ALBERT

Note: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: Vorwort 1. Rationalität in Politik und Wirtschaft 2. Worum geht es in der Rational–Choice–Theorie? 3. Methodologische Defekte 4. Das Paradox der Wahlbeteiligung 5. Soziale Dilemmata und das Trittbrettfahrerproblem 6. Gesetzgebung und Abstimmungsparadox 7. Räumliche Theorien des politischen Wettbewerbs 8. Erwiderungen auf mögliche Gegenargumente Literatur Index

Note: I Physics of the Upper AtmosphereI.1 Introduction to the Earth’s Atmosphere -- I.2 Dynamics of the Atmosphere -- I.3 Atmospheric Tides -- I.4 Chemistry in the Atmosphere -- I.5 H2O in the Atmosphere -- I.6 Pollution of the Upper Atmosphere -- I.7 Transatmospheric Propagation of Radio Waves: The Role of the Atmosphere in Communication, Navigation, Geodesy etc. -- I.8 Atmosphere as a Part of the Biosphere -- I.9 Legal Aspects -- II Investigation Methods of the Upper Atmosphere -- II.1 Acoustic Methods for Probing the Upper Atmosphere -- II.2 Hydrodynamic and Electrodynamic Measurements -- II.3 Electromagnetic Waves in the Upper Atmosphere -- II.4 Chemistry and Physico-Chemistry -- II.5 Modification Methods -- III International Reference and Model Atmosphere -- III.1 Selected Features of the Middle Atmosphere -- III.2 The Thermosphere: Selected Features -- III.3 The Ionosphere -- III.4 Magnetosphere -- IV Special Phenomena of the Upper Atmosphere -- IV.1 Stratospheric Midwinter Warmings -- IV.2 The Antarctic Ozone Hole -- IV.3 Polar Mesospheric Clouds -- IV.4 Night Glow -- IV.5 Aurorae -- V Solar-Terrestrial Relations -- V.1 Solar Activity, Solar Cycle, Coordinates -- V.2 The Solar Wind and Its Effects on Geospace -- V.3 Geomagnetic Activity Indices -- VI Data Centres, Computer Network Communications, Observing Systems and Data Growth Rate Problems, Problems with Long-Term Data, Relevant for the Upper Atmosphere -- VI.1 General Overview of Online Services and Data Centres -- VI.2 The World Data Centre System, International Data Exchange, and New ICSU Programs -- VI.3 Computer Network Communications -- VI.4 SELDADS and SELSIS -- VI.5 Data Growth Rate Problems and Problems with Long-Term Data..

Note: Front Cover; SEAWATER: ITS COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR; Copyright Page; CONTENTS; ABOUT THIS VOLUME; ABOUT THIS SERIES; CHAPTER 1. WATER , AIR AND ICE; 1.1 THE SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF WATER; 1.2 THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; 1.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 1; CHAPTER 2. TEMPERATURE IN THE OCEANS; 2.1 SOLAR RADIATION; 2.2 DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE TEMPERATURES; 2.3 DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE WITH DEPTH; 2.4 ENERGY FROM THE THERMOCLINE - A BRIEF DIGRESSION; 2.5 TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER MOVEMENT; 2.6 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 2; CHAPTER 3. SALINITY IN THE OCEANS; 3.1 CONSTANCY OF COMPOSITION. , 3.2 VARIATIONS IN SALINITY3.3 THE MEASUREMENT OF SALINITY; 3.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 3; CHAPTER 4. DENSITY AND PRESSURE IN THE OCEAN; 4.1 WATER MASSES; 4.2 DEPTH (PRESSURE), DENSITY AND TEMPERATURE; 4.3 T-S DIAGRAMS; 4.4 MIXING PROCESSES IN THE OCEANS; 4.5 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER4; CHAPTER 5. LIGHT AND SOUND IN SEAWATER; 5.1 UNDERWATER LIGHT; 5.2 UNDERWATER SOUND; 5.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 5; CHAPTER 6. THE SEAWATER SOLUTION; 6.1 THE GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SEAWATER; 6.2 SOURCES AND SINKS, OR WHY THE SEA IS SALT; 6.3 CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS IN SEAWATER; 6.4 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 6. , CHAPTER 7. SEAWATER AND THE GLOBAL CYCLE7.1 A SHORT HISTORY OF SEAWATER; 7.2 A LOOK AHEAD; 7.3 SUMMARY OF CHAPTER; APPENDIX: CONVERSIONS BETWEEN pH AND [H+]; SUGGESTED AND COMMENTS READING; ANSWERS AND COMMENTS TO QUESTIONS; ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS; INDEX.

Note: Pages 3-6, Introduction, Helmut Wilhelm, Walter Zürn, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 9-26, Tide-generating potential for the earth, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 27-57, Tidal response of the solid Earth, Rongjiang Wang --- Pages 59-75, Analysis of earth tide observations, Hans-Georg Wenzel --- Pages 77-94, Earth tide observations and interpretation, Walter Zürn --- Pages 95-109, The nearly-diurnal free wobble-resonance, Walter Zürn --- Pages 113-143, Ocean tides, Wilfried Zahel --- Pages 145-171, Earth tides and ocean tidal loading, Gerhard Jentzsch --- Pages 173-181, Ocean tides and earth rotation, Johannes Wünsch --- Pages 183-218, Chandler wobble and pole tide in relation to interannual atmosphere-ocean dynamics, Hans-Peter Plag --- Pages 221-246, Atmospheric tides, Hans Volland --- Pages 247-260, Long-period variations of solar irradiance, Helmut Wilhelm --- Pages 261-274, Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena, Nils Olsen --- Pages 277-291, Tides in water saturated rock, Hans-Joachim Kümpel --- Pages 293-309, Tidal triggering of earthquakes and volcanic events, Dieter Emter --- Pages 311-339, Tidal tilt modification along an active fault, Malte Westerhaus --- Pages 343-344, Satellite orbit perturbations induced by tidal forces, Peter Schwintzer --- Pages 345-377, Tides of io, Tilman Spohn --- Pages 379-380, Tidal effects in binary star systems, Gerhard Schäfer --- Pages 381-386, Tidal interactions between galaxies, Claus Möllenhoff

Note: Pages 3-34, Physical grounds for acoustic remote sensing of the atmospheric boundary layer, M. A. Kallistratova --- Pages 35-84, An overview of the technological development of atmospheric echosounders (SODARS), John A. Kleppe --- Pages 85-104, Design of a tri-monostatic doppler sodar system, Yoshiki Ito --- Pages 105-116, A modular PC-based multiband sodar system, G. Mastrantonio, S. Argentini --- Pages 117-132, Mini acoustic sounding, a powerful tool for ABL applications: Recent advances, D. N. Asimakopoulos, C. G. Helmis, M. Petrakis --- Pages 133-141, Radio-acoustic temperature profiling in the troposphere, G. Bonino --- Pages 142-176, Radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) for studying the lower atmosphere, S. P. Singal, Malti Goel --- Pages 179-190, Determination of the turbulent structure parameters, Pan Naixian --- Pages 191-201, Turbulence variables derived from sodar data, R. L. Coulter --- Pages 202-235, Development of sodar detection and its application for studies of atmospheric boundary layer in Beijing, China, Mingyu Zhou --- Pages 236-246, Influence of the nocturnal low-level-jet on the vertical and mesoscale structure of the stable boundary layer as revealed from doppler-sodar-observations, Frank Beyrich, Dieter Kalass, Ulrich Weisensee --- Pages 247-274, Dynamics of the continental boundary layer: The CRPE sodar results (1984–1993), Christine Amory-Mazaudier --- Pages 275-292, Sodar investigations of gravity waves by cross spectral analysis, Günther Bull --- Pages 293-306, Sodar monitoring of nocturnal boundary layer during the harmattan in Ile-Ife, Nigeria, J. A. Adedokun --- Pages 307-324, An overview of similarity methods to estimate turbulence quantities from sodar measurements in the convective boundary layer, Dimitrios Melas --- Pages 325-384, Sodar: A tool to characterize hazardous situations in air pollution and communication, S. P. Singal, B. S. Gera, Neeraj Saxena --- Pages 385-394, Application of sodar in urban air-quality monitoring systems, Jacek Walczewski --- Pages 395-405, Operational use of sodar information in nowcasting, Th. Foken, H.-J. Albrecht, K. Sasz, F. Vogt --- Pages 409-448, Acoustic remote sensing of ocean flows, Antony Joseph K, Ehrlich Desa --- Pages 449-475, Acoustic remote sensing of ocean-atmosphere interactions, A. Weill, H. Dupuis