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  • Articles  (55)
  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (55)
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  • Fine structure  (23)
  • Cell types  (20)
  • Regeneration
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  • Articles  (55)
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  • Articles: DFG German National Licenses  (55)
  • Latest Papers from Table of Contents or Articles in Press
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  • Springer  (55)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Planaria ; Regeneration ; Connective tissue ; Differentiation ; Fibrillogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Head blastemas in regeneratingDugesia tigrina (Planaria) have been studied light microscopically and electron microscopically. Acid phosphatase activity has been followed in early blastemas using a light microscopical cytochemical method. The possibilities of a collagen synthesis inhibiting substance α-α′-dipyridyl in analyzing fibrillogenesis in planarians have been explored. Following a brief discussion of the neoblast concept the general organization and characteristics of the blastema are described. Regeneration of the muscle-connective tissue filament system including the subepidermal membrane is analyzed in detail. It is stressed that the muscle cells, the filamentous sheaths and the subepidermal membrane in planarians should be visualized as a mutually dependent, integrated system. The hypothesis is proposed that neoblasts differentiate into myoblasts which both synthesize myofilaments and collagen. Collagen forms the filaments of the subepidermal membrane-muscle sheath system. No certain interference with collagen synthesis and secretion could be demonstrated in the experiments involving α-α′-dipyridyl. There was no evidence for significant changes in the activity and pattern of acid phosphatase during early stages of regeneration. The problems concerning the existence of neoblasts, their participation in regeneration and their origin (stock cell or result of a dedifferentiation process) are discussed.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 212-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spiders ; Cupiennius salei ; Slit sense organs ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein großes Einzelspaltsinnesorgan auf dem Tarsus der Spinne Cupienniua salei Keys. wird elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht und mit einem kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgan sowie dem zusammengsetzten (lyriformen) Organ des Metatarsus verglichen. 1. Der sog. Spalt besteht aus zwei Anteilen: a) Der in der Exocuticula gelegene hat die Gestalt einer Rinne (Länge ca. 51 μm, Breite ca. 2,2 μm), welche an den Enden ihrer Längserstreckung flach ist und in einer Mittelzone die Exocuticula bis auf einen ca. 0,23 μm starken Boden (innere Membran = M.i.) durchstößt. Die Exocuticula bildet um den Spalt herum einen verstärkenden Rahmen mit spezifischer Anordnung der exocuticularen Lamellen. b) Der in Meso- und Endocuticula gelegene Anteil öffnet sich von M. i. aus glockenförmig zur Epidermis hin. 2. Der Spalt ist überall von einer ca. 0,25 μm dicken Membran (äußere Membran M.a.) bedeckt, deren quantitativ wichtigste Komponente elektronenoptisch der innersten Lage der Epicuticula (dense layer) gleicht. 3. Das Spaltsinnesorgan wird von zwei Dendriten innerviert. Während einer davon nahe M.i. endet, zieht der andere durch eine Öffnung in dieser bis zu M. a. 4. Beide Dendrite weisen dieselbe feinstrukturelle Dreigliederung auf. a) Der dem Zellsoma folgende Abschnitt enthält Tubuli und einige randständige Mitochondrien. b) Nach distal folgt eine mitochondrienreiche und tubuluslose Dendritenanschwellung. c) Der somafernste Abschnitt beginnt mit einer Ciliarstruktur, deren Basalkörper in der Anschwellung liegen. Er zeichnet sich durch zahlreiche von periodischen Querstrukturen miteinander verbundene Tubuli sowie das vollkommene Fehlen von Mitochondrien aus. 5. Distal von der Ciliarstruktur umgibt eine gemeinsame elektronendichte Scheide die beiden Dendrite. 6. In der Mittelzone ihrer Längserstreckung bildet M.a. an einem in der Aufsicht tropfenförmigen und leicht versenkten Flächenausschnitt eine zylinderförmige Vertiefung (Tiefe ca. 1 μm, ø ca. 0,5 μm) aus, durch deren Boden der längere Dendrit samt Scheide hindurchzieht, um als fingerförmige Erhebung in dem Zylinder zu enden. Das Ende dieses Dendriten zeichnet sich durch eine extra- und intrazelluläre Ansammlung elektronendichter Substanz aus (Tubularkörper). 7. Eine innere und eine äußere Hüllzelle (Hz 1 bzw. Hz 2) umgeben die Dendrite gemeinsam. Hz 1 endet distal auf Höhe der Ciliarkörper, Hz 2 reicht nahe bis zu M.i. Der apikale Bereich von Hz 2 bildet eine große, nach distal offene Invagination aus, welche von Mikrovilli und einer daraufliegenden extrazellulären Substanz gesäumt wird. Elektronenoptisch vergleichbares Material findet sich in einem ausgedehnten Lakunensystem, das weiter proximal von weiteren Zellinvaginationen und erweiterten Extrazellularräumen gebildet wird. 8. Der sensorische Apparat eines kleinen tarsalen Einzelorgans sowie des metatarsalen lyriformen Organs stimmt im wesentlichen mit dem des großen tarsalen Einzelspalts überein.
    Notes: Summary A large single slit sense organ on the tarsus of the spider Cupiennius salei Keys, was examined electronmicroscopically and compared with a small single slit sense organ also on the tarsus and with the compound (lyriform) organ on the metatarsus. 1. The so-called slit consists of two parts. The upper one is a trough-shaped chamber in the exocuticle, flat at both ends of its longitudinal axis and growing deeper towards its mid-portion until only a floor remains 0.23 μm thick (inner membrane of the slit = M.i.). The exocuticle thickens around the slit into a reinforcing frame with specific arrangement of the exocuticular lamellae. The lower part opens out from M.i. like a bell into the meso- and endocuticle. 2. The trough-shaped upper chamber is covered by a membrane 0.25 μm thick (outer membrane of the slit = M.a.). The main component of this membrane resembles the “dense layer” of the epicuticle. 3. The slit is innervated by two dendrites. One of them ends close to M.i. The other passes through an opening of M.i. and runs up to M. a. 4. Both dendrites are composed of three portions markedly different in fine structure. a) The portion close to the soma contains tubules and a modest number of mitochondria. b) More distally a pronounced swelling of the dendrite follows, rich in mitochondria but lacking tubules. c) The most distal part begins with a ciliary configuration of microtubules. Its basal bodies are located in the dendritic swelling. This part does not contain any mitochondria but numerous tubules with a network of electron dense material between them. 5. Distal to their ciliary segments both dendrites are surrounded by a common sheath of high electron density. 6. Viewed from above a slight, flat, tear-shaped depression can be seen in M.a. Towards its middle the depression deepens to form a cylinder (ø 0.5 μm, depth 1 μm). The end of the longer dendrite penetrates the floor of this cylinder and projects like a finger into its interior. About 0.7 μm proximal and distal to the dendrite — M.a. junction, electron dense material accumulates around and within the dendrite (tubular body). 7. Two sheath cells surround both dendrites in common. The inner cell terminates at the level of the ciliary structure. The outer cell continues more distally towards M.i. The apical part of the outer sheath cell forms a large invagination bordered by a microvillous cell membrane and an extracellular layer of medium electron density. A substance very similar or identical with that of the layer is found deeper within the leg in a spaceous lacunar system formed by further cell invaginations and extended extracellular gaps. 8. The fine structure of the input apparatus of a small single slit on the tarsus and the compound lyriform organ on the metatarsus is essentially the same as that of the large single tarsal slit.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 114 (1971), S. 203-219 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Triturus cristatus ; Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Cell types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1)As in mammals, the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the Newt (Triturus cristatus) is composed by cells of the media of the afferent glomerular arteriole and by cells of the intermediary tubule. 2) The cells of the media of the glomerular arteriole are of two different types: granular and agranular cells. 3) The intermediary tubule is formed by dark and light cells. 4) Part of interrenal body is located close to glomerular arteriole and intermediary tubule.
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  • 4
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 420-440 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Crayfish ; Hepatopancreas ; Cell differentiation ; Digestion ; Fine structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of R-, F-, and B-cells and of the myoepithelial network in crayfish hepatopancreas tubules was studied as a basis for the functional interpretation of hepatopancreatic digestive activity: 1. R-cells absorb luminal nutrients, mainly via contact digestion and molecular transport, and they store and metabolize glycogen and lipids. To this extent, R-cells combine the functions of vertebrate intestinal absorptive and hepatic parenchymal cells. 2. F-cells synthesize digestive enzymes and sequester them in a supranuclear vacuole which enlarges by pinocytic intake of luminal nutrients and fluids. 3. F-cell to B-cell transformation results from continued engorgement of the F-cell's supranuclear vacuole until only the nuclear region and a pinocytically activeapical complex remain identifiable. 4. B-cell secretion involves pinching off of the apical complex followed by extrusion of the enzyme-rich vacuolar contents. 5. The tubule's myoepithelial network consists of circular fibers, each containing a single myofibril, which branch to form longitudinal fibers. Sarcomeres are long (10–12 μ) and each thick myofilament is surrounded by 11–13 thin ones. This arrangement permits coordinated, tonic contractions of tubule segments which transport nutrients “in” and enzymes “out”. 6. Neurosecretory control of tubular function is suggested by the presence of vesicle-containing, extratubular cell processes which contact the circular muscle fibers.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 113 (1971), S. 531-543 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral line system ; Ampullary Organ ; Gymnotus carapo ; Cell types ; Mucopolysaccharids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les organes sensoriels cutanés de type ampullaire, spécifiques du système de la ligne latérale chez Gymnotus carapo, sont étudiés ici sous leur aspect morphologique et histochimique. Cellules sensorielles et cellules accessoires constituent un épithélium simple tapissant l'ampoule. Innervée par une seule fibre se terminant par un énorme bouton terminal, chaque cellule sensorielle a une surface libre importante, en contact avec les substances muqueuses qui remplissent l'ampoule et le canal intraépidermique. Les cellules accessoires de l'epithélium sensoriel et les cellules de la paroi du canal sont secrétrices des mucopolysaccharides neutres du canal.
    Notes: Summary The specific cutaneous organs of the lateral line system in Gymnotus carapo have been observed by morphological and histochemical methods. The ampullary epithelium is constituted by a layer of sensory and accessory cells. Each sensory cell is innervated by one fiber ending with a large terminal bud. The sensory cells have also an important free surface in contact with the mucoïd substances which fill up the ampullae and the intraepidermic canal. The accessory cells of the ampullary epithelium and the cells of the canal's wall produce the canal's neutral mucopolysaccharids.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 426-441 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Regeneration ; Actinomycin D ; Cellular differentiation ; Young Planarians ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'utilisation de l'actinomycine D, au cours de la régénération de Planaires à l'éclosion ou de celle d'adultes, montre que ces deux groupes d'animaux réagissent différemment à l'antibiotique. La régénération se produit en présence de l'antibiotique chez les jeunes Planaires, alors que, pour la même concentration (50 μg/cm3), elle est totalement bloquée chez les adultes. Elle débute dès la décapitation des animaux; le retour dans l'eau, après un traitement par l'antibiotique qui va de 1 à 4 jours, ne modifie pas son déroulement morphologique. L'examen ultrastructural montre que les cellules différenciées présentent le plus souvent des dissociations nucléolaires importantes. Les lésions s'étendent progressivement à toute la cellule qui dégénère fréquemment. Les cellules morphologiquement indifférenciées ne sont que faiblement altérées (raréfaction du composant granulaire du nucléole), et récupèrent une structure normale après retour dans l'eau. Ces résultats conduisent à envisager l'étude des synthèses d'ARN, au cours de ces expériences, au niveau des organismes entiers et au niveau cellulaire.
    Notes: Summary The utilization of actinomycin D during the regeneration of young and adult Planarians shows that the two groups of animals react differently to the antibiotic. Regeneration takes place in the presence of the antibiotic in young Planarians, whereas it is entirely inhibited in adult ones, applying the same concentration (50 μg/cm3). In the young animals it begins immediately after decapitation. Their return into the water, after a treatment with the antibiotic lasting from 1 to 4 days, does not interfere with the morphological differentiation. The ultrastructural investigation exhibits that in the majority of the undifferentiated cells the nucleolus is largely dissociated. The lesions gradually extend to the whole cell which frequently degenerates. The morphologically undifferentiated cells are weakly impaired (depletion of the granular component of the nucleolus), and they recover a normal structure after their return into water. These results lead us to study the RNA synthesis, during these experimentations, on the whole organism as well as the cellular level.
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  • 7
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 425-442 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bronchiolar epithelium ; Human-Bioptic material ; Cell types
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'épithélium bronchiolaire humain a été étudié sur 3 biopsies pulmonaires. Quatre types cellulaires principaux peuvent être identifiés. 1. Des cellules ciliées en tous points identiques à celles présentes sur toute la hauteur de l'arbre respiratoire. 2. Des cellules non ciliées, les unes possédant des caractères sécrétoires et correspondant aux cellules de Clara, les autres cubiques, très distales, et apparentées aux pneumocytes granuleux. 3. Des cellules ≪à brosse≫ caractérisées par la présence à leur pôle apical de microvillosités ayant conduit à leur supposer un rôle d'absorption ou de réception sensorielle. En fait, la présence de nombreux corpuscules basaux pourrait les faire interpréter comme des cellules ciliées en voie de différenciation. 4. Des cellules de type chromaffine situées contre la membrane basale et contenant des grains denses entourés d'un halo clair, posant les mêmes problèmes que celles du tube digestif.
    Notes: Summary The human bronchiolar epithelium was studied on three lung biopsies. Four main types of cells were identified: 1. Ciliated cells in every respect identical to those present in the whole respiratory tree. 2. Non-ciliated cells, some with secretory features, corresponding to the Clara cells, the others cuboidal, distally situated, and related to the granular pneumocytes. 3. Brush cells characterized by peculiar apical microvilli. The authors assume that these cells have an absorptive or a sensorial function. Actually the demonstration of numerous basal corpuscles in their apical pole might lead to interprete them as ciliated cells in course of differentiation. 4. Chromaffine-type cells resting on the basement membrane and containing dense granules with a light halo, raising the same questions as the corresponding cells of the digestive tract.
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  • 8
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 68-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Musculoskeletal system ; Muscles ; Denervation ; Regeneration ; Histocytochemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of the sternohyoid muscle of the rat has been used as an experimental situation in which the fate of the portions of fibre isolated from their nerve supply by the lesion can be studied. Sections from the muscle were stained to demonstrate oxidative and glycolytic enzymes and cholinesterase. Biopsies performed after periods of up to ten weeks after operation revealed a series of changes that suggested that after passing through the early stages of denervation atrophy recovery of the fibres took place. There was no indication that new motor end-plates were formed among the isolated fibres and it was concluded that communication had been reestablished with innervated fibres and that this reunion had been followed by a redetermination of the metabolic activity of the isolated fibres.
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  • 9
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    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 295-308 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fine structure ; Neuroglia ; Nervous system ; Polychaetes ; Cell junctions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The principal supportive elements of the nereid central nervous system are non-neuronal cells that are referred to as supportive glia. Supportive glial cells form a conspicuous cortex in the nerve cord. The inner region of this cortex consists of closely packed processes and cell bodies of fibrous supportive glial cells that are arranged in concentric layers around the perimeter of the neuropile. The fibrous appearance of the glial cells results from dense bundles of cytoplasmic filaments. Many fibrous glial processes penetrate the neuropile and ramify among the neuronal elements. Larger, irregularly shaped cells are the chief supportive glial elements of the peripheral region of the cortex where they line the stromal sheath (neural lamella) and invest the neuronal perikarya with extensive concentric systems of lamellate processes. These glial cells usually possess a relatively undifferentiated cytoplasm with scattered glycogen granules, but occasionally have a well developed Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and densely packed particulate glycogen. The supportive glia exhibits numerous desmosomes as well as 5-layered (“tight”) and 7-layered (“gap”) junctions. Interspersed among the supportive glial cells are non-neuronal cells referred to as granulocytes. These cells have abundant large, granular inclusions, electron lucent vesicles, plasmalemmal infoldings and microtubules. The granulocytes may be derived from undifferentiated glial cells or may represent coelomocytes that have invaded the nervous tissue.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
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    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 119 (1971), S. 257-288 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pterophyllum scalare (Cichlidae, Teleostei) ; Pineal organ ; Cell types ; Axon bundles ; Outer segment structure (General considerations)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Pinealorgan (Epiphysis cerebri) des Knochenfisches Pterophyllum scalare besteht aus nervösen und gliösen Zellelementen. Sehr stark ausgebildet sind die ependymalen Stützzellen. Sie umhüllen mit ihren Ausläufern, die sich überlappen können, andere Zellelemente, z.B. Rezeptorzellen und marklose Nervenfasern. Neben dieser Neuroglia-Art finden sich auch noch oligodendrocytenähnliche Gliazellen. In ihrer Grundstruktur entsprechen die Rezeptoren den Epiphysensinneszellen anderer Knochenfische. Vom cilientragenden Teil des Außenglieds geht ein schürzenartiger Lamellenstapel aus. Dieser besteht aus 50–70 Lamellenplatten von etwa 6 μm Länge. Im basalen Teil der Rezeptorzelle sind neben schlanken Mitochondrien mit unregelmäßigen Cristae und Tubuli auch noch große, runde Mitochondrien mit einer regelmäßigen Cristastruktur zu beobachten. Der basale Fortsatz der Rezeptorzelle ist auf die axial verlaufenden Axonbündel ausgerichtet. Synapsenartige Kontakte sind selten. Die Zahl der marklosen Axone nimmt hirnwärts zu; dieser Befund wurde in partiellen Rekonstruktionen gesichert. Am Übergang in den Epiphysenstiel treten einige markhaltige Axone auf. Zur Verteilung der Zelltypen und zum Verlauf der Axonbündel im Epiphysenstiel des Skalars liegen detailliertere Angaben vor als bei anderen bisher untersuchten Knochenfischepiphysen. In der Diskussion werden nach Vergleich der pinealen Rezeptoren verschiedener Fische drei Außengliedformen unterschieden: Bürsten-, Schürzen- und Kappentyp. Diese Varianten werden in Verbindung mit den bekannten physiologischen Reaktionsformen der Pinealorgane diskutiert. Die elektrophysio logischen Unterschiede lassen sich nicht mit verschiedenen Strukturtypen des Außenglieds erklären.
    Notes: Summary The pineal organ (epiphysis cerebri) of Pterophyllum scalare is formed by neuronal and glial elements. Ependymal supportive cells are very abundant, and their cytoplasmic processes envelop adjacent receptor cells and unmyelinated nerve fibers by an intertwining network. In addition to this type of neuroglia, oligodendrocytic cells have also been identified. The receptor cells show the general structural pattern (outer segment, inner segment, basal process) of teleostean pineal receptors. The ciliary part of the outer segment bears a dome-like stack of 50–70 curved saccules each of average length of 6 μm. In the basal part of the receptor cell, slender mitochondria containing irregular cristae and tubules, and also some more spherical mitochondria with a highly regular arrangement of cristae, can be observed. The basal cytoplasmic process radiates into neuropile-like areas that contain axial bundles of axons. Synaptoid contacts rarely occur. The number of unmyelinated axons of the pineal stalk, increases in a proximad direction (towards the brain). This finding has been verified in partial reconstructions. In the transitional zone leading from the pineal body into the pineal stalk, a few myelinated fibers become visible. With respect to cell types and the axonic bundles of the pineal stalk in Pterophyllum scalare, more detailed data are presented than for most other teleostean pineal organs examined thus far. The comparison of pineal sensory cells in several fishes allows a distinction among three different types of outer segments, i.e., a slender type, a dome-like type, and a cap-like type. These structural types are discussed with respect to the relevant physiological results. The existence of particular structural types of the outer segment does not explain the different electrophysiological reactions observed in different pineal organs.
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