ALBERT

Beschreibung: The Falkland Shelf is a highly productive ecosystem in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. It is characterized by upwelling oceanographic dynamics and displays a wasp-waist structure, with few intermediate trophic-level species and many top predators that migrate on the shelf for feeding. One of these resident intermediate trophic-level species, the Patagonian longfin-squid Doryteuthis gahi, is abundant and plays an important role in the ecosystem. We used two methods to estimate the trophic structure of the Falkland Shelf food web, focusing on the trophic niche of D. gahi and its impacts on other species and functional groups to highlight the importance of D. gahi in the ecosystem. First, stable isotope measurements served to calculate trophic levels based on an established nitrogen baseline. Second, an Ecopath model was built to corroborate trophic levels derived from stable isotopes and inform about trophic interactions of D. gahi with other functional groups. The results of both methods placed D. gahi in the centre of the ecosystem with a trophic level of ∼ 3. The Ecopath model predicted high impacts and therefore a high keystoneness for both seasonal cohorts of D. gahi. Our results show that the Falkland Shelf is not only controlled by species feeding at the top and the bottom of the trophic chain. The importance of species feeding at the third trophic level (e.g. D. gahi and Patagonotothen ramsayi) and observed architecture of energy flows confirm the ecosystem's wasp-waist structure with middle-out control mechanisms at play.

Beschreibung: Non-technical summary Scenarios compatible with the Paris agreement's temperature goal of 1.5 °C involve carbon dioxide removal measures - measures that actively remove CO2 from the atmosphere - on a massive scale. Such large-scale implementations raise significant ethical problems. Van Vuuren et al. (2018), as well as the current IPCC scenarios, show that reduction in energy and or food demand could reduce the need for such activities. There is some reluctance to discuss such societal changes. However, we argue that policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily ethically problematic. Therefore, they should be discussed alongside techno-optimistic approaches in any kind of discussions about how to respond to climate change. Technical summary The 1.5 °C goal has given impetus to carbon dioxide removal (CDR) measures, such as bioenergy combined with carbon capture and storage, or afforestation. However, land-based CDR options compete with food production and biodiversity protection. Van Vuuren et al. (2018) looked at alternative pathways including lifestyle changes, low-population projections, or non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation, to reach the 1.5 °C temperature objective. Underlined by the recently published IPCC AR6 WGIII report, they show that demand-side management measures are likely to reduce the need for CDR. Yet, policy measures entailed in these scenarios could be associated with ethical problems themselves. In this paper, we therefore investigate ethical implications of four alternative pathways as proposed by Van Vuuren et al. (2018). We find that emission reduction options such as lifestyle changes and reducing population, which are typically perceived as ethically problematic, might be less so on further inspection. In contrast, options associated with less societal transformation and more techno-optimistic approaches turn out to be in need of further scrutiny. The vast majority of emission reduction options considered are not intrinsically ethically problematic; rather everything rests on the precise implementation. Explicitly addressing ethical considerations when developing, advancing, and using integrated assessment scenarios could reignite debates about previously overlooked topics and thereby support necessary societal discourse. Social media summary Policy measures enabling societal changes are not necessarily as ethically problematic as commonly presumed and reduce the need for large-scale CDR

Beschreibung: Increases in ocean temperatures in the Filchner Ronne region of Antarctica are likely to result in increased ice mass loss and sea level rise. We constrain projections of the 21st century sea level contribution of this region using process-based ice-sheet modeling, with model parameters controlling ice dynamics calibrated using observed surface speeds and Markov-chain Monte Carlo sampling. We use climate forcing from Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios as well as a set of hypothetical scenarios of deep ocean warming to evaluate the sensitivity of this region to ocean temperatures. Projected changes in regional ice mass correspond to a decrease in global mean sea level of 24±7 mm over 2015–2100 under RCP 2.6 and 28±9 mm under RCP 8.5. Increased regional inland surface accumulation related to higher warming levels in RCP 8.5 leads to more ice above flotation, offsetting increased ice shelf basal melt. The tests involving step changes in ocean temperatures with constant surface forcing show that one degree of ocean warming from present results in an additional +11 mm contribution to sea level by 2100 and 1% of the ice-covered area in the domain becomes ungrounded (23 200 km2). The rate of mass loss with temperature increases at higher temperatures.

Beschreibung: Implementation of pH sensor on Eulerian observations in the Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site)

Beschreibung: Design of numerical experiments assimilating in situ physical and BGC observations to assess and enhance their impact in CMEMS ocean monitoring and forecasting systems.

Beschreibung: Investigations and preparation of glider observations to be assimilated in MED-MFC and WMOP systems.

Beschreibung: Derive the user-relevant indicators defined in Milestone MS7 from the ensemble of ECMWF and CMCC seasonal forecasts systems contributing to C3S

Beschreibung: Framework of the envisioned time-series synthesis product used to indicate the consistency of biogeochemical time-series data (in-)between different ship-based sites.

Beschreibung: This document describes the numerical modelling work done in task 5.2 needed to implement OSPAC

Beschreibung: This document describes the numerical modelling work for waves done in wp5.2. needed to implement OSPAC

Beschreibung: This report includes the description and the manuals (both at User and Administrator level) for the OSPAC service and its applications

Beschreibung: Assess the seasonal forecast skill of selected ocean variables - SST, OHC300m, and SSH - from the ensemble of ECMWF and CMCC seasonal forecasts systems contributing to C3S

Beschreibung: Report on ASV-Network structure and roadmap Revised edition

Beschreibung: Identification of local and regional impacts of oxygen, heat and pH related “Extreme Marine Events”: Ocean model data products are overlaid with existing marine biological datasets to identify sensitive areas and organism vulnerabilities.

Beschreibung: This report includes recommendations for the planification of in situ experiments aimed to reconstruct fine-scale ocean currents (~20 km), such as those that will be conducted to validate SWOT satellite observations.

Beschreibung: This deliverable is intended to give an overview of the EuroSea actions at the interface between science and policy, ensuring the EuroSea results are useful for policy and decision-makers both at the EU, regional, and national levels.

Beschreibung: This report provides a description of the different tools developed for tackling key issues of the High Frequency Radar (HFR) community: advanced delayed time QC of HFR historical data, implementation of Best Practices, enhancing the application of HFR observations in NRT modelling assessment and Ocean State indicators

Beschreibung: The purpose of this deliverable is to describe and highlight specificities of the observing networks involved in Eurosea and to display a list of main data management points done at European level in comparison to what exists at international level.

Beschreibung: Euro-Argo strategy in the context of the OneArgo new international design

Beschreibung: This report provides recommendations to foster collaboration and cooperation between technologies and disciplines and for implementing truly integrated ocean observing systems. Based on an intensive literature review and a careful examination of different examples of integration in different fields, this work identifies the issues and barriers that must be addressed, and proposes a vision for a real implementation of this ocean integration ambition. This work is a contribution to the implementation of EOOS, a much-needed step forward in Europe, following the international guidance of GOOS.

Beschreibung: Several legal frameworks exist that are important for states conducting ocean observing activities or for which it would be relevant to include the necessity of ocean observing activities and development of ocean information products. Existing hard and soft law frameworks and mechanisms will be analysed to enable adequate adaptation of ocean observing system design at a regional and global level, with a focus on supporting sustained ocean observing and fit-for-purpose ocean information products.

Beschreibung: EuroSea brought together key European actors of ocean observation and forecasting with key end users of the ocean observations’ products and services to better integrate existing ocean observation systems and tools, and to bring the coordination to a higher level. The EuroSea WP1 “Governance and coordination of ocean observing and forecasting systems”, in particular, aimed to strengthen the interactions between regional, national, and international observing systems and support the development of a European coordinated system through the Framework of the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS). During the project, the challenges and gaps in the design and coordination of the European ocean observing and forecasting system were identified and mapped. Many gaps and challenges related to the observations of physical, chemical and biological Essential Ocean Variables were identified. Some of these gaps are related to technological advancements, while others are caused by insufficient funding, coordination, management, and cooperation between different entities, as well as limitations in foresight activities, policies and decisions. To enhance the sustainability of European ocean observations, several recommendations were compiled for networks, frameworks, initiatives, Member States, and the European Commission.

Beschreibung: The European Ocean Observing and Forecasting System (EOOFS) plays a pivotal role in understanding, monitoring, forecasting, and managing the complex dynamics and resources of Europe's Seas. It serves as a critical interdisciplinary system for addressing a myriad of challenges, from climate change impacts to marine resources management. However, to ensure its continued effectiveness, it is essential to identify and address the gaps within this system and provide actionable recommendations for improvements at short- and long-term. Therefore, this document serves as a baseline that can guide the funders and supporters of the EOOFS, as well as the various stakeholders directly or indirectly related to the EOOFS, towards the gaps that hinder better monitoring and prediction of various ocean phenomena, along the ocean observing value chain. The main identified gaps are related to spatial and temporal coverage of data and products of the EOOFS, the data integration and accessibility by various types of users, the uncertainties of projections, the technological challenges, as well as to the engagement of various actors and the communication of results and services to them. The main recommendations to be taken into consideration for addressing all highlighted gaps are detailed in the report for every phenomenon and component of the ocean value chain. These recommendations are not provided just to satisfy the academic interest of the EOOFS community, however, they may have profound implications for multiple sectors and the society as a whole, if taken into consideration. This is due to the fact that the EOOFS is essential for climate change mitigation and adaptation measures, in improving the efficiency of the marine resources’ management, in enhancing the resilience of marine and coastal ecosystems as well as coastal cities and infrastructures against disasters and extreme events, for shipping and navigation safety, and for the scientific advancements and innovations of Europe in the field of marine science that serves the society. We propose a scoring approach that can evaluate the EOOFS readiness level (RL) in monitoring ocean phenomena, on a regular basis and in a systematic way. We have demonstrated the usefulness of this approach by implementing it based on our assessment and the feedback of the EOOFS community. The main results clearly show that the EOOFS has “Fitness for Purpose” readiness levels (RL 7) in the three main pillars of the value chain (Input, Process, and Output) only for one ocean phenomenon, while 83% of ocean phenomena have RLs varying from 1 (Idea) to 4 (Trial). A deeper analysis of the scoring results reflects that the EOOFS major gaps are predominantly concentrated in two of its three pillars: the coordination and observational elements (Process) and data management and information products (Output) (Figure 1). In a changing world that is affecting all aspects of European lives, it is crucial to significantly invest and support the EOOFS to better monitor and accurately predict the European Seas, and provide sustained services that can help businesses and improve the resilience of communities and resources.

Beschreibung: Radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in the oceans are different from those in the atmosphere. Understanding these ocean-atmospheric 14C differences is important both to estimate the calendar ages of samples which obtained their 14C in the marine environment, and to investigate the carbon cycle. The Marine20 radiocarbon age calibration curve is created to address these dual aims by providing a global-scale surface ocean record of radiocarbon from 55,000–0 cal yr BP that accounts for the smoothed response of the ocean to variations in atmospheric 14C production rates and factors out the effect of known changes in global-scale palaeoclimatic variables. The curve also serves as a baseline to study regional oceanic 14C variation. Marine20 offers substantial improvements over the previous Marine13 curve. In response to community questions, we provide a short intuitive guide, intended for the lay-reader, on the construction and use of the Marine20 calibration curve. We describe the choices behind the making of Marine20, as well as the similarities and differences compared with the earlier Marine calibration curves. We also describe how to use the Marine20 curve for calibration and how to estimate ΔR—the localized variation in the oceanic 14C levels due to regional factors which are not incorporated in the global-scale Marine20 curve. To aid understanding, illustrative worked examples are provided.

Beschreibung: The Marine20 radiocarbon (14C) age calibration curve, and all earlier marine 14C calibration curves from the IntCal group, must be used extremely cautiously for the calibration of marine 14C samples from polar regions (outside ∼ 40ºS–40ºN) during glacial periods. Calibrating polar 14C marine samples from glacial periods against any Marine calibration curve (Marine20 or any earlier product) using an estimate of , the regional 14C depletion adjustment, that has been obtained from samples in the recent (non-glacial) past is likely to lead to bias and overconfidence in the calibrated age. We propose an approach to calibration that aims to address this by accounting for the possibility of additional, localized, glacial 14C depletion in polar oceans. We suggest, for a specific polar location, bounds on the value of during a glacial period. The lower bound may be based on 14C samples from the recent non-glacial (Holocene) past and corresponds to a low-depletion glacial scenario. The upper bound, , representing a high-depletion scenario is found by increasing according to the latitude of the 14C sample to be calibrated. The suggested increases to obtain are based upon simulations of the Hamburg Large Scale Geostrophic Ocean General Circulation Model (LSG OGCM). Calibrating against the Marine20 curve using the upper and lower bounds provide estimates of calibrated ages for glacial 14C samples in high- and low-depletion scenarios which should bracket the true calendar age of the sample. In some circumstances, users may be able to determine which depletion scenario is more appropriate using independent paleoclimatic or proxy evidence.

Beschreibung: This report “Real-time data to central server with display to stakeholders” describes the deployment of two monitoring stations at the aquaculture facilities at Deenish Island (Ireland) and El Campello (Spain), and how the real-time data is distributed to the different stakeholders in the aquaculture industry and the scientific community. The document is structured as follows. First, the background information is presented in the ‘Introduction’. Then, the equipment deployed at Deenish Island and El Campello is described in the ‘Ocean Demonstrator Deployments’ section. Finally, the different ways in which the real-time data is delivered to the stakeholders are presented in the last section ‘Data Delivery to Server’.

Beschreibung: The EuroSea project was constructed around the ocean observing value chain. Just as intended, the value chain concept is a useful prism for designing the ocean observing and forecasting system, or, indeed, a project like EuroSea that set out to improve just this system. Indeed, several projects in the past have successfully used the value chain for this purpose, for example the AtlantOS EU-funded project or the TPOS 2020 project. In this report we summarize some of the main take home messages from EuroSea on the technical innovation and data management needs for the European Ocean Observing and Forecasting System. This report does not set out to summarize EuroSea outputs or impacts, but rather look forward on what we still have to accomplish. We do so, using the prism of the ocean observing value chain, and articulate needs in the areas of governance and coordination, design, network integration and, finally, data integration, assimilation and forecasting. This report is not a detailed list of immediate needs and next steps, but rather a compilation of the broader technical needs for the observing and forecasting system and is meant as a broad guide to the community and possibly to funders of a possible path forward.

Beschreibung: This report focuses on encouraging usage of Copernicus Marine Service products by fisheries users and scientists, and consists of a number of key studies where numerous EuroSea activities support the uptakes of Copernicus Marine Service data products, focusing on Atlantic mackerel, European hake and Atlantic tuna. The report also contains an intercomparison study focused on oceanographic equipment (CTD) to determine the most suitable sensor for a fisheries observing system. A number of recommendations are provided on how to support the use of Copernicus Marine Service products in fisheries science, such as the production of new Best Practices, stronger partnerships (fisheries scientists and oceanographers) and co-development of ocean indicators.

Beschreibung: The EuroSea project has been running for 4 years by the writing of this report, and this report covers months 33-48 of the action at a time when most tasks are completed and deliverables submitted. However, a few items still need to be finalized as we have experienced delays for a few items, mostly due to COVID, or Brexit, but we expect all of those to be solved before the end of the project by the end of 2023. The progress of the WPs is summarized below, and is described in more detail in the main part of this report. As an innovation action, EuroSea is keeping a close eye on creating impact and on creating services and products that will last past the lifetime of the project. Therefore, we would like to emphasis the registry of impacts that is published on the EuroSea website1. These about 100 areas illustrate the impact that EuroSea has had on improving the European ocean observing and forecasting system. EuroSea has produced a number of targeted services and products for ocean health, operational services and climate, that are tested and used by the stakeholders.

Beschreibung: This deliverable outlines the sustainability and business plan of the Key Exploitable Result (KER) identified in WP6 with the most potential for commercialisation. The report includes a summary of the KER Solution for marine sensors to measure and forecast oxygen, heat and pH related Extreme Marine Events onsite for aquaculture – monitoring system for extreme marine events at aquaculture sites (WP6), a market analysis in terms of the market size and value, target market, competition, market needs that are being addressed as a result of the co-development process. Information is provided on agreements arranged to continue the service in the demonstrator post project with the creation of MOUs between industry partners and a service level agreement with the cloud provider EGI foundation. The report reviews the size of the markets for the KER, the viable commercial plan and the investment sources to be pursued to further develop the results.

Beschreibung: The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project (GLODAP) is a synthesis effort that provides high-quality, quality-controlled ocean biogeochemical bottle data with annual-updates, playing a crucial role in advancing our understanding of the Earth's oceans and their complex biogeochemical processes. This deliverable covers the GLODAP annual updates under the EuroSea funding, as well as the automatization of the quality control process of the data. Under the EuroSea funding, GLODAP has received three updates (GLODAPv2.2020, GLODAPv2.2021 and GLODAPv2.2022) with a total number of 245 cruises added, and in addition, a new version release (GLODAPv3) is planned. These updates were possible as a result of the large degree of automatization of the quality control process that ensures the accuracy of the data. The core of the quality control process is the crossover analysis that is currently performed via the 2nd QC Matlab toolbox from Lauvset and Tanhua (2015). However, following Eurosea’s vision of a user-focused, truly interdisciplinary, and responsive European ocean observing and forecasting system, this deliverable aims to migrate from the Matlab toolbox to an online web application based on the open-source software Django and Python. This will allow the user to simply upload the data file to be quality controlled and the web application performs the secondary quality control through the deep water crossover analysis just as in Matlab, and offers similar graphics for visualization. Because the crossover analysis is partially automated on this online tool, the users do not need to possess any programming knowledge in order to quality control their data. In addition, this online tool can be part of a fully automated GLODAP quality control process, without need for manual intervention.

Beschreibung: The aim of the WP3 “Network Integration and Improvements” is to coordinate and enhance key aspects of integration of European observing technology (and related data flows) for its use in the context of international ocean monitoring activities. One of the dimensions of the integrations is the constitution of thematic networks, that is, networks whose aim is to address specific observational challenges and thus to favor innovation, innovation that will ultimately support the Blue economy. In this context, the specific aim of Task 3.8 is to accelerate the adoption of molecular methods such as genomic, transcriptomic (and related “omics”) approaches, currently used as monitoring tools in human health, to the assessment of the state and change of marine ecosystems. It was designed to favor the increase the capacity to evaluate biological diversity and the organismal metabolic states in different environmental conditions by the development of “augmented observatories”, utilizing state-of-art methodologies in genomic-enabled research at multidisciplinary observatories at well-established marine LTERs, with main focus on a mature oceanographic observatory in Naples, NEREA. In addition, an effort is dedicated to connecting existing observatories that intend to augment their observations with molecular tools. Molecular approaches come with many different options for the protocols (size fractioning, sample collection and storage, sequencing etc). One main challenge in systematically implementing those approaches is thus their standardization across observatories. Based on a survey of existing methods and on a 3-year experience in collecting, sequencing and analyzing molecular data, this deliverable is thus dedicated to present the SOPs implemented and tested at NEREA. The SOPs consider a size fractioning of the biological material to avoid biases toward more abundant, smaller organisms such as bacteria. They cover both the highly stable DNA and the less stable RNA and they are essentially an evolution of the ones developed for the highly successful Tara Oceans Expedition and recently updated for the Expedition Mission Microbiomes, an All-Atlantic expedition organised and executed by the EU AtlantECO project. Importantly, they have only slight variations with respect the ones adopted by the network of genomic observatories EMOBON. Discussions are ongoing with EMOBON to perfectly align the protocols. The SOPs are being disseminated via the main national and international networks.

Beschreibung: The purpose of this report is to provide a compilation of the communication and dissemination activities in EuroSea. It also proposes, as a guide, some guidelines and considerations to be included in the Communication and Dissemination Strategy in European projects. Dissemination and communication activities are essential for the success of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation Programme, and the EuroSea project is no exception. The project has focused on improving ocean observing and forecasting for a sustainable ocean, and effective communication has been a crucial element in bringing together the interest groups, ensuring all stakeholders are to work towards the common goal of sustainable, science-based ocean management, as well as promoting and fostering public understanding of the importance and value of the ocean and its crucial role in climate change. This document offers a summary of the consortium's activities carried out during the whole life of the project (November 2019 - October 2023) related to all EuroSea communication and dissemination tools (official website, social media, newsletter, press release), as well as materials generated for the project (visual identity, printed and audiovisual materials) and the events-based dissemination. Key considerations in planning and strategy include defining project objectives, identifying target audiences, crafting effective messages, and selecting appropriate communication channels and tools. Evaluation and adjustment are also vital to measure the effectiveness of communication and dissemination activities. Overall, this guide could serve as a resource for any team involved in communication and dissemination activities in projects from Horizon 2020. This information will be instrumental in enhancing future efforts, maximizing the impact of the activities and ensuring the success of the project.

Beschreibung: Analysis of global numerical experiments with physical and BGC forecasting model to estimate the impact of new observing system design.

Beschreibung: While originally developed for weather forecasting, the Extreme Forecast index (EFI) concept has found utility in diverse fields. This study marks the inaugural application of EFI principles to numerical ocean forecasting. EFI offers a metric to gauge the forecast's deviation from historical norms specific to the location and time of year. A heightened EFI value signifies that the forecast falls beyond the usual range of variability, signifying a higher probability of extreme conditions. This novel use of EFI stands to benefit oceanographers by identifying significant oceanic events, aiding decision-making, and supporting early warning systems, particularly for extreme marine conditions. It enhances comprehension of forecast uncertainties and facilitates clearer communication of potential risks to the public and stakeholders. Such insights are invaluable for preparedness, coastal management, and mitigating the impact of marine extremes on communities and ecosystems. EFI indices for the Mediterranean Sea are computed using a first implementation of a forecast ensemble system that is being developed for the Mediterranean Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Center of the Copernicus Marine Environment Service. This deliverable report presents the first-ever application of the EFI approach to the Mediterranean Sea. After presenting the EFI definition adopted in this study, we discuss its application to sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) extremes. A case studies using ensemble forecasts for the year 2021 are presented and discussed.

Beschreibung: The report analyses the interactions between the public and private organisations involved in the project activities as members of the project consortium, internal advisory boards and stakeholders. This strong, collaborative and interdisciplinary collaboration between public and private sectors is essential to improve ocean observing and forecasting systems with innovative technological solutions also in support of the implementation process of important global strategies related to the ocean.

Beschreibung: This report provides an overview of EuroSea's initiatives focused on engaging the next generation of ocean observing and forecasting stakeholders. Many activities took place, including delivering workshops, presenting the EuroSea itinerant exhibition, collaborating with the WASCAL Floating University and the SEA-EU inter-university initiative, supporting the international Ocean Observers Initiative, and much more. Engaging the next generation of stakeholders in meaningful discussions and innovative projects is essential to ensure future-oriented intergenerational collaboration. Yet, this is often an overlooked aspect of public engagement within the Horizon 2020 landscape as it requires engagement techniques specifically tailored to reach the young generation. Within the framework of Horizon 2020, the European Union's research and innovation funding program, public engagement traditionally targets a diverse range of stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, industry representatives, civil society organizations, NGOs, and citizens. While these efforts are crucial for fostering inclusive and transparent dialogue, targeted initiatives directed towards the younger generation and early-career ocean professionals need to be expanded. It is important to recognize the concerns, unique perspectives, and aspirations of young individuals who will inherit the outcomes of today's research and innovation. Dedicating resources to engage with the next generation is vital to ensure their active involvement in shaping their future and addressing global challenges such as the sustainability of ocean observing, monitoring, and forecasting. EuroSea has recognized the importance of fostering a deeper understanding of ocean observing and forecasting among the younger generation. This deliverable and the many activities feeding into it are a testament to EuroSea's commitment to this cause. This report focuses on the lessons learnt from a diverse array of activities engaging the next generation of ocean observing and forecasting stakeholders, demonstrating the extensive range of possibilities for involving the younger generation. It underscores the importance of tailoring approaches to different age groups, from school children to university graduates and adapting engagement strategies to their varying interests and life stages. Every experience—even the ones that did not turn out as expected—has shown to be beneficial, and it is important to share lessons learnt and identify best practices while expanding these kinds of initiatives. EuroSea's dedication to engaging the next generation of stakeholders is a significant step in fostering inter-generational dialogue and promoting blue skills and knowledge sharing. Valuable lessons have been learnt from the EuroSea engagement activities and provide guidance for future initiatives aimed at fostering a deeper understanding of our ocean among the younger generation and engaging them in conversations that impact their future on this planet.

Beschreibung: EuroSea is a holistic large-scale project encompassing the full value chain of marine knowledge, from observations to modelling and forecasting and to user-focused services. This report summarizes the legacy of EuroSea as planned and measured through a dedicated impact monitoring protocol, a holistic assessment of the project's successes in advancing and integrating European ocean observing and forecasting systems. Since its start, EuroSea has been analysing how well the project progresses towards the identified areas of impact. Impact assessment is not performance evaluation. These terms overlap but are distinct: performance relates to the efficient use of resources; impact relates to the transformative effect on the users. The EuroSea legacy report is presented through an aggregation and analysis of the EuroSea work towards achieving its impacts. Overall, over 100 impacts have been identified and presented on the website and in a stand-alone impact report. The legacy report sheds light on 32 most powerful impacts (four impacts in each of the eight EuroSea impact areas). EuroSea Impact Areas: 1. Strengthen the European Ocean Observing System (EOOS), support the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the GOOS Regional Alliances; 2. Increase ocean data sharing and integration; 3. Deliver improved climate change predictions; 4. Build capacity, internally in EuroSea and externally with EuroSea users, in a range of key areas; 5. Develop innovations, including exploitation of novel ideas or concepts; shorten the time span between research and innovation and foster economic value in the blue economy; 6. Facilitate methodologies, best practices, and knowledge transfer in ocean observing and forecasting; 7. Contribute to policy making in research, innovation, and technology; 8. Raise awareness of the need for a fit for purpose, sustained, observing and forecasting system in Europe. Ocean observing and forecasting is a complex activity brining about a variety of technologies, human expertise, in water and remote sensing measurements, high-volume computing and artificial intelligence, and a high degree of governance and coordination. Determining an impact on a user type or an area, therefore, requires a holistic assessment and a clear strategic overview. The EuroSea impact monitoring protocol has been the first known such attempt in a European ocean observing and forecasting project. The project’s progress has been followed according to the identified impact areas, through consortium workshops, stakeholder webinars, tracking, and reporting. At the end of EuroSea, we are able to demonstrate how well we have responded to the European policy drivers set out in the funding call and the grant agreement of our project, signed between the European Commission and 53 organizations, members of the EuroSea consortium. The project's impact is diverse, spanning areas from strengthening ocean observing governance to contributing to policymaking or boosting ocean research, innovation, and technology. Each impact area underscores EuroSea's commitment to a sustainable and informed approach to ocean observing and forecasting for enhanced marine knowledge and science-based sustainable blue economy and policies.

Beschreibung: Spatially variable basal conditions are thought to govern how ice sheets behave at glacial time scales (〉1000 years) and responsible for changes in dynamics between the core and peripheral regions of the Laurentide and Fennoscandian ice sheets. Basal motion is accomplished via the deformation of unconsolidated sediments, or via sliding of the ice over an undeformable bed. We present an ice sheet sliding module for the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) that takes into account changes in sediment cover and incorporates surface meltwater. This model routes meltwater, produced at the surface and base of the ice sheet, toward the margin of the ice sheet. Basal sliding is accomplished through the deformation of water saturated sediments, or sliding at the ice-bed interface. In areas with continuous, water saturated sediments, sliding is almost always accomplished through sediment deformation. In areas with incomplete cover, sliding has a stronger dependence on the supply of water. We find that the addition of surface meltwater to the base is a more important factor for ice sheet evolution than the style of sliding. In a glacial cycle simulation, our model causes a more rapid buildup of the Laurentide Ice Sheet.

Beschreibung: Tide gauge metadata catalogue V1.0 (EU-TGN or European and adjacent areas Tide Gauge Network Inventory); accuracy and precision review of the EuroGOOS Tide Gauge Task Team (TGTT) database of permanent monitoring nodes for European and adjacent coastlines. A metadata catalogue of all permanent, managed tide level monitoring stations across Europe and adjacent coastlines, including North Africa.

Beschreibung: The WP5 Coastal Resilience and Operational Services demonstrator aims to design and deploy innovative sea level monitoring systems, integrating their observations with downscaled model forecasts into an alert-based monitoring and forecasting tool (OSPAC) that is design for use by ports and local authorities. As part of this data integration process, sea level observations must be quality-controlled in near real-time, to minimise the risk of false alarms. This has historically been achieved using an established open-source software package (SELENE). Recent progress using automatic quality control (QC) in delayed mode has led to the development of additional functionality that could enhance the SELENE software. At the same time, the delivery of new sea level time series from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), provides an additional means of data validation. WP5 aims to enhance the SELENE software by incorporating these enhancements and new data feeds, thereby improving the quality of the OSPAC tool. A delay in the installation of the sea level monitoring systems has led to a corresponding delay in the provision of data inputs to SELENE and subsequently to OSPAC. Some development work has been possible using alternative test time series, but a key implementer in presently taking parental leave, which will delay further development work until October 2023. This deliverable report will be updated thereafter.

Beschreibung: This report presents steps for the design and implementation of a marine observatory providing current and forecasted oceanic conditions relevant to the aquaculture sector, with particular focus on “Extreme Marine Events”. Examples of successful implementation of these guidelines in the framework of the EuroSea project are presented for two aquaculture sites: Deenish Island in Ireland and El Campello in Spain. The process starts with stakeholder interaction to understand their main needs and concerns and is followed by the design of the software architecture that carries out the data acquisition, post-processing and visualisation in an open-access web platform. User feedback is of paramount importance during the whole process to ensure the services offered match the needs of the aquaculture sector.

Beschreibung: The overall goal of this report is to analyse the EuroSea itinerant exhibition as a case study of public engagement activity. Aimed at the general public, this modular and itinerant exhibition raises awareness about the EuroSea project while also promoting ocean literacy and highlighting the importance of ocean observing and forecasting. Public engagement plays a crucial role in Horizon 2020, the EU's research and innovation funding program. It aims to bridge the gap between researchers and society, ensuring that their work is aligned with societal needs and values. This involves bringing together various stakeholders, including researchers, policymakers, industry representatives, civil society organizations, NGOs, and citizens, to foster inclusive and transparent dialogue. The benefits of public engagement are evident in the research and innovation process. It stimulates creativity and innovation, brings ocean science to a broader audience, builds trust and credibility and promotes ocean literacy and empowerment among citizens. Within Horizon 2020, the EuroSea Communication Work Package 8 focuses on public engagement activities related to ocean observing and forecasting, among other activities. To raise awareness about the EuroSea project and ocean observation, the EuroSea itinerant exhibition was created. This exhibition features printed panels, audiovisuals, and a photobooth that could be adapted and translated for different locations. The exhibition has been presented at 8 events and locations across Europe, aiming to engage the general public, promote ocean literacy, and emphasize the importance of ocean observation and forecasting. This report specifically focuses on three events targeted to the general public where the EuroSea exhibition was showcased: 1) 2022 European Researcher’s Night. 2022, September 30th in Palma (Mallorca, Spain); 2) 25th Galway Science & Technology Festival. 2022, November 13th in Galway (Ireland); and 3) 10th ‘Science for all’. 2023, May 11-13th in Palma (Mallorca, Spain). To evaluate the impact of the EuroSea exhibition, an online survey was conducted. The survey assessed visitor satisfaction, knowledge acquisition, interest in the topic, prior knowledge of EuroSea and ocean observation, and preferences for future engagement activities. A total of 41 people participated in the survey. The main results obtained from the analysis of the data demonstrate an overall positive satisfaction with the exhibition and a high level of interest in the topic. Participants reported acquiring new knowledge and expressed a desire for future engagement activities. Additionally, the survey provided valuable demographic insights into the participants, including their age, gender, employment status, educational background, and frequency of engagement in ocean science outreach activities. The findings from the survey will contribute to the improvement of future public engagement activities by better understanding the needs and interests of the public regarding ocean observation and forecasting. This document emphasizes the significance of public engagement in research and innovation, specifically within the EuroSea project. The EuroSea itinerant exhibition was developed to raise awareness and promote ocean literacy, while the survey conducted during the exhibition provided valuable insights into participant satisfaction and preferences. This information will be instrumental in enhancing future engagement efforts.

Beschreibung: The EuroSea project is improving the coordination of the European ocean observing and forecasting system to strengthen its capability of tacking the societal challenges related to ocean health, climate change, mitigation of ocean-related natural hazards, and the sustainable exploitation of marine ecosystem services in the Blue Economy. The scientific excellence of the project is based on its better integration, assimilation, coordination and governance of methods, practices, and instruments to collect fit-for-purpose ocean data and the development of innovative tools and solutions to manage some natural coastal risks and support more efficiently fisheries and aquaculture. The societal impact of the research and innovation activities carried out by the EuroSea consortium is enabled through the responsible research and innovation (RRI) policy concept implemented throughout the project progress development and, in particular, in the demonstrators work packages and in those activities focused on communication, dissemination, exploitation and legacy. This report summarizes how the six articulations of the RRI approach were applied so far in the EuroSea project. It also offers some recommendations to boost the societal benefits provided by inclusivity, equality, ethics, transparency and collaborative co-design and co-creation in the research and innovation process applied to ocean observing. Now, and even more in the future, it is necessary to multiply the opportunities to share knowledge and expertise among all transdisciplinary actors to be engaged in improving the European and global ocean observing and forecasting. Moreover, the emerging critical problems affecting the ocean require an increased public involvement through open access to ocean information, effective communication and dissemination of research findings, more diffuse ocean literacy and collective mobilisation. Only these factors seem to be able to establish the global common responsibility necessary to enhance the ocean sustainability, as advocated by the UN Decade for Ocean Science for Sustainable Development supporting the achievement of the SDG 14 in the UN Agenda 2030.

Beschreibung: This report presents the results of task 7.3 on “Quantification of improvements in carbon flux data for the tropical Atlantic based on the multi-platform and neural network approach”. To better constrain changes in the ocean’s capture and sequestration of CO2 emitted by human activities, in situ measurements are needed. Tropical regions are considered to be mostly sources of CO2 to the atmosphere due to specific circulation features, with large interannual variability mainly controlled by physical drivers (Padin et al., 2010). The tropical Atlantic is the second largest source, after the tropical Pacific, of CO2 to the atmosphere (Landschützer et al., 2014). However, it is not a homogeneous zone, as it is affected by many physical and biogeochemical processes that vary on many time scales and affect surrounding areas (Foltz et al., 2019). The Tropical Atlantic Observing System (TAOS) has progressed substantially over the past two decades. Still, many challenges and uncertainties remain to require further studies into the area’s role in terms of carbon fluxes (Foltz et al., 2019). Monitoring and sustained observations of surface oceanic CO2 are critical for understanding the fate of CO2 as it penetrates the ocean and during its sequestration at depth. This deliverable relies on different observing platforms deployed specifically as part of the EuroSea project (a Saildrone, and 5 pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats) as well as on the platforms as part of the TAOS (CO2-equipped moorings, cruises, models, and data products). It also builds on the work done in D7.1 and D7.2 on the deployment and quality control of pH-equipped BGC-Argo floats and Saildrone data. Indeed, high-quality homogeneously calibrated carbonate variable measurements are mandatory to be able to compute air-sea CO2 fluxes at a basin scale from multiple observing platforms.

Beschreibung: This report summarises demonstrated benefit from integrating BOOS and HELCOM observations with CMEMS observations, including i) improved observation data accessibility by BOOS, CMEMS INSTAC and EMODnet, ii) improved quality of frequently updated CMEMS reanalysis, and iii) improved quality and update frequency of eutrophication assessment in the Baltic Sea based on the reanalysis. Also, feasibility for extending this approach to other regional seas, other indicators, and fishery advice applications is analysed and recommendations from the workshop on “Full value chain integration for monitoring and assessment” are provided.

Beschreibung: Currently, the ocean carbon sink annually removes about a third of anthropogenic fossil fuel and industrial CO2 emissions, reducing therefore climate change damages and CO2 abatement costs. While the land sinks have entered climate policies, the ocean sink has not—for good reasons since the former stores carbon within the boundaries of a state while the ocean removes carbon from the atmosphere rather in its property as a global common. However, the question remains what is the value of the ocean carbon sink and should it be differently attributed when comparing a coastal state with a large exclusive economic zone (EEZ) compared to landlocked state. Here, we demonstrate different approaches to value the ocean sink, comparing a climate-change damage-based approach with an abatement, market-based approach. We use a high-resolution carbon flux dataset (0.25x0.25 degree) to estimate the ocean carbon sink and source in coastal areas. We assign a net sink of 1.72 GtC proportional to countries with negative carbon fluxes in their EEZ. In our calculation the annual value of the global ocean sink ranges from 61.19 B USD (Std 31.80), equivalent to the 2021 GDP of Slovenia, to 1433 B USD (Std 94.30), equivalent to the 2021 GDP of Spain (World Bank data) for the abatement cost-based assessment approach (assuming full emission trading and low ambition levels in the national determined contribution) and for the climate-change damage-based assessment approach relying on an upper value of the social cost of carbon in our investigation. By breaking down the carbon sink by nations EEZ we estimate which countries are the largest donors of ocean carbon wealth and which countries would be affected the most if a weakening of the ocean sink would need to be compensated by higher emission reduction levels.

Beschreibung: WP5’s Coastal Resilience and Operational Services demonstrator aimed to deliver capacity-building work in a developing country (Colombia) to enable local stakeholders to install a state-of-the-art sea level monitoring system independently. In practice, the WP5 team met this objective and has additionally delivered capacity-building work in tide gauge installation in 2 other countries (Spain and Italy), in order to support the longevity of the EuroSea tide gauge systems. As planned, training material was delivered in relation to the maintenance of these systems in all 3 locations. All installation procedures were fully-documented to support the tide gauge operators in case the systems are to be relocated, refurbished or decommissioned at a future data (for example, in the event of port redevelopment works). Training in the use of quality control software and the OSPAC (Operational Services at the Service of Ports and Cities) tool is planned (but pending) and this deliverable will be updated once that work is complete.

Beschreibung: The present deliverable is a continuation of deliverable D4.21, in which we presented the first steps in the design and preparation of different reanalysis simulations assimilating glider data. We here show the assessment and intercomparison of CMCC MedFS and SOCIB WMOP systems experiments. We have performed, for each system, three different experiments, running a one-year simulation during 2017. We compare a free-run simulation without data assimilation (FREE) and two reanalyses including assimilation: one considering only the generic data sources included in each operational system (NOGLID) and another one adding glider observations to the previous dataset (GLIDER). The models are assessed and inter compared to each other, focusing on the performance to represent the observed 3D structure of the ocean and on their capacity to recreate physical processes, as an anticyclonic eddy structure present in the Balearic sea. Results show how in both systems the use of glider observations can help to further improve the results obtained when using data assimilation, helping to an enhancement of the forecasting capabilities.

Beschreibung: The accuracy of the Copernicus Marine Environment and Monitoring Service (CMEMS) ocean analysis and forecasts highly depend on the availability and quality of observations to be assimilated. In situ observations are complementary to satellite observations that are restricted to the ocean surface. Higher resolution model forecasts are required by users of the CMEMS global and regional ocean analysis and forecasts. To support this with an efficient observational constrain of the model forecast via data assimilation, an increase observation coverage is needed, associated with an improved usage of the available ocean observations. This work exploits the capabilities of operational systems to provide comprehensive information for the evolution of the GOOS. In this report, we analyse the use and the efficiency of the in-situ observations to constrain regional and global Mercator Ocean systems. Physical and biogeochemical variables are considered. The in-situ observations are used either to estimate physical ocean state at global and regional scale via data assimilation or to estimate BGC model parameters. The impact of the physical in situ observations assimilated in open ocean and coastal areas is assessed with numerical data assimilation experiments. The experiments are conducted with the regional 1/36° resolution and global 1/12° resolution systems operated by Mercator Ocean for the Copernicus Marine Service. For the global physical ocean, the focus is on the tropical ocean to better understand how the tropical mooring observations constrain the intraseasonal to daily variability and the complementarity with satellite observations and the deep ocean. The tropical moorings provide unique high frequency observations at different depth, but they are far away from each other, so part of the signal in the observation are decorrelated from one mooring to the others. It is only via an integrated approach, as data assimilation into a dynamical model and complementarity with other observing networks that those observations can efficiently constrain the different scales of variability of the tropical ocean circulation. As the satellite observations brings higher spatial resolution between the tropical moorings but for the ocean surface, we show that the tropical mooring and Argo profile data assimilation constrain the larger scale ocean thermohaline vertical structure (EuroSea D2.2; Gasparin et al., 2023). The representation of the high frequency signals observed at mooring location is also significantly improved in the model analysis compared to a non-assimilative simulation. The ocean below 2000 m depth is still largely under constrained as very few observations exist. Some deep ocean basins, as the Antarctic deep ocean, shows significant trend over the past decade but they are still not accurately monitored. Based on the spread of four deep ocean reanalysis estimates, large uncertainties were estimated in representing local heat and freshwater content in the deep ocean. Additionally, temperature and salinity field comparison with deep Argo observations demonstrates that reanalysis errors in the deep ocean are of the same size as or even stronger than the observed deep ocean signal. OSSE already suggested that the deployment of a global deep Argo array will significantly constrain the deep ocean in reanalysis to be closer to the observations (Gasparin et al., 2020). At regional and coastal scales, the physical ocean circulation is dominated by higher frequency, smaller scale processes than the open ocean which requires different observation strategy to be well monitor. The impact of assimilating high frequency and high-resolution observations provided by gliders on European shelves is analysed with the regional Iberic Biscay and Irish (IBI) system. It was found that repetitive glider sections can efficiently help to constrain the transport of water masses flowing across those sections. BGC ocean models are less mature than physical ocean models and some variable dependencies are still based on empirical functions. In this task, Argo BGC profile observations were used to optimize the parameters of the global CMEMS biogeochemical model, PISCES. A particle filter algorithm was chosen to optimize a 1D configuration of PISCES in the North Atlantic. The optimization of the PISCES 1D model significantly improves the model's ability to reproduce the North Atlantic bloom Recommendations on the in-situ network extensions for real time ocean monitoring are given based on those results, and the one also obtained in the WP2, Task 2.2 where data assimilation experiments but with simulated observations where conducted. Argo extension and the complementarity with satellite altimetry was also extensively studied.

Beschreibung: This document presents the results of simulations that include glider profiles assimilation. Simulations are performed with the Marine Copernicus operational biogeochemical model system of the Mediterranean Sea. The deliverable shows that the assimilation of BGC-glider is feasible in the contest of biogeochemical operational systems and that it is built upon the experience of BGC-Argo float data assimilation. Different configuration of the assimilation of glider data have been tested to assess the impact of the physical and biogeochemical glider observations. The deliverable also describes the pre-processing activities of the BGC-glider data to provide qualified observations for the data assimilation and the cross validation of chlorophyll glider data with other sensors (ocean colour and BGC-Argo floats). Results of the simulations show that BGC-glider data assimilation, as already shown for BGC-Argo floats, provides complementary information with respect to Ocean Colour data (which is the only or the most commonly assimilated data in biogeochemical operational systems). Beside their relatively limited horizontal spatial impact, the assimilation of BGC profiles can constrain model simulations for relevant biogeochemical processes in specific periods (summer and transition periods) and layers (surface and subsurface). Results also highlight the importance of the assimilation modelling systems that can efficiently resolve the inconsistencies between chlorophyll observations of different sensors.

Beschreibung: This D3.17 “Data Integration” deliverable has been written in complementarity of the deliverables D3.13 “Data handbook” and D3.7 “Networks harmonisation recommendations”. It has been primarily written with the aim to be useful for users, looking for in situ data or datasets, in their choice of data infrastructures (CMEMS - Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service – EMODnet – European Marine Observation and Data network - and SeaDataNet) best suited to their needs. To start, this deliverable provides a description of these three major European data integrators and explains how to access to the data and what type of data it is possible to find. The cooperation between these three data infrastructures is also presented. A recommendation about what type of metadata should be attached to the measurement is also included in this deliverable. Its objective is to encourage data infrastructures to harmonize their metadata, which would allow data marine users to switch more easily from one infrastructure to another one and thus extend access to more data. This deliverable also presents two case studies, in which we put ourselves in the place of a in situ marine data user.

Beschreibung: This deliverable presents the Final Assessment of the observation and thematic networks as those represented in work package 3 of EuroSea, taking as a reference the information on Deliverable 3.2 Observing Network Initial Assessment. Following the same approach with D3.2 the original questionnaire was modified accordingly in order to depict the progress made on the same Network Attributes, Commitments and Benefits following the GOOS, OCG guidelines. The unforeseen COVID-19 pandemic had significant effects upon WP3 activities since the main mechanism foreseen to advance progress within the different networks was the organization of in person workshops. Moreover, adequate funds were allocated towards this in order to promote inclusivity and participation. Adapting to the new situation the first series of workshops had to be changed into online only events which despite the inherent difficulty, proved to have significant advantages as well. In particular they gave the opportunity for a significant number of people to join from all around the globe and participate in the events (for example the Sea Level WS). Another challenge proved to be the variability within some networks with sub-components or sub-groups having significantly different characteristics. In particular Eulerian platforms comprise a wide range of platforms - fixed moorings, surface buoys, cable bottom platforms - with some of them being part of mature and well-developed networks (OceanSITES, EMSO etc) while other are loose partners of on-going programs and projects (JERICO RI, coastal buoys). EuroSea activities had a significant positive impact on all the observing and thematic networks, actively promoting synergies and collaboration, with most of them successfully reaching Framework Processes Readiness Criteria Level 7 and above. Although progress at many different aspects must continue beyond EuroSea, it is important that the framework has been set. It is thus suggested that an annual evaluation/assessment process for each network/task team is adopted within EuroGOOS. By going through this exercise annually, each EuroGOOS Task Team (observing network) will be able to describe its current state, assess progress and most importantly to define next targets and priorities.

Beschreibung: Sea-level change is geographically non-uniform, with regional departures that can reach several times the global average rate of change. Characterizing this spatial variability and understanding its causes is crucial to the design of adaptation strategies for sea-level rise. This, as it turns out, is no easy feat, primarily due to the sparseness of the observational sea-level record in time and space. Long tide gauge records are restricted to a few locations along the coast. Satellite altimetry offers a better spatial coverage but only since 1992. In the Mediterranean Sea, the tide gauge network is heavily biased towards the European shorelines, with only one record with at least 35 years of data on the African coasts. Past studies have attempted to address the difficulties related to this data sparseness in the Mediterranean Sea by combining the available tide gauge records with satellite altimetry observations. The vast majority of such studies represent sea level through a combination of altimetry-derived empirical orthogonal functions whose temporal amplitudes are then inferred from the tide gauge data. Such methods, however, have tremendous difficulty in separating trends and variability, make no distinction between relative and geocentric sea level, and tell us nothing about the causes of sea level changes. Here, we combine observational data from tide gauges and altimetry with sea-level fingerprints of land-mass changes using a Bayesian hierarchical model (BHM) to quantify the sources of sea-level changes since 1960 in the Mediterranean Sea. The Bayesian estimates are provided on 1/4o x 1/4o regular grid. We find that Mediterranean Sea level rose at a relatively low rate from 1960 to 1990, at which point it started rising significantly faster with comparable contributions from sterodynamic sea level (ocean dynamics and thermal expansion) and land-mass changes.

Beschreibung: Tide gauges can capture sea level variability on multiple timescales, from high frequency events like waves, tides and tsunamis, to seasonal and interannual changes and the longer-term trends associated with Climate Change. However, financial constraints dictate that they are often maintained to lower standards than the stringent accuracy requirements demanded by the IOC-UNESCO’s Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) for monitoring sea level rise. In addition, a sparsity of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers at the coast means that there are large uncertainties in rates of land motion at tide gauges, which also hampers the estimation of long-term sea level trends. Task 5.1.1 has devised prototype low maintenance tide gauge systems, powered by renewable energy and which monitor both land motion and sea level using novel techniques such as ground-based GNSS Interferometric Reflectometry (GNSS-IR). These systems eliminate the need for costly ongoing levelling exercises and also incorporate customisations to local monitoring needs, such as sensors for lightning detection and wave height. Despite a number of unforeseen setbacks, these prototype systems are now operating at 2 locations in the Mediterranean Sea and a third system is in transit to Colombia for installation by local stakeholders who have been trained in the installation methodology by the WP5 team. It is hoped that there is potential to advance these technological solutions as a global standard, via the GLOSS community.

Beschreibung: The 4th Evolving and Sustaining Ocean Best Practices Workshop was held online during the period 17-30 September 2020, addressing community needs for advanced method development and implementation in ocean observations, data management and application. The proceedings for the subject workshop are provided in 2 volumes. Volume 1 addresses the meeting overview, and Volume 2 - Annexes includes the complete Working Group reports.

Beschreibung: Report on European glider network coordination (Best Practices, OceanGliders, metadata and data management

Beschreibung: Best practices for eulerian observatories

Beschreibung: Harmonisation data management procedures and implementing FAIR principles with the target to serve the data infrastructures: Copernicus Marine Service and EMODnet (first stage) as well as SeaDataNet and historical National Oceanographic Data Centres (later stage)

Beschreibung: This deliverable reports on the achievements of the EuroSea project in developing targeted indicators co-designed with demonstrators (WPs 5–7) and forecasts (WP4). For this, the indicators implemented are expressed in term of Essential Ocean/Climate Variables (EOVs/ECVs) together with their requirements. The co-development undertaken address ocean indicators for all range of scales: from the large, basin scale to the regional and local scales. Such approach as well as the proposed solution to focus, at regional/local scales, on EEZs, represent one of the innovative results of EuroSea that will help to rationalize risks assessments and guide environmental management approaches in European Seas.

Beschreibung: This deliverable is intended to give an overview of the EuroSea actions at the interface between science and policy, ensuring the EuroSea results are useful for policy and decision-makers both at the EU, regional, and national levels.

Beschreibung: Although it is generally known that a combination of abiotic and biotic drivers shapes the distribution and abundance of parasites, our understanding of the interplay of these factors remains to be assessed for most marine host species. The present field survey investigated spatial patterns of richness, prevalence and abundance of parasites in Mytilus galloprovincialis along the coast of the northern Adriatic Sea. Herein, the relationships between biotic (host size, density and local parasite richness of mussel population) and abiotic (eutrophication and salinity) drivers and parasite richness of mussel individuals, prevalence and abundance were analysed. Local parasite richness was the most relevant factor driving parasite species richness in mussel individuals. Prevalence was mainly driven by eutrophication levels in 3 out of 4 parasite species analysed. Similarly, abundance was driven mainly by eutrophication in two parasite species. Mussel size, density and salinity had only minor contributions to the best fitting models. This study highlights that the influence of abiotic and biotic drivers on parasite infections in mussels can be differentially conveyed, depending on the infection measure applied, i.e., parasite richness, prevalence or abundance. Furthermore, it stresses the importance of eutrophication as a major factor influencing parasite prevalence and abundance in mussels in the Adriatic Sea

Beschreibung: This report presents the results of Task 7.3 on “Development of BGC-Argo data quality validation based on an integrative multiplatform approach”. Observing changes in ocean conditions on the spatiotemporal scales necessary to constrain carbon uptake is a challenge. Defined as an Essential Ocean Variable (EOV) by the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS, e.g., Tanhua et al., 2019), pH is relevant to assess numerous crucial questions regarding the oceanic evolution in response to the current global changes. However, the large spatiotemporal variability of this carbonate system parameter requires sustained observations to decipher trends and punctual events. Within this scope, numerous pH sensors suitable for deployments both on autonomous observing tools and fixed stations have been developed. Nevertheless, as interpreting changes relies on accurate data, and because offsets or drifts in pH data might appear in response to changes in the sensor k0 constant, a consistent and rigorous correction procedure to quality-control and process the data has been implemented. This report presents the application of this method to pH data acquired by BGC-Argo floats launched in the Tropical Atlantic area.

Beschreibung: This deliverable provides an overview of EuroSea outcomes related to interior ocean carbon variability in deep convection areas in order to assess the linkage of these processes for the use in national climate action (NCA) plans delivered in the framework of the Paris Agreement. In summary, large-scale connectivity in the ocean does not allow clear delineation of patterns of regional carbon uptake across national boundaries, limiting an assessment of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) in light of NCA plans. This problem becomes already clear by a simple scale estimation: considering sluggish, open ocean (away from continental boundaries) advection speeds of 2 cm/s result in a “relocation” of any water parcel by roughly 630 km per year (or 3150 km in 5 years Paris Agreement carbon auditing period) and crossing national borders easily. Knowing changes in the global ocean carbon uptake is of great importance for the preparation of NCA plans. This is because the NCA plans are motivated by the globally averaged atmospheric CO2 concentration, which is the sum of all sources and sinks and including the ocean sink. In case of decrease in the oceanic sink (e.g., IPCC, 2021), more CO2 will remain in the atmosphere and consequently nations will need to formulate their NCA plans with increased ambition in order to meet the CO2 target defined in the Paris Agreement. In this deliverable key approaches for the assessment of the global ocean carbon uptake have been applied to ocean areas. The observational requirements for applying statistical approaches (i.e., artificial neural networks, Fourrier et al., 2020) to reconstruct dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from oxygen, nutrient and hydrographic data are analysed. It is shown that even small changes in the DIC content determined in this way can be linked to anthropogenic increases in atmospheric carbon (Cant). Furthermore, it has been shown that multilinear regression techniques can be used to produce maps of ocean surface carbon fluxes at very high spatial resolution, which in turn can provide a much more accurate estimate of regional CO2 uptake (or release). Finally, a quantification of the redistribution of dissolved gases in boundary current systems could be investigated by following recommendations for observational methods stemming from this deliverable. This deliverable recommends improvement of carbon sampling in all nations EEZ regions and following global standards. Because the objective targets a global assessment, the data must be disseminated rapidly and in a FAIR fashion to enable further global integration (e.g., global carbon budget). A need for defining responsibilities for such global integration and the resourcing is required. It is recommended to make use of statistical methods to create surface and interior carbon parameter distributions via multiparameter approaches with a sufficient amount of reference data (e.g., co-located DIC, oxygen, nutrients, chlorophyll-a, hydrography). In the light of the ongoing crisis related to global availability of the Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) for carbonate system measurements, provision of European-produced material becomes critical to enable traceability of future measurements. Nations should be encouraged to provide appropriate resources by means of corresponding European directives. Example for such national commitments is the collection of reference data in the framework of the Common Fisheries Policy.

Beschreibung: The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) is a synthesis of quality-controlled fCO2 (fugacity of carbon dioxide) values for the global surface oceans and coastal seas with annual updates. SOCAT aims to provide data with the highest possible quality for carbon data – consistent quality control (QC) is essential in achieving this primary goal of SOCAT. Currently there are various steps of quality control, and within this task of EuroSea we aimed to develop an operational implementation of QC as a showcase for data within SOCAT from the European Research Infrastructure Integrated Carbon Observing System. The aim within EuroSea is to increase the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) from 5 (Technology validated in relevant environment) to 7 (system prototype demonstration in operational environment) for relevant ICOS data for direct submission to SOCAT. This was achieved by creating automated quality control into the ICOS state-of-art-software QuinCe, a web-based tool for processing and quality control of data from in situ sensors and underway instruments that is used for first and second level quality control for operational ICOS stations. One important aspect of SOCAT is the assessment of data quality, to ensure that all published data is fit for purpose and manual eyes-on QC is currently essential to lower uncertainties. Currently, this assessment consists of evaluating the metadata of each dataset to ensure that the correct Standard Operational Procedures (SOPs) have been followed during data collection, that the system setup is correct, instruments are calibrated and in addition examining data to ensure they are of good quality. SOCAT consists of three steps of QC: 1.) QC while data is being ingested; 2.) Eyes-on QC by regional experts and 3.) QC for the entire dataset defining the uncertainty based upon the submitted metadata and within this task it has been shown that certain parts of this QC process can be automated while other levels bear challenges if a higher level of TRL is aimed for.

Beschreibung: This document describes the numerical modelling work done in task 5.2 needed to implement OSPAC

Beschreibung: Trematode prevalence and abundance in hosts are known to be affected by biotic drivers as well as by abiotic drivers. In this study, we used the unique salinity gradient found in the south-western Baltic Sea to: (i) investigate patterns of trematode infections in the first intermediate host, the periwinkle Littorina littorea and in the downstream host, the mussel Mytilus edulis, along a regional salinity gradient (from 13 to 22) and (ii) evaluate the effects of first intermediate host (periwinkle) density, host size and salinity on trematode infections in mussels. Two species dominated the trematode community, Renicola roscovita and Himasthla elongata. Salinity, mussel size and density of infected periwinkles were significantly correlated with R. roscovita, and salinity and density correlated with H. elongata abundance. These results suggest that salinity, first intermediate host density and host size play an important role in determining infection levels in mussels, with salinity being the main major driver. Under expected global change scenarios, the predicted freshening of the Baltic Sea might lead to reduced trematode transmission, which may be further enhanced by a potential decrease in periwinkle density and mussel size.

Beschreibung: The last 85,000 years were characterized by high climate and environmental variability on the Yucatán Peninsula. Heinrich stadials are examples of abrupt climate transitions that involved shifts in regional temperatures and moisture availability. Thus, they serve as natural experiments to evaluate the contrasting responses of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We used ostracodes and pollen preserved in a 75.9-m-long sediment core (PI-6, ~85 ka) recovered from Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala, to assess the magnitude and velocity of community responses. Ostracodes are sensitive to changes in water temperature and conductivity. Vegetation responds to shifts in temperature and the ratio of evaporation to precipitation. Ostracodes display larger and more rapid community changes than does vegetation. Heinrich Stadial 5-1 (HS5-1) was cold and dry and is associated with lower ostracode and vegetation species richness and diversity. In contrast, the slightly warmer and dry conditions during HS6 and HS5a are reflected in higher ostracode species richness and diversity. Our paleoecological study revealed the greatest ecological turnover for ostracodes occurred from 62.5 to 51.0 ka; for pollen, it was at the Pleistocene/Holocene transition. Future studies should use various climate and environmental indicators from lake and marine sediment records to further explore late glacial paleoclimate causes and effects in the northern neotropics.

Beschreibung: Calcareous tube polychaetes (family Serpulidae) are notorious biofoulers that are easily transported and introduced to allochthonous habitats. Here we report the recent introduction of Hydroides dianthus (Verrill, 1873) to eastern Japan as its first occurrence in East Asia, probably from European or American coasts. Specimens had been found on artificial hard substrata together with congeners H. ezoensis, H. exaltatus and H. fusicolus in Tokyo Bay, Japan in 2006. The origin, vector, source of introduction and possible impact of H. dianthus on Japanese coasts is discussed from a perspective based on worldwide Hydroides transport.

Beschreibung: This paper documents the arrival of Diplosoma listerianum into a habitat with no previously known history of the species. Once established, D. listerianum exploited rapid growth rates relative to the other fouling species present, to quickly become the dominant species in a local fouling assemblage. Most resident macrofoulers were out-competed for space and overgrown, although some resistance to overgrowth was demonstrated by the bryozoan Umbonula littoralis and the tunicate Ascidiella aspersa. In this instance, traits traditionally considered to be relevant for community resistance towards invasion, such as diversity, richness, dominant species identity and open space were not important in controlling the spread of D. listerianum

Beschreibung: A total of 104 Semirossia patagonica were collected all over the Patagonian shelf between the depths of 47 and 295 m. Mature female size varied from 10 to 35 mm ML, mature male size was 16–32 mm. Potential fecundity ranged between 527–766 eggs in pre-spawning females, ripe egg size was 3.4–5.0 mm. The oviduct capacity probably was no more than 30 eggs. The maximum number of spermatophores in males was 229. Males transfer 2–19 spermatophores to females during copulation. The ovulation pattern is asynchronous, individual spawning is continuous. Reproduction occurs all year round. Semirossia patagonica is a south-west Atlantic ecological sibling of north-east Atlantic bobtail squids Sepiola spp. and Sepietta spp.

Beschreibung: Recent scientific and commercial deepwater trawls provide evidence that the loliginid squid, Loligo gahi occurs much deeper than previously believed. Three immature and maturing squids were caught in two hauls between 528 and 626 m depth, exceeding the previous maximum recorded depth of 400 m. An L. gahi egg mass was found on the bottom attached to polychaete tube sampled from depths of 68–71 m. It represents a new spawning habitat, because before the species was known to spawn only in inshore kelp forests, well off the bottom, at depths 〈20 m.

Beschreibung: The jumbo or Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas, is an important fisheries resource and a significant participant in regional ecologies as both predator and prey. It is the largest species in the oceanic squid family Ommastrephidae and has the largest known potential fecundity of any cephalopod, yet little is understood about its reproductive biology. We report the first discovery of a naturally deposited egg mass of Dosidicus gigas, as well as the first spawning of eggs in captivity. The egg mass was found in warm water (25–27°C) at a depth of 16 m and was far larger than the egg masses of any squid species previously reported. Eggs were embedded in a watery, gelatinous matrix and were individually surrounded by a unique envelope external to the chorion. This envelope was present in both wild and captive-spawned egg masses, but it was not present in artificially fertilized eggs. The wild egg mass appeared to be resistant to microbial infection, unlike the incomplete and damaged egg masses spawned in captivity, suggesting that the intact egg mass protects the eggs within. Chorion expansion was also more extensive in the wild egg mass. Hatchling behaviours included proboscis extension, chromatophore activity, and a range of swimming speeds that may allow them to exercise some control over their distribution in the wild.

Beschreibung: Ocean island volcanoes frequently develop local rift zones associated with flank movement and flank collapses. The ocean island El Hierro grew by coalescence and collapse of three volcanic edifices, which are an elongated topographic ridge (the Southern Ridge) and two semi-circular volcanic cones (Ti˜nor volcano, El Golfo volcano). During edifice growth and volcano coalescence, eruption fissures nucleated into rift zones that developed a complex triangle pattern. In scaled analogue experimentswe could successfully reproduce the geometry of rift zones and unstable flanks as observed on El Hierro. The experimental results suggest that the rift configuration on El Hierro is the result of gravitational volcano spreading over deformable basal substrata, rather than of deep-seated magma updoming as thought previously. This paper elucidates the importance of the basal substratum and gravitational spreading, and the relationship to rifting and flank instability on El Hierro Island, and may help in understanding similar volcano architectures elsewhere.

Beschreibung: Sea ice deforms under convergent and Shear motion, causing rafting and ridging. This results in thicker ice than could be formed by thermodynamic growth only. Three different approaches to Simulating the formation of pressure ridges in a dynamic–thermodynamic continuum model are considered. They are compared with and evaluated by airborne laser profiles of the Sea-ice Surface roughness. The respective characteristic of each of the three ridging Schemes is (1) a prognostic equation for deformation energy from which ridge parameters are derived; (2) a redistribution function, Shifting ice between two categories, level and ridged, combined with a Monte Carlo Simulation for ridge parameters; and (3) prognostic equations for ridge density and height, resulting in the formation of ridged-ice volume. The model results Show that the ridge density is typically related to the State of ice motion, whereas the mean Sail height is related to the parent ice thickness. In general, all of the three models produce realistic distributions of ridges. Finally, the Second ridging Scheme is regarded as the most appropriate for climate modelling, while the third Scheme has advantages in Short-term Sea-ice forecasting.

Beschreibung: The vertical distribution of the hydromedusa Aequorea forskalea was investigated using observations from the research submersible 'Jago' collected during 36 dives off the west coast of southern Africa during November 1997 and April 1999. The mean population depth of Aequorea? forskalea deepened with increasing sea surface temperature. We suggest that this behaviour enables individuals to avoid offshore advection, to minimize spatial overlap with other large medusae and to maintain their position over the middle of the shelf.