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  • Other Sources  (61)
  • Articles (OceanRep)  (61)
  • Oxford Univ. Press  (61)
  • 2015-2019  (61)
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-08-01
    Description: A recent optimality-based model for phytoplankton growth and diazotrophy was applied at two stations located in the oligotrophic western and the ultra-oligotrophic eastern subtropical North Atlantic. Contrary to the common view that diazotrophy is favoured by nitrogen (N) depletion relative to the Redfield equivalent of phosphorus (P), we find that optimality-based diazotrophy could explain N fixation in both regions in spite of relatively high N:P supply ratios. This is possible because the availability of an additional source of N for diazotrophs makes them strong competitors for P under oligotrophic conditions. The best reproduction of observations, especially of net primary production, is only achieved with preferential remineralization of P relative to N and atmospheric deposition. In line with observations, a higher rate of nitrogen fixation is predicted for the eastern site, owing to a larger niche for diazotrophs resulting from stronger oligotrophy and lower N:P supply ratios due to weaker atmospheric N deposition. Because the competitive advantage of diazotrophs under nutrient starvation diminishes with increasing supply N:P ratio, the predicted increase of atmospheric N deposition due to anthropogenic activity could negatively affect N2 fixation in the Atlantic Ocean.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-01-12
    Description: There is a recognized need for new methods with modest data requirements to provide preliminary estimates of stock status for data-limited stocks (e.g. Rudd and Thorson, 2018). Froese et al. (2018) provide such a method, which derives estimates of relative stock size from length frequency (LF) data of exploited stocks. They show that their length-based Bayesian biomass estimation method (LBB) can reproduce the “true” parameters used in simulated data and can approximate the relative stock size as estimated independently by more data-demanding methods in 34 real stocks. However, in a comment on LBB, Hordyk et al. (2019) claim (i) that the master equation of LBB is incomplete because it does not correct for the pile-up effect caused by aggregating length measurements into length classes or “bins”, (ii) that LBB is highly sensitive to equilibrium assumptions and wrongly uses maximum observed length (Lmax) for guidance in setting a prior for the estimation of asymptotic length (Linf), and (iii) that the default prior used by LBB for the ratio between natural mortality and somatic growth rate (M/K) of 1.5 (SD = 0.15) is inadequate for many exploited species. These comments are addressed below
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-04-26
    Description: In the Baltic Sea, two genetically distinct cod populations occur, the eastern and the western Baltic cod. Since 2006, cod abundance has increased substantially in the Arkona Basin (SD 24), the potential mixing area between the two stocks management areas, presumably due to spill-over from the eastern stock. In this study, the spatio-temporal dynamics of stock mixing were analysed using shape analysis of archived otoliths. Further, the impact of eastern cod immigration on recruitment in the western Baltic Sea was investigated using hydrographic drift modelling. The percentage of eastern Baltic cod in the Arkona Basin increased from ca. 30% before 2005 to 〉80% in recent years. Geographic patterns in stock mixing with a pronounced east–west trend suggest that immigration occurs north of Bornholm, but propagates throughout the Arkona Basin. The immigration cannot be attributed to spawning migration, as no seasonal trend in stock mixing was observed. Based on environmental threshold levels for egg survival and time-series of hydrography data, the habitat suitable for successful spawning of eastern cod was estimated to range between 20 and 50% of the maximum possible habitat size, limited by primarily low salinity. Best conditions occurred irregularly in May–end June, interspersed with years where successful spawning was virtually impossible. Using a coupled hydrodynamic modelling and particle-tracking approach, the drift and survival of drifters representing eastern cod eggs was estimated. On average, 19% of the drifters in the Arkona Basin survive to the end of the yolk-sac stage, with mortality primarily after bottom contact due to low salinity. The general drift direction of the surviving larvae was towards the east. Therefore, it is the immigration of eastern cod, rather than larval transport, that contributes to cod recruitment in the western Baltic Sea.
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Diurnal vertical migration (DVM) is a widespread phenomenon in the upper ocean, but it remains unclear to what degree it also involves passively transported micro- and meso-zooplankton. These organisms are difficult to monitor by in situ sensing and observations from discrete samples are often inconclusive. Prime examples of such ambiguity are planktonic foraminifera, where contradictory evidence for DVM continues to cast doubt on the stability of species vertical habitats, which introduces uncertainties in geochemical proxy interpretation. To provide a robust answer, we carried out highly replicated randomised sampling with 41 vertically resolved plankton net hauls taken within 26 hours in a confined area of 400 km2 in the tropical North Atlantic, where DVM in larger plankton occurs. Manual enumeration of planktonic foraminifera cell density consistently reveals the highest total cell concentrations in the surface mixed layer (top 50 m) and analysis of cell density in seven individual species representing different shell sizes, life strategies and presumed depth habitats reveals consistent vertical habitats not changing over the 26 hours sampling period. These observations robustly reject the existence of DVM in planktonic foraminifera in a setting where DVM occurs in other organisms.
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Sponges are one of the most dominant organisms in marine ecosystems. One reason for their success is their association with microorganisms that are besides the host itself responsible for the chemical defence. Sponge abundances have been increasing on coral reefs in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) and are predicted to increase further with rising anthropogenic impacts on coral reefs. However, there is a paucity of information on chemical ecology of sponges from the WIO and their prokaryotic community composition. We used a combination of Illumina sequencing and a predictive metagenomic analysis to (i) assess the prokaryotic community composition of sponges from Zanzibar, (ii) predict the presence of KEGG metabolic pathways responsible for bioactive compound production and (iii) relate their presence to the degree of observed chemical defence in their respective sponge host. We found that sponges from Zanzibar host diverse prokaryotic communities that are host species-specific. Sponge-species and respective specimens that showed strong chemical defences in previous studies were also predicted to be highly enriched in various pathways responsible for secondary metabolite production. Hence, the combined sequencing and predictive metagenomic approach proved to be a useful indicator for the metabolic potential of sponge holobionts
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  • 6
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    Oxford Univ. Press
    In:  Journal of Plankton Research, 41 (4). pp. 561-565.
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) are polysaccharide-rich microgels that are prevalent in the marine environment and have important roles in the aggregation of organic matter and carbon export from the euphotic zone. TEP are readily colonized by bacteria and utilized by specialized taxa, such as Alteromonadaceae. However, bacterial community composition specifically attached to natural TEP remains largely unknown. In this study, we isolated individual TEP from Plymouth Sound (UK) and performed DNA sequencing of the TEP-attached bacterial communities. We also sampled the cognate bulk seawater total bacterial communities for comparison. The bacterial communities associated with individual TEP showed distinct differences compared to the total bulk bacterioplankton communities, with Alteromonadaceae significantly more abundant on TEP. The TEP-associated Alteromonadaceae consisted of two operational taxonomic units that were closely related to Marinobacter and Glaciecola, both previously associated with biogenic aggregates and microgel-rich habitats. This study provides novel insight into marine bacterial–microgel interactions.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: An indoor mesocosm experiment was carried out to investigate the combined effects of ocean acidification and warming on the species composition and biogeochemical element cycling during a winter/spring bloom with a natural phytoplankton assemblage from the Kiel fjord, Germany. The experimental setup consisted of a "Control" (ambient temperature of similar to 4.8 degrees C and similar to 535 +/- 25 mu atm pCO(2)), a "High-CO2" treatment (ambient temperature and initially 1020 +/- 45 mu atm pCO(2)) and a "Greenhouse" treatment (similar to 8.5 degrees C and initially 990 +/- 60 mu atm pCO(2)). Nutrient replete conditions prevailed at the beginning of the experiment and light was provided at in situ levels upon reaching pCO(2) target levels. A diatom-dominated bloom developed in all treatments with Skeletonema costatum as the dominant species but with an increased abundance and biomass contribution of larger diatom species in the Greenhouse treatment. Conditions in the Greenhouse treatment accelerated bloom development with faster utilization of inorganic nutrients and an earlier peak in phytoplankton biomass compared to the Control and High CO2 but no difference in maximum concentration of particulate organic matter (POM) between treatments. Loss of POM in the Greenhouse treatment, however, was twice as high as in the Control and High CO2 treatment at the end of the experiment, most likely due to an increased proportion of larger diatom species in that treatment. We hypothesize that the combination of warming and acidification can induce shifts in diatom species composition with potential feedbacks on biogeochemical element cycling.
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: On 25 December 2016, a Mw 7.6 earthquake broke a portion of the Southern Chilean subduction zone south of Chiloé Island, located in the central part of the Mw 9.5 1960 Valdivia earthquake. This region is characterized by repeated earthquakes in 1960 and historical times with very sparse interseismic activity due to the subduction of a young (~15 Ma), and therefore hot, oceanic plate. We estimate the co-seismic slip distribution based on a kinematic finite fault source model, and through joint inversion of teleseismic body waves and strong motion data. The coseismic slip model yields a total seismic moment of 3.94×1020 Nm that occurred over ~30 s, with the rupture propagating mainly downdip, reaching a peak-slip of ~4.2 m. Regional moment tensor inversion of stronger aftershocks reveals thrust type faulting at depths of the plate interface. The fore- and aftershock seismicity is mostly related to the subduction interface with sparse seismicity in the overriding crust. The 2016 Chiloé event broke a region with increased locking and most likely broke an asperity of the 1960 earthquake. The updip limit of the main event, aftershocks, foreshocks and interseismic activity are spatially similar, located ~15 km offshore and parallel to Chiloé Islands west coast. The coseismic slip model of the 2016 Chiloé earthquake suggests a peak slip of 4.2 m that locally exceeds the 3.38 m slip deficit that has accumulated since 1960. Therefore, the 2016 Chiloé earthquake possibly released strain that has built up prior to the 1960 Valdivia earthquake.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: We used a molecular phylogenetic approach to investigate species delimitation and diversification in the northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean musseldrills of the Ocinebrina aciculata complex, based on molecular data from topotypical material of many of the nominal taxa. The complex is shown to consist of at least five species: Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822) from the Atlantic and western Mediterranean; O. cf. corallina (Scacchi, 1836) from the central Mediterranean Sea; O. reinai Bonomolo & Crocetta, 2012 from the Tyrrhenian Sea; O. corallinoides Pallary, 1912 from the Gulf of Gabès; and O. aegeensis n. sp. currently known from the Aegean Sea only. The new species is differentiated from the other taxa by very subtle morphological diagnostic features, although it is clearly identified by genetic distance and apomorphic DNA-sequence characters. The identity of Murex corallinus Scacchi, 1836 (type species of Ocinebrina Jousseaume, 1880) could not be defined with certainty, pending genetic comparison of specimens of the â €? large Tyrrhenian morphotype' (corresponding to the neotype, but not assayed herein) with the assayed â €? small morphotype'.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Marine sponges are early-branched metazoans known to harbor dense and diverse microbial communities. Yet the role of the so far uncultivable alphaproteobacterial lineages that populate these sessile invertebrates remains unclear. We applied a sequence composition-dependent binning approach to assemble one Rhodospirillaceae genome from the Spongia officinalis microbial metagenome and contrast its functional features with those of closely related sponge-associated and free-living genomes. Both symbiotic and free-living Rhodospirillaceae shared a suite of common features, possessing versatile carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus metabolisms. Symbiotic genomes could be distinguished from their free-living counterparts by the lack of chemotaxis and motility traits, enrichment of genes required for the uptake and utilization of organic sulfur compounds—particularly taurine—, higher diversity and abundance of ABC transporters, and a distinct repertoire of genes involved in natural product biosynthesis, plasmid stability, cell detoxification and oxidative stress remediation. These sessile symbionts may more effectively contribute to host fitness via nutrient exchange, and also host detoxification and chemical defense. Considering the worldwide occurrence and high diversity of sponge-associated Rhodospirillaceae verified here using a tailored in silico approach, we suggest that these organisms are not only relevant to holobiont homeostasis but also to nutrient cycling in benthic ecosystems.
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