ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Chapter 1: Collaboration: Long-Term Partnerships for Local Development by Elisabeth Schauppenlehner-Kloyber --- Chapter 2: Evolution of Marketing in Smart Cities through the Collaboration Design by Urška Starc-Peceny, Anita Maček and Rasto Ovin --- Chapter 3: Social Media Use and Citizen Engagement in Local Government of Thailand by Sataporn Roengtam --- Chapter 4: Urban Planning in Decentralization and Local Autonomy Era: A Case Study on the Relationship Between Local Government and Civic Group in Development and Budget Planning in Malang City (Indonesia) by Salahudin, Achmad Nurmandi and Jainuri --- Chapter 5: The Key Role of Integral Extension in Socio-Environmental Innovation towards Sustainable Rural Development by Aida Huerta-Barrientos --- Chapter 6: Export, Import, Economic Growth, and Carbon Emissions in Bangladesh: A Granger Causality Test under VAR (Restricted) Environment by Farhana Ferdousi and Md. Qamruzzaman --- Chapter 7: Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World by Sheetal Sharma --- Chapter 8: The Spatial Structure of Ecuador: Analysis Using Market Potentials by Jorge Guido Sotomayor-Pereira, Jesús López-Rodríguez and Laura Varela-Candamio --- Chapter 9: The Economic Geography of Most North-Western Region of Spain: Galicia and the Effect of Market Access on Regional Development Levels by Jesús López-Rodríguez and Guillermo Manso-Fernández --- Chapter 10: Some Perpetually Old and New Development Issues in the EU Regions: Competitiveness, Resilience, and Convergence: Where Do the New Member States Stand? by Marioara Iordan and Mihaela-Nona Chilian --- Chapter 11: Regional Analysis for European Structural and Investment Funds on the Case of Slovenia-Austria Cross-Border Cooperation 2014–2020 by Vito Bobek and Anita Maček

Description / Table of Contents: 1 The Anthropocene and Neganthropology --- 2 Escaping the Anthropocene --- 3 Symptomatology of the Month of January 2015 in France --- 4 Elements of Neganthropology --- 5 Passages to the Act, Dialogical Interactions and Short-Circuits in Interactivity --- 6 Welcome to the Anthropocene: Text for an Encounter between Bernard Stiegler and Peter Sloterdijk --- 7 Governing Towards the Neganthropocene --- 8 Five Theses after Schmitt and Bratton --- 9 Capitalism as Epistēmē and Entropocene --- 10 The Organology of Dreams and Arche-Cinema --- 11 The Writing Screen --- 12 Power, Powerlessness, Thinking and Future --- 13 What is Called Caring? Thinking Beyond the Anthropocene

Description / Table of Contents: Deng, X.; López-Martínez, C.; Chen, J.; Han, P. Statistical Modeling of Polarimetric SAR Data: A Survey and Challenges. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(4), 348; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040348 --- Braun, A.; Hochschild, V. A SAR-Based Index for Landscape Changes in African Savannas. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(4), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9040359 --- Ghafouri, A.; Amini, J.; Dehmollaian, M.; Kavoosi, M. Better Estimated IEM Input Parameters Using Random Fractal Geometry Applied on Multi-Frequency SAR Data. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(5), 445; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050445 --- Kim, S.; Yu, J.; Jeon, S.; Dewantari, A.; Ka, M. Signal Processing for a Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) Video Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) with Beat Frequency Division Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW). Remote Sens. 2017, 9(5), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9050491 --- Chen, Q.; Li, L.; Xu, Q.; Yang, S.; Shi, X.; Liu, X. Multi-Feature Segmentation for High-Resolution Polarimetric SAR Data Based on Fractal Net Evolution Approach. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9060570 --- Garthwaite, M. On the Design of Radar Corner Reflectors for Deformation Monitoring in Multi-Frequency InSAR. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(7), 648; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070648 --- Tao, C.; Chen, S.; Li, Y.; Xiao, S. PolSAR Land Cover Classification Based on Roll-Invariant and Selected Hidden Polarimetric Features in the Rotation Domain. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(7), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070660 --- Giudici, D.; Monti Guarnieri, A.; Cuesta Gonzalez, J. Pre-Flight SAOCOM-1A SAR Performance Assessment by Outdoor Campaign. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(7), 729; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070729 --- Libert, L.; Derauw, D.; d’Oreye, N.; Barbier, C.; Orban, A. Split-Band Interferometry-Assisted Phase Unwrapping for the Phase Ambiguities Correction. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(9), 879; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090879 --- Zhao, J.; Wu, J.; Ding, X.; Wang, M. Elevation Extraction and Deformation Monitoring by Multitemporal InSAR of Lupu Bridge in Shanghai. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(9), 897; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090897 --- Park, J.; Kim, J.; Won, J. Fast and Efficient Correction of Ground Moving Targets in a Synthetic Aperture Radar, Single-Look Complex Image. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(9), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090926 --- Shi, X.; Jiang, H.; Zhang, L.; Liao, M. Landslide Displacement Monitoring with Split-Bandwidth Interferometry: A Case Study of the Shuping Landslide in the Three Gorges Area. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(9), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090937 --- Zhai, A.; Wen, X.; Xu, H.; Yuan, L.; Meng, Q. Multi-Layer Model Based on Multi-Scale and Multi-Feature Fusion for SAR Images. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(10), 1085; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9101085 --- Wang, C.; Chen, L.; Zhao, H.; Lu, Z.; Bian, M.; Zhang, R.; Feng, J. Ionospheric Reconstructions Using Faraday Rotation in Spaceborne Polarimetric SAR Data. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(11), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111169 --- Monti-Guarnieri, A.; Giudici, D.; Recchia, A. Identification of C-Band Radio Frequency Interferences from Sentinel-1 Data. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(11), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111183 --- Behnamian, A.; Banks, S.; White, L.; Brisco, B.; Millard, K.; Pasher, J.; Chen, Z.; Duffe, J.; Bourgeau-Chavez, L.; Battaglia, M. Semi-Automated Surface Water Detection with Synthetic Aperture Radar Data: A Wetland Case Study. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(12), 1209; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121209 --- Sun, L.; Muller, J.; Chen, J. Time Series Analysis of Very Slow Landslides in the Three Gorges Region through Small Baseline SAR Offset Tracking. Remote Sens. 2017, 9(12), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9121314 --- Di Martino, G.; Iodice, A.; Riccio, D.; Ruello, G.; Zinno, I. The Role of Resolution in the Estimation of Fractal Dimension Maps From SAR Data. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010009 --- Garthwaite, M. Correction: Garthwaite, M.C. on the Design of Radar Corner Reflectors for Deformation Monitoring in Multi-Frequency InSAR. Remote Sens. 2017, 9, 648. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010086 --- Zhang, H.; Tang, J.; Wang, R.; Deng, Y.; Wang, W.; Li, N. An Accelerated Backprojection Algorithm for Monostatic and Bistatic SAR Processing. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(1), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010140 --- Eshqi Molan, Y.; Kim, J.; Lu, Z.; Agram, P. L-Band Temporal Coherence Assessment and Modeling Using Amplitude and Snow Depth over Interior Alaska. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(1), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010150 --- Dong, Y.; Jiang, H.; Zhang, L.; Liao, M. An Efficient Maximum Likelihood Estimation Approach of Multi-Baseline SAR Interferometry for Refined Topographic Mapping in Mountainous Areas. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030454 --- Bu, Y.; Liang, X.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, F.; Li, Y. A Unified Algorithm for Channel Imbalance and Antenna Phase Center Position Calibration of a Single-Pass Multi-Baseline TomoSAR System. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030456 --- Neelmeijer, J.; Schöne, T.; Dill, R.; Klemann, V.; Motagh, M. Ground Deformations around the Toktogul Reservoir, Kyrgyzstan, from Envisat ASAR and Sentinel-1 Data—A Case Study about the Impact of Atmospheric Corrections on InSAR Time Series. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10030462 --- Tian, X.; Malhotra, R.; Xu, B.; Qi, H.; Ma, Y. Modeling Orbital Error in InSAR Interferogram Using Frequency and Spatial Domain Based Methods. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(4), 508; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10040508 --- Even, M.; Schulz, K. InSAR Deformation Analysis with Distributed Scatterers: A Review Complemented by New Advances. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(5), 744; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10050744 --- Washaya, P.; Balz, T.; Mohamadi, B. Coherence Change-Detection with Sentinel-1 for Natural and Anthropogenic Disaster Monitoring in Urban Areas. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(7), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10071026 --- Balz, T.; Sörgel, U.; Crespi, M.; Osmanoglu, B. Editorial for Special Issue “Advances in SAR: Sensors, Methodologies, and Applications”. Remote Sens. 2018, 10(8), 1233; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10081233

Description / Table of Contents: Does Sea Surface Temperature Contribute to Determining Range Limits and Expansion of Mangroves in Eastern South America (Brazil)? / by Arimatéa C. Ximenes, Leandro Ponsoni, Catarina F. Lira, Nico Koedam and Farid Dahdouh-Guebas. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(11), 1787; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10111787 --- Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Variability of the Eastern Coastal Zone of the Gulf of California / by Carlos Manuel Robles-Tamayo, José Eduardo Valdez-Holguín, Ricardo García-Morales, Gudelia Figueroa-Preciado, Hugo Herrera-Cervantes, Juana López-Martínez and Luis Fernando Enríquez-Ocaña. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(9), 1434; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10091434 --- Quality Assessment of Sea Surface Temperature from ATSRs of the Climate Change Initiative (Phase 1) / by Christoforos Tsamalis and Roger Saunders. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(4), 497; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10040497 --- Confirmation of ENSO-Southern Ocean Teleconnections Using Satellite-Derived SST / by Brady S. Ferster, Bulusu Subrahmanyam and Alison M. Macdonald. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(2), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020331 --- Spatio-Temporal Interpolation of Cloudy SST Fields Using Conditional Analog Data Assimilation / by Ronan Fablet, Phi Huynh Viet, Redouane Lguensat, Pierre-Henri Horrein and Bertrand Chapron. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020310 --- Optimal Estimation of Sea Surface Temperature from AMSR-E / by Pia Nielsen-Englyst, Jacob L. Høyer, Leif Toudal Pedersen, Chelle L. Gentemann, Emy Alerskans, Tom Block and Craig Donlon. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(2), 229; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020229 --- Exploring Machine Learning to Correct Satellite-Derived Sea Surface Temperatures / by Stéphane Saux Picart, Pierre Tandeo, Emmanuelle Autret and Blandine Gausset. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(2), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020224 --- The Accuracies of Himawari-8 and MTSAT-2 Sea-Surface Temperatures in the Tropical Western Pacific Ocean / by Angela L. Ditri, Peter J. Minnett, Yang Liu, Katherine Kilpatrick and Ajoy Kumar. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(2), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10020212 --- Role of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events on Temperature and Salinity Variability in the Agulhas Leakage Region / by Morgan L. Paris and Bulusu Subrahmanyam. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(1), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010127 --- Stability Assessment of the (A)ATSR Sea Surface Temperature Climate Dataset from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative / by David I. Berry, Gary K. Corlett, Owen Embury and Christopher J. Merchant. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(1), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010126 --- Bayesian Cloud Detection for 37 Years of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Area Coverage (GAC) Data / by Claire E. Bulgin, Jonathan P. D. Mittaz, Owen Embury, Steinar Eastwood and Christopher J. Merchant. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010097 --- The Role of Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 Channels within an Optimal Estimation Scheme for Sea Surface Temperature / by Kevin Pearson, Christopher Merchant, Owen Embury and Craig Donlon. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(1), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010090 --- Remote Sensing of Coral Bleaching Using Temperature and Light: Progress towards an Operational Algorithm / by William Skirving, Susana Enríquez, John D. Hedley, Sophie Dove, C. Mark Eakin, Robert A. B. Mason, Jacqueline L. De La Cour, Gang Liu, Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Alan E. Strong, Peter J. Mumby and Roberto Iglesias-Prieto. Remote Sensing 2018, 10(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10010018 --- Reconstruction of Daily Sea Surface Temperature Based on Radial Basis Function Networks / by Zhihong Liao, Qing Dong, Cunjin Xue, Jingwu Bi and Guangtong Wan. Remote Sensing 2017, 9(11), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111204 --- Submesoscale Sea Surface Temperature Variability from UAV and Satellite Measurements / by Sandra L. Castro, William J. Emery, Gary A. Wick and William Tandy. Remote Sensing 2017, 9(11), 1089; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9111089 --- Environmental Variability and Oceanographic Dynamics of the Central and Southern Coastal Zone of Sonora in the Gulf of California / by Ricardo García-Morales, Juana López-Martínez, Jose Eduardo Valdez-Holguin, Hugo Herrera-Cervantes and Luis Daniel Espinosa-Chaurand. Remote Sensing 2017, 9(9), 925; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090925 --- Determining the Pixel-to-Pixel Uncertainty in Satellite-Derived SST Fields / by Fan Wu, Peter Cornillon, Brahim Boussidi and Lei Guan. Remote Sensing 2017, 9(9), 877; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090877 --- Evaluation of the Multi-Scale Ultra-High Resolution (MUR) Analysis of Lake Surface Temperature / by Erik Crosman, Jorge Vazquez-Cuervo and Toshio Michael Chin. Remote Sensing 2017, 9(7), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9070723

Description / Table of Contents: The biggest problem for a shallow foundation, just as for any other type of foundation, is a failure due to an overestimation of the bearing capacity. This means that the correct prediction of the bearing capacity of the foundation is often the most important part of the design of a civil structure. That is why the publication by Prandtl in 1920 about the hardness of a plastic body, was a major step in solving the bearing capacity of shallow foundations, although it is well possible that he never realised this, because his solution was not made for civil engineering purposes, but for mechanical purposes. Over the last 100 years, a lot of extensions have been made, for example with inclination factors and shape factors. Also many laboratory experiments have been done and numerical calculations have been made. Some even try to extrapolate the failure mechanism for shallow foundations to the failure mechanism around the tip of a pile. All this scientific work leads back to the first publication by Ludwig Prandtl in 1920. This book, “100 Years of Prandtl’s Wedge”, is intended for all those who are interested in these fundamentals of foundation engineering and their history. The Appendices include a copy of Prandtl’s Über die Härte plastischer Körper and of Reissner’s publication of 1924, Zum Erddruckproblem.

Description / Table of Contents: Der Atlas liefert kartographische Übersichten zu gewässerkundlichen Grunddaten sowie zu den Themenbereichen Hydrometeorologie, oberirdische Gewässer, Bodenwasser, Grundwasser, Wasserhaushalt und dem Themenkomplex Hydrologie-Ökologie-Mensch.

Description / Table of Contents: Pazifikstaaten wie die Fidschi-Inseln sind wie kaum eine andere Region der Welt gekennzeichnet von gesellschaftlichen Veränderungen und dem globalen Umweltwandel. Auf Basis eines partizipativen Forschungsdesigns, durchgeführt in ausgewählten Küstendörfern, untersucht dieser Band die Auswirkungen der Globalisierung und des Klimawandels auf die Lebensqualität ihrer Bewohner. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, dass die Dorfbewohner keine passiven Opfer externer Prozesse sind, sondern aktiv ihr Leben gestalten. Mittels neo-traditioneller Bewegungen gelingt es den Bewohnern weitestgehend, ein festes Wertefundament als Grundlage ihrer kulturellen Identität zu bewahren. Eine intakte Gemeinschaft steht dabei im Zentrum spiritueller, ökonomischer und sozialer Werte. Im Zuge der gesellschaftlichen Transformation agieren die Gemeinschaften nicht mehr ortsgebunden, sondern bilden mithilfe moderner Transport- und Kommunikationstechnologien globalisierte Netzwerke – ohne dabei die Bezüge zu ihrer kulturellen Herkunft zu verlieren. Auswärts lebende Familienangehörige tragen so Wissen und materiellen Wohlstand in die Dorfgemeinschaften und erweitern die Handlungspotentiale und Lebensstandards der Küstendorfbewohner. Im Zuge der Wissensvermittlung erfolgt jedoch insbesondere die Darstellung des Klimawandels und seiner Gefahren verkürzt und nicht auf lokale Werte zurechtgeschnitten, sodass es auch zu Wahrnehmungsverzerrungen und Fehlanpassungen kommt. Im Kontext von Entwicklungszusammenarbeit rät diese Untersuchung daher zu kultureller Sensibilität und einer kritischen Reflektion ethnozentrischer Weltanschauungen, um die Lebensqualität in fidschianischen Dorfgemeinschaften nicht zu gefährden. In diesem Band werden ethnographische Ideale für eine kultur- und sozialgeographische Forschung im globalen Süden aufbereitet. Konzeptionell ist die Untersuchung in die kritische geographische Verwundbarkeits- und Transformationsforschung eingerahmt. In einem kulturräumlichen Überblick wird zunächst aus historisch-politischer Perspektive die Bedeutung postkolonialer Belastungen auf gegenwärtige Transformationsprozesse aufgezeigt. Das Herzstück bildet anschließend die ausführliche Analyse gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse auf die Lebensqualität in drei Küstendörfern der Fidschi-Inseln. | As other Pacific Islands Countries, Fiji is shaped by processes of social transformations and global environmental change. This study utilises ethnographic ideals for enhancing cultural and social geographic research in the global south. A participatory in-depth analysis of rural life in three Fijian coastal villages is at the core of this study. This is framed by a historic-political overview of the burden of Fiji's colonial past. Fijian coastal villagers are not passive victims of global social transformation and climate change. Through neo-traditional movements they actively form processes of social and cultural change. Rural Fijian norms, values and cultural identity crystallize in robust communities. Via modern forms of communication and transportation Fijians established globalised networks securing individuals' quality of life. Family members living far from their home villages remain in contact with their relatives. This way they keep their Fijian Identities as source of wellbeing and as well support the villagers' material wealth and knowledge to enhance capabilities. Merely regarding hazardous climate change impacts the passed on knowledge is spread abridged and poorly fitting into local value systems. Therefore, misperceptions and maladaptations are prevalent. In consequence this study pleads for development agencies to act culturally sensitive and to critically reflect ethnocentric worldviews in order not to harm Fijian values and wellbeing.

Description / Table of Contents: Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe is a seminal guide to mapping social and political issues with digital methods. The issue at stake concerns the imminent crisis of an ageing Europe and its impact on the contemporary welfare state. The book brings together three leading approaches to issue mapping: Bruno Latour's social cartography, Ulrich Beck's risk cartography and Jeremy Crampton's critical neo-cartography. These modes of inquiry are put into practice with digital methods for mapping the ageing agenda, including debates surrounding so-called 'old age', cultural philosophies of ageing, itinerant care workers, not to mention European anti-ageing cuisine. Issue Mapping for an Ageing Europe addresses an urgent social issue with new media research tools.

Description / Table of Contents: Questo volume è l’esito del confronto e delle riflessioni sviluppate durante il II Workshop “AIIG Giovani” organizzato a Roma nell’aprile del 2013. Nasce da un desiderio, quello di presentare l’importanza della combinazione tra metodi d’indagine tradizionali e nuovi per costruire sapere geografico, e da una passione, sostenuta dall’intreccio di relazioni umane che si evolvono nel tempo. Per chiarire quale possa essere il contributo della geografia alla comprensione del mondo contemporaneo, sempre più complesso, gli autori presentano le principali metodologie geografiche in quattro sezioni: “Territori della tecnologia”, “Identità, spazi, luoghi”, “Nodi della rete” e “Approcci sperimentali nella scuola che cambia”. Emerge dal lavoro un quadro multifocale che rispecchia la poliedricità e la trasversalità della geografia contemporanea, ancorato al comune bisogno di sviluppare strumenti interpretativi e d’azione. Ci si muove nell’ambito di una geografia critica e della complessità in grado di fornire ai cittadini globali differenti strumenti di interpretazione e comprensione del mondo, nuove metafore a partire dalle quali costruire e sperimentare forme alternative di cittadinanza consapevole ed attiva. Qui la geografia ritrova lo slancio di una disciplina fertile capace non solo di descrivere la Terra, ma anche di immaginare e creare nuovi mondi possibili. L’approdo naturale di questo percorso è la realtà scolastica dove è possibile sperimentare nuove forme di sapere e azione per rispondere alla sfida educativa contemporanea.

Description / Table of Contents: This monograph presents the results of archaeological research that takes a longitudinal approach to interpreting and understanding Aboriginal–European contact. It focuses on a small but unique area of tropical rainforest in far north Queensland’s Wet Tropics Bioregion, located within the traditional lands of the Jirrbal Aboriginal people on the Evelyn Tableland. The research integrates a diverse range of data sources: archaeological evidence recovered from Aboriginal open sites occupied in the pre- to post-contact periods, historical documents of early ethnographers, settlers and explorers in the region, supplemented with Aboriginal oral history testimony. Analyses of the archaeological evidence excavated from three open sites facilitated the identification of the trajectories of culture change and continuity that this investigation focused on: Aboriginal rainforest material culture and technology, plant subsistence strategies, and rainforest settlement patterns. Analyses of the data sets demonstrate that initial use of the rainforest environment on the Evelyn Tableland occurred during the early Holocene period, with successful adaptation and a change towards more permanent Aboriginal use of the rainforest becoming established in the late Holocene period. European arrival and settlement on traditional Aboriginal land resulted in a period of historical upheaval for the Aboriginal rainforest people. Following an initial period of violent interactions and strong Aboriginal resistance from the rainforest, Jirrbal Aboriginal people continued to adapt and transform their traditional culture to accommodate for the many changes forced upon them throughout the post‑contact period.