ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface and acknowledgments The book website www.cambridge.org/smylie 1 Introduction and theoretical background 1.1 Scalar, vector and tensor analysis 1.2 Separation of vector fields 1.3 Vector spherical harmonics 1.4 Elasticity theory 1.5 Linear algebraic systems 1.6 Interpolation and approximation 2 Time sequence and spectral analysis 2.1 Time domain analysis 2.2 Linear optimum Wiener filters 2.3 Frequency domain analysis 2.4 Fourier series and transforms 2.5 Power spectral density estimation 2.6 Maximum entropy spectral analysis 3 Earth deformations 3.1 Equilibrium equations 3.2 The reciprocal theorem of Betti 3.3 Radial equations: spheroidal and torsional 3.4 Dynamical equations 3.5 Solutions near the geocentre 3.6 Numerical integration of the radial equations 3.7 Fundamental, regular solutions in the inner core 4 Earth's rotation: observations and theory 4.1 Reference frames 4.2 Polar motion and wobble 4.3 The dynamics of polar motion and wobble 4.4 Nutation and motion of the celestial pole 5 Earth's figure and gravitation 5.1 Historical development 5.2 External gravity and figure 5.3 Equilibrium theory of the internal figure 5.4 Gravity coupling 6 Rotating fluids and the outer core 6.1 The inertial wave equation 6.2 Dynamics of the fluid outer core 6.3 Scaling of the core equations 6.4 Compressibility and density stratification 7 The subseisniic equation and boundary conditions 7.1 The subseismic wave equation 7.2 Deformation of the shell and inner core 8 Variational methods and core modes 8.1 A subseismic variational principle 8.2 Representation of the functional 8.3 Finite element support functions 8.4 Boundary conditions and constraints 8.5 Numerical implementation and results 8.6 Rotational splitting and viscosity 8.7 A viscosity profile for the outer core 9 Static deformations and dislocation theory 9.1 The elasticity theory of dislocations 9.2 The theory for realistic Earth models 9.3 Changes in the inertia tensor and the secular polar shift Appendix A Elementary results from vector analysis A.1 Vector identities A.2 Vector calculus identities A.3 Integral theorems Appendix B Properties of Legendre functions B.1 Recurrence relations B.2 Evaluation of Legendre functions Appendix C Numerical Earth models C.1 The Earth models References Fortran index Subject index

Note: Contents Preface Editor Contributors Chapter 1 Sampling and Sample Treatments / Oliver Wurl Chapter 2 Analysis of Dissolved and Particulate Organic Carbon with the HTCO Technique / Oliver Wurl and Tsai Min Sin Chapter 3 Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Analysis of Carbohydrates in Marine Samples / Christos Panagiotopoulos and Oliver Wurl Chapter 4 The Analysis of Amino Acids in Seawater / Thorsten Dittmar, Jennifer Cherrier, and Kai-Uwe Ludwichowski Chapter 5 Optical Analysis of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter / Norman B. Nelson and Paula G. Coble Chapter 6 Isotope Composition of Organic Matter in Seawater / Laodong Guo and Ming-Yi Sun Chapter 7 Determination of Marine Gel Particles / Anja Engel Chapter 8 Nutrients in Seawater Using Segmented Flow Analysis / Alain Aminot, Roger Kérouel, and Stephen C. Coverly Chapter 9 Dissolved Organic and Particulate Nitrogen and Phosphorous / Gerhard Kattner Chapter 10 Pigment Applications in Aquatic Systems / Karen Helen Wiltshire Chapter 11 Determination of DMS, DMSP, and DMSO in Seawater / Jacqueline Stefels Chapter 12 Determination of Iron in Seawater / Andrew R. Bowie and Maeve C. Lohan Chapter 13 Radionuclide Analysis in Seawater / Mark Baskaran, Gi-Hoon Hong, and Peter H. Santschi Chapter 14 Sampling and Measurements of Trace Metals in Seawater / Sylvia G. Sander, Keith Hunter, and Russell Frew Chapter 15 Trace Analysis of Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Seawater / Oliver Wurl Chapter 16 Pharmaceutical Compounds in Estuarine and Coastal Waters / John L. Zhou and Zulin Zhang Appendix A: First Aid for Common Problems with Typical Analytical Instruments Appendix B: Chemical Compatibilities and Physical Properties of Various Materials Appendix C: Water Purification Technologies

Note: Contents Contents Preface Acknowledgements Part 1: Making Sediment Introduction Clastic sediment as a chemical and physical breakdown product 1.1 Introduction: clastic sediments—'accidents' of weathering 1.2 Silicate minerals and chemical weathering 1.3 Solute flux: rates and mechanisms of silicate chemical weathering 1.4 Physical weathering 1.5 Soils as valves and filters for the natural landscape 1.6 Links between soil age, chemical weathering and weathered-rock removal 1.7 Provenance: siliciclastic sediment-sourcing Further reading 2 Carbonate, siliceous, iron-rich and evaporite sediments 2.1 Marine vs. freshwater chemical composition and fluxes 2.2 The calcium carbonate system in the oceans 2.3 Ooid carbonate grains 2.4 Carbonate grains from marine plants and animals 2.5 Carbonate muds, oozes and chalks 2.6 Other carbonate grains of biological origins 2.7 Organic productivity, sea-level and atmospheric controls of biogenic CaCO3 deposition rates 2.8 CaCO3 dissolution in the deep ocean and the oceanic CaCO3 compensation mechanism 2.9 The carbonate system on land 2.10 Evaporite salts and their inorganic precipitation as sediment 2.11 Silica and pelagic plankton 2.12 Iron minerals and biomineralizers 2.13 Desert varnish 2.14 Phosphates 2.15 Primary microbial-induced sediments: algal mats and stromatolites Further reading 3 Sediment grain properties 3.1 General 3.2 Grain size 3.3 Grain-size distributions 3.4 Grain shape and form 3.5 Bulk properties of grain aggregates Further reading Part 2: Moving Fluid Introduction 4 Fluid basics 4.1 Material properties of fluids 4.2 Fluid kinematics 4.3 Fluid continuity with constant density 4.4 Fluid dynamics 4.5 Energy, mechanical work and power Further reading 5 Types of fluid motion 5.1 Osborne Reynolds and flow types 5.2 The distribution of velocity in viscous flows: the boundary layer 5.3 Turbulent flows 5.4 The structure of turbulent shear flows 5.5 Shear flow instabilities, flow separation and secondary currents 5.6 Subcritical and supercritical flows: the Froude number and hydraulic jumps 5.7 Stratified flow generally 5.8 Water waves 5.9 Tidal flow—long-period waves Further reading Part 3: Transporting Sediment Introduction 6 Sediment in fluid and fluid flow—general 6.1 Fall of grains through stationary fluids 6.2 Natural flows carrying particulate material are complex 6.3 Fluids as transporting machines 6.4 Initiation of grain motion 6.5 Paths of grain motion 6.6 Categories of transported sediment 6.7 Some contrasts between wind and water flows 6.8 Cohesive sediment transport and erosion 6.9 A warning: nonequilibrium effects dominate natural sediment transport systems 6.10 Steady state, deposition or erosion: the sediment continuity equation and competence vs. capacity Further reading 7 Bedforms and sedimentary structures in flows and under waves 7.1 Trinity of interaction: turbulent flow, sediment transport and bedform development 7.2 Water-flow bedforms 7.3 Bedform phase diagrams for water flows 7.4 Water flow erosional bedforms on cohesive beds 7.5 Water wave bedforms 7.6 Combined flows: wave-current ripples and hummocky cross-stratification 7.7 Bedforms and structures formed by atmospheric flows Further reading 8 Sediment gravity flows and their deposits 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Granular flows 8.3 Debris flows 8.4 Turbidity flows 8.5 Turbidite evidence for downslope transformation from turbidity to debris flows Further reading 9 Liquefaction, fluidization and sliding sediment deformation 9.1 Liquefaction 9.2 Sedimentary structures formed by and during liquefaction 9.3 Submarine landslides, growth faults and slumps 9.4 Desiccation and synaeresis shrinkage structures Further reading Part 4: Major External Controls on Sedimentation and Sedimentary Environments Introduction 10 Major external controls on sedimentation 10.1 Climate 10.2 Global climates: a summary 10.3 Sea-level changes 10.4 Tectonics 10.5 Sediment yield, denudation rate and the sedimentary record Further reading Part 5: Continental Sedimentary Environments Introduction 11 Rivers 11.1 Introduction 11.2 River networks, hydrographs,patterns and long profiles 11.3 Channel form 11.4 Channel sediment transport processes, bedforms and internal structures 11.5 The floodplain 11.6 Channel belts, alluvial ridges and avulsion 11.7 River channel changes, adjustable variables and equilibrium 11.8 Alluvial architecture: product of complex responses 11.9 Alluvial architecture: scale, controls and time Further reading 12 Subaerial Fans: Alluvial and Colluvial 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Controls on the size (area) and gradient of fans 12.3 Physical processes on alluvial fans 12.4 Debris-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.5 Stream-flow-dominated alluvial fans 12.6 Recognition of ancient alluvial fans and talus cones Further reading 13 Aeolian Sediments in Low-Latitude Deserts 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Aeolian system state 13.3 Physical processes and erg formation 13.4 Erg margins and interbedform areas 13.5 Erg and draa evolution and sedimentary architecture 13.6 Erg construction, stasis and destruction: climate and sea-level controls 13.7 Ancient desert facies Further reading 14 Lakes 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Lake stratification 14.3 Clastic input by rivers and the effect of turbidity currents 14.4 Wind-forced physical processes 14.5 Temperate lake chemical processes and cycles 14.6 Saline lake chemical processes and cycles 14.7 Biological processes and cycles 14.8 Modern temperate lakes and their sedimentary facies 14.9 Lakes in the East African rifts 14.10 Lake Baikal 14.11 The succession of facies as lakes evolve 14.12 Ancient lake facies Further reading 15 Ice 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Physical processes of ice flow 15.3 Glacier flow, basal lubrication and surges 15.4 Sediment transport, erosion and deposition by flowing ice 15.5 Glacigenic sediment: nomenclature and classification 15.6 Quaternary and modern glacial environments and facies 15.7 Ice-produced glacigenic erosion and depositional facies on land and in the periglacial realm 15.8 Glaciofluvial processes on land at and within the ice-front 15.9 Glacimarine environments 15.10 Glacilacustrine environments 15.11 Glacial facies in the pre-Quaternary geological record: case of Cenozoic Antarctica Further reading Part 6: Marine Sedimentary Environments Introduction 16. Estuaries 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Estuarine dynamics 16.3 Modern estuarine morphology and sedimentary environments 16.4 Estuaries and sequence stratigraphy Further reading 17. River and Fan Deltas 17.1 Introduction to river deltas 17.2 Basic physical processes and sedimentation at the river delta front 17.3 Mass movements and slope failure on the subaqueous delta 17.4 Organic deposition in river deltas 17.5 River delta case histories 17.6 River deltas and sea-level change 17.7 Ancient river delta deposits 17.8 Fan deltas Further reading 18. Linear Siliciclastic Shorelines 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Beach processes and sedimentation 18.3 Barrier-inlet-spit systems and their deposits 18.4 Tidal flats, salt marsh and chenier ridges 18.5 Ancient clastic shoreline facies Further reading 19 Siliciclastic Shelves 19.1 Introduction: shelf sinks and lowstand bypass 19.2 Shelf water dynamics 19.3 Holocene highstand shelf sediments: general 19.4 Tide-dominated, low river input, highstand shelves 19.5 Tide-dominated, high river input, highstand shelves 19.6 Weather-dominated highstand shelves Further reading 20 Calcium-carbonate-evaporite Shorelines, Shelves and Basins 20.1 Introduction: calcium carbonate 'nurseries' and their consequences 20.2 Arid carbonate tidal flats, lagoons and evaporite sabkhas 20.3 Humid carbonate tidal flats and marshes 20.4 Lagoons and bays 20.5 Tidal delta and margin-spillover carbonate tidal sands 20.6 Open-shelf carbonate ramps 20.7 Platform margin reefs and carbonate build-ups 20.8 Platform margin slopes and basins 20.9 Carbonate sediments, cycles and sea-level change 20.10 Displacement and destruction of carbonate environments: silicicl

Note: Contents Contributors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments 1. Background and Approach / Michael D. Delong, Martin C. Thoms, Timothy D. Jardine, and Arthur C. Benke INTRODUCTION BASIC APPROACH CHAPTER CONTENTS AND BACKGROUND REFERENCES 2. Atlantic Coast Rivers of the Northeastern United States / John K. Jackson, Sally A. Entrekin, Hamish S. Greig, and Allison H. Roy INTRODUCTION KENNEBEC RIVER MERRIMACK RIVER HOUSATONIC RIVER RARITAN RIVER MULLICA RIVER PATUXENT RIVER POTOMAC RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 3. Atlantic Coast Rivers of the Southeastern United States / Cecil A. Jennings, Elizabeth P. Anderson, Arthur C. Benke, Tom J. Kwak, Mark C. Scott, and Leonard A Smock INTRODUCTION YORK RIVER ROANOKE RIVER GREAT PEE DEE RIVER SANTEE RIVER EDISTO RIVER ALTAMAHA RIVER SATILLA RIVER ST. MARYS RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 4. Gulf Coast Rivers of the Southeastern United States / G. Milton Ward, Amelia K. Ward, and Phillip M. Harris INTRODUCTION PASCAGOULA RIVER TOMBIGBEE RIVER BLACK WARRIOR RIVER COOSA-TALLAPOOSA RIVERS CONECUH-ESCAMBIA RIVER CHOCTAWHATCHEE RIVER FLINT RIVER CALOOSAHATCHEE RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 5. Gulf Coast Rivers of the Southwestern United States / Jude A. Benavides, John Karges, Kevin B. Mayes, Hanadi S. Rifai, and Cyndi V. Castro INTRODUCTION PECOS RIVER DEVILS RIVER NUECES RIVER NUECES-RIO GRANDE BASIN SAN MARCOS RIVER TRINITY RIVER SAN JACINTO RIVER NECHES RIVER ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS REFERENCES 6. Rivers of the Lower Mississippi Basin / Clifford A. Ochs, Joseph Baustian, Audrey B. Harrison, Paul Hartfield, Carol Johnston, Catherine A. Justis, Daniel Larsen, Andrew Mickelson, Bryan P. Piazza, and Jonathan J. Spurgeon INTRODUCTION CURRENT RIVER CACHE RIVER HATCHIE RIVER WOLF RIVER OUACHITA RIVER SALINE RIVER BIG SUNFLOWER RIVER ATCHAFALAYA RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 7. Southern Plains Rivers / Caryn C. Vaughn, Keith B. Gido, Kevin R. Bestgen, Joshuah S. Perkin, and Steven P. Platania INTRODUCTION ARKANSAS RIVER HEADWATERS CANADIAN RIVER HEADWATERS CIMARRON RIVER NINNESCAH RIVER NEOSHO RIVER ILLINOIS RIVER WASHITA RIVER KIAMICHI RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 8. Upper Mississippi River Basin / Michael D. Delong, Gregory W. Whitledge, Charles H. Theiling, and James T. Lamer INTRODUCTION CHIPPEWA RIVER ROOT RIVER WAPSIPINICON RIVER DES MOINES-SKUNK RIVERS ROCK RIVER SANGAMON RIVER MERAMEC RIVER KASKASKIA RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 9. Ohio River Basin / David S. White and Susan P. Hendricks INTRODUCTION GREEN RIVER KENTUCKY RIVER GREAT MIAMI RIVER LICKING RIVER SCIOTO RIVER MUSKINGUM RIVER ALLEGHENY RIVER MONONGAHELA RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 10. Missouri River Basin / David L. Galat, Patrick J. Braaten, Christopher Guy, Christopher Hoagstrom, Travis Horton, David Moser, and Craig Paukert INTRODUCTION MADISON RIVER MILK RIVER CHEYENNE RIVER NIOBRARA RIVER BIG SIOUX RIVER KANSAS RIVER GRAND RIVER OSAGE RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 11. Colorado River Basin / Anya N. Metcalfe, Jeffrey D. Muehlbauer, Morgan A. Ford, and Theodore A. Kennedy INTRODUCTION GUNNISON RIVER SAN JUAN RIVER VIRGIN RIVER BILL WILLIAMS RIVER BLACK RIVER VERDE RIVER SALT RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 12. Pacific Coast Rivers of the Coterminous United States / Arthur C. Benke, Vincent H. Resh, Patina K. Mendez, Peter B. Moyle, and Stanley V. Gregory INTRODUCTION SKAGIT RIVER UMPQUA RIVER EEL RIVER RUSSIAN RIVER SANTA ANA RIVER SANTA MARGARITA RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 13. Columbia River Basin / Jack A. Stanford, Audrey Thompson, Eli Asher, Stanley V. Gregory, Gordon Reeves, Don Ratliff, Nick Bouwes, Christopher Frissell, and Richard N. Williams INTRODUCTION METHOW RIVER WENATCHEE RIVER COWLITZ RIVER SPOKANE RIVER DESCHUTES RIVER JOHN DAY RIVER GRANDE RONDE RIVER CLEARWATER RIVER OWYHEE RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 14. Great Basin Rivers / Dennis K. Shiozawa, Andrea L. Kokkonen, Peter C. Searle, and Samantha A. Tilden INTRODUCTION CARSON RIVER MARYS RIVER WEBER RIVER PROVO RIVER SPANISH FORK RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 15. Fraser River Basin / Eduardo G. Martins, Stephen J. Déry, and David A. Patterson INTRODUCTION WEST ROAD (BLACKWATER) RIVER QUESNEL RIVER CHILCOTIN RIVER LILLOOET-HARRISON RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 16. Pacific Coast Rivers of Canada and Alaska / Alexander M. Milner, Kristin Carpenter, Michael D. Delong, Jonathan Moore, Gordon Reeves, and Ciara Sharpe INTRODUCTION CHILKAT RIVER COPPER RIVER NASS RIVER NUSHAGAK RIVER TAKU RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 17. Yukon River Basin / Robert C. Bailey and Christopher R. Burn INTRODUCTION TESLIN RIVER PELLY RIVER WHITE RIVER STEWART RIVER PORCUPINE RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 18. Mackenzie River Basin / Joseph M. Culp, Eric A. Luiker, Robert B. Brua, Jordan L. Musetta-Lambert, Daryl B. Halliwell, and Jennifer Lento INTRODUCTION SMOKY RIVER STEEPBANK RIVER HAY RIVER SOUTH NAHANNI RIVER YELLOWKNIFE RIVER ARCTIC RED RIVER PEEL RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 19. Nelson and Churchill River Basins / lain Phillips, Timothy D. Jardine, Karl-Erich Lindenschmidt, Cherie Westbrook, and John Pomeroy INTRODUCTION SIBBALD CREEK BOW RIVER BEAVER RIVER OTTER TAIL RIVER QU’APPELLE RIVER DAUPHIN RIVER SMITH CREEK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 20. Rivers of Arctic North America / Jennifer Lento, Sarah M. Laske, Eric A. Luiker, Joseph M. Culp, Leslie Jones, Christian E. Zimmerman, and Wendy A. Monk INTRODUCTION KOBUK RIVER COLVILLE RIVER THELON RIVER KAZAN RIVER KOROC RIVER NAKVAK BROOK THOMSEN RIVER RUGGLES RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 21. Atlantic Coast Rivers of Canada / Wendy A. Monk, Michelle A. Gray, James H. McCarthy, Kurt M. Samways, and R. Allen Curry INTRODUCTION CHURCHILL RIVER HUMBER RIVER MARGAREE RIVER BEDEQUE BAY COMPLEX FUNDY COMPLEX CASCAPEDIA RIVER ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 22. St. Lawrence River—Great Lakes Basin / Gary A. Lamberti, Andrew F. Casper, David M. Costello, and David J. Janetski INTRODUCTION AU SABLE RIVER BLACK RIVER CUYAHOGA RIVER MAUMEE RIVER MUSKEGON RIVER ONTONAGON RIVER RIVIERE RICHELIEU RIVIERE SAINT-MAURICE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 23. Rivers of Mexico / Allison A. Pease, Krista A. Capps, Maria M. Castillo, Dean A. Hendrickson, Manuel Mendoza-Carranza, Rocio Rodiles-Hernandez, Colton Avila, and Topiltzin Contreras-MacBeath INTRODUCTION RIO FUERTE RIO SALADO RIO NAZAS-AGUANAVAL RIO TAMESI RIO BALSAS RIO DE LA SIERRA RIO LACANTUN RIO HONDO ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES 24. Rivers of North America: Overview and Future Prospects / J. David Allan, Mary L. Khoury, Michael D. Delong, Timothy D. Jardine, and Arthur C. Benke THE VARIETY OF RIVERS RESTORATION AND RECOVERY OF NORTH AMERICA’S RIVERS CONCLUSION REFERENCES Appendix Glossary Index of Rivers

Note: Contents Preface Introduction to the second edition What this book is about How the book is organized Why R? Updates Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Getting and Getting Acquainted with R 1.1 Getting started 1.2 Getting R 1.3 Getting R Studio 1.4 Let's play 1.5 Usin g R as a giant calculator (the size of your computer) 1.6 Your first script 1.7 Intermezzo remarks 1.8 Important functionality: packages 1.9 Getting help 1.10 A mini-practical - some in-depth play 1.11 Some more top tips and hints for a successful first (and more) R experience Appendix 1a Mini-tutorial solutions Appendix 1b File extensions and operating systems Chapter 2: Getting Your Data into R 2.1 Getting data ready for R 2.2 Getting your data into R 2.3 Checking that your data are your data 2.4 Basic troubleshooting while importing data 2.5 Summing up Appendix Advanced activity: dealing with untidy data Chapter 3: Data Management, Manipulation, and Exploration with dplyr 3.1 Summary statistics for each variable 3.2 dplyr verbs 3.3 Subsetting 3.4 Transforming 3.5 Sorting 3.6 Mini-summary and two top tips 3.7 Calculating summary statistics about groups of your data 3.8 What have you learned ... lots Appendix 3a Comparing classic methods and dplyr Appendix 3b Advanced dplyr Chapter 4: Visualizing Your Data 4.1 The first step in every data analysis — making a picture 4.2 ggplot2: a grammar for graphics 4.3 Box-and-whisker plots 4.4 Distributions: making histograms of numeric variables 4.5 Saving your graphs for presentation, documents, etc. 4.6 Closing remarks Chapter 5: Introducing Statistics in R 5.1 Getting started doing statistics in R 5.2 x2 contingency table analysis 5.3 Two-sample t-test 5.4 Introducing ... linear models 5.5 Simple linear regression 5.6 Analysis of variance: the one-way ANOVA 5.7 Wrapping up Appendix Getting packages not on CRAN Chapter 6: Advancing Your Statistics in R 6.1 Getting started with more advanced statistics 6.2 The two-way ANOVA 6.3 Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) 6.4 Overview: an analysis workflow Chapter 7: Getting Started with Generalized Linear Models 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Counts and rates — Poisson GLMs 7.3 Doing it wrong 7.4 Doing it right — the Poisson GLM 7.5 When a Poisson GLM isn’t good for counts 7.6 Summary, and beyond simple Poisson regression Chapter 8: Pimping Your Plots: Scales and Themes in ggplot2 8.1 What you already know about graphs 8.2 Preparation 8.3 What you may want to customize 8.4 Axis labels, axis limits, and annotation 8.5 Scales 8.6 The theme 8.7 Summing up Chapter 9: Closing Remarks: Final Comments and Encouragement General Appendices Appendix 1 Data Sources Appendix 2 Further Reading Appendix 3 R Markdown Index

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Ocean Soundscape 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Seismic Waves 1.2.1 Body Waves 1.2.2 Surface Waves 1.3 Noise Sources in the Oceans 1.3.1 Noise from Geological Origins (Geophony) 1.3.2 Noise from Biological Origins (Biophony) 1.3.3 Noise from Anthropogenic Origins (Anthrophony) 1.4 Tools for Recording Marine Noise 1.4.1 Ocean-Bottom Seismometers 1.4.2 Ocean-Bottom Nodes 1.4.3 Ocean-Bottom Observatories 1.4.4 Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers 1.4.5 Echosounders 1.4.6 Drifters and Floats 1.5 Common Data-Processing Methods 1.5.1 Time-Drift Correction 1.5.2 Data Reduction 1.5.3 Instrument Relocation through Travel-Time Analysis 1.5.4 Rotation for Geophone Reorientation 1.5.5 Converting from Counts to Physical Units 1.5.6 Removing the Mean from the Data Set 1.5.7 Frequency Spectrum, Spectrogram, and Power Spectral Density 1.5.8 Frequency Filtering 1.5.9 Polarization Analysis 1.6 Summary of Chapters 1.7 Future Developments of Acoustic Measurements in the Ocean References Chapter 2 Seismic Ambient Noise: Application to Taiwanese Data 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Background Ambient Seismic Noise in Taiwan 2.3 Ambient Seismic Noise Generated by Intense Storms 2.4 Deepsea Internal Waves Southeast of Offshore Taiwan 2.5 Gas Emissions at the Seafloor and "Bubble" SDEs in SW Offshore Taiwan 2.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 3 Seasonal and Geographical Variations in the Quantified Relationship Between Significant Wave Heights and Microseisms: An Example From Taiwan 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Method and Data Processing 3.2.1 Data 3.2.2 Method 3.3 Testing and Determining Parameters 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Seasonal Variation 3.4.2 Geographical Variation 3.4.3 Residual Distributions of the SHW Simulation 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments References Chapter 4 Listening for Diverse Signals From Emergent and Submarine Volcanoes 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Detection and Monitoring of Submarine Volcanism 4.2.1 Hydroacoustic Arrays 4.2.2 Seismometer Arrays 4.2.3 Cabled Systems 4.2.4 Limitations in Detecting Submarine Volcanism 4.3 Diverse Volcano Signals Recorded Underwater 4.3.1 Distinguishing Signal from Noise in the Ocean 4.3.2 High-Frequency Volcanic Signals 4.3.3 Low-Frequency Volcanic Signals 4.3.4 Volcanic Tremor Signals 4.3.5 Volcanic Explosion-Type Signals 4.3.6 Volcanic Landslide Signals 4.4 Conclusions Availability Statement Acknowledgments References Chapter 5 Seismic and Acoustic Monitoring of Submarine Landslides: Ongoing Challenges, Recent Successes, and Future Opportunities 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Recent Advances in Direct Monitoring of Submarine Landslides 5.1.2 Aims 5.2 Passive Geophysical Monitoring of Terrestrial Landslides 5.3 Which Aspects of Submarine Landslides Should We Be Able to Detect with Passive Systems? 5.4 Recent Advances and Opportunities in Passive Monitoring of Submarine Landslides 5.4.1 Determining the Timing and Location of Submarine Landslides at a Margin Scale Using Land-Based Seismological Networks 5.4.2 Quantifying Landslide Kinematics Using Hydrophones 5.4.3 Characterizing Landslide Run-Out to Enhance Hazard Assessments 5.4.4 Opportunities Using Distributed Cable-Based Sensing 5.5 The Application of Passive Geophysical Monitoring in Advancing Submarine Landslide Science 5.5.1 Can Passive Seismic and Acoustic Techniques Overcome the Logistical Challenges That Have Previously Hindered the Monitoring of Submarine Landslides? 5.5.2 What Aspects of Submarine Landslides Can We Assess from Passive Remote Sensing Techniques, and What Needs To Be Resolved? 5.5.3 Suggestions for Future Directions 5.6 Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References Chapter 6 Iceberg Noise 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Waveforms of Iceberg Noise 6.2.1 Iceberg Bursts 6.2.2 Iceberg Tremor 6.2.3 Iceberg Harmonic Tremor 6.3 Observation and Location of Iceberg Noise 6.3.1 Hydroacoustic Records at Long Distances 6.3.2 Records of Regional Hydroacoustic Networks 6.3.3 Seismic Records in Antarctica 6.4 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Iceberg Noise 6.5 Source Mechanisms of Iceberg Noise 6.6 Discussion 6.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 The Sound of Hydrothermal Vents 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Theory of Sound Production by Hydrothermal Vents 7.2.1 Radiation Efficiency 7.2.2 Monopole 7.2.3 Dipole 7.2.4 Quadrupole 7.2.5 Estimated Source Sound Pressure Levels 7.2.6 Estimated Source Spectra 7.3 Survey of Acoustic Measurements 7.3.1 Very Low Frequency (〈 10 Hz) 7.3.2 Narrowband 7.3.3 Broadband 7.3.4 Tidal Variability 7.3.5 Summary of Acoustic Measurements 7.4 Other Sources of Ambient Noise 7.4.1 Microseisms 7.4.2 Local and Teleseismic Events 7.4.3 Biological Sources 7.4.4 Anthropogenic Sources 7.5 Measurement and Analysis Considerations 7.5.1 Flow Noise and Coupled Vibration 7.5.2 Sound Speed in Hydrothermal Fluid 7.5.3 Near Field vs Far Field 7.5.4 Hydrophone Array Measurements 7.6 Conclusion Nomenclature References Chapter 8 Atypical Signals: Characteristics and Sources of Short-Duration Events 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Signal Characteristics 8.3 Worldwide Distribution of SDEs 8.4 Observations and Studies Advancing SDE Understanding 8.4.1 Observations from Different Types of Ocean Bottom Instruments 8.4.2 Continuous Long-Term, Multidisciplinary Monitoring of Gas Emissions 8.4.3 Correlation with Acoustic Monitoring of Gas Emissions 8.4.4 Correlation with Earthquakes 8.4.5 Correlation with Tides 8.4.6 Controlled in situ and Laboratory Experiments 8.5 Discussion of SDE Potential Sources 8.5.1 Biological Origin 8.5.2 Action of Ocean/Sea Currents 8.5.3 Fluids in Near-Surface Sediments 8.5.4 Low-Magnitude Seismicity 8.5.5 Source Modeling 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 9 Short-Duration Events Associated With Active Seabed Methane Venting: Scanner Pockmark, North Sea 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Scanner Pockmark Complex 9.3 CHIMNEY Seismic Experiment 9.4 Methods 9.5 Results 9.6 Discussion 9.6.1 Characteristics of SDEs 9.6.2 Spatial Distribution of SDEs 9.6.3 Negative Correlation with the Tide 9.6.4 Efficiency of SDE Detection 9.7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 10 Ambient Bubble Acoustics: Seep, Rain, and Wave Noise 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bubbles as Acoustic Sources 10.2.1 The Injection of a Gas Bubble 10.2.2 Bubbles as Simple Harmonic Oscillators 10.2.3 Minnaert Frequency 10.3 Subsurface Gas Release 10.3.1 Gas-Seep Acoustics 10.4 Rainfall Acoustics 10.5 Acoustics of Breaking Waves 10.6 Conclusion Further Reading Appendix Symbology References Chapter 11 Baleen Whale Vocalizations 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Marine Mammal Classification 11.2 Physical Description of Sound and Its Conventions 11.2.1 Sound Pressure Level (SPL) 11.2.2 Source Level (SL) 11.2.3 Whale-Sound Analysis 11.3 Marine Mammal Vocalizations 11.3.1 Sirenia and Carnivora 11.3.2 Toothed Whales 11.3.3 Baleen Whales 11.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 Tracking and Monitoring Fin Whales Offshore Northwest Spain Using Passive Acoustic Methods 12.1 Introduction 12.1.1 Passive Acoustic Monitoring 12.1.2 Fin Whale Vocalizations 12.1.3 Data Available for This Study 12.2 Methods 12.2.1 Call Detection 12.2.2 Delay Estimation 12.2.3 Localization and Tracking 12.2.4 Kalman Filter 12.3 Results 12.3.1 Detections 12.3.2 Localization 12.3.3 Tracking 12.4 Discussion 12.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 13 Noise From Marine Traffic 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Underwater Radiated Noise 13.2.1 Sources of Shipping Noise 13.2.2 Measuring Radiated Noise 13.2.3 Modeling Underwater Radiated Noise 13.3 Noise Mapping 13.3.1 Modeling Shipping Contributions 13.3.2 Source Properties 13.3.3 Acoustic Propagation 13.3.4 Noise-Mapping Applications 13.4 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 14 Tracking Multiple Underwater Vessels With Passive Sonar Using Beamforming and a Trajectory PHD Filter 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Narrow-Band Signal Model 14.3 Detection via Beamforming and CA-CFAR 14.3.1 CBF 14.3.2 CA-CFAR 14.4 T

Note: Contents Part I Introduction Predictive Environmental Indicators in Metal Mining / Bernd Lottermoser Part II Waste Quality Principles of Sulfide Oxidation and Acid Rock Drainage / Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Sulfidic Waste Characteristics / Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Bernd Lottermoser Micro-analytical Technologies for Mineral Mapping and Trace Element Deportment / Ron F. Berry, Leonid V. Danyushevsky, Karsten Goemann, Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Thomas Rodemann Predicting Waste Properties Using the Geochemistry-Mineralogy- Texture-Geometallurgy Approach / Anita Parbhakar-Fox Chemical Staining Techniques for Drill Core Characterization / Anita Parbhakar-Fox, Nathan Fox, Jake Moltzen and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Acid Rock Drainage Using Field-Based Testing Tools / Anita Parbhakar-Fox, John Aalders, Laura Jackson and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Acid Rock Drainage from Automated Mineralogy / Anita Parbhakar-Fox, Bernd Lottermoser, Richard Hartner, Ron F. Berry and Taryn L. Noble Predictive Waste Classification Using Field-Based and Environmental Geometallurgy Indicators, Mount Lyell, Tasmania / Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Bernd Lottermoser Predictive Waste Classification Using the Geochemistry-Mineralogy- Texture-Geometallurgy (GMTG) Approach at a Polymetallic Mine / Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Bernd Lottermoser Part III Water Quality pH Testing Methods for Sulfidic Mine Wastes / Taryn L. Noble, Bernd Lottermoser and Anita Parbhakar-Fox Modified Abrasion pH and NAGpH Testing of Minerals / Taryn L. Noble and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Leachate Quality for a Gossan Dump, Angostura, Spain / Anita Parbhakar-Fox, Julie Hunt, Bernd Lottermoser, Eleanor M. van Veen and Nathan Fox Prediction of Metal Mobility from Sulfidic Waste Rocks Using Micro-analytical Tools, Baal Gammon, Northern Australia / Nathan Fox, Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Metal Mobility from Sulfidic Waste Rocks Using Micro-Analytical Tools, Spray, Tasmania / Nathan Fox, Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Bernd Lottermoser Part IV Air Quality Mineral Dust Emissions at Metalliferous Mine Sites / Taryn L. Noble, Anita Parbhakar-Fox, Ron F. Berry and Bernd Lottermoser Mineral Dust Properties at the Mt Lyell Cu-Au Mine Site, Australia / Taryn L. Noble, Ron F. Berry and Bernd Lottermoser Assessing Mineral Dust Properties Using Passive Dust Samplers and Scanning Electron Microscopy / Taryn L. Noble, Ron F. Berry, Karsten Goemann and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Mineral Dust Properties at Mine Sites / Taryn L. Noble, Ron F. Berry, Karsten Goemann and Bernd Lottermoser Part V Land Quality Bioaccessibility Testing for Metals at Mine Sites / Eleanor M. van Veen and Bernd Lottermoser Prediction of Plant Metal Bioaccessibility in Mineralized and Sulfidic Rocks / Eleanor M. van Veen, Bernd Lottermoser and Taryn L. Noble Predicting Plant Metal Bioaccessibility at the Historic Wheal Maid Tailings Lagoons, Cornwall, UK / Eleanor M. van Veen, Bernd Lottermoser, Anita Parbhakar-Fox and Julie Hunt Index

Note: Contents Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Land Degradation in the UNCCD and GEF 1.3 Concepts, Processes, and Scales of Land Degradation 1.4 Assessment of Resilience of Agroecosystems 2 The Potential for Assessment of Land Degradation by Remote Sensing 2.1 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 2.2 Remote Sensing Features That Characterize NDVI- Based Assessments of Land Degradation 2.3 Other Vegetation Indices Closely Related to NDVI 2.3.1 Indices Closely Related to NDVI 2.3.2 Comparing NDVI to EVI 3 Applications of NDVI for Land Degradation Assessment 3.1 Land-Use and Land-Cover Change 3.2 Drought and Drought Early Warning 3.3 Desertification 3.4 Soil Erosion 3.5 Soil Salinization 3.6 Vegetation Burning 3.7 Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) 3.8 Biodiversity Monitoring and Conservation 3.9 Monitoring Ecosystem Resilience 4 Limits to the Use of NDVI in Land Degradation Assessment 5 Key Issues in the Use of NDVI for Land Degradation Assessment 5.1 NDVI, NPP, and Land Degradation 5.2 NDVI, RUE, and Land Degradation 5.3 Separating the Effects of Other Causes of NDVI Changes 5.4 Abrupt Changes 6 Development of Land Degradation Assessments 7 Experts’ Opinions on the Use of NDVI for Land Degradation Assessment 7.1 NDVI: Rainfall Proportionality, an Important Consideration 7.2 Building on the GLADA Assessment 8 Main Global NDVI Datasets, Databases, and Software 8.1 Main NDVI Datasets 8.2 Quality-Related Considerations 8.3 Precipitation Datasets 8.4 NDVI Software 9 Country-Level Use of Satellite Products to Detect and Map Land Degradation Processes 10 Challenges to the Use of NDVI in Land Degradation Assessments 11 Recommendations for Future Application of NDVI 11.1 In the Convention National Reporting 11.2 In a Revised GEF Resource Allocation Methodology 12 Conclusion Appendix A Inventory of Some Global and Sub-global Remote Sensing-Based Land Degradation Assessments Appendix B Use of Remote Sensing-Derived Land Productive Capacity Dynamics for the New World Atlas of Desertification (WAD) Appendix C Developments with GLADA Appendix D China’s Experiences on the Usefulness of GLADA Appendix E Main Features of Image Products from the Different Sensors Appendix F UNCCD Core Indicators for National Reporting: ICCD/COP(11)/CST/2 Appendix G Current Cost of Selected Satellite Imagery Appendix H Software for Processing Satellite Images to Develop the NDVI References

Note: Contents Part I Application of Microbial Technology in Food 1 Recent Food Preservation Techniques Employed in the Food Industry / Shiny Shajil, Andrea Mary, and C. Elizabeth Rani Juneius 2 Metagenomic Insights into Environmental Microbiome and Their Application in Food/Pharmaceutical Industry / Ramya Sree Boddu and K. Divakar 3 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Changing Paradigm of Probiotics from Functional Foods to Biotherapeutic Agents / Eldin M. Johnson, Yong-Gyun Jung, Ying-Yu Jin, Seung Hwan Yang, R. Jayabalan, and Joo Won Suh 4 Microbial Valorization of Chitinous Bioresources for Chitin Extraction and Production of Chito-Oligomers and N-Acetylglucosamine: Trends, Perspectives and Prospects / Suman Kumar Halder and Keshab Chandra Mondal 5 Seaweed Liquid Fertilizers: A Novel Strategy for the Biofortification of VegeTables and Crops / C. Elizabeth Rani Juneius, M. Sundari, R. Eswaralakshmi, and S. Elumalai 6 Green Algae Biomass Cultivation, Harvesting and Genetic Modifications for Enhanced Cellular Lipids / Parveen Kumar, Devendra Kumar, Priyanka Nehra, and P. K. Sharma 7 Probiotics: The Ultimate Nutritional Supplement / Rout George Kerry, Pratima Pradhan, Dibyaranjan Samal, Sushanto Gouda, Gitishree Das, Han-Seung Shin, and Jayanta Kumar Patra 8 An Insight into the Prevalence and Enzymatic Abatement of Urethane in Fermented Beverages / Bidyut R. Mohapatra 9 Sea Water as a Reaction Medium for Bioethanol Production / Dash Indira, Baskar Das, P. Balasubramanian, and R. Jayabalan 10 Bacterial Mediated Plant Protection: Induced Systemic Resistance in Soybean / Shekhar Jain, Devendra Kumar Choudhary, Kanti Prakash Sharma, and Rashmi Aggarwal 11 Mycotoxins and Pesticides: Toxicity and Applications in Food and Feed / Manoj Kumar, Ramesh Chand, and Kavita Shah 12 Microbes and Their Role in Drought Tolerance of Agricultural Food Crops / Rout George Kerry, Sushmita Patra, Sushanto Gouda, Jayanta Kumar Patra, and Gitishree Das 13 Microbial Remediation of Persistent Agro- chemicals by Soil Bacteria: An Overview / Suraja Kumar Nayak, Byomkesh Dash, and Bighneswar Baliyarsingh Part II Application of Microbial Technology in Pharmacology 14 Insectivorous Plants of India: Sources of Bioactive Compounds to Fight Against Antimicrobial Resistance / Sanjeet Kumar, Sunil S. Thorat, Rajendra K. Labala, and Jayanta Kumar Patra 15 Exploring the Multifaceted Role of Microbes in Pharmacology / Mitali Mishra, Kanchan Vishwakarma, Jaspreet Singh, Shruti Jain, Vivek Kumar, Durgesh Kumar Tripathi, and Shivesh Sharma 16 Pharmacological Applications of Metabolites of Mangrove Endophytes: A Review / Swagat Kumar Das, Dibyajyoti Samantray, and Hrudayanath N. Thatoi 17 Application of Oncolytic Virus as a Therapy of Cancer / Sushil Kumar Sahu and Mukesh Kumar 18 Microbes in the Treatment of Diabetes and Its Complications / Suneeta Narumanchi, Yashavanthi Mysore, and Nidhina Haridas Pachakkil Antharaparambath 19 Microbe-Based Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesis and Biomedical Applications: An Update / Mallappa Kumara Swamy, Gudepalya Renukaiah Rudramurthy, Jayanta Kumar Patra, and Uma Rani Sinniah 20 Role of Silver Nanoparticles in Treatment of Plant Diseases / Jyotsna Sharma, Vivek K. Singh, Anil Kumar, Raju Shankarayan, and Sharada Mallubhotla 21 Endophytic Fungi and Bioactive Metabolites Production: An Update / Ramesha Alurappa, Srinivas Chowdappa, Radhakrishnan Narayanaswamy, Uma Rani Sinniah, Sudipta Kumar Mohanty, and Mallappa Kumara Swamy 22 Fungal Endophytes from Seaweeds: An Overview / Vipin Kumar Singh, Abhishek Kumar Dwivedy, Akanksha Singh, Simran Asawa, Awanindra Dwivedi, and Nawal Kishore Dubey 23 Probiotic Biosurfactants: A Potential Therapeutic Exercises in Biomedical Sciences / Priyanka Saha, Deepa Nath, Manabendra Dutta Choudhury, and Anupam Das Talukdar 24 Recent Antibiotics Used in Dental Disease Management / Jerusha Santa Packyanathan, C. Elizabeth Rani Juneius, and M. Vinoth Index