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  • 1
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    A mechanism for decadal climate variability : Prepared for the proceedings of the NATO winter school on "Decadal variability" held in Les Houches, Febr. 1995 (1996)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
    In:  MPI-Report, 187 . Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 43 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-08
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 2
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    El Hermanito: El Niño's overlooked little brother in the Atlantic (1996)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
    In:  MPI-Report, 196 . Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 22 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Description: An oscillation with a period of about 30 months has been identified in the equatorial Atlantic by analyzing sea surface temperature (SST) observations for the period 1949-1991. The 30-month time scale was also found in numerical simulations with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) that was forced by these SSTs and a coupled ocean atmosphere general circulation model (CGCM). Consistent with the theory of tropical air-sea interactions, the Atlantic oscillation (El Hermanito) is an inherently coupled air-sea mode and can be viewed as the Atlantic analogon of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon in the equatorial Pacific. El Hermanito is an internal Atlantic mode and appears to be independent of the quasi-biennial (QB) variability observed in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans. The discovery of El Hermanito is important to the prediction of Atlantic climate anomalies. (orig.)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 3
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    North Atlantic interdecadal variability: A coupled air-sea mode (1996)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
    In:  MPI-Report, 223 . Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, . pp.
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 4
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    The Coupled GCM ECHO-2. Part I: The Tropical Pacific (1996)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
    In:  MPI-Report, 184 . Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Bremerhaven, Germany, pp. 703-720, . pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 5
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    On the benefit of sea level assimilation in the tropical Pacific (1995)
    Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
    In:  MPI-Report, 170 . Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany, 30 pp.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-07
    Description: The EL Nino-Southern Oscillation phenomenon (ENSO) is an interannual perturbation of the climate system. It is characterized by a weakening of the trade winds and a warming of the sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific. ENSO occurs every 4-7 years and its impacts are felt worldwide. Recently, coupled ocean-atmosphere models have been used to describe ENSO and to predict it at lead times up to one to two years. The predictability of Enso is determined by the oceanic part of the coupled system. For forecasts, the accuracy of the initial state from which the prediction is started is crucial. Hence, data assimilation into ocean models should be a powerful tool to improve ENSO forecasts. The two different types of observational data, most relevant for ENSO predictions are temperature measurements down to a depth of a few hundred meters and sea level observations. In general the accuracy of temperature measurements is quite good and they contain the required information to initialize a coupled ocean atmosphere forecast system. However, these data are mainly taken from ships or buoys which may lead to poor spatial and temporal data coverage in certain areas. In contrast, sea level data are available almost continuously in space and time since they can be measured with good accuracy by satellites. In principle they both contain the ENSO signal, and it is an interesting question, whether the impact on ENSO forecasts is comparable for both types of data. (orig.)
    Type: Report , NonPeerReviewed
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