ALBERT

Description: 1. Es wird eine neue Hydroidenart — Clavopsella quadranularia —aus der Kieler Forte beschrieben, deren wesentliches Merkmal die Tentakelstellung in bis zu vier Kreisen ist, die dicht unter dem Mundkegel zusammengedrängt stehen. 2. Da these Tentakelstellung den Diagnosen der Clavidae sowohl wie der der Bougainvilliidae widerspricht, war es notwendig, fur these Gattung und die Gattung Balella STECHOW 1919 (Synonym: BaleaNutting 1905), die mit zwei Tentakelkränzen versehen ist, die Familie der Cl 3. Bei der Bildung der Kolonien wechseln Gonosom und Trophosom regelmäßig ab, was dadurch zustande kommt, daß die Seitenhydranthen bzw. -zweige an den Stellen entstehen, an denen zuvor ein Gonophor gestanden hat. 4. Die Gonophoren der weiblichen Kolonien Bind heteromedusoid, diejenigen der M ännchen styloid. 5. Auf Grund der Beobachtungen während eines ganzen Jahres werden Biologie und Ökologie von Clavopsella quadranularia beschrieben. Experimente über die Resistenz gegenüber dem Salzgehalt zeigen, daß es sich um ein euryhalines Meerestier handelt, das auch rein marines Gebiet besiedeln kann. 6. Das styloide Gonophor der männlichen Kolonien könnte nach dem Homologiekriterium der Lagegleichheit in vergleichbaren Gefügesystemen (Remane 1952) als ein polypoides Styloid (Kü HN 1913) gedeutet werden. Dem widersprechen aber nach den Homologiekriterien der speziellen Qualität der Struktur und der Verknüpfung lurch Zwischenformen die Verhältnisse bei den weiblichen Kolonien, bei denen die medusoiden Gonophoren zudem noch in ganz entsprechender Weise angeordnet sind. Die männlichen Gonophoren sind demnach auch als Medusoide anzusehen. 7. Die von Kühn (1913) aufgestellten Typen des styloiden Gonophors werden diskutiert, und es wird festgestellt, daß das organoide Styloid eine rein theoretische Möglichkeit darstellt, in der Natur aber bisher nicht beobachtet werden konnte. Am Beispiel von C. quadranularia wind auf Grunt des Geschlechtsdimorphismus gezeigt, daß die fur polypoide Gonophoren sprechenden Merkmale in gleicher Weise in Kombination mit medusoiden Gonophoren auftreten können. Damit entfallen alle Kriterien fur polypoide Gonophoren. Bei den Thecata treten im fertilen Blastostyl polypoide Gonophoren auf, da das Blastostyl einem Hydranthen homolog ist. Um die Vorstellung auszuschließen, daß sich ein Gonophor lurch Einwanderung von Keimzellen aus einem Hydranthen entwickeln könnte, sollte der Begriff „polypoides Gonophor” ganz fortfallen und durch den Begriff „fertiles Blastostyl” ersetzt werden, das als letztes Stadium einer Medusoidreihe anzusehen ist. Von den drei Styloidtypen Kühns bleibt daher nur das medusoide Styloid — einfach „Styloid” genannt — bestehen, dem bei den Thecata als ein weiterer Reduktionsschritt das fertile Blastostyl folgen kann. Daraus ergibt sick, daß alle sessilen Gonophoren der Hydroiden einer Medusenreduktionsreihe angehören! 8. Aus diesem Ergebnis läBt sich ableiten, daB nicht ein Polyp sondern ein Meduse oder eine metagenetische Art als Stammform der Hydrozoen anzusehen ist

Description: In den als Niederterrasse bezeichneten Aufschüttungen des Rheins zwischen Remagen-Unkel und Rheinbrohl sowie in einigen entsprechenden Terrassenflächen des Neuwieder Beckens finden sich Gerölle von Auswürflingen, die jünger sind als der große mittelrheinische Bimssteinausbruch. Wegen der Überlagerung der Magdalenienstation von Andernach in Verbindung mit den Pflanzenfunden im Traß wird jedoch die Altersbestimmung des Bimssteinausbruchs als alluvial bestätigt. Infolgedessen müssen diese Terrassenflächen, die bisher zur jungdiluvialen Niederterrasse gerechnet wurden, trotz annähernd gleicher Höhenlage mit dieser jüngsten Diluvialterrasse ihre Entstehung alluvialen Aufschüttungen bezw. Umlagerungen aus einer Zeit während oder kurz nach der Kiefern-Birkenperiode in Norddeutschland verdanken.

Description: Global population projections foresee the biggest increase to occur in Africa with most of the available uncultivated land to ensure food security remaining on the continent. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise due to ongoing land use change, industrialisation, and transport amongst other reasons with Africa becoming a major emitter of greenhouse gases globally. However, distinct knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their variability remains largely unknown caused by its vast size and diversity and an according lack of observations across the continent. Thus, an environmental research infrastructure—as being setup in other regions—is more needed than ever. Here, we present the results of a design study that developed a blueprint for establishing such an environmental research infrastructure in Africa. The blueprint comprises an inventory of already existing observations, the spatial disaggregation of locations that will enable to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing’s in Africa and globally as well as an overall estimated cost for such an endeavour of about 550 M€ over the next 30 years. We further highlight the importance of the development of an e-infrastructure, the necessity for capacity development and the inclusion of all stakeholders to ensure African ownership.

Description: The Black Sea has undergone several limnic and marine stages due to fluctuations in the global sea level. The exchange of saline water from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait was interrupted when the sea level dropped below the Bosporus sill. This induced limnic conditions, while marine conditions were established after the reconnection to saline Mediterranean seawater. Extended river fan systems developed during sea level low-stands, providing large amounts of organic material being buried by rapid sedimentation on the slopes of the Black Sea margins. The biogenic degradation of this material produces most of the methane gas expelled into the anoxic water column today. This largely happens by ubiquitous cold vents at ~700 m water depth (i.e. at the stability boundary of methane hydrates) and by mud volcanoes in ~2000 m water depth. A significant amount of gas is expected to accumulate in the sediment within the methane hydrate stability zone. However, bottom-simulating reflectors, the seismic indicator for gas hydrates, are not found everywhere along the margin. Recent analyses of the Danube and Dniepr fans have revealed a discontinuous gas hydrate formation in an area with no active seeps, while areas of active seepage located in the vicinity of BSR reflections held no gas hydrates. In addition, the ongoing diffusion of salt into the uppermost Black Sea sediment pore space since the last glacial maximum further reduces the volume of the gas hydrate stability zone. Estimates of the total amount of gas stored in gas hydrates therefore require a detailed structural analysis prior to regional- or basin-scale modelling attempts.

Description: It is a good method to utilize the grain size distribution curves and cumulative frequency curves of marine or river sediments to estimate the hydrodynamic conditions, transportation processes and sedimentary environment. However, researchers can only rely on Excel or Grapher to plot the curves one by one at the present day. The manual plotting procedures are complicated, and calculating the truncation points is time-consuming. To solve the aforementioned problems, we have developed a software tool to plot cumulative frequency curves and calculate the values of truncation points automatically. The software has the ability to plot curves of hundreds of samples accurately and rapidly, promoting researchers to analyze transport mechanisms and hydrodynamic environments. And it is convenient to apply the software to compare the processes of transportation and deposition between different samples.

Description: Marine electromagnetic methods provide useful and independent measures for the identification and quantification of submarine gas hydrates. The resistivity of seafloor sediments, drawn from area-wide electromagnetic data, mainly depends on the sediment porosity and the nature of the pore fluid. Gas hydrates and free gas are both electrically resistive. The replacement of saline water, thus conductive pore water with resistive gas hydrate or free gas, increases the sediment resistivity and can be used to provide accurate saturation estimates if the background lithology is known. While seismic methods are predominantly used to study the distribution of submarine gas hydrates, a growing number of global field studies have demonstrated that the joint interpretation of marine seismic and electromagnetic methods improves the evaluation of submarine gas hydrate targets. This article discusses the relationship between resistivity and free gas/gas hydrate saturation levels, how the resistivity of the sediment may be measured and summarizes the status and results of current and past field studies.

Description: In times of accelerating climate change, species are challenged to respond to rapidly shifting environmental settings. Yet, faunal distribution and composition are still scarcely known for remote and little explored seas, where observations are limited in number and mostly refer to local scales. Here, we present the first comprehensive study on Eurasian-Arctic macrobenthos that aims to unravel the relative influence of distinct spatial scales and environmental factors in determining their large-scale distribution and composition patterns. To consider the spatial structure of benthic distribution patterns in response to environmental forcing, we applied Moran’s eigenvector mapping (MEM) on a large dataset of 341 samples from the Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas taken between 1991 and 2014, with a total of 403 macrobenthic taxa (species or genera) that were present in ≥ 10 samples. MEM analysis revealed three spatial scales describing patterns within or beyond single seas (broad: ≥ 400 km, meso: 100–400 km, and small: ≤ 100 km). Each scale is associated with a characteristic benthic fauna and environmental drivers (broad: apparent oxygen utilization and phosphate, meso: distance-to-shoreline and temperature, small: organic carbon flux and distance-to-shoreline). Our results suggest that different environmental factors determine the variation of Eurasian-Arctic benthic community composition within the spatial scales considered and highlight the importance of considering the diverse spatial structure of species communities in marine ecosystems. This multiple-scale approach facilitates an enhanced understanding of the impact of climate-driven environmental changes that is necessary for developing appropriate management strategies for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Arctic marine systems.

Description: Every year, vast quantities of plastic debris arrive at the ocean surface. Nevertheless, our understanding of plastic movements is largely incomplete and many of the processes involved with the horizontal and vertical displacement of plastics in the ocean are still basically unknown. In this chapter we review the dynamics associated with the transport of plastics and other pollutants at oceanic fronts. Fronts had been historically defined as simple barriers to exchange, but here we show that the role of these structures in influencing the transport of plastics is more complex. The tools used to investigate the occurrence of frontal structures at various spatial scales are reviewed in detail, with a particular focus on their potential applications to the study of plastic pollution. Three selected case studies are presented to better describe the role of fronts in favoring or preventing plastic exchanges: the large-scale Antarctic Circumpolar Current, a Mediterranean mesoscale front, and the submesoscale fronts in the Gulf of Mexico. Lastly, some aspects related to the vertical subduction of plastic particles at oceanic fronts are discussed as one of the most promising frontiers for future research. The accumulation of floating debris at the sea surface is mainly affected by the horizontal components of frontal dynamics. At the same time, vertical components can be relevant for the export of neutrally buoyant particles from the surface into the deep sea. Based on these evidences, we propose that submesoscale processes can provide a fast and efficient route of plastic transport within the mixed layer, while mesoscale instabilities and associated vertical velocities might be the dominant mechanism to penetrate the deeper ocean on slower but broader scales. We conclude that given the ubiquitous presence of fronts in the world’s ocean, their contribution to the global plastic cycle is probably not negligible and the role of these processes in vertically displacing neutrally buoyant microplastics should be investigated in more detail.