Signatur:
9781119750901 (e-book)
In:
Geophysical monograph, 284
Materialart:
12
Seiten:
1 Online-Ressource (xi, 268 Seiten)
,
Illustrationen
Ausgabe:
first published 2024
ISBN:
9781119750901
,
978-1-119-75090-1
,
9781119750895
,
978-1-119-75089-5
Serie:
Geophysical monograph 284
URL:
Fulltext @ Ebook Central (AWI only)
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Ocean Soundscape
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Seismic Waves
1.2.1 Body Waves
1.2.2 Surface Waves
1.3 Noise Sources in the Oceans
1.3.1 Noise from Geological Origins (Geophony)
1.3.2 Noise from Biological Origins (Biophony)
1.3.3 Noise from Anthropogenic Origins (Anthrophony)
1.4 Tools for Recording Marine Noise
1.4.1 Ocean-Bottom Seismometers
1.4.2 Ocean-Bottom Nodes
1.4.3 Ocean-Bottom Observatories
1.4.4 Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers
1.4.5 Echosounders
1.4.6 Drifters and Floats
1.5 Common Data-Processing Methods
1.5.1 Time-Drift Correction
1.5.2 Data Reduction
1.5.3 Instrument Relocation through Travel-Time Analysis
1.5.4 Rotation for Geophone Reorientation
1.5.5 Converting from Counts to Physical Units
1.5.6 Removing the Mean from the Data Set
1.5.7 Frequency Spectrum, Spectrogram, and Power Spectral Density
1.5.8 Frequency Filtering
1.5.9 Polarization Analysis
1.6 Summary of Chapters
1.7 Future Developments of Acoustic Measurements in the Ocean
References
Chapter 2 Seismic Ambient Noise: Application to Taiwanese Data
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background Ambient Seismic Noise in Taiwan
2.3 Ambient Seismic Noise Generated by Intense Storms
2.4 Deepsea Internal Waves Southeast of Offshore Taiwan
2.5 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor and "Bubble" SDEs in SW Offshore Taiwan
2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Seasonal and Geographical Variations in the Quantified Relationship Between Significant Wave Heights and Microseisms: An Example From Taiwan
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Method and Data Processing
3.2.1 Data
3.2.2 Method
3.3 Testing and Determining Parameters
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Seasonal Variation
3.4.2 Geographical Variation
3.4.3 Residual Distributions of the SHW Simulation
3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Listening for Diverse Signals From Emergent and Submarine Volcanoes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Detection and Monitoring of Submarine Volcanism
4.2.1 Hydroacoustic Arrays
4.2.2 Seismometer Arrays
4.2.3 Cabled Systems
4.2.4 Limitations in Detecting Submarine Volcanism
4.3 Diverse Volcano Signals Recorded Underwater
4.3.1 Distinguishing Signal from Noise in the Ocean
4.3.2 High-Frequency Volcanic Signals
4.3.3 Low-Frequency Volcanic Signals
4.3.4 Volcanic Tremor Signals
4.3.5 Volcanic Explosion-Type Signals
4.3.6 Volcanic Landslide Signals
4.4 Conclusions
Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5 Seismic and Acoustic Monitoring of Submarine Landslides: Ongoing Challenges, Recent Successes, and Future Opportunities
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Recent Advances in Direct Monitoring of Submarine Landslides
5.1.2 Aims
5.2 Passive Geophysical Monitoring of Terrestrial Landslides
5.3 Which Aspects of Submarine Landslides Should We Be Able to Detect with Passive Systems?
5.4 Recent Advances and Opportunities in Passive Monitoring of Submarine Landslides
5.4.1 Determining the Timing and Location of Submarine Landslides at a Margin Scale Using Land-Based Seismological Networks
5.4.2 Quantifying Landslide Kinematics Using Hydrophones
5.4.3 Characterizing Landslide Run-Out to Enhance Hazard Assessments
5.4.4 Opportunities Using Distributed Cable-Based Sensing
5.5 The Application of Passive Geophysical Monitoring in Advancing Submarine Landslide Science
5.5.1 Can Passive Seismic and Acoustic Techniques Overcome the Logistical Challenges That Have Previously Hindered the Monitoring of Submarine Landslides?
5.5.2 What Aspects of Submarine Landslides Can We Assess from Passive Remote Sensing Techniques, and What Needs To Be Resolved?
5.5.3 Suggestions for Future Directions
5.6 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Iceberg Noise
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Waveforms of Iceberg Noise
6.2.1 Iceberg Bursts
6.2.2 Iceberg Tremor
6.2.3 Iceberg Harmonic Tremor
6.3 Observation and Location of Iceberg Noise
6.3.1 Hydroacoustic Records at Long Distances
6.3.2 Records of Regional Hydroacoustic Networks
6.3.3 Seismic Records in Antarctica
6.4 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Iceberg Noise
6.5 Source Mechanisms of Iceberg Noise
6.6 Discussion
6.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 The Sound of Hydrothermal Vents
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Theory of Sound Production by Hydrothermal Vents
7.2.1 Radiation Efficiency
7.2.2 Monopole
7.2.3 Dipole
7.2.4 Quadrupole
7.2.5 Estimated Source Sound Pressure Levels
7.2.6 Estimated Source Spectra
7.3 Survey of Acoustic Measurements
7.3.1 Very Low Frequency (〈 10 Hz)
7.3.2 Narrowband
7.3.3 Broadband
7.3.4 Tidal Variability
7.3.5 Summary of Acoustic Measurements
7.4 Other Sources of Ambient Noise
7.4.1 Microseisms
7.4.2 Local and Teleseismic Events
7.4.3 Biological Sources
7.4.4 Anthropogenic Sources
7.5 Measurement and Analysis Considerations
7.5.1 Flow Noise and Coupled Vibration
7.5.2 Sound Speed in Hydrothermal Fluid
7.5.3 Near Field vs Far Field
7.5.4 Hydrophone Array Measurements
7.6 Conclusion
Nomenclature
References
Chapter 8 Atypical Signals: Characteristics and Sources of Short-Duration Events
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Signal Characteristics
8.3 Worldwide Distribution of SDEs
8.4 Observations and Studies Advancing SDE Understanding
8.4.1 Observations from Different Types of Ocean Bottom Instruments
8.4.2 Continuous Long-Term, Multidisciplinary Monitoring of Gas Emissions
8.4.3 Correlation with Acoustic Monitoring of Gas Emissions
8.4.4 Correlation with Earthquakes
8.4.5 Correlation with Tides
8.4.6 Controlled in situ and Laboratory Experiments
8.5 Discussion of SDE Potential Sources
8.5.1 Biological Origin
8.5.2 Action of Ocean/Sea Currents
8.5.3 Fluids in Near-Surface Sediments
8.5.4 Low-Magnitude Seismicity
8.5.5 Source Modeling
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Short-Duration Events Associated With Active Seabed Methane Venting: Scanner Pockmark, North Sea
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Scanner Pockmark Complex
9.3 CHIMNEY Seismic Experiment
9.4 Methods
9.5 Results
9.6 Discussion
9.6.1 Characteristics of SDEs
9.6.2 Spatial Distribution of SDEs
9.6.3 Negative Correlation with the Tide
9.6.4 Efficiency of SDE Detection
9.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 Ambient Bubble Acoustics: Seep, Rain, and Wave Noise
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bubbles as Acoustic Sources
10.2.1 The Injection of a Gas Bubble
10.2.2 Bubbles as Simple Harmonic Oscillators
10.2.3 Minnaert Frequency
10.3 Subsurface Gas Release
10.3.1 Gas-Seep Acoustics
10.4 Rainfall Acoustics
10.5 Acoustics of Breaking Waves
10.6 Conclusion
Further Reading
Appendix
Symbology
References
Chapter 11 Baleen Whale Vocalizations
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Marine Mammal Classification
11.2 Physical Description of Sound and Its Conventions
11.2.1 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
11.2.2 Source Level (SL)
11.2.3 Whale-Sound Analysis
11.3 Marine Mammal Vocalizations
11.3.1 Sirenia and Carnivora
11.3.2 Toothed Whales
11.3.3 Baleen Whales
11.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Tracking and Monitoring Fin Whales Offshore Northwest Spain Using Passive Acoustic Methods
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Passive Acoustic Monitoring
12.1.2 Fin Whale Vocalizations
12.1.3 Data Available for This Study
12.2 Methods
12.2.1 Call Detection
12.2.2 Delay Estimation
12.2.3 Localization and Tracking
12.2.4 Kalman Filter
12.3 Results
12.3.1 Detections
12.3.2 Localization
12.3.3 Tracking
12.4 Discussion
12.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Noise From Marine Traffic
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Underwater Radiated Noise
13.2.1 Sources of Shipping Noise
13.2.2 Measuring Radiated Noise
13.2.3 Modeling Underwater Radiated Noise
13.3 Noise Mapping
13.3.1 Modeling Shipping Contributions
13.3.2 Source Properties
13.3.3 Acoustic Propagation
13.3.4 Noise-Mapping Applications
13.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14 Tracking Multiple Underwater Vessels With Passive Sonar Using Beamforming and a Trajectory PHD Filter
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Narrow-Band Signal Model
14.3 Detection via Beamforming and CA-CFAR
14.3.1 CBF
14.3.2 CA-CFAR
14.4 T
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