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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Weakly electric fish ; Gymnotiformes ; Development ; Electric organ ; Electric organ discharge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract I recorded the electric organ discharges (EODs) of 331 immature Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus 6–88 mm long. Larvae produced head-positive pulses 1.3 ms long at 7 mm (6 days) and added a second, small head-negative phase at 12 mm. Both phases shortened duration and increased amplitude during growth. Relative to the whole EOD, the negative phase increased duration until 22 mm and amplitude until 37 mm. Fish above 37 mm produced a “symmetric” EOD like that of adult females. I stained cleared fish with Sudan black, or fluorescently labeled serial sections with anti-desmin (electric organ) or anti-myosin (muscle). From day 6 onward, a single electric organ was found at the ventral margin of the hypaxial muscle. Electrocytes were initially cylindrical, overlapping, and stalk-less, but later shortened along the rostrocaudal axis, separated into rows, and formed caudal stalks. This differentiation started in the posterior electric organ in 12-mm fish and was complete in the anterior region of fish with “symmetric” EODs. The lack of a distinct “larval” electric organ in this pulse-type species weakens the hypothesis that all gymnotiforms develop both a temporary (larval) and a permanent (adult) electric organ.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 361-365 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Central pattern generators ; Development ; Homarus gammarus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We used the lobster Homarus gammarus to study the ontogeny of neural networks involved in rhythmic behaviours. Since in the adult the neural networks belonging to the stomatogastric nervous system and controlling the rhythmic movements of the foregut are well characterised, we have studied them during ontogeny. While this foregut develops slowly throughout embryonic and larval stages, the neuronal population of these motor networks is quantitatively established since the mid-embryonic period. Moreover, in the embryo, this neural population is organised into a single functional network that displays a unique motor output. By contrast, in the adult the same neuronal elements are organised into three neural networks that express independent motor programs. Our results indicate that the multiple adult networks are partitioned progressively from a single embryonic network during development.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 367-372 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Cortical magnification ; Somatosensory cortex ; Development ; Evolution ; Behavior
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The star-nosed mole (Condylura cristata) has a snout surrounded by 22 fleshy and mobile appendages. This unusual structure is not an olfactory organ, as might be assumed from its location, nor is it used to manipulate objects as might be guessed from its appearance. Rather, the star is devoted to the sense of touch, and for this purpose the appendages are covered with thousands of small mechanoreceptive Eimer's organs. Recent behavioral studies find that the star acts much like a tactile eye, having a small behavioral focus, or “fovea” at the center – used for detailed explorations of objects of interest. The peripheral and central nervous systems of the mole reflect these behavioral specializations, such that the small behavioral focus on the nose is more densely innervated in the periphery, and has a greatly enlarged representation in the somatosensory cortex. This somatosensory representation of the tactile fovea is not correlated with anatomical parameters (innervation density) as found in other species, but rather is highly correlated with patterns of behavior. The many surprising parallels between the somatosensory system of the mole, and the visual systems of other mammals, suggest a convergent and perhaps common organization for highly developed sensory systems.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 177 (1995), S. 577-590 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Metamorphosis ; Anuran ; Audiogram ; Development ; Midbrain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract During metamorphosis, the lateral line system of ranid frogs (Rana catesbeiana) degenerates and an auditory system sensitive to airborne sounds develops. We examined the onset of function and developmental changes in the central auditory system by recording multi-unit activity from the principal nucleus of the torus semicircularis (TSp) of bullfrogs at different postmetamorphic stages in response to tympanically-presented auditory stimuli. No responses were recorded to stimuli of up to 95 dB SPL from latemetamorphic tadpoles, but auditory responses were recorded within 24 hours of completion of metamorphosis. Audiograms from froglets (SVL 〈 5.5 cm) were relatively flat in shape with high thresholds, and showed a decrease in most sensitive frequency (MSF) from about 2500 Hz to about 1500 Hz throughout the first 7–10 days after completion of metamorphosis. Audiograms from frogs larger than 5.5 cm showed continuous downward shifts in MSF and thresholds, and increases in sharpness around MSF until reaching adult-like values. Spontaneous activity in the TSp increased throughout postmetamorphic development. The torus increased in volume by approximately 50% throughout development and displayed changes in cell density and nuclear organization. These observations suggest that the onset of sensitivity to tympanically presented airborne sounds is limited by peripheral, rather than central, auditory maturation.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 185 (1999), S. 207-213 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Honey bee ; Behavior ; Development ; Neurobiology ; Foraging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees derived from artificially selected high- and low-pollen-hoarding strains were tested for their proboscis extension reflex response to water and varying sucrose concentrations. High-strain bees had a lower response threshold to sucrose than low-strain bees among pre-foragers, foragers, queens and drones. Pre-foraging low-strain workers showed ontogenetic changes in their response threshold to sucrose which was inversely related to age. High-strain foragers were more likely to return with loads of water compared to low-strain foragers. Whereas low-strain foragers were more likely to return with loads of nectar. Low-strain nectar foragers collected nectar with significantly higher sucrose concentrations than did the high-strain nectar foragers. Alternatively, low-strain foragers were more likely to return empty compared to high-strain foragers. These studies demonstrate how a genotypically varied sensory-physiological process, the perception of sucrose, are associated with a division of labor for foraging.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 195-205 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Sensory ; Motor pattern ; Development ; Grasshopper ; Campaniform sensilla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Campaniform sensilla monitor the forces generated by the leg muscles during the co-contraction phase of locust (Schistocerca gregaria) kicking and jumping and re-excite the fast extensor (FETi) and flexor tibiae motor neurones, which innervate the leg muscles. Sensory signals from a campaniform sensillum on the proximal tibia were compared in newly moulted locusts, which do not kick and jump, and mature locusts which readily kick and jump. The activity pattern of FETi during co-contraction was mimicked by stimulating the extensor tibiae muscle. Less force was generated and the spike frequency of the sensory neurone from the sensillum was significantly lower in newly moulted compared to mature locusts. Depolarisation of both FETi and flexor motor neurones as a result of sensory feedback was consequently less in newly moulted than in mature locusts. The difference in the depolarisation was greater than the decrease in the afferent spike frequency suggesting that the central connections of the afferents are modulated. The depolarisation could generate spikes in FETi and maintain flexor spikes in mature but not in newly moulted locusts. This indicates that feedback from the anterior campaniform sensillum comprises a significant component of the drive to both FETi and flexor activity during co-contraction in mature animals and that the changes in this feedback contribute to the developmental change in behaviour.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 181 (1997), S. 231-237 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Key words Motor pattern ; Motor neurone ; Insect ; Grasshopper ; Development ; Schistocerca gregaria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract There is a change in the synaptic connections between motor neurones that underlie locust kicking and jumping during maturation following the adult moult. The fast extensor tibiae (FETi) motor neurone makes monosynaptic excitatory connections with flexor tibiae motor neurones that have previously been implicated in maintaining flexor activity during the co-contraction phase of jumping, in which energy generated by the muscles of a hind leg is stored. The amplitude of the FETi spike decreases when repetitively activated, and this decrement is larger in locusts immediately following the adult moult than in mature locusts. The decrement in␣the FETi spike is correlated with a greater decrease in the amplitude of the flexor excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) in newly moulted locusts and in turn with the failure of these locusts to kick or jump. The results presented here indicate that the developmental change in the connections between the motor neurones contributes to the change in behaviour following the moult.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 179 (1996), S. 185-194 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Chicks ; Refraction ; Development ; Schematic eye ; Ocular dimensions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ocular dimensions and refractive state data for chicks 0 to 14 days of age were obtained from 234 untreated control eyes of birds treated unilaterally in previous work involving various defocussing lenses and/or translucent goggles. Refractive state and corneal curvatures were measured in vivo by retinoscopy and ophthalmometry respectively. Intraocular dimensions were measured by A-scan ultrasonography, after which the eyes were removed, weighed and measured. In some cases (n=52) intraocular dimensions and lens curvatures were obtained from frozen sections of enucleated eyes. The hyperopia of hatchling chicks (+6.5+4.0 D) initially decreases rapidly and then more gradually to + 2.0 ± 0.5 D by 16 days. The distribution of refractive errors is very broad at Day 0, but becomes leptokurtotic, with a slight myopic skew, by Day 14. Corneal radius is constant for the first four days, possible as a result of pre-hatching lid pressure, and then increases linearly, as do all lens dimensions, axial diameter and equatorial diameter. Schematic eyes were developed for Days 0, 7, and 14.
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