hilbert spaces and a lifting lemma of Kreîn-Reid-Lax-Dieudonné. Alternatively one can use the Loewner inequality. A short proof of the uniqueness of par-balanced realizations is included. As an application, it is proved that par-balanced realizations of real symmetric transfer functions areJ-self-adjoint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01192830
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wiener-Hopf factorization for a class of oscillatory symbols (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 36 (2000), S. 409-432 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 45E10 ; 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Two classes of 2×2 matrix symbols involving oscillatory functions are considered, one of which consists of triangular matrices. An equivalence theorem is obtained, concerning the solution of Riemann-Hilbert problems associated with each of them. Conditions for existence of canonical generalized factorization are established, as well as boundedness conditions for the factors. Explicit formulas are derived for the factors, showing in particular that only one of the columns needs to be calculated. The results are applied to solving a corona problem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01232738
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A harmonic-type maximal principle in the three chains completion problem (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 36 (2000), S. 396-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47A57 ; 47A20 ; 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this note, we prove a harmonic-type maximal principle for the Schur parametrization of all contractive interpolants in the three chains completion problem (see [4]), which is analogous to the maximal principle proven in [2] in case of the Schur parametrization of all contractive intertwining liftings in the commutant lifting theorem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01232737
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Minimal number of idempotent generators for certain algebras (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 37 (2000), S. 20-31 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35 ; 47D25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract It is known [KRS] that for each finitely generated Banach algebra $$\mathcal{A}$$ there exists a numberN such that for eachn〉N the matrix algebras $$M_n (\mathcal{A})$$ can be generated by three idempotents. In this paper we show that the same statement is true for direct sums $$\tilde {\cal A} = M_{n_1 } ({\cal A}) \oplus M_{n_2 } ({\cal A}) \oplus \ldots \oplus M_{n_p } ({\cal A})$$ and $$\tilde {\cal B} = M_{n_1 } ({\cal B}) \oplus M_{n_2 } ({\cal B}) \oplus \ldots \oplus M_{n_p } ({\cal B}) (n_j 〉 1)$$ , where $$\mathcal{B}$$ is a finitely generated free algebra, i.e. polynomials in several non-commuting variables. These results are new even for algebras $$M_n (\mathcal{A})$$ because the numberN we obtain here improves known estimates (see for example [R]). We show that the algebra $${\tilde {\cal A}}$$ can be generated by two idempotents if and only ifn j =2 for eachj and $$\mathcal{A}$$ is singly generated. Also we give an example of a free singly generated algebra $$\mathcal{B}$$ for which $$M_2 (\mathcal{B})$$ can not be generated by two idempotents. But% MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWefv3ySLgznf% gDOfdaryqr1ngBPrginfgDObYtUvgaiuaacuWFSeIqgaacaaaa!409A!\[{\tilde {\cal B}}\] can be generated by three idempotents for each singly generated free algebra $$\mathcal{B}$$ .
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01673620
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    When do Toeplitz and Hankel operators commute? (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 37 (2000), S. 341-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract We completely classify all Toeplitz and Hankel operators which commute; namely, we prove that that a non-trivial Hankel operator and a non-trivial Toeplitz operator commute if and only if the Hankel operator has symbolzψ, where ψ is the symbol of the Toeplitz operator, and ψ is an affine function of the characteristic function of certain “anti-symmetric” sets of the unit circle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01194483
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On a Toeplitz determinant identity of Borodin and Okounkov (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 37 (2000), S. 397-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this note we give two other proofs of an identity of A. Borodin and A. Okounkov which expresses a Toeplitz determinant in terms of the Fredholm determinant of a product of two Hankel operators. The second of these proofs yields a generalization of the identity to the case of block Toeplitz determinants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01192828
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On trivial and non-trivial n-homogeneousC * algebras (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 38 (2000), S. 172-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35 ; 47D25
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract LetA be aC * — algebra for which all irrèducible representations are of dimensional n. Then ([F], [TT], [V]) algebraA is isomorphic to algebra of all continuous sections of an appropriate algebraic bundle ε A . The basisX of this bundle coincides with the compact of all maximal two-sided ideals ofA. We obtain some conditions which provide that ε A is trivial and this yields thatA is isomorphic to the algebra of alln×n matrix functions continuous onX. In the case whenX=S n is a sphere we describe the set of algebraic bundles overX and algebraic structures on this set. Some applications to algebras generated by idempotents are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01200122
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
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    On the continuity of the spectrum in certain Banach algebras (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 38 (2000), S. 284-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47A10 ; 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we describe some classes of linear operatorsT∈L(H) (mainly Toeplitz, Wiener-Hopf and singular integral) on a Hilbert spacesH such that the spectrum σ(T, L(H)) is continuous at the pointsT from these classes. We also describe some subalgebras $$\mathcal{A}$$ of the algebras for which the spectrum σ(x, ) becomes continuous at the pointsx when σ(x, ) is restricted to the subalgebra $$\mathcal{A}$$ . In particular, we show that the spectrum σ(x, ) is continuous in Banach algebras with polynomial identities. Examples of such algebras are given.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01291715
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compact products of Hankel operators (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 38 (2000), S. 357-375 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: 47B35
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract In this paper we completely characterize compact products of three Hankel operators on the Hardy space. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for that $$H_{f_1 }^* H_{f_2 } H_{f_3 }^* ,H_{f_2 }^* H_{f_1 } H_{f_3 }^* $$ , and $$H_{f_1 }^* H_{f_3 } H_{f_2 }^* $$ are simultaneously compact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01291720
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    El Niño-Southern Oscillation: Related Probabilities of Fatalities from Natural Perils in Australia (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 22 (2000), S. 117-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: fatalities ; flood ; bushfire ; heatwave ; eastern Australia ; ENSO ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The interannual variability of flood, bushfire andheatwave fatality data for eastern Australia duringthe period 1876–1991 was analysed with respect to thephase of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)and the associated values of the Southern OscillationIndex (SOI). Heatwaves were found to be the mostserious peril in terms of the total number offatalities, while floods ranked first in the fatalityevent day statistics. None of the three monthly(absolute value) fatality data sets showed significantcorrelations with the corresponding values of the SOI,while the correlation analysis of annual (July toJune) data led to significant correlation coefficientsof 0.5 for floods and -0.3 for bushfires. AdditionalSOI value-related classification of the standardisedfatality event days into several ENSO categoriesconfirmed the correlation trends by showing anincrease (decrease) in the standardised bushfire(flood) fatality event day frequencies with increasingvalues of the SOI. In contrast to that, thestandardised heatwave fatality data showed aninconclusive distribution pattern, which hints at theinfluence of other possible factors (such as airpollution) on heatwave-related fatality numbers. The results of a risk assessment analysis have shownthat the probability of reaching the mean annualnumber of flood-fatality event days is roughly fourtimes higher during La Niña seasons (80%) thanthe corresponding probability associated with ElNiño periods (18%). The correspondingprobabilities associated with the mean bushfire andheatwave fatality event days displayed a reversedpattern, with the probabilities of El Niño-relatedyears being roughly twice as high as those associatedwith La Niña seasons (70% and 30% for bushfires,and 60% and 25% for heatwaves, respectively).Further probability calculations performed on thetotals of fatalities from all three perils identifiedthe La Niña years as potentially the mostdangerous in terms of suffering fatalities from theseperils. Furthermore, they highlighted the significantdifferences between the means of fatality event daynumbers recorded during years of extreme SOI values(9.8 for La Niña, and 9.1 for El Niño seasons)and those marked by near-zero SOI values (6.6). Themajor reason for the increase in risk associated withextreme ENSO phases was the higher variability ofthese perils during the respective seasons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008187117471
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contribution of Geographical Information Systems to the Management of Volcanic Crises (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 347-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: volcanic hazard ; risk assessment ; GIS ; physical simulation models ; information systems ; emergency planning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The incorporation of a set ofcomputer-based tools, such as Geographical InformationSystems and physical models, to the field of riskassessment, introduces a new perspective in thevolcanic risk maps production, increasing the analysisand modelling capabilities available through theapplication of conventional methodologies. Amethodology adapted to the requirements andcharacteristics of the new operating environment hasbeen applied at Tenerife island (Canary Islands,Spain) to carry out a study devoted to analyse thesuitability of these tools for near real-timemanagement of volcanic crises. With this in mind, aseries of potential eruption scenarios have beenselected to identify and characterise which elementsat risk would prove most vulnerable against a specificvolcanic phenomenon, depending on the socio-economiccharacteristics of the area affected and the resultingdistribution of the volcanic products. This kind ofinformation is fundamental to update, adapt or produceeffective risk management and emergency plans orprotocols, where the measures to mitigate or fightagainst a specific volcanic disaster have to be taken,incorporating the existing knowledge of the phenomenonbehaviour and taking into account their potentialeffects on the area of interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008150816028
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  • 17
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    Risk Assessment, Emergency Preparedness and Response to Hazards: The Case of the 1997 Red River Valley Flood, Canada (2000)
    Springer
    Natural hazards 21 (2000), S. 225-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0840
    Keywords: risk assessment ; emergency preparedness ; legislative measures ; flood prevention and mitigation ; forecasting and warning ; control structure ; public participation ; Canada ; Red River Valley
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract The prevention and/or mitigation offlood disasters requires continual research, numerouscapital investment decisions, and high-qualitymaintenance and modifications of flood-controlstructures. In addition, institutional and privatepreparedness is needed. The experience offlood-control in North America has shown mixedoutcomes: while flood frequency has declined duringthe last few decades, the economic losses havecontinued to rise. Recent catastrophic floods havealso been linked to major structural interventions inthe region. The flood diversions may cause harmfuleffects upon the floodplain inhabitants by influencingflood levels in areas which are not normallyflood-prone. The increasing vulnerability of thefloodplain inhabitants poses new challenges and raisesquestions concerning the existing risk assessmentmethods, institutional preparedness and responses todisaster-related public emergencies, and local-levelpublic involvement in flood mitigation efforts. In the context of the catastrophic 1997 floods of theRed River Valley, Manitoba, Canada, this researchfocuses on two aspects of flood-related emergencygovernance and management: (i) the functions andeffectiveness of control structures, and (ii) theroles, responsibilities and effectiveness oflegislative and other operational measures. The studyconcludes that the flood-loss mitigation measures,both in terms of effects of control structures andinstitutional interventions for emergency evacuation,were not fully effective for ensuring the well-beingand satisfaction of floodplain inhabitants. Althoughorganizational preparedness and mobilization to copewith the 1997 flood emergency was considerable, theirsuccess during the onset of the flood event waslimited. Lack of communication and understandingbetween institutions, a reluctance to implementup-to-date regulations, and minimal publicparticipation in the emergency decision-making processall contributed to the difficulties experienced byfloodplain inhabitants.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008108208545
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  • 18
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    The limit of the spectral radius of block Toeplitz matrices with nonnegative entries (2000)
    Springer
    Integral equations and operator theory 36 (2000), S. 193-200 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-8989
    Keywords: Primary 15A42 ; 15A48 ; 47B35 ; 47B65
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A bi-infinite sequence ...,t −2,t −1,t 0,t 1,t 2,... of nonnegativep×p matrices defines a sequence of block Toeplitz matricesT n =(t ik ),n=1,2,...,, wheret ik =t k−i ,i,k=1,...,n. Under certain irreducibility assumptions, we show that the limit of the spectral radius ofT n , asn tends to infinity, is given by inf{σ(ξ)∶ξ∈[0,∞]}, where σ(ξ) is the spectral radius of Σ j∈z t j ξ j .
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01202094
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  • 19
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    Hazard/Risk Assessment of Pyridaben: I. Aquatic Toxicity and Environmental Chemistry (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 157-168 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: pyridaben ; water-effect ratio ; WER ; FIFRA ; hazard assessment ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The toxicity and environmental fate of the insecticide-miticide, pyridaben were investigated using both standardized laboratory procedures and outdoor studies with natural water. Outdoor studies provide a more realistic exposure scenario to aquatic organisms and any toxicity is a response to actual exposure concentrations resulting from the natural degradation and dissipation of the chemical. This paper describes the environmental chemistry/fate and aquatic toxicity of pyridaben. The subsequent paper describes the results of the outdoor aquatic toxicity studies and the use of the water-effect ratio in hazard/risk assessment. Environmental fate studies indicate that pyridaben has a low water solubility and high Kd and Koc values, which favors partitioning from water onto soil and sediment. Pyridaben is stable to hydrolysis but has a short photolysis half-life in water (〈30 min) and soil (∼11 d). Furthermore, pyridaben has a short half-life in soil (12 to 14 d) when applied in the field to citrus crops. Laboratory studies with constant 48- to 96-h exposures to pyridaben show it is acutely toxic to fish (Lepomis macrochirus, Pimephales promelas, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Cyprinodon variegatus) and invertebrates (Daphnia magna, Mysidopsis bahia). Invertebrates are more sensitive (lower LC50s) than fish to pyridaben, and most mortalities occur 〈24 h for fish and 〈72 h for invertebrates. Chronic laboratory studies indicate that the MATCs for pyridaben and D. magna, M. bahia and P. promelas were 0.12, 0.15 and 0.39 μg/L, respectively. Acute-to-chronic ratios for pyridaben are low for fish and invertebrates, indicating a low potential for residual activity. Chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms is not an issue after application in the field because exposures tend to be brief.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008934502348
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  • 20
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    Hazard/Risk Assessment of Pyridaben: II. Outdoor Aquatic Toxicity Studies and the Water-Effect Ratio (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 169-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: pyridaben ; water-effect ratio ; FIFRA ; hazard assessment ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Outdoor acute aquatic toxicity studies with pyridaben and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) and mysid (Mysidopsis bahia) showed that the 96-h LC50s in site-specific water were significantly greater than in classical laboratory studies. In addition, outdoor acute studies showed that pyridaben degrades rapidly in water, in hours, which supports other laboratory and field studies on the fate of pyridaben in aquatic systems. Chronic toxicity to aquatic organisms is not an issue after application in the field because exposures will be brief. The water-effect ratio (WER) of site-specific to laboratory-water 96-h LC50s for L. macrochirus and M. bahia were 18.5 and 24.5, respectively. The lowest WER was used as an application factor with the laboratory LC50 values of several other aquatic organisms to develop “adjusted” site-specific LC50 values. Comparison of the distribution of “adjusted” LC50 values with a distribution of potential environmental exposure concentrations for pyridaben in water indicates minimal acute risk to aquatic organisms. When only acute laboratory data are available, the WER approach is a relevant and realistic means for determining an application factor and for estimating the aquatic hazard/risk assessment of non-persistent pesticides, because it considers a host of factors that affect bioavailability and subsequent toxicity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008986519187
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  • 21
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    Relation of Waterfowl Poisoning to Sediment Lead Concentrations in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin (2000)
    Springer
    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 207-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: lead ; waterfawl ; sediment ; toxicity ; mining ; risk assessment ; swans ; ALAD ; protoporphyrin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract For many years, waterfowl have been poisoned by lead after ingesting contaminated sediment in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, in Idaho. Results of studies on waterfowl experimentally fed this sediment were combined with results from field studies conducted in the Basin to relate sediment lead concentration to injury to waterfowl. The first step in the model estimated exposure as the relation of sediment lead concentration to blood lead concentration in mute swans (Cygnus olor), ingesting 22% sediment in a rice diet. That rate corresponded to the 90th percentile of sediment ingestion estimated from analyses of feces of tundra swans (Olor columbianus) in the Basin. Then, with additional laboratory studies on Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) fed the sediment, we developed the general relation of blood lead to injury in waterfowl. Injury was quantified by blood lead concentrations, ALAD (δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) activity, protoporphyrin concentrations, hemoglobin concentrations, hepatic lead concentrations, and the prevalence of renal nuclear inclusion bodies. Putting the exposure and injury relations together provided a powerful tool for assessing hazards to wildlife in the Basin. The no effect concentration of sediment lead was estimated as 24 mg/kg and the lowest effect level as 530 mg/kg. By combining our exposure equation with data on blood lead concentrations measured in moribund tundra swans in the Basin, we estimated that some mortality would occur at a sediment lead concentration as low as 1800 mg/kg.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008998821913
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    Shear Stress Distribution in the Trabeculae of Human Vertebral Bone (2000)
    Springer
    Annals of biomedical engineering 28 (2000), S. 1194-1199 
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    ISSN: 1573-9686
    Keywords: Cancellous bone ; stress ; strain ; strength ; adaptation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Technology
    Notes: Abstract The statistical distribution of von Mises stress in the trabeculae of human vertebral cancellous bone was estimated using large-scale finite element models. The goal was to test the hypothesis that average trabecular von Mises stress is correlated to the maximum trabecular level von Mises stress. The hypothesis was proposed to explain the close experimental correlation between apparent strength and stiffness of human cancellous bone tissue. A three-parameter Weibull function described the probability distribution of the estimated von Mises stress (r2) 〉 0.99 for each of 23 cases). The mean von Mises stress was linearly related to the standard deviation (r2=0.63) supporting the hypothesis that average and maximum magnitude stress would be correlated. The coefficient of variation (COV) of the von Mises stress was nonlinearly related to apparent compressive strength, apparent stiffness, and bone volume fraction (adjusted r2=0.66, 0.56, 0.54, respectively) by a saturating exponential function [COV=A+B exp(−x/C)]. The COV of the stress was higher for low volume fraction tissue (〈0.12) consistent with the weakness of low volume fraction tissue and suggesting that stress variation is better controlled in higher volume fraction tissue. We propose that the average stress and standard deviation of the stress are both controlled by bone remodeling in response to applied loading. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society. PAC00: 8719Rr
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1114/1.1318928
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    Impact of Global Climate Change on China's Water Resources (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 187-191 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: climate change ; adaptation ; water resources ; China
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract It is indicated that up to the year 2030, the annual average temperatures in China will increase by 0.88 to 1.2°C, with increments in the south less than in the north. Annual average precipitation would raise slightly, but the increment could be 4% in northeastern China. The increment of annual mean runoff could rise over 6% in the northeastern area, and decrease in the other regions 1.4 to 10.5%. The increased water shortage due to climate change could achieve 160 to 5090 million m3 in some areas of China. Financial loss due to the lack of water could reach 1300 million yuan, and up to 4400 million yuan in serious drought years in the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006351126446
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    The Use of Atmospheric Dispersion Models in Risk Assessment Decision Support Systems for Pesticides (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 133-145 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: atmospheric transport models ; persistent organicpollutants ; pesticides ; plant protection products ; risk assessment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In the evaluation of potentially adverse effects oforganic chemicals such as pesticides on theenvironment the atmosphere may play an important role.After its release to the atmosphere the chemical willbe transported/dispersed in the atmosphere and finallyit will be removed either by atmospheric-chemicaldestruction or by deposition to the underlying soil orsurface water. In a risk assessment decision supportsystem both ambient concentrations and depositionfluxes must be known to evaluate the risk of directexposure (inhalation) or the risk of soil and watercontamination caused by deposition. This paperdiscusses the use of atmospheric dispersion models insuch risk assessment decision support systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006262209031
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    A Framework for Comprehensive, Integrated, Watershed Monitoring in New York City (2000)
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 62 (2000), S. 147-167 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: modeling ; New York City ; risk assessment ; watershed monitoring
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The International Life SciencesInstitute (ILSI) Risk Science Institute (RSI) convenedan expert panel of scientists to developrecommendations for a comprehensive monitoring programfor the Croton and Catskill/Delaware watersheds, whichprovide drinking water to New York City's residents. This effort was conducted as part of efforts topreserve and enhance the quality of New York City'sreservoir system through a watershed protectionprogram. The panel developed recommendations for astrategic framework on which to construct a monitoringprogram. As part of this activity, the paneldetermined whether existing monitoring activities weredeficient and, where activities were deficient, thepanel developed recommendations for additionalinformation that should be collected.The panel recommended the development and use of anintegrated approach to watershed monitoring, whichdraws on modeling, risk-based planning and analysis,statistical sampling and design, and basic compliancemonitoring. The approach should be designed toprovide an assessment of natural and anthropogenicsources of stress to the system as well as anassessment of water quality trends in response tostresses acting in concert, both over the long termand over the five-year New York City Memorandum ofAgreement (MOA) assessment time frame. It should alsoprovide an assessment of the human health andenvironmental risks posed by a variety of stressors,and the impact of management actions implemented toameliorate stressors.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006266325869
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    Univariate Bayesian nonparametric binary regression with application in environmental management (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental and ecological statistics 7 (2000), S. 77-91 
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    ISSN: 1573-3009
    Keywords: acid deposition ; Bayesian inference ; Dirichlet distribution ; fish response ; Gibbs sampler ; lake eutrophication ; PCB ; risk assessment ; salmonid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract In environmental management, we often have to deal with binary response variables whose outcome dictates the course of action. This paper introduces a nonparametric Bayesian binary regression model with a single predictor variable that is more flexible than the commonly used logistic or probit models. Due to the Bayesian feature, the model can be easily used to combine observed data with our knowledge of the subject to produce site-specific results. By using three examples, this paper shows the potential application of the model in the environmental management, and its advantages in terms of flexibility in model specification, robustness to outliers, and realistic interpretation of data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009610913454
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    Risk Assessment for Honeybees from Pesticide-Exposed Pollen (2000)
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    Ecotoxicology 9 (2000), S. 287-297 
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    ISSN: 1573-3017
    Keywords: honeybees ; pesticides ; risk assessment ; integrated pest management ; pollen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A method for assessing the risk for honeybees from pesticide exposure via pollen is proposed. Four pesticides, selected as markers, were monitored in pollen samples collected in two sampling areas, one located in an intensive agricultural area and the other far from direct pesticide impact. Analytical results were consistent with use patterns of the chemicals and their physico-chemical and persistence properties. For a preliminary estimate of bee exposure via pollen, both by ingestion and by contact, an exposure index was developed, based on physico-chemical properties, persistence and application rates. On the basis of the exposure estimates and acute toxicological data (ingestion and contact LD50), Toxicity Exposure Ratios (TERs) were calculated as indicators of the risk for honeybees due to this particular exposure route. TER values were compared to Hazard Quotient (HQ), calculated as the ratio between application rate and the LC50 value, according to European guidelines, showing a satisfactory agreement. The advantage of the above described procedures is that the environmental fate of the chemicals, and not only application rates, are taken into account. This approach may represent a preliminary tool for a comparative screening of the risk for pollinator insects due to this particular exposure route.
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    Effect of Water Quality Parameters on the Migration of Vinyl Chloride Monomer from Unplasticized PVC Pipes (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 120 (2000), S. 195-208 
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    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: diffusion rate ; migration ; pH ; temperature ; total dissolved solids ; unplasticized PVC pipes ; vinyl chloride monomer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The migration of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) from unplasticizedpolyvinyl chloride (uPVC) pipes was investigated using locallymanufactured pipes. Specimens of 33 cm long were used throughoutthe research. The investigation was carried out under differentconditions of water temperature, pH and total dissolved solidsconcentration and at different durations of exposure. The VCMconcentration in the water was evaluated using the gaschromotography (GC)/head-space technique. A VCM concentration ofmore than 2.5 ppb was detected after 30 days of exposure at45 °C. The initial VCM concentration in the uPVC pipewas predicted using equations derived from Fick's first law ofdiffusion. Water tenperature did not affect the migration ofVCM, unless it was raised to high values (i.e. 45 °C).Total dissolved solids (TDS) and pH of water were found toaffect the release of VCM from uPVC pipes. Diffusion rate of VCMwas predicted as a function of pH or TDS values.
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    Effects of Smoke Emissions from a Charcoal Kiln on the Functioning of Forest Soil Systems: A Microcosm Study (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 60 (2000), S. 337-357 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: cellulose ; charcoal kiln ; decomposition ; herb seeds ; moisture ; respiration ; smoke pollution ; soil ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Long-term charcoal production in small private charcoal kilns (CK) in Eastern Bieszczady Mts. (SE Poland) can cause local smoke contamination of the ambient forest environment. Responses of model soil systems, contaminated or not contaminated by CK smoke, to contrasting combinations of hydrothermic regimes were compared in laboratory microcosms (respiration of soil community, decomposition rate of soil organic matter and cotton stripes, herb seeds germination were studied). The majority of the obtained data show a markedly higher level of soil biological activity in the CK versus the control series. In some cases CK and control soil systems show different patterns of reactions to the tested combinations of microclimate regime. These phenomena should at least partly be attributed to the effects of CK pollution.
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    Adaptation to What and Why? (2000)
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 9-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: climate change ; risk ; adaptation ; thresholds ; limits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Adaptation in response to anthropogenic climate change seeks to maintain viability by maximising benefits and minimising losses. It is necessary because some climatic change is now inevitable, despite the international focus on mitigation measures. Indeed, the measures agreed at Kyoto would by themselves result in only a small reduction in the climate changes to be expected over the next century. Discussion of the expected changes and possible impacts leads to the following conclusions regarding climate change scenarios in relation to impacts and adaptation: • Climate change in the foreseeable future will not be some new stable "equilibrium" climate, but rather an ongoing "transient" process; • Climate change predictions relevant to impacts on most sectors and ecosystems are still highly uncertain; • There is a need for a greater focus on developing countries and tropical regions, and on relevant key variables, including the magnitude and frequency of extreme events; • The focus should shift from single predictions, or extreme ranges of uncertainty, to risk assessment; • Thresholds critical to impacted sectors and ecosystems should be identified, and expressed as functions of climatic variables; • Planned adaptations will be necessary to cope with multiple stresses, including those due to non-climatic changes; • A major task of adaptation science is to identify the limits of adaptation, i.e., to identify "dangerous levels of greenhouse gases" beyond which adaptation becomes impractical or prohibitively expensive.
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    The Biodiversity Crisis and Adaptation to Climate Change: A Case Study from Australia's Forests (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 65-74 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: biodiversity ; climate variability ; climate change ; adaptation ; institutional reform
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract If current trends continue, human activities will drastically alter most of the planet's remaining natural ecosystems and their composite biota within a few decades. Compounding the impacts on biodiversity from deleterious management practices is climate variability and change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently concluded that there is ample evidence to suggest climate change is likely to result in significant impacts on biological diversity. These impacts are likely to be exacerbated by the secondary effects of climate change such as changes in the occurrence of wildfire, insect outbreaks and similar disturbances. Current changes in climate are very different from those of the past due to their rate and magnitude, the direct effects of increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations and because highly modified landscapes and an array of threatening processes limit the ability of terrestrial ecosystems and species to respond to changed conditions. One of the primary human adaptation option for conserving biodiversity is considered to be changes in management. The complex and overarching nature of climate change issues emphasises the need for greatly enhanced cooperation between scientists, policy makers, industry and the community to better understand key interactions and identify options for adaptation. A key challenge is to identify opportunities that facilitate sustainable development by making use of existing technologies and developing policies that enhance the resilience of climate-sensitive sectors. Measures to enhance the resilience of biodiversity must be considered in all of these activities if many ecosystem services essential to humanity are to be sustained. New institutional arrangements appear necessary at the regional and national level to ensure that policy initiatives and research directed at assessing and mitigating the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change are complementary and undertaken strategically and cost-effectively. Policy implementation at the national level to meet responsibilities arising from the UNFCCC (e.g., the Kyoto Protocol) and the UN Convention on Biological Diversity require greater coordination and integration between economic sectors, since many primary drivers of biodiversity loss and vulnerability are influenced at this level. A case study from the Australian continent is used to illustrate several key issues and discuss a basis for reform, including recommendations for facilitating adaptation to climate variability and change.
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    Climate Change and Climate Variability: Adaptations to Reduce Adverse Health Impacts (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 49-64 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: climate change ; El Niño Southern Oscillation ; public health ; adaptation ; primary prevention
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Global climate change is likely to have a range of consequences for human health as a result of disturbance or weakening of the biosphere's natural or human-managed life support systems. The full range of potential human health impacts of global climate change is diverse and would be distributed differentially spatially and over time. Changes in the mortality toll of heatwaves and changes in the distribution of vector-borne infectious diseases may occur early. The public health consequences of sea level rise and of regional changes in agricultural productivity may not occur (or become apparent) for several decades. Vulnerability is a measure of both sensitivity to climate change and the ability to adapt in anticipation of, or in response to, its impacts. The basic modes of adaptation to climate-induced health hazards are biological, behavioural and social. Adaptation can be undertaken at the individual, community and whole-population levels. Adaptive strategies should not introduce new health hazards. Enhancement of the acknowledged public health infrastructure and intervention programmes is essential to reduce vulnerability to the health impacts of climate change. In the longer-term, fundamental improvements in the social and material conditions of life and in the reduction of inequalities within and between populations are required for sustained reduction in vulnerability to environmental health hazards.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006357800521
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    Integrating Impacts into Adaptation Measures (2000)
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 37-48 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adaptation ; climate change ; integration ; impacts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract A mechanism has been established to improve integration of international climate-related programmes. Known as the Climate Agenda it outlines a programme, that in a cost-effective way, responds to national obligations to respond to international agreements as well as their national needs for social and economic development. The paper briefly describes the Climate Agenda and the incorporation within it of studies of climate impact assessments and response strategies to reduce vulnerability. The need for increased emphasis on climate impact assessment and for the development of effective adaptation measures is emphasised following the elaboration of a Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). UNEP's efforts to identify national programmes contributing to the Climate Agenda are described. The response from developing countries has, however, been very disappointing, even from countries where we know work is ongoing through funding by GEF or US Country Studies Program and other bilateral programmes. Initial compilation of information available so far shows that many developed countries are putting a lot into the area of impact assessment of not just climate change, but also climate variability. There remain some research gaps, especially in the area of assessment of climate impacts on ecosystems, hydrological systems, etc. Considerable efforts are presently being directed at reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases and in the case of developing countries, most efforts are being directed towards completing national communications and providing baseline data for future studies. The paper refers to early activities by UNEP in cooperation with other international organizations to undertake integrated assessments of the impacts of climate change on important socio-economic sectors and the later incorporation of lessons learned into the IPCC Guidelines for Assessing Impacts of Climate Change. Later sections outline the development of a handbook on methods for climate change impact assessment and adaptation strategies as a practical approach to national assessments and the development of appropriate and cost-effective response to climate change. The initiation of a GEF-funded project to apply the methods contained in the handbook and improve the results based on national studies is also described for both developed and developing countries. Working in collaboration with a team of international experts under the coordination of the Institute of Environmental Studies at Vrije University (Amsterdam), the goal of this ongoing project is to develop a valuable methodological tool that Parties to the UNFCCC may apply to develop national climate change impact and adaptation assessments. Development of these guidelines was linked to a series of country studies in Antigua and Barbuda, Estonia, Cameroon and Pakistan funded under a UNEP/GEF project. The application of the first version of the UNEP Handbook by national study teams in these four countries is making valuable technical and practical contributions and will ensure that the next version of the Handbook will be a more useful tool for experts in developing countries undertaking similar studies in the future. The methods contained in the Handbook are also the basis for similar assessments funded under bilateral development programmes in other countries. These and similar studies elsewhere are coordinated with the UNEP programme and will eventually aim to create reliable and comparable assessments, a compatible set of tools for such purpose and the identification of realistic adaptation options for incorporation into national planning for adapting to climate change. The paper also addresses how climate impact assessment and response strategies are undertaken as part of national enabling activities carried out in co-operation with UNEP.
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    Adaptation to Climatic Variability and Change: Asian Perspectives on Agriculture and Food Security (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 123-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: potential yields ; disparity ; adaptation levels ; risk assessment ; land-use change ; marginal lands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The impacts of climate change on potential rice production in Asia are reviewed in the light of the adaptation to climatic variability and change. Collaborative studies carried out by IRRI and US-EPA reported that using process-based crop simulation models increasing temperature may decrease rice potential yield up to 7.4% per degree increment of temperature. When climate scenarios predicted by GCMs were applied it was demonstrated that rice production in Asia may decline by 3.8% under the climates of the next century. Moreover, changes in rainfall pattern and distribution were also found suggesting the possible shift of agricultural lands in the region. The studies however have not taken the impacts of climatic variability into account, which often produce extreme events like that caused by monsoons and El Niño. Shifts in rice-growing areas are likely to be constrained by land-use changes occurring for other developmental reasons, which may force greater cultivation of marginal lands and further deforestation. This should be taken into account and lead to more integrated assessment, especially in developing countries where land-use change is more a top-down policy rather than farmers' decision. A key question is: To what extent will improving the ability of societies to cope with current climatic variability through changing design of agricultural systems and practices help the same societies cope with the likely changes in climate?
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    Reconciling National and Global Priorities in Adaptation to Climate Change: With an Illustration from Uganda (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 145-159 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: climate change ; adaptation ; economic development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Many developing countries, especially in Africa, contribute only very small amounts to the world total of greenhouse gas emissions. For them, the reduction of such emissions is not a priority, and the more important issue is to find ways to reduce their vulnerability to the projected climate change which is being imposed upon them largely as a result of emissions from developed countries. This priority does not accord with the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which is to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reports upon studies in Uganda designed to help in the development of a national adaptation strategy, and addresses the need to reconcile such a strategy with the global priority accorded to mitigation and with national economic development priorities. Some features of a national climate change adaptation strategy are identified and questions are raised about the need for an international regime to facilitate and support adaptation.
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    Climate Change Impacts and Human Settlements in Africa: Prospects for Adaptation (2000)
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    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 193-205 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: human settlements ; climate change ; adaptation ; Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Climate change impacts on African human settlements arise from a number of climate change-related causes, notably sea level changes, impacts on water resources, extreme weather events, food security, increased health risks from vector home diseases, and temperature-related morbidity in urban environments. Some coastlines and river deltas of Africa have densely populated low-lying areas, which would be affected by a rise in sea level. Other coastal settlements will be subjected to increased coastal erosion. Recent flooding in East Africa highlighted the vulnerability of flood plain settlements and the need to develop adaptive strategies for extreme weather events management and mitigation. In the semi arid and arid zones many settlements are associated with inland drainage water sources. Increases in drought will enhance water supply related vulnerabilities. Inter-basin and international water transfers raise the need for adequate legal frameworks that ensure equity among participating nations. Similarly, water supply and irrigation reservoirs in seasonal river catchments might fail, leading to poor sanitation in urban areas as well as food shortage. Hydroelectric power generation could be restricted in drought periods, and where it is a major contributor to the energy budget, reduced power generation could lead to a multiplicity of other impacts. States are advised to develop other sources of renewable energy. Temperature changes will lead to altered distribution of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, making settlements currently free of vector borne diseases vulnerable. Rapid breeding of the housefly could create a menace associated with enteric disorders, especially in conditions of poor sanitation. The dry savannahs of Africa are projected as possible future food deficit areas. Recurrent crop failures would lead to transmigration into urban areas. Pastoralists are likely to undertake more trans-boundary migrations and probably come into conflict with settled communities. Adaptive measures will involve methods of coastal defences (where applicable), a critical review of the energy sector, both regionally and nationally, a rigorous adherence to city hygiene procedures, an informed agricultural industry that is capable of adapting to changing climate in terms of cropping strategies, and innovations in environment design to maximise human comfort at minimum energy expenditure. In the savannah and arid areas water resource management systems will be needed to optimise water resource use and interstate co-operation where such resources are shared. Climate change issues discussed here raise the need for state support for more research and education in impacts of climate change on human settlements in Africa.
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    Effect of Temperature on Absorption Efficiency of NO2 in Arsenite Method (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 61 (2000), S. 285-291 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: adsorption ; NO2 ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The sodium arsenite method developed by Jacobs andHochheiser is one of the most widely used manualmethods for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) monitoring inambient air, particularly in developing countries. Asreported, the method gives 82% NO2 absorptionefficiency (NAE) in the concentration range from 40 to750 μg/m3, when only one impinger tube isemployed in the sampling train at a flow rate of 0.2lpm and for 24 h sampling duration. Accordingly,a uniform correction factor (0.82) is used indenominator to calculate the ultimate concentration ofNO2 in ambient air.In the present investigation, the effect oftemperature on absorption efficiency of NO2 isstudied employing four impinger tubes in series tocollect the maximum NO2 generated in the gasstream. The study conducted at 16, 26 and 36 °Ctemperatures shows maximum absorption efficiency(average) of 87.8% at 26°C in 1st impingertube. At lower and higher temperatures, it is foundconsiderably less. A suitable correction factor,therefore, must be applied to estimate actual NO2concentration in ambient air using arsenite method, intropical countries like India, where atmospherictemperature variations are large (less than 5°Cin winter and more than 45°C in summer).
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    Genotoxicity at Low Level Dose of Inspirable Urban Ambient Air Particulate in a Semiarid Regime (2000)
    Springer
    Environmental monitoring and assessment 63 (2000), S. 388-407 
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    ISSN: 1573-2959
    Keywords: air particulate ; cancer epidemiology ; carcinogenicity ; conceptual model ; genotoxicity ; mutagenicity ; PAH ; risk assessment ; urban air
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Samples of inspirable air particulate(inhalable + ingestable) were obtained at two urbanlocations in southern Argentina which differ in theirexposure to pollution by class B2 polynuclear aromatichydrocarbons (PAHs). Sample extracts were tested in vitro for induction of chromosomal aberrations incultured rat hepatocytes. The average induced amountof chromosomal aberrations did not vary amonggeographic locations, but significant differences wereidentified in samples near known emitting sources. Thedifferences were analyzed in the frame of a model ofthe emissions and their subsequent distribution andre-suspension from the soil and other surfaces. Theresults show that the rat hepatocyte test is sensitiveto genotoxic activity of the urban air particulate inthe low dose range of the tested fractions. Adequatemodels of human exposure to these materials shouldconsider emissions and re-suspension of pollutants bywind. The implications of these results on theformulation of policies of emission reduction, urbansoil management and the design of cancer epidemiologystudies are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006202307463
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  • 39
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    Electronic Resource
    Differences in Lead Bioavailability Between a Smelting and a Mining Area (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 122 (2000), S. 203-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: housedust ; IEUBK model ; metals ; risk assessment ; scanning electron microscopy ; sequential extraction ; soil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Soils and housedusts were collected from three areas of Pribram,an historic metal mining and smelting town in the Czech Republic. The main objectives of the study were: (i) to assessthe influence of physico-chemical form, particle size, soilproperties and contaminant source on Pb bioavailability andexposure risk; (ii) compare the Pb bioavailability data obtainedfrom the mining and smelting areas and assess whether anydifferences observed could be attributed to the factors thoughtto exert an influence. Lead concentrations were highest in thesmelter area. Mining area garden soils also contained elevatedPb concentrations. Solubility of housedust Pb in 0.12 M HCl (asurrogate for stomach acid) was similar in all study areas andwas similar to values reported in the literature. However, 0.12M HCl solubility of garden soil Pb was low in the mining areacompared to the other study areas and compared to other urbanareas. Blood Pb concentrations were also relatively low in themining area compared to the other study areas and the reducedsoil Pb solubility observed in this area was suspected as aninfluencing factor. However, exposure pathways may also beimportant in explaining the differences observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005251527946
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  • 40
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    Electronic Resource
    On the Influence of Hot-Water Discharges on Phytoplankton Communities from a Coastal Zone of the Gulf of Mexico (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 119 (2000), S. 209-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: microalgal communities ; photosynthesis ; temperature ; thermal pollution ; tropical coast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract The influence of thermal discharges on thephytoplankton community from a coastal zone of theGulf of Mexico was evaluated through their structureand photosynthetic behaviour focusing on responses tochanges in light and temperature. Biological andphysicochemical parameters were measured over a periodof two years in an area with permanent hot waterdischarges from a thermoelectric plant. Thetemperature in the sampling area ranged from 23.5 to36 °C with differences between the coldest andthe hottest station from 5.3 to 9.2 °C.Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were reducedin the discharge area water column, due to turbulence.One hundred and one different taxa were identifiedwith a strong predominance of Diatoms. The chlorophylla concentration ranged from 0.3 to 6.1 μgL-1, with highest values of thephaeophytin:chlorophyll ratio found at the hottest station.The community structure did not show significativedifferences among sampling stations with respect totemperature variations. However, in the algalassemblages influenced by thermal discharges, it waspossible to observe alterations in the photosynthesisbehaviour. Phytoplankton response to short termphotosynthesis experiments was segregated according tocomposition and origin of microalgal assemblages.Samples with larger heterogeneous composition had moreconsistent oxygen production responses. Algalcommunities exposed to hot effluent showed differentdegrees of photosynthesis rate reduction,higher light requirements (〉500 μE m2 s-1)and lower temperature (25 °C) to achieve Pmaxthan algae sampled in sites without such exposure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005161309609
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  • 41
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of the Environment on the Bacterial Bleaching of Corals (2000)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 123 (2000), S. 337-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: bleaching ; bacterial infection ; coral ; Oculina ; temperature ; toxin ; zooxanthellae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Bleaching in stony-corals is the result of disruption of symbiosis between the coral hosts and photosynthetic microalgal endosymbionts (zooxanthellae). Coral bleaching events of unprecedented frequency and global extent have been reported during the last two decades. Recently, we demonstrated that bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea is caused by the bacterium Vibrio shiloi, when seawater temperature rises and allows the bacterium to become virulent. The first step in the infection process is host-specific adhesion of V. shiloi to O. patagonica via a β-galactoside receptor on the coral surface. The bacterium then penetrates into the coral tissue and produces extracellular materials which rapidly inhibit photosynthesis of zooxanthellae and bleach and lyse the algae. The inhibition of pothosynthesis is due to a low molecular weight, heat stable toxin and ammonia. Bleaching and lysis are due to a heat-labile, high molecular weight materials, probably lytic enzymes. Elevated temperature induces different virulence factors within the infectious agent of the disease, V. shiloi. Adhesion was found to be temperature-regulated. When the bacteria were grown at 16°C there was no adhesion to corals maintained at either 25°C or 16°. However, when the bacteria were grown at 25°C they adhered avidly to corals maintained at 16°C and 25°C. In addition, the production of lytic enzymes and the photosynthesis inhibitor was also found to be temperature dependent. Production of the latter toxin was ten times greater at 29°C than at 16°C, and extracellular protease was 5-fold higher in cultures grown at 29°C than at 16°C. The data presented here suggest an explanation for the correlation between elevated seawater temperatures and seasonal coral bleaching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005274331988
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