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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2023-10-30
    Description: Es wird eine Übersicht der aus dem „Prä-Aquitanium" des Mainzer Beckens bekannten Taxa der Charophyten vorgestellt. Als Basis dieser Bestandsaufnahme, die einen ersten Schritt für detaillierte Untersuchungen bieten soll, dient die Arbeit Mowahed-Awal(1970), deren Originalmaterial teilweise neu interpretiert wurde. Daneben werden auch Aussagen zur Biostratigraphie und Paläobiogeographie sowie allgemeine Angaben zur Paläoökologie und Biostratinomie gemacht.
    Description: Abstract: A Compilation of the taxa of charophytes occuring in the „pre-aquitanian" Tertiary beds of the Mainz basin is presented to suggest more detailed investigations. Being the base of the following inventory, the publication of Mowahed-Awal(1970), the only one up to now dedicated to the subject, had to be partially reinterpreted with regard to its original material. Furthermore, some data on biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography are given, and more in general, remarks on paleoecology and biostratinomy.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562 ; Mainzer Becken ; Tertiär ; Charophyten ; Biostratigraphie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-05-12
    Description: Die vorliegende Bearbeitung erfaßt die Bivalven des „prä-aquitanen" Sedimentkomplexes des Mainzer Beckens und umfaßt 148 Arten; ihre stratigraphische Verbreitung und regionales Vorkommen im Mainzer Becken i. e. S. wird dokumentiert.
    Description: Abstract: The presented treatment covers 148 bivalve species of the //Pre-Aquitanian,/ beds within the Mainz basin. Their stratigraphical ränge and regional occurence is documented.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562 ; Mainzer Becken ; Tertiär ; Bivalven
    Language: German
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-01-18
    Description: Die Untersuchungen sollen Zusammenhänge zwischen den Stufen der Bodenacidität und den Liganden der aciditätsbestimmenden H- und Al-Ionen (organische Substanz und Ton) unter Berücksichtigung des pH-Wertes bestimmen. Die Ergebnisse basieren auf der statistischen Auswertung von Analysendaten zahlreicher Waldböden aus verschiedenen Gebieten von Rheinland-Pfalz.
    Description: Abstract: In forest soils of Rheinland-Pfalz the relationships between the degrees of soil acidity and the contents of organic matter and clay were evaluated statistically with regard to the soil pH.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:631.41 ; Rheinland-Pfalz ; Bodenversauerung ; Waldböden
    Language: German
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-07-15
    Description: Auf der Basis von Mikrofaunen-Untersuchungen wurden die Corbicula- Schichten des Mainzer Beckens s. str. feinstratigraphisch-paläoökologisch bearbeitet. Die Untersuchungen stützten sich auf detaillierte Geländeprofile vom Sommerberg, südwestlich Alzey und aus den Steinbrüchen bei Göllheim, Oppenheim/Nierstein und Rüssingen. Für den stratigraphischen Bereich vom höchsten Teil der Oberen Cerithien-Schichten bis in basale Lagen der Hydrobien-Schichten werden 4 Profilabschnitte nachgewiesen, in denen ein verstärktes Auftreten von Foraminiferen und brackischen Ostrakoden auf eine Erhöhung der Salinität im ehemaligen Ablagerungs- und Lebensraum schließen läßt. Ökologische Faktoren können jedoch unterschiedliche Mikrofaunen- Assoziationen an den verschiedenen Untersuchungspunkten eines gleichen stratigraphischen Niveaus bedingen. Das Einsetzen des Ostrakoden Hemicyprideis lienenklausi Marz in mittleren Lagen der Corbicula-Schichten ermöglicht eine Zweiteilung in Untere und Obere Corbicula-Schichten. Als mikrofaunistisches Abgrenzungskriterium Obere Cerithien-Schichten/Corbicula- Schichten wird das Erlöschen von Hemicyprideis rhenana (LienenkLaus) herangezogen. Gleichzeitig ist an der Wende Obere Cerithien-Schichten/Corbicula-Schichten ein scharfer ökologischer Wechsel von brackischen zu limnischen Verhältnissen zu beobachten. Die Grenze Corbicula-Schichten/Hydrobien-Schichten ist mikropaläontologisch nicht exakt faßbar. Sicherstes Abgrenzungskriterium bleibt daher das Erlöschen von Hydrobia inflata (Liu). Die Foraminifere Nonionoides demens (BıXx) und der Ostrakode Cypridopsis (Obliquopsis) obliqua Maız setzen in höheren Lagen der Corbicula-Schichten sehr vereinzelt ein. Individuenreiche Populationen dieser Arten können als sicherer Hinweis auf Hydrobien- Schichten angesehen werden. Im Kapitel Mikropaläontologie werden die stratigraphisch wichtigen Hemicyprideis- Arten (Östracoda) beschrieben und abgebildet. Die Foraminiferen-Gattungen Neobulimina CusHMANn & Wickenpen und Glabratella Dorreen werden erstmalig für das Mainzer Becken nachgewiesen.
    Description: Abstract: Based on investigations of microfaunas the Corbicula beds of the Mainz basin s. str. are researched biostratigraphically and paleoecologically. The investigations rely on sections from a road cut near Alzey and at the quarries of Göllheim, Oppenheim/ Nierstein and Rüssingen. Four stratigraphical sections can be proved which are characterized by increased appearance of foraminifers and brackish ostracods from the uppermost part of the Upper Cerithium beds up to the basal layers of the Hydrobia beds. These sections indicate increases of salinity in the paleoenvironment. Other ecological factors can imply different microfauna associations at several points of investigation within the same stratigraphical horizon. A subdivision into Lower Corbicula beds and Upper Corbicula beds is possible by the first appearance of the ostracod Hemicyprideis lienenklausi Maız in the middle layers of the Corbicula beds. The micropaleontological delimitation Upper Cerithium beds/Corbicula beds is defined by the extinction of Hemicyprideis rhenana (Lienenktaus). The boundary Upper Cerithium beds/Corbicula beds is also characterized by a sharp ecological change from brackish to fresh-water conditions in the paleoenvironment. An exact micropaleontological criterion to define the boundary Corbicula beds/Hydrobia beds was not found. The extinction of Hydrobia inflata (Lıuı) is considered as the best biostratigraphical datum to limit the Corbicula beds from the Hydrobia beds. The ostracod Cypridopsis (Obliquopsis) obligqua Maız and the foraminifer Nonionoides demens (Bıx) appear at the first time in the upper parts of the Corbicula beds and populations rich in these species can be taken as a sure hint to Hydrobia beds. The stratigraphical important species of the genus Hemicyprideis (Ostracoda) are figured and described. For the first time the foraminifer genera Neobulimina CusumAan & WICKENDEN and Glabratella Dorrzen are evidenced at the Mainz basin.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562
    Language: German
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-09-12
    Description: In bisher als fluviatil angesehenen tertiären Sedimenten im Durchbruchstal des Guldenbaches durch den Taunusquarzit-Härtlingszug des Soonwaldes kann aufgrund sedimentpetrographischer und mikrofaunistischer Analysen eine Verzahnung von fluviatilen mit marin-brackischen Ablagerungen des oberen Rupels (= Schleichsand) belegt werden. Das Schleichsandmeer des Mainzer Beckens und seines Ausläufers, der „Stromberger Bucht”, benutzte das prämitteloligozäne Guldenbachtal als schmalen Korridor in den Ost-Hunsrück. Weitere Vorkommen von mehr oder weniger tonigen Quarzkiesen im Ost-Hunsrück werden beschrieben. Eine Diskussion ihrer Bildungsbedingungen sowie Foraminiferenfunde führen zur Annahme litoraler Ablagerung zur Zeit des Schleichsandmeeres oder im tieferen Chatt. Die angenommene Küstenlinie erlaubt als tektonischer Bezugshorizont die Feststellung einer nach SW unbedeutender werdenden Flexur am Hunsrücksüdrand sowie einer Kippung des Ost-Hunsrück - mit Ausnahme der Moselmulde - nach Süden um ca. 50 m. Weiterhin spricht einiges für eine zusätzliche Kippung vor allem der südlichen Teile nach Osten.
    Description: Abstract: Tertiary sediments in the narrow gap of the stream Guldenbach in the monadnocks of the Taunusquarzit of the Soonwald mountain ranges were up to now thought to be of a fluvial origin. Investigations of the sedimentary petrography and microfauna prove that fluvial sediments dovetail with marine or brackish ones of upper Rupelian age (Schleichsand). The sea, which transgraded from the Mainz basin into the Stromberg embayment at that time, used the preexisting valley of the stream Guldenbach as a narrow corridor into the Eastern Hunsrück. Furthermore some relics of more or less clayey quartz gravels, some of which contain Foraminiferae, are described. The discussion of their sedimentary environment leads to the hypothesis of a litoral sedimentation of the upper Rupelian or Chattian sea. The supposed shoreline as a tectonic reference level shows a flexure at the southern boundary of the Hunsrück with decreasing amounts of uplift towards Southwest. The Hunsrück itself - except the Moselle syncline in the northernmost parts - was tilted southwards with a maximum uplift of about 50 m, and perhaps eastwards, too, especially in the southern parts.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2022-09-14
    Description: Die vorliegende Aufstellung umfaßt 60 Arten, die überwiegend aus dem Unteren Meeressand stammen. Darunter sind 18 Arten, die im Mainzer Becken erstmals nachgewiesen werden. Die ökologische Differenzierung der mitteloligozänen Otolithenfaunen, die als überwiegend autochthon angesehen werden, wird in knapper Form diskutiert. Biogeographisch werden provisorisch drei Gruppen unterschieden.
    Description: Abstract: A list of 60 species is given. Most of the species are from the Unterer Meeressand and 18 species are new for the Mainz basin. The Middle Oligocene otolith associations seem to be mainly autochthonous. Their biostratigraphical, paleoecological and paleobiographical implications are discussed.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:567
    Language: German
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Nach Vorarbeiten 1977 und 1979 wurden im Bereich der paläolithischen Fundstelle Şehremuz im Jahre 1982 zwei Grabungskampagnen von je zwei Monaten durchgeführt. Es konnten zwei archäologische Komplexe in unterschiedlicher geologischer Lagerung festgestellt werden: a) Silexabschläge und Faustkeile im obersten aufgeschlossenen Schotter des Keluşk-Baches, eines Euphratzuflusses. Dieser Seitentalschotter ist korrelierbar mit einem etwa 60 m über der heutigen Talaue liegenden Euphratschotter. b) „Mittelpaläolithische" Inventare in einem über den Keluşk-Schottern liegenen Glacis, weitgehend nur aus Oberflächenfunden bekannt. Sie sind aufgrund ihrer Einlagerung jünger als der "Faustkeilkomplex". Die Inventare mit Faustkeilen sind einem entwickelten faustkeilführenden Paläolithikum zuzurechnen. Auf sie ist die vorliegende Untersuchung konzentriert. Die durch die Silexartefakte belegten zahlreichen Begehungen des alten Keluşk-Bettes durch den paläolithischen Menschen haben ihre Ursache u.a. in einem hohen natürlichen Anteil von Silex im Schotter. Neben vollständigen Knollen liegt zahlreicher Naturbruch vor, der gegen die Stücke mit anthropogenen Bearbeitungsspuren abgegrenzt werden muß. Dabei kommt der Konfiguration der Einzelmerkmale — Dimensionen; Abbaufläche und Schlagmerkmale — die größte Bedeutung zu. Die Bearbeitung der Steinartefakte unter funktionalen Gesichtspunkten ist ein wichtiger Teil der Untersuchungen: Die Methoden werden beschrieben. Form und Zurichtung der Faustkeile lassen makroskopisch mögliche Funktionsflächen zum tiefen Einschneiden etwa in Fleisch und mögliche Funktionskanten zum Ritzen oder flach Einschneiden erkennen. Im mikroskopischen Bereich werden an Artefakten punktuell Gebrauchsspuren faßbar, die z.B. die Benutzung eines Faustkeils sowohl zum Einschneiden in Fleisch wie auch zum Zertrümmern von Knochen belegen.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2022-08-05
    Description: Im unteren und mittleren Werratal läßt sich eine 5—8 m ü. Talaue gelegene Terrasse ausgliedern, die an mehreren Lokalitäten eine weite Verbreitung hat und aufgrund ihres Aufbaus und ihrer Deckschichten (z.T. Löß) als hochwürmzeitliche Niederterrasse eingestuft wird. Sie wurde schon im Spätglazial durch 0,5—1,0 m tiefen Rinnen zerschnitten, die von wahrscheinlich umgelagerten Niederterrassenschottern oder feinkörnigeren Sedimenten wieder aufgefüllt wurden. Die spätglaziale und frühholozäne Flußgeschichte läßt sich dank zeitweilig günstiger Aufschlußverhältnisse bei Eschwege recht gut rekonstruieren (Abb. 6 und 7). Dies gelingt hier besser als im Werraabschnitt auf dem Gebiet der DDR, der von Ellenberg (1967 bis 1975) sehr genau untersucht worden ist. „Ried"ablagerungen in ehemaligen Werrarinnen können präallerödzeitlichen und jungtundrenzeitlichen bis borealen Alters sein. Wie im Leinetal finden sich im Werratal zwei verschieden alte Auelehme, von denen der ältere stellenweise eine wahrscheinlich dem postglazialen Klimaoptimum zuzuordnende Auen-Schwarzerde trägt. In den „Ried"ablagerungen konnten 12 Flußmuschel- bzw. -Schneckenarten gefunden und bestimmt werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:551.7
    Language: German
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2022-09-29
    Description: Die Taxonomie einiger Brackwasser-Mollusken der höchsten Cerithienschichten und der Inflaten-Schichten (wahrscheinlich Miozän, Mainzer Becken) wird revidiert und folgende Namensänderungen werden vorgeschlagen: Vitta subangularis (Sandberger, 1860) ex Clithon (Vittoclithon) subangularis, Hydrobia inflata (Lill, 1830) ex Hydrobia inflata „(Faujas, 1806)" nom inval, Granulolabium plicatum (Bruguiere, 1792) ex Pirenella plicata, Tympanotonos margaritaceus (Brocchi, 1814) s. lat. ex Tympanotonos submargaritaceus (Braun, 1851) (non Orbigny, 1850), Perna (Perna) faujasi (Brongniart, 1822) ex Mytilus faujasi, Polymesoda (Pseudocyrena) donacina (Sandberger, 1861), bisher nur synonym mit Corbicula faujasi (Deshayes, 1830) gehalten. Außer dem Oberen Corbicula faujasi-Horizont in den Inflaten-Schichten und dem Unteren Corbicula fauj asi-Horizont in den höchsten Cerithienschichten existiert noch ein Polymesoda donacina-Horizont, wahrscheinlich unterhalb des Unteren Corbicula faujasi-Horizontes.
    Description: Abstract: The taxonomy of several brackish-water mollusks of the highest Cerithienschichten and of the Inflaten-Schichten (Cerithium Formation, Inflata Formation) (probably Miocene, Mainz Basin, West Germany) is reviewed and the following name alterations are proposed: Vitta subangularis (Sandberger, 1860) ex Clithon (Vittoclithon) subangularis, Hydrobia inflata (Lill, 1830) ex Hydrobia inflata „(Faujas, 1806)" nom. inval., Granulolabium plicatum (Bruguiere, 1792) ex Pirenella plicata, Tympanotonos margaritaceus (Brocchi, 1814) s. lat. ex Tympanotonos submargaritaceus (A. Braun, 1851) (non Orbigny, 1850), Perna (Perna) faujasi (Brongniart, 1822) ex Mytilus faujasi, Polymesoda (Pseudocyrena) donacina (Sandberger, 1861), removed from synonymy with Corbicula faujasi (Deshayes, 1830). The Stratigraphie significance of Polymesoda (Pseudocyrena) donacina and of Corbicula faujasi is discussed.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:562
    Language: German
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: In einigen Teilen der Bitburger Triasmulde konnten die Abfolge und die Lagerung der Schichten bei Baugrunduntersuchungen im Bereich der Nordumgehung von Trier zwischen Kyll- und Sauertal und nördlich von Bitburg näher geklärt werden. Einerseits konnten dadurch Erd- und Grundbaumaßnahmen sicherer beurteilt und andererseits lithostratigraphische und tektonische Vergleiche gezogen werden.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:554.3
    Language: German
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: VORWORT ... 1 ; INHALTSVERZEICHNIS ... 2 ; 1 PÖHLMANN, G.: Basiskarten arider Gebiete ... 3 ; 2 MEISSNER, B.: Topographische Interpretation von Fernerkundungsdaten für "Basiskarten zur thematischen Kartierung arider Gebiete" ... 57 ; 3 MEISSNER, B. & RIPKE, U. : Luft- und Satellitenbild-Interpretation für die Karte "MUT 1 : 100 000"... 69 ; 4 KRAMER, G.: Topographische Ergänzungsmessungen ... 85 ; 5 RIPKE, U.: Die Herstellung des Kartenblattes MUT 1 : 100 000 ... 97 ; 6 ZIRN, V.: Höhenlinienstudie South Bir Tarfawi ... 105 ;
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Thematische Kartografie ; Trockengebiet ; Trockengebiet ; Kartierung
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2024-04-19
    Description: MEISSNER, B.: Fernerkundung bei der Grünplanung für die Stadtregion Berlin (West) ... 5 ; FIETZ, M. & MEISSNER, B.: Zur Auswertung von Color-Infrarot-Luftbildem (Berlin/West 1979) bei der Vegetationskartierung ... 23 ; FÖRSTER, U.: Vitalitätsbestimmung von Straßenbäumen. - Erfahrungen und Ergebnisse der Color-Infrarot-Bef 1 iegung in Berlin (West) 1979 ... 43 ; FIETZ, M.: Lebensbedingungen von Straßenbäumen in Berlin-Neukölln ... 53 ; BALTSCHUN, M. : Botanischer Garten - Karte der Gehölze - 1 : 1250 ... 65 ; BORYS, 6.: Karte zum Straßenbaumkataster - Berlin (West) - 1 : 2000 ... 101 ; ZEUNERT, C.: Karte zur Grünflächenplanung Berlin (West) - 1 : 4000 ... 121 ; MEISSNER, B.: Grünverteilung in Berlin (West) 1 : l0 000, eine Inventur - Bestandsaufnahme städtischer Vegetation mit Hilfe von reprotechnischen Mitteln und stark limitierter Bildinterpretation durch Color-Infrarot-Luftbilder... 141 ; MEISSNER, B., DOBBRICK, K. & MUNIER, C.: Satelliten-Fernerkundungs-Daten für städtische Grünübersicht? - Zur Einsatzfähigkeit von multispektralen Landsat-Scanner-Daten für jährliche Übersichts-Inventuren des Stadtgrüns von Berlin (West) ... 147 ; ANHANG ... 153 ;
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:526 ; Grünfläche ; Straßenbau ; Luftbild ; Kartografie
    Language: German
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  • 13
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  SUB Göttingen | ZB 45198:55
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Im zentralen Anti-Atlas wurden die Deformationen im sedimentären Deckgebirge des präkambrischen Kristallin-Aufbruchs des J. Sirwa und angrenzender Grundgebirgs-Blöcke untersucht. Dabei konnten zwei unterschiedliche Deformationsformen erfaßt werden. Als erste Generation entstanden - bisher a l s tektonisch angesehen - in zwei Niveaus frühdiagenetische Deformationsstrukturen (Gleitfalten, Rutschungen und Setzungsstrukturen), die zum Teil sehr große Dimensionen erreichen. A l s Auslöser für diese Verformungen müssen Kompaktionserscheinungen und eine leichte Reliefbildung angenommen werden. Hinzu kam in einzelnen Fällen auch ein übernormaler Porenwasserdruck. Eine vermutlich spätpaläozoische tektonische Deformation hat diese frühen Deformationsstrukturen überprägt. Satelliten- und Luftbild-Interpretationen sowie Geländebeobachtungen zeigen, daß die während der variskischen Orogenese aufgestiegenen Kristall in-Dome an bereits im späten Präkambrium angelegte Bruchsysteme gebunden sind. Darüber hinaus geben die Deformationen im Deckgebirge keine Hinweise auf die Mechanismen der Dom-Aufstiege. Während dieser Aufstiege kam es zu einer weitspannigen Verfaltung der Sedimente des Deckgebirges. Vergleiche zwischen den ursprünglichen Faltenachsen-Richtungen der frühen Deformationsstrukturen und den tektonischen Faltenachsen sowie den Störungssystemen im Grund- und im Deckgebirge zeigen, daß auch das altpaläozoische Deckgebirge von den prakambrisch angelegten Störungssystemen beherrscht wird, wobei in einer frühen Phase der Sedimentation die frühdiagenetischen Deformationsstrukturen an den Störungslinien gebildet wurden. Die gleichen Störungssysteme haben dann im Spätpaläozoikum auch bei der Tektogenese das beherrschende Element dargestellt. Wie an postpaläozoischen Störungen und Kluftbildungen in mio-pliozänen Vulkaniten nachgewiesen werden konnte, sind die alten Störungs-Richtungen bis in jüngste Zeit reaktiviert worden und prägten sich auch bei der im Känozoikum erfolgten Hebung des Anti-Atlas aus.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.8 ; Geologie ; Deformation ; Antiatlas
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 84
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  • 14
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Mit Hilfe der Mikrofazies-Analyse wurde die paläogeographische Entwicklung des Sedimentationsraums der obertriassischen Gesteinsabfolge im Bereich der Vorarlberger Kalkalpen rekonstruiert. Die Entwicklung begann mit der Ausbildung eines weiträumigen, sehr flachen Schelfgebietes im Nor (Hauptdolomit). Durch stärkere, aber nicht einheitliche Absenkung im Oberen Hauptdolomit und im Plattenkalk-Niveau bildete sich ein Relief aus. Die hier einsetzende Schüttung terrigenen Materials erreichte während der Ablagerung der Kössener Schichten ihren Höhepunkt. Im obersten Rhät ließ diese Schüttung nach und das terrigene Material konnte nur noch gelegentlich in die flachen Regionen gelangen, die mit dem Aufbau des Rhätoliaskalks entstanden waren. Die normale Ausbildung der Kössener Schichten ist im allgemeinen durch eine mehrere Meter mächtige Kalkbank, in die kleine Biol ithit-Linsen eingelagert sind, unterbrochen, durch die sie sich in eine Untere und Obere Wechselfolge gliedern lassen. Ihre Entstehung wurde wahrscheinlich durch eine kurzfristig geringere Absenkungsrate begünstigt. Die Entwicklung des Rhätoliaskalks setzte hier nicht gleichzeitig ein. Im nördlichen Teil begann sie sehr früh. Durch die hohe biogene Karbonat-Produktion, weitgehend in Form von Biohermen, und die dadurch bedingte starke Schüttung bioklastischen Materials dehnte sich die Rhätoliaskalk-Ausbildung nach Süden aus. Mit der entstehenden flachen Plattform bildete sich der gebankte Rhätoliaskalk aus, ein Wechsel zwischen massigen Riffschuttkalken und Einlagerungen terrigenen Materials. Zum Abschluß dieser Entwicklung kommt es zu einer kleinräumigen Fazies-Verzahnung zwischen Oolithen, Lumachellen und Algen-Stromatolithen. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Gebieten der Nördlichen Kalkalpen, wo eine Gliederung des Ablagerungsraumes in einen Beckenbereich und einen Rhätoliaskalk-Riffgürtels gegeben ist, liegt hier ein mehr oder weniger flaches Schelfgebiet vor. Eine Ausnahme stellt nur die Zürser Schwelle dar. Hierbei handelt es sich um ein die gesamte Zeit über persistierendes Hochgebiet. Die Gesteinsausbildung entspricht durchgehend der des Hauptdolomits. Im Vergleich zu anderen Bereichen des Sedimentationsraumes der bearbeiteten Gesteinsserien kann zusammenfassend gesagt werden, daß wir uns im Gebiet der Vorarlberger Kalkalpen zur Zeit der Obertrias am westlichen Ende der sich öffnenden Tethys befanden, und daß der Ablagerungsraum hier die nördliche Zone des zu dieser Zeit noch bestehenden oberostalpinen, epikontinentalen Flachmeer-Bereichs representiert.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:554.3 ; Rätium ; Vorarlberg
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 91
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Das Untersuchungsgebiet der vorliegenden Arbeit ist der westliche und nordwestliche Rand der Adriaplatte bis in den Bereich der Vortiefen nördlich und östlich des Apennins sowie der Kontaktbereich der Adriaplatte zur europäischen Platte im Westalpenbogen und im Gebiet des Ligurischen Meeres. Für dieses Areal werden Aufbau und Struktur der Erdkruste beschrieben.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:551.13 ; Geophysik ; Erdkruste ; Geothermische Anomalie
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 122
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  • 16
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Die Erdkruste und der obere Erdmantel Westeuropas sind in den letzten 30 Jahren intensiv durch refraktionsseismische Messungen erforscht worden. Die Daten und Ergebnisse sind in zahlreichen Arbeiten veröffentlicht worden. Abgesehen von einigen regionalen Zusammenfassungen fehlt bislang jedoch eine überregionale Gesamtdarstellung dieses umfangreichen Materials. Es ist das Ziel dieser Arbeit, die in zahlreichen Publikationen verstreuten Einzeldaten und Ergebnisse zu sammeln, unter einheitlichen Gesichtspunkten auszuwerten und die Ergebnisse in einer Reihe von Karten darzustellen. Aus verschiedenen Publikationen, Forschungsberichten und den Archiven des geophysikalischen Institutes der Freien Universität Berlin wurden insgesamt 360 Sei smogrammon tagen in reduzierter Form (V = 6 km/s) gesammelt.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:554 ; Seismic refraction method
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 142
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  • 17
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Reimer
    In:  Herausgeberexemplar
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein numerisches Verfahren für die zweidimensionale Simulation stationärer Strömung in porösen Medien entwickelt. Dabei können Modelle mit anisotroper Permeabilität und Wärmeleitfähigkeit ebenso berechnet werden wie Modelle in geneigten und gekrümmten Gebieten. Das Verfahren basiert auf einer Finite-Differenzen-Methode mit einem Schema 2. Ordnung (Il'in-Schema). Für das nichtlineare Gleichungssystem wird ein Iterationsansatz mit einer Art Mehrgittermethode verwendet. Um den großen Anwendungsbereich des entwickelten Verfahrens zu demonstrieren, wird es auf zwei unterschiedliche Fragestellungen aus der Hydrothermik und der Schneemetamorphose angewendet.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Wärmeübertragung ; Schnee ; Porosität
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 118
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2024-04-18
    Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Strati graphischen, paläontologischen und paläogeographischen Untersuchungen im Jura und in der Kreide des tansanischen Küstenstreifens im Hinterland von Dar-es-Salaam und Bagamoyo. Die Sedimentgesteine werden in sechs lithostratigraphische Einheiten gegliedert, von denen vier neu aufgestellt werden: Ngerengere-Formation (bisher Ngerengere-Sandstein; Unterjura-tiefes Aalenium), Ruvu-Formation (bisher Ruvu-Schichten; Mittel aal enium-Oberaaleni um), Lugoba- Formation (Bajocium-?Bathonium) , Malivundo-Formation (Callovium-Mitteloxfordium), Magindu -Formation (Callovium) und Chalinze-Formation (Unterkreide). Sieben Profile des Jura und der Kreide werden einzeln beschrieben und ihr Makro- sowie Mikrofossilinhalt angegeben. Mit Ammoniten werden in der Ruvu -Formation zwei biostratigraphische Zonen des Mittel- und Oberaalenium festgestellt (Murehisonae- und Concavum-Zone). In der Malivundo-Formation werden aufgrund von Ammoniten drei Zonen (Athleta-Lamberti- , Mariae-Cordatum und Transversarium-Zone} nachgewiesen. Der höchste Teil der Chalinze-Formation wird mit planktonischen Foraminiferen in die Globigerinelloides algerianus-Zone des Oberaptium gestellt. Korrelationen des Jura im Untersuchungsgebiet mit anderen Gebieten innerhalb Tansanias sowie mit anderen Gebieten in der indo-madagassischen Provinz werden durchgeführt. Dreiundzwanzig Ammonitenarten (sechs Familien) aus der Ruvu-, Malivundo- und Magindu-Formation sowie siebzehn Foraminiferenarten (sechs Oberfamilien), die aus der Malivundo- und Chalinze-Formation stammen, werden systematisch beschrieben. Fazies, Ablagerungsbedingungen und Tektonik werden diskutiert. Im Mittelaalenium-Oberaalenium, weiter nördlich erst im Bajocium erfolgt die Transgression nach W auf fluviatile Sedimente der Ngerengere-Formation bzw. auf das Kristallin. Im Hangenden des Oxfordium setzt mit erneuter Riffbildung eine regressive Phase im höheren Oberjura ein. Erst mit der Unterkreide erfolgt mit der Chalinze-Formation eine erneute Transgression. Die paläobiogeographischen Beziehungen der Ammoniten zu anderen Gebieten in der indo-madagassischen Provinz, zu Europa und Südamerika werden aufgezeigt. Unter Berücksichtigung sämtlicher bisher bekannter Fundorte der Mayaitiden-Gattungen ergibt sich, daß sie hauptsächlich auf die indo-madagassische Provinz beschränkt sind.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:556 ; ddc:560 ; Jura ; Kreide ; Daressalam ; Bagamojo
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 77
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2024-03-07
    Description: Großrestuntersungen aus den Torfschichten eines Hochmoores bei Sellstedt (Krs.Cuxhaven) zeigten vielfältigen Vegetationswechsel. Die Moorbildung begann mit einem Birkenbruchwald. Später folgten verschiedene Hochmoorgesellschaften (Scheuchzerio-Caricetum limosae, Sphagnetum magellanici, Sphagnetum papillosi, Sphagnetum imbricati u.a.). Ein alternierender Bult- Schlenkenwechsel, wie früher vielfach angenommen, konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. Neue Gesichtspunkte zu den Ursachen der Vegetationsumschichtungen werden diskutiert.
    Description: In a bog near Sellstedt (Kr. Cuxhaven) macrofossil investigations have been made. By the results various plant successions have been pointed out. The development of the mire started with a birch swamp. Later, different bog plant-associations followed (Scheuchzerio-Caricetum limosae, Sphagnetum magellanici, Sphagnetum papillosi, Sphagnetum imbricati). An alternating hummock-hollow formation process, as assumed in former days, could not be observed. New aspects of the causes for the shift of the vegetation are discussed.
    Description: research
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:561 ; ddc:581.7 ; Moor ; Torf ; Vegetation ; Vegetationsgeschichte ; peatland ; peatland ; vegetation history
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Durch moortypisches Wetter eingestimmt, trafen sich die Mitglieder und Freunde der IMTG zu ihrem 7. Kongreß, der zugleich die 30-jährige Wiederkehr eines ersten Treffens von Experten der Moore und Torfe 1954 in Dublin feierte. Die internationale Moor- und Torffamilie ist inzwischen nach Zahl und Inhalt sowie ihren Statuten gewachsen. Etwa 400 Teilnehmer aus 25 Ländern wurden gezählt, leider weniger als ursprünglich erwartet. Sie verteilen sich wie folgt: EG-Länder 193 Teilnehmer, Skandinavien 103, Nordamerika 56, Osteuropa l9, Asien l7, Südamerika 8 und Afrika 3 Teilnehmer. Die Teilnehmerzahl spiegelt also auch in etwa die Bedeutung der Moorvorkommen in den Regionen wider. Die stärksten Delegationen kamen neben dem gastgebenden Irland (99) aus Finnland (69), Bundesrepublik Deutschland (40), Kanada (33), Großbritannien (27), U.S.A. (22). Besonders herzlich begrüßt wurden relativ große Gruppen aus der Volksrepublik China, Japan und Brasilien. [...]
    Description: conference
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:553.21 ; ddc:333.72 ; Moor ; Torf ; Tagungsbericht ; peatland ; peat ; conference report
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 21
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Berlin, Reimer
    In:  SUB Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: Die Mächtigkeitsreduktion des Mittleren Buntsandsteins von ca. 600 auf ca. 125 m zwischen dem Zentrum der nördlichen Hessischen Senke in Richtung Eichsfeld-Altmark-Schwelle ist bereits nachgewiesen. Die extremen Mächtigkeitsunterschiede innerhalb einzelner Folgen werfen jedoch Fragen nach dem Sedimentationsmechanismus und einem lateral verfolgbaren Sedimentations-Modell auf. In wieweit lassen sich Einzelsequenzen innerhalb einer Folge im Bereich der Schwellen- und Trog-Position faziell vergleichen und welche Konsequenzen hat dies für die Lithostratigraphische Abgrenzung? Aktuelle Isopachenkarten für die einzelnen Folgen des Mittleren Buntsandsteins (Hessen/Thüringen) zeigen ein differenziertes Bild im Bereich der Eichsfeld - Altmark - Schwelle. Die Analyse der paläogeographischen Daten und Schüttungsrichtungen lassen erkennen, daß z.Z. der Volpriehausen-Folge die nördliche Hessische Senke noch mit der Thüringer Senke in Verbindung stand. Die Schwellenregion wirkte sich erst während der Detfurth- und Hardegsen-Folge immer stärker auf die Sedimentation aus. Die Faziessequenz im Bereich der maximalen Absenkung (Raum Kassel -Karlshafen) umfaßt folgende Einheiten: regressive Flachwasser-Sequenz (Strand-/Vorstrand) (smV, A Top), alluvial/äolische Sedimentfolge (D, s), lakustrine Sedimente (D, st), Playa-Sedimente (D, t) und fluviatile Sedimente (H 1). Die vergleichbare Schichtenfolge am Westrand der Eichsfeld - Altmark - Schwelle (Raum Eschwege - Treffurt) besteht aus fluviatilen Sedimenten (V, s), einer fluviatil -tidal -lakustrinen Sedimentfolge (V, st) und fluviatilen Sedimenten (D, s), die von Oberfl utungs-Sedimenten überlagert werden (D, st).
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: ddc:551.7 ; Sedimentationstrog ; Faziesinterpretation
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 136
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2024-04-25
    Description: Die Toskana ist die stärkste geothermische Anomalie auf dem europäischen Kontinent. In dieser Anomalie finden sich zahlreiche lokale geothermische Felder mit hoher Enthalpie, wie z.B. das Feld von Travale. In diesem geothermischen Feld, das im Era-Graben liegt, wurden in den Jahren 1980/81 elektromagnetische Messungen durchgeführt. Es war das Ziel der Untersuchungen, die Quelle und die Ursache dieser teilweise bekannten Anomalie zu finden. Hierzu sollte die Verteilung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit in der Erdkruste bis in Tiefen der Kruste-Mantel-Grenze mit den Methoden der Magnetotellurik und Erdmagnetischen Tiefensondierung untersucht werden. Parallel dazu wurde die geothermische Anomalie von Travale mit einer Vielzahl weiterer elektromagnetischer, seismischer und geochemischer Methoden untersucht. Das Ziel, die geothermische Anomalie in der Erdkruste zu lokalisieren, war nicht einfach zu erreichen. Deshalb war es notwendig, ein Modell der Anomalie zu erarbeiten, aus dem die Lokalität folgen sollte. Vor angegangene elektromagnetische Untersuchungen (HAAK & SCHWARZ 1981) hatten gezeigt, daß nahezu das gesamte Gebiet der Toskana als eine Anomalie der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit anzusehen ist: Gutleitende Deckschichten, mit bis zu 10 km Mächtigkeit, werden von einem hochohmigen Basement unterlagert. An einigen Meßorten deutet sich der Übergangsbereich Kruste / Mantel - in einer Tiefe zwischen 20 und 30 km - durch eine Zone hoher Leitfähigkeit an. Dieser Bereich zeichnet sich durch Lamellen hoher und extrem niedriger seismischer Wellengeschwindigkeiten aus. Petrologisch kann dieses durch eine Wechsellagerung von basischem und saurem Material gedeutet werden. Die zeitlichen Variationen des elektrischen und magnetischen Feldes wurden im geothermischen Feld von Travale in einem breiten Periodenbereich von 6 - 10.000 s registriert. Die Meßorte liegen überwiegend auf zwei Profilen, eines verläuft parallel zum Era-Graben aus der Anomalie heraus nach NW, das zweite schneidet die Anomalie senkrecht zum Graben. Der Meßpunktabstand war mit einigen hundert Metern bis zu mehreren Kilometern sehr dicht, um möglichst alle lateralen Variationen der scheinbaren spezifischen Widerstände beobachten zu können. Es zeigte sich, daß die lateralen Variationen der spezifischen Widerstände im Gebiet von Travale sehr groß waren. Bis zu Perioden von 50-100 s ist der Era-Graben die dominierende zweidimensionale Leitfähigkeitsstruktur. Die gemessenen scheinbaren spezifischen Widerstände sind bei längeren Perioden durch dreidimensionale Leitfähigkeitsstrukturen verzerrt. Die scheinbaren elektrischen Widerstände sind innerhalb der geothermischen Anomalie mit Werten bis zu 50 Qm äußerst klein, während sie nördlich des geothermischen Feldes auf 100-300 Qm ansteigen, um dann etwa 7 km NW der Anomalie wieder deutlich abzufallen. Selbst in der tieferen Kruste werden keine höheren Widerstände angetroffen. Die integrierte Leitfähigkeit weist das geothermische Feld ebenso als eine Anomalie der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit aus, während nördlich davon die "hochohmige Barriere" bestätigt wurde. Aus den Ergebnissen der Seismik und Magnetotellurik wurde ein Modell für die geothermische Anomalie von Travale und die Toskana abgeleitet, das sich in drei Stockwerke gliedert: - Das unterste Stockwerk, die Übergangszone zwischen Oberem Mantel und Unterkruste in 20-30 km Tiefe ist die Quelle auf steigender heißer Gase und Flüssigkeiten. Die Temperatur beträgt etwa 700° C. - Das mittlere Stockwerk ist von tief reichenden, vertikalen Störungen durchsetzt, die einen konvektiven Wärmetransport durch die hydrothermalen Phasen in das oberste Stockwerk erlauben. Im Gebiet von Travale hat sich durch längs- und zum Era-Graben querstreichende Störungen eine ausgeprägte Schwächezone in der Kruste gebildet, die einen besonders intensiven Wärmetransport zuläßt. Der Temperaturgradient wird mit 15° C/km angenommen. - Das oberste Stockwerk besteht aus Sedimenten und kristallinen Formationen, die im wesentlichen von horizontalen Abscherungs- und Störungsflächen durchzogen sind, in denen hydrothermale Phasen zirkulieren. Innerhalb der Basements hat sich so ein zweites Reservoir ausgebildet, welches das bekannte geothermische Reservoir in den Karbonaten in Tiefen von 1-2 km durch ein ausgeprägtes Bruchsystem speist. Die Temperatur ist in 4 km Tiefe mit 400° C sehr hoch. Die augenblicklich geförderten heißen Gase und Wässer sind meteorologischen Ursprungs und werden an der Oberkante des toskanischen Basements aufgeheizt. Aus tektonischer Sicht besteht das oberste Stockwerk aus allochthonen Decken, die während der Orogenese über die Toskana hinweggeschoben wurden. Dieser tektonischen Kompressionsphase folgte eine Phase starker lateraler Dehnungen, die bis heute andauern. Das System von Grabenbrüchen und tiefgreifenden Verwerfungen ist Ausdruck dieser Dehnungstektonik. Die damit verbundenen Störungszonen tragen zu einer Entwässerung und Entgasung der tiefen Erdkruste bei und lassen die hydrothermalen Phasen in das oberste Stockwerk aufs teigen. In ausgeprägte Schwächezonen, die die gesamte Kruste durchziehen und die durch undurchlässige Schichten nach oben abgeschlossen werden, kann sich so ein geothermisches Reservoir ausbilden.
    Description: Tuscany is the strongest geothermal anomaly in continental Europe. Numerous local high enthalpy geothermal fields are to be found within this anomaly, e.g. the Travale field. Electromagnetic soundings have been carried out in this geothermal field, which lies in the Era-Graben, in the years 1980 and 1981. The aim of this study was to find the origin as well as the cause of this partly known anomaly, using the methods of magnetotelluric- and geomagnetic depth soundings to study the distribution of electrical conductivity in the earth's crust downwards to the crust/mantle boundary, at least. Parallel to this study the geothermel anomaly of Travale has been studied with the help of various other methods, including electromagnetic, seismic and geochemical surveys. To localize the geothermal anomaly in the earth's crust was not an easy task. Therefore it seemed to be necessary to develop a model of the anomaly, first, and then to localize it. Earlier electromagnetic investigations (HAAK & SCHWARZ 1981) have shown, that nearly the whole area of Tuscany corresponds to an electrical conductivity anomaly: A well conducting cover, reaching down to 10 km depth is underlain by a high resistive basement. At some places within the geothermal anomaly a zone of high conductivity has been found at the depth of the crust/mantle-boundary (between 20 and 30 km) . Seismic refraction measurements are indicating a wide transition zone between the crust und upper mantle, displayed by alternating high- und extreme low-velocity layers. The time-varying electric- and magnetic fields have been recorded in the Travale area in a broad period range from 6-10.000 s, mainly on two profiles, the one parallel, the other perpendicular to the Era-Graben. The stations have been very close to each other, spacings varied between some hundreds of meters and a few kilometers, to study lateral variations of apparent resistivities within the Graben. In deed, lateral variations of apparent resistivities have been very large in the Travale area. Up to 50-100 s the Era-Graben is the dominating 2D-structure, but for longer periods of investigation the three-dimensionality of the electrical conductivity structure has to be considered. The apparent resistivities inside the geothermal anomaly are extremely low, reaching not more than 50 Gm, even in the lower crust, whereas going up to 100-300 firn north of the geothermal field. Further to NW apparent resistivities are coming down again to 5-5o Gm. Total conductance as well indicates the geothermal field as a local conductivity anomaly, whereas more to the north the poorly conducting "barrier" has been confirmed. Based on the results of the magnetotelluic soundings and those of the seismic survey a geothermal model for the anomaly of Travale as well as for Tuscany has been developed. The crust is built up by 3 stories: - The lowermost story of the transition from the mantle to the crust at 20-30 km depth has to be regarded as the origin of hot gases and fluids. Temperature amounts to 700° C. - The central story is more or less fractured vertically so that pathways allow convective transport of heat by means of hydrothermal fluids to the upper story. In the Travale area a weak crustal zone of faults crossing over has developed, allowing the transport of heat to be very intensive. The temperature gradient is assumed to reach not more than 15° C/km. - The uppermost story consists of sediments and more or less horizontally fractured crystalline formations, filled with hot, circulating fluids. Within the basement a second reservoir has evolved, which feeds the known geothermal reservoir in the carbonate series at 1-2 km depth through fractures and cracks in the top of the basement. The temperature of about 400° C in 4 km depth is extremely high. The actually exploited hot gases and fluids are of meterological origin and heated up at the top of the basement. From the tectonic point of view, the uppermost story consists of allochthonous nappes shifted across Tuscany during orogenesis. This compressive tectonic deformation was followed by strong dilatational forces, which are still active in the whole crust, expressed by the features of graben structures and deep reaching faults. This process gives volatiles and water generated by dehydration in the deep crust the chance to rise to the uppermost story. A basement fractured at the top and an impermeable cover in the uppermost layer will then favour the development of a geothermal reservoir.
    Description: thesis
    Description: DFG, SUB Göttingen
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Geophysik ; Geothermie ; Magnetotellurik
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:book
    Format: 103
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  • 23
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Weidewirtschaft ; Llanos ; Venezuela
    Language: German
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  • 24
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-05-20
    Description: research
    Keywords: Bodenversauerung ; Feinwurzel ; Fichte
    Language: German
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  • 25
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: research
    Keywords: Ernteertrag ; Wasserhaushalt ; Kulturpflanzen ; Pflanzenbau ; Löss ; Göttingen
    Language: German
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  • 26
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Universität Göttingen,Abteilung Bodenphysik
    In:  Universität Göttingen
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: Kohlenstoff-Umsatz und -Bilanz des Bodens eines Buchenwald- Ökosystems auf Kalkgestein. Ziel der Arbeit war die Beantwortung der Frage, ob sich der C-Speicher Boden eines Kalkbuchenwald-Ökosystems im Zustand des Fließgleichgewichtes oder in einem auf- bzw. abbauenden Ungleichgewichtszustand befindet. Dazu wurden die CO2 -Abgaberaten des Bodens ,als Outputgröße mit einem Absaugverfahren, einer modifizierten Glockenme- thode und einem Partialdruck-Gradienten-Rechenansatz be- stimmt und dem C-Eintrag gegenübergestellt. Die CO2 Abgaberaten des Bodens schwankten zwischen 20 (Winter) und 300 mg CO2 .m-2.h-1 (Sommer). Die Beziehung zwischen der Höhe der C02 -Abgaberate, der Temperatur und dem Wassergehalt des Bodens ließ sich in einer multiplen line- 2 aren Regressionsgleichung darstellen (r ≈0.80). Einem C-Eintrag von 282 g.m-2 .a-1standen C-Verluste von )06 g.m- .a- gegenüber. Der Differenzbetrag wurde auf die Wurzelatmung der Bäume zurückgeführt. Die C-Bilanz des Bo-dens erscheint somit ausgeglichen. Die rechnerischen Antei- le des Streufalles, der Wurzelstreu und der Wurzelatmung an der Gesamt-C02 -Abgabe des Bodens liegen bei 61, 31 und 8%. Durch Messungen der C02 -Konzentrationen der Gasphase im Solum und anstehenden Gesteinsverband konnten wertvolle Erkenntnisse über die ökologischen Eigenschaften des Standortes gewonnen werden. So liegen die CO2 Konzentrationen im Waldboden mit max. 0.8 Val. %deutlich unter den Werten ackerbaulich genutzter Standorte. Die gegen Ende des Untersuchungszeitraumes in 100 - 250 cm Tiefe des aufgelockerten Kalksteinverbandes gemessenen C02 Partialdrücke stimmen mit den anhand von Sicker- und Quell wasseranalysen errechneten Gleichgewichts-C02 Partialdrücken überein.
    Description: thesis
    Keywords: Göttingen ; Univ. ; Landwirtschaftl. Fak. ; Diss. ; Tag d. mündl. Prüfg: 19.7.1984
    Language: German
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: Der Bereich des Meßtischblattes 6311 Lauterecken im Saar-Nahe-Gebiet (SW-Deutschland) wurde anhand einer geologischen, ingenieurgeologischen, hydrogeologischen und morphologischen Untersuchung einer Stabilitätsanalyse der Hänge und Böschungen unterzogen, die durch die Verwertung klimatologischer Daten vervollständigt wurde. Das Ergebnis liegt in einer Stabilitätskarte sowie in einer Analyse der gesammelten Daten vor. Soweit die Untersuchung des Modellgebietes von ca. 130 km21 Größe (etwa 5% der Fläche des Saar-Nahe-Gebietes) eine Antwort zuläßt, sind Hänge und Böschungen im sedimentären Rotliegenden des Saar-Nahe-Gebietes bereits ab 7° Hangneigung potentiell rutschgefährdet. Das rutschgefährdete Areal umfaßt etwa 10% der untersuchten Fläche. Ca. 2,6% wurden von Massenbewegungen betroffen. Kriechen und Gleiten sind die häufigsten Arten der Massenbewegungen. Die beteiligten stratigraphischen Einheiten sind neben den Deckschichten die Quirnbacher, Jeckenbacher und Lautereckener Schichten des Unteren Rotliegenden. Künstliche Böschungs-, An- und Einschnitte in den für das Unterrotliegende charakteristischen Wechsellagerungen von Ton-, Schluff- und Sandsteinen, stellen ein permanentes Stabilitätsproblem dar.
    Description: Abstract: This report deals with the analysis of stability of slopes which occur on the map of Lauterecken, Saar-Nahe-area, SW-Germany. A geological, engineering geological, hydrogeological and morphological study was made, additionally, climatological data were taken into account; the results of it are analyzed and plotted in a stability map. Conclusions: Taking the regarded territory of approximately 130 km2 (about 5% of the area of the Saar-Nahe-area), it can be stated that slopes in the Saar-Nahe-area are potential landslide areas, if the inclination of the slopes is 7° or more. Within an area of 10% landslides are probable to take place. Within 2,6% mass movements happened or are going on. Creep and sliding are the most abundant forms of mass movements. Slope instability occours preferentially in weathered rocks, Quirnbach beds, Jeckenbach beds and Lauterecken beds of the Lower Permian. Steep roadcuts occurring in alternating sandstone and siltstone beds are very likely to cause stability problems.
    Description: research
    Keywords: ddc:550 ; Rutschungen ; Saar-Nahe-Becken ; TK 6311 ; Rotliegend
    Language: German
    Type: doc-type:article , publishedVersion
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  • 28
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-17
    Description: There is an obvious need for guidelines and standards with respect to what intensities and durations of noise exposure is considered incompatible with the health and well-being of the people exposed. These guidelines would presumably be useful for the zoning of land areas to avoid overexposure of people to environmental noise and for legislative-judicial adjudication of liabilities for possible damages to individuals and groups from exposure to noise. A number of guidelines for noise exposure were promulgated by various governmental agencies for these purposes. Partly because of the need for an integrated and consistent program of noise control for all elements of the government, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established. In addition to previously issuing some specific documents regarding safe noise exposure limits, the EPA joined several Federal operating and regulatory agencies in issuing guidelines for considering noise in land use planning and control. Government guideline documents, as well as some issued by non-government agencies, are examined. Also, newly proposed guidelines for noise in residential areas, and the scientific basis for these guidelines, are presented.
    Keywords: ACOUSTICS
    Type: Physiol., Psychol., and Social Effects of Noise; p 607-646
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: In phenotype the mycoplasmas are very different from ordinary bacteria. However, genotypically (i.e., phylogenetically) they are not. On the basis of ribosomal RNA homologies the mycoplasmas belong with the clostridia, and indeed have specific clostridial relatives. Mycoplasmas are, however, unlike almost all other bacteria in the evolutionary characteristics of their ribosomal RNAs. These RNAs contain relatively few of the highly conserved oligonucleotide sequences characteristic of normal eubacterial ribosomal RNAs. This is interpreted to be a reflection of an elevated mutation rate in mycoplasma lines of descent. A general consequence of this would be that the variation associated with a mycoplasma population is augmented both in number and kind, which in turn would lead to an unusual evolutionary course, one unique in all respects. Mycoplasmas, then, are actually tachytelic bacteria. The unusual evolutionary characteristics of their ribosomal RNAs are the imprints of their rapid evolution.
    Keywords: Life Sciences (General)
    Type: Journal of molecular evolution (ISSN 0022-2844); Volume 21; 4; 305-16
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The effect of root-zone temperature on young tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Heinz 1350) was evaluated in controlled environments using a recirculating solution culture system. Growth rates were measured at root-zone temperatures of 15 degrees, 20 degrees, 25 degrees, and 30 degrees C in a near optimum foliar environment. Optimum growth occurred at 25 degrees to 30 degrees during the first 4 weeks of growth and 20 degrees to 25 degrees during the 5th and 6th weeks. Growth was severely restricted at 15 degrees. Four concentrations of gibberellic acid (GA3) and kinetin were added to the nutrient solution in a separate trial; root-zone temperature was maintained at 15 degrees and 25 degrees. Addition of 15 micromoles GA3 to solutions increased specific leaf area, total leaf area, and dry weight production of plants in both temperature treatments. GA3-induced growth stimulation was greater at 15 degrees than at 25 degrees. GA3 may promote growth by increasing leaf area, enhancing photosynthesis per unit leaf area, or both. Kinetic was not useful in promoting growth at either temperature.
    Keywords: Man/System Technology and Life Support
    Type: Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. American Society for Horticultural Science (ISSN 0003-1062); Volume 109; 1; 121-5
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Laboratory experiments to quantify the global production of NOx (NO + NO2) in the troposphere due to atmospheric lightning and biogenic activity in soil are presented. These laboratory experiments, as well as other studies, suggest that the global production of NOx by lightning probably ranges between 2 and 20 MT(N)y-1 of NO and is strongly dependent on the total energy deposited by lightning, a quantity not well-known. In our laboratory experiments, nitrifying micro-organisms is soil were found to be a significant source of both NO and nitrous oxide (N2O). The measured production ratio of NO to N2O averaged 2-3 for oxygen partial pressures of 0.5-10%. Extrapolating these laboratory measurements to the global scale, which is somewhat risky, suggests that nitrifying micro-organisms in soil may account for as much as 10 MT(N) y-1 of NO. Additional experiments with denitrifying micro-organisms gave an NO to N2O production ratio ranging from 2 to 4 for an oxygen partial pressure of 0.5% and a ratio of less than unity for oxygen partial pressures ranging from 1 to 20%. The production of NO and N2O, normalized with respect to micro-organism number indicates that the production of both NO and N2O by denitrifying micro-organisms is at least an order of magnitude less than production by nitrifying micro-organisms for the micro-organisms studied.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: Atmospheric environment (ISSN 0004-6981); Volume 18; 9; 1797-804
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: A self-consistent method of determining initial conditions for the model presented by Berner, Lasaga, and Garrels (1983) (henceforth, the BLAG model) is derived, based on the assumption that the CO2 geochemical cycle was in steady state at t = -100 my (million years). This initialization procedure leads to a dissolved magnesium concentration higher than that calculated by Berner, Lasaga, and Garrels and to a low ratio of dissolved calcium to bicarbonate prior to 60 my ago. The latter prediction conflicts with the geologic record of evaporite deposits, which requires that this ratio remain greater than 0.5. The contradiction is probably caused by oversimplifications in the BLAG model, such as the neglect of the cycles of organic carbon and sulfur.
    Keywords: Meteorology and Climatology
    Type: American journal of science (ISSN 0002-9599); Volume 284; 1175-82
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Motion sickness symptoms, stimuli, and drug therapy are discussed. Autogenic feedback training (AFT) methods of preventing motion sickness are explained. Research with AFT indicates that participants who had AFT could withstand longer periods of Coriolis acceleration, participants with high or low susceptibility to motion sickness could control their symptoms with AFT, AFT for Coriolis acceleration is transferable to other motion sickness stimuli, and most people can learn AFT, though with varying rates of learning.
    Keywords: Behavioral Sciences
    Type: Flying safety (Washington, D.C. : 1981) (ISSN 0279-9308); Volume 40; 2; 12-7
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The topics are presented in view graph form and include the following: an adaptive model following control; adaptive control of a distributed parameter system (DPS) with a finite-dimensional controller; a direct adaptive controller; a closed-loop adaptively controlled DPS; Lyapunov stability; the asymptotic stability of the closed loop; and model control of a simply supported beam.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 319-363
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The first general research objective was to address control design challenges of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) via the two stage approach: (1) slew the whole as if it were a rigid body about one Space Shuttle body axis each time using the onboard Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters; and (2) damp out excited vibrations. The second objective was to examine the feasibility of applying the approach to shuttle-attached flexible space structures. The following was accomplished: (1) a standard bang-bang control technique was adapted; (2) a slew rate limit was imposed in the design; and (3) slew acceleration deviation was defined as the index of slew performance degradation.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 235-262
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  • 36
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Information on a modal model for the Spacecraft Control Laboratory (SCOLE) is given in viewgraph form. A partial differential equation model covering roll bending, pitch bending, torsion, shear forces, and bending moments is given.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 29-40
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The distributed element dynamic analysis package DISTEL is used to analyze the NASA/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE). In this configuration, the Space Shuttle motion is coupled to the motion of a large dish antenna through a Shuttle-deployed flexible mast of 40 m long. Due to the high asymmetry of the system, the motions about the different axes (roll, pitch, yaw) are severely coupled. A general purpose software like DISTEL is especially suited for this kind of analysis. Modal frequencies of the complete spacecraft and impulse response (modal gains) to excitations at different locations are obtained. Mode-shape plots of the deformations of the entire system are given. Finally, results obtained at NASA and at Purdue University are compared to those found by the European space technology center, ESTEC.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 41-86
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: A mathematical formulation for the control of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) configuration is given. Two equivalent approaches, one using a functional equation and the other an abstract wave equation, are illustrated. Such a formulation can help in digital computer simulation to evaluate control laws, providing insight, and generating control laws.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 87-103
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  • 39
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The objectives of this study are listed as follows: (1) to develop Lagrange's equations of motion for the shuttle antenna configuration in orbit; (2) to modify equations using the Lagrange multiplier method to develop equations of motion for the laboratory experiment; and (3) to discuss methods for simulation and control. The equations are presented in graph form.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 148-157
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Discussed here is a NASA program which was initiated to make direct comparisons of control laws for a mathematical problem. An experimental test item is being assembled under the cognizance of the Spacecraft Control Branch at Langley Research Center. The physical apparatus will consist of a softly supported dynamic model of an antenna attached to the Space Shuttle by a flexible beam. The control objective will include the task of directing the line of sight of the Shuttle/antenna configuration toward a fixed target, under conditions of noisy data, limited control authority, and random disturbances.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 1-27
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The scope of this study covered steady-state, continuous-time vibration control under disturbances applied to the Space Shuttle and continuous-time models of actuators, sensors, and disturbances. Focus was on a clear illustration of the methodology, therefore sensor/actuator dynamics were initially ignored, and a finite element model of the NASA Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) was conducted, including products of inertia and offset of reflector CM from the mast tip.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 364-392
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The motivation was to develop a control design and analysis methodology directly applicable to design concepts of flexible spacecraft of interest the the U.S. Navy and to provide a testbed for the evaluation of large space structure control techniques developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The topics covered include the following: (1) a list of key concepts; (2) evaluation of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) model with DISCOS; (3) baseline results, line of sight error vs. time; (4) general formulation of optimization; (5) geometric interpretation, projected eigenaxis; (6) closed loop control law; and (7) future directions.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 263-280
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Nonlinear and linear equations of motions were derived. The preliminary investigation consisted of model beam as truss structure, effects of truss structure on control design, and effects of reflector offset on control design. It was concluded that the offset of the reflector c.g. from the beam reflector attach point is dynamically significant. Also, truss effects may also significantly effect the performance of the controller if ignored. If the truss is included in the modeling of the NASA/SCOLE configuration, a practically implementable scheme is available to reduce the model order.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 133-147
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) will allow direct experimental comparison of competing control schemes for large flexible spacecraft structures. The experiment was designed to emulate the essential characteristics of a mathematical model design challenge which represents a Space Shuttle with a flexible mast and antenna attached. This experiment represents the third in a series of three flexible structure control experiments used by the Flight Dynamics and Control Division at LaRC. The key problem addressed by the facility is that flexible motion of the mast and antenna must be considered in the slewing and pointing control problems.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 393-404
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: The following topics are covered in view graph form: (1) pulse control strategy; (2) stability analysis and digital simulations; (3) digital/analog and analog/digital conversions, and analog simulation; and (4) experimental studies.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 281-318
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  • 46
    Publication Date: 2004-12-04
    Description: Researchers simplified the analytical expression of the line of sight (LOS) error, discovered and proved the independence of Euler angle Psi, calculated attitude angles corresponding to 0 degrees and 20 degrees LOS errors, determined choices of initial alignment, tailored the slew maneuvers for LOS pointing, simulated numerically the LOS pointing slew of the Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE), and evaluated the pointing performance.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center, Spacecraft Control Laboratory Experiment (SCOLE) Workshop, 1984; p 216-234
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Projections of technological advances to the year 2000 have suggested a number of possible conceptual types of air vehicles. For convenience, these have been grouped according to speed, increasing from below Mach 1 (including hovering flight) through various Mach ranges to orbital flight. The potential performance capabilities that could be realized for each of these types of aircraft provide exciting prospects for the years beyond 2000. It is clear that the greater design flexibilities provided by the projected technology advances will permit significant improvements in performance, economy, and safety and allow the design and development of aircraft systems that current technology will not support. In the following sections, each vehicle type is discussed, noting design features and significant advances. Where related aircraft exist, the significant economic and performance factors are compared. In addition, for each concept, the technology developments considered essential for the advanced concept are identified. The types of aircraft described are examples of what advances in the technology projected for the year 2000 could provide. They are by no means all that would be possible. The panel's views on the current state of knowledge of systems intergration as a discipline and the need for advancement in this area presented in the concluding section of this report.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 195-213; NASA-CR-205283
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Over the last 50 years, aeronautical structures have evolved from the wood, fabric, and wire of low-speed biplanes to supersonic aircraft fabricated with advanced metallic and nonmetallic materials. The advances made in structures technology have had significant impact on aircraft design and performance. An example is the large weight reductions being realized from the utilization of composite materials for secondary and primary structures. However, structural advances have been evolutionary, not revolutionary. Through the year 2000, there are opportunities to obtain significant new advancements in structural technology. These advances could result in considerable performance and capability payoffs such as increased payload, range, speed, maneuverability, fuel efficiency, and safety through reductions in weight, increases in strength, and the ability to make structures pliable. Also, with new manufacturing processes it is possible that reductions in production costs will be realized. Some of the structural technology areas where future major advances could be made are adaptive structures, thermal structures, damage tolerant structures, propulsion system structures, and new structural concepts.
    Keywords: Aircraft Design, Testing and Performance
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 71-98; NASA-CR-205283
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Progress in aerodynamics over the past 50 years has been evidenced by the development of increasingly sophisticated and efficient flight vehicles throughout the flight spectrum. Advances have generally arisen in an evolutionary manner from experience gained in wind tunnel testing, flight testing, and improvements in analytical and computational capabilities. As a result of this evolutionary development, both military and commercial vehicles operate at a relatively high efficiency level. This observation plus the fact that airplanes have not changed appreciably in outward appearance over recent years has led some skeptics to conclude incorrectly that aerodynamics is a mature technology, with little to be gained from further developments in the field. It is of interest to note that progress in aerodynamics has occurred without a thorough understanding of the fundamental physics of flow, turbulence, vortex dynamics, and separated flow, for example. The present understanding of transition, turbulence, and boundary layer separation is actually very limited. However, these fundamental flow phenomena provide the key to reducing the viscous drag of aircraft. Drag reduction provides the greatest potential for increased flight efficiency from the standpoint of both saving energy and maximizing performance. Recent advances have led to innovative concepts for reducing turbulent friction drag by modifying the turbulent structure within the boundary layer. Further advances in this basic area should lead to methods for reducing skin friction drag significantly. The current challenges for military aircraft open entirely new fields of investigation for the aerodynamicist. The ability through very high speed information processing technology to totally integrate the flight and propulsion controls can permit an aircraft to fly with "complete abandon," avoiding departure, buffet, and other undesirable characteristics. To utilize these new control concepts, complex aerodynamic phenomena will have to be understood, predicted, and controlled. Current requirements for military aircraft include configuration optimization through a widened envelope from subsonic to supersonic and from low to high angles of attack. This task is further complicated by requirements for control of observables. These challenging new designs do not have the luxury of a large experimental data base from which to optimize for various parameter combinations. Consequently, there exists a strong need for better techniques, both experimental and computational, to permit design optimization in a complete sense.
    Keywords: Aerodynamics
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 15-46; NASA-CR-205283
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Propulsion, while conventionally included on the list of important aeronautical disciplines along with aerodynamics, structures, etc., is in itself a systems endeavor, analogous to the engineering of the entire vehicle; indeed propulsion encompasses important aspects of all the other disciplines. In recognition of this fact, the panel focused its discussion on those aspects of the key disciplines that are especially or uniquely important to propulsion. From the initial development of the airplane, the propulsion system has been recognized as one of the pacing technologies. It is perhaps because of the technological disparity between the reciprocating engine and the primitive airframe that the two remained relatively and separate, were developed somewhat independently, usually by different organizations. In recent years, the maturing of the gas turbine power plant and the advance in high-speed airframes have rendered this separation somewhat artificial. The power plant and the airframe now share common structural and aerodynamic elements; as the flight Mach number rises, the degree of interaction increases. By the year 2000, this interdependence will have increased in many respects to a point where independent design may not be practical or possible. During the period since the initiation of the aircraft gas turbine, the solid propellant rocket and the liquid propellant rocket, a vast array of other novel engines have been studied, covering the full spectrum of flight conditions from low subsonic to hypersonic and transatmospheric flight. In each instance, performance limits have been investigated under the assumption that current technology or reasonably foreseeable technology would be available for their development. Among the extensive list of advanced, high-performance concepts and cycles examined are the hypersonic ramjet, the variable cycle, runway-to-orbit airbreathing engine, the ram rocket (airbreathing and rich solid propellant rocket), and the air turborocket. At various times, these systems have come relatively close to meriting development and application. In many instances, limitations of materials and technologies curtailed development. As important and with almost equal frequency, the lack of commercial or military utility of the concept precluded the necessary funding. It is instructive to note that two former items on this list, the turbofan (bypass engine) and the high-speed turboprop, are respectively a mainstay engine and a promising development. In the case of the turbofan, its full potential could not be realized until turbine cooling technology had been developed and new materials developed to permit the construction of transonic fans. In the case of the highspeed turbopropeller engine, not only were the material and turbine technologies needed, but, in addition, the rise in fuel costs provided the impetus to take advantage of its favorable fuel consumption characteristic. As the basic technologies progress and as new missions become attractive, the engines in the foregoing list become candidates for new feasibility studies and further technology development. At the present time, the ram rocket is the prime contender to augment the range of small missiles. Of interest also is the hypersonic ram jet and its logical extension, the runway-to-orbit airbreathing engine. Much of this report deals with the development of current or near-future power plant concepts. First, the motivating factors for aeronautical propulsion research are reviewed as a reminder of the importance of continued effort in a field that has often been characterized as mature. Next, technical areas are discussed in which the panel feels additional research effort is warranted and would lead to the realization of the technological potentials between now and the year 2000. Under these guidelines, new cycles (e.g., isothermal energy exchange) were not considered by the panel. Finally, although facility requirements were not a prime consideration in the current projections, the panel believes that the increasing complexity of propulsion systems; the need for more refined interaction between propulsion system, airframe, and controls; and increasing operation in adverse weather will require test capabilities beyond those now available (see appendix). Enhanced test capability is needed in the areas of propulsion airframe integration and in largescale icing research with proper concurrent treatment of altitude, temperature, and speed.
    Keywords: Aircraft Propulsion and Power
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 47-69; NASA-CR-205283
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) systems have historically been vital to improving operational capability of aircraft. The development of autopilots and electronic navigation systems has greatly aided the crew in flying precise routes in all weather conditions while at the same time reducing pilot workload. Advances in high-integrity onboard computing and electronics technology have resulted in a significant increase in the capability of these subsystems to perform more reliably, efficiently, and safely. Onboard computing and control system capability has provided new design approaches for the aircraft designer. By using automatic control systems to stabilize the aircraft, the designer can relax certain conventional aerodynamic stability requirements and achieve aircraft performance benefits. Thus, modern fighter aircraft are designed with low levels, or in fact, negative levels of longitudinal static stability to boost maneuvering capability and cruise performance, relying on the use of full-time, full-authority automatic stability augmentation systems to stabilize the aircraft. During the next 20 years, GNC systems will become a driving force in aircraft design. Instead of making separately designed major aircraft systems work together, the designer will exploit the interaction and integration of aerodynamic, structural, and propulsion system controls to provide a better aircraft. The benefits of such integrated designs have been demonstrated already. Integrated digital control of the engine inlet and autopilot systems on a NASA YF-12 research aircraft resulted in a range increase of 7 percent. A civil transport derivative using extensions on each wing and an active control system to minimize the requirement for structural modifications achieved significant cruise performance improvements. These are first-generation applications of advanced GNC systems. More significant benefits are achievable by the year 2000. Complete integration of aerodynamic, propulsion and structural controls, and mission avionics will provide dramatically better aircraft performance, new capability (low observability, supermaneuverability) and/or improved mission effectiveness. This requires a concurrent, multidisciplinary design approach early in the design stage. The role of advanced GNC systems in future aircraft is not an option.
    Keywords: Aircraft Communications and Navigation
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 129-156; NASA-CR-205283
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: Materials and manufacturing technology are critical to advanced aircraft and permeate all disciplines. Current aircraft systems employ a variety of materials, each selected to provide the best vehicle design in terms of performance, safety, reliability, manufacturability, and life cycle cost. However, a mistake in materials selection could bankrupt an airframe or engine manufacturer. Thus, the introduction of new materials is a slow process. Generally, new materials are used initially in noncritical components until their performance in service can be confirmed. Then, as confidence grows, they are used in more and more critical applications. Finally, if appropriate, new materials are used in critical, static elements and then in dynamic components. Thus, because the nominal time for development of a conventional monolithic material ranges from 5 to 10 years there is a 10- to 15- year lag between laboratory effort and introduction into service. Therefore, to assure the availability of materials suitable for production aircraft and engines in the year 2000, the concepts already must have been identified and must be progressing along evolutionary paths toward application. Trends, actual and projected, in the use of materials for commercial engines are shown in Figure 4-1. Related military applications are projected to follow similar paths. The new actor will be composites. The panel examined a wide range of materials important to all aspects of aircraft development, airframe structures, propulsion systems and for other important aircraft subsystems. These are addressed in the body of the report in terms of the current state of the art, opportunities for improvement, and barriers to achievement of projected benefits. This is followed by projections of the progress of technology that could be realized by the year 2000 with the application of appropriate resources.
    Keywords: Composite Materials
    Type: Aeronautics Technology Possibilities for 2000: Report of a Workshop; 99-128; NASA-CR-205283
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2005-02-22
    Description: The structural analysis of the Space Shuttle orbiter was planned with two concepts in mind: use derivatives or subsets of the same basic finite element model whenever feasible, and substantiate the model's predictive capability by performing ground tests. The analysis cycle (model modal loads stress (MMLS)) starts with the finite element model conception and ends with the detailed stress analysis and margins of safety. The structural analysis of the orbiter encompasses a variety of static and dynamic problems. The salient features of these problems and their solutions are examined.
    Keywords: SPACE TRANSPORTATION
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 369-383
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The governing equations for the analysis of open branch-chain mechanical systems are developed in a form suitable for implementation in a general purpose finite element computer program. Lagrange's form of d'Alembert's principle is used to derive the system mass matrix and force vector. The generalized coordinates are selected as the unconstrained relative degrees of freedom giving the position and orientation of each slave link with respect to their master link. Each slave link may have from zero to six degrees of freedom relative to the reference frames of its master link. A strategy for automatic generation of the system mass matrix and force vector is described.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 405-422
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: In many structures the final stress states are dependent on the sequence of construction or the stress states at various stages of construction are of interest. Such problems can be analyzed using finite element programs that have the capability of adding (birthing) elements to simulate the progress of construction. However, the usual procedure of assembling elements may lead to numerical instabilities or stress states that are unrealistic. Both problems are demonstrated in the analysis of a structure using the program ADINA. A technique which combines application of a preload with element birthing to overcome these problems is described and illustrated.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 395-404
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A technique utilizing finite element analysis, liquid impact kinematics, and momentum theory is described and compared to single-drop impact test data performed on various configurations of coated ceramic material. The method correlates well with test data and is useful in predicting the single-drop impact damage velocity threshold for low-density, coated ceramic materials.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 385-393
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: An algorithm is outlined for simulating the contact surface erosion for impact problems. The algorithm dynamically relocates the contact surface as projectile and target materials exceed their failure criterion. Example computations of axisymmetric and oblique impacts are compared with experimental data.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 315-324
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Transport fuselage section drop tests provided useful information about the crash behavior of metal aircraft in preparation for a full-scale Boeing 720 controlled impact demonstration (CID). The fuselage sections have also provided an operational test environment for the data acquisition system designed for the CID test, and data for analysis and correlation with the DYCAST nonlinear finite-element program. The correlation of the DYCAST section model predictions was quite good for the total fuselage crushing deflection (22 to 24 inches predicted versus 24 to 26 inches measured), floor deformation, and accelerations for the floor and fuselage. The DYCAST seat and occupant model was adequate to approximate dynamic loading to the floor, but a more sophisticated model would be required for good correlation with dummy accelerations. Although a full-section model using only finite elements for the subfloor was desirable, constraints of time and computer resources limited the finite-element subfloor model to a two-frame model. Results from the two-frame model indicate that DYCAST can provide excellent correlation with experimental crash behavior of fuselage structure with a minimum of empirical force-deflection data representing structure in the analytical model.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 347-368
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The dynamic behavior of aircraft fuselage structures subject to various impact conditions was investigated. An analytical model was developed based on a self-consistent finite element (CFE) formulation utilizing shell, curved beam, and stringer type elements. Equations of motion were formulated and linearized (i.e., for small displacements), although material nonlinearity was retained to treat local plastic deformation. The equations were solved using the implicit Newmark-Beta method with a frontal solver routine. Stiffened aluminum fuselage models were also tested in free flight using the UTIAS pendulum crash test facility. Data were obtained on dynamic strains, g-loads, and transient deformations (using high speed photography in the latter case) during the impact process. Correlations between tests and predicted results are presented, together with computer graphics, based on the CFE model. These results include level and oblique angle impacts as well as the free-flight crash test. Comparisons with a hybrid, lumped mass finite element computer model demonstrate that the CFE formulation provides the test overall agreement with impact test data for comparable computing costs.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT DESIGN, TESTING AND PERFORMANCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 325-346
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A study of the dynamic characteristics of a coupled translational-rotational system is given. The formulation of the problem considers the soil-structure interaction effects by utilizing the impedance functions at the foundation of a structure. Due to the fact that the coefficient matrix in the characteristic equation is frequency dependent in nature, iterations have to be performed to find the nature frequencies of the system. Examples and discussions are presented. Comparisons of the analytical results from various approaches are also given.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 289-296
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  • 61
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Two analytical techniques applicable to large deflection dynamic response calculations for pressure loaded composite sandwich panels are demonstrated. One technique utilizes finite element modeling with a single equivalent layer representing the face sheets and core. The other technique utilizes the modal analysis computer code DEPROP which was recently modified to include transverse shear deformation in a core layer. The example problem consists of a simply supported rectangular sandwich panel. Included are comparisons of linear and nonlinear static response calculations, in addition to dynamic response calculations.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 251-268
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  • 62
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The design of thin shell structures with respect to elastoplastic buckling requires an extended analysis of the influence of initial imperfections. For conservative design, the most critical defect should be assumed with the maximum allowable magnitude. This defect is closely related to the initial postbuckling behavior. An algorithm is given for the quasi-static analysis of the postbuckling behavior of structures that exhibit multiple buckling points. the algorithm based upon an energy criterion allows the computation of the critical perturbation which will be employed for the definition of the critical defect. For computational efficiency, the algorithm uses the reduced basis technique with automatic update of the modal basis. The method is applied to the axisymmetric buckling of cylindrical shells under axial compression, and conclusions are given for future research.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 237-250
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  • 63
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A general approach is required for describing matter of behavior when the failure is likely to involve growth and coalescence of a large number of fractures. Failures of this kind appear frequently in rapid dynamic processes, particularly in the formation of spall fragments. An approach to formulating constitutive relations that accounts for the opening, shear and growth of an ensemble of cracks is discussed. The approach accounts for plastic flow accompanying fragmentation. The resulting constitutive relations were incorporated into a Lagrangian computer program. A theoretical approach to coalescence is described. The simplest formulation uses a linear Liouville equation, with crack growth limited by the mean free path of cracks, assumed constant. This approach allows for an anisotropic distribution of cracks. An alternative approach in which the decrease of the mean free path with increasing crack size is accounted for, but the crack distribution is assumed isotropic is described. A reduction of the governing Liouville equation to an ordinary differential equation of third order is possible, and the result can be used to determine how mean free path decreases with increasing crack size.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 185-195
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The design of a composite panel requires some way of finding the minimum thickness laminate which will withstand the load requirements without failure. The mathematical complexity of this problem dictates the use of nonlinear optimization techniques. Specialized laminate optimization programs were developed which are compact and efficient enough to run on microcomputers. Only stresses at a point and inplane loads and deflections are considered. The programs are simple to use and require no knowledge of optimization. Techniques are developed which find minimum thickness laminates with either ply ratios or ply angles as design variables. A method is presented for finding the optimum orientation for the axis of symmetry of an orthotropic laminate. The orthotropic laminate program uses an approximate failure theory, which speed up computations dramatically.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 181-183
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  • 65
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The evaluation of the total probability of a plastic collapse failure P sub f for a highly redundant structure of random interdependent plastic moments acted on by random interdepedent loads is a difficult and computationally very costly process. The evaluation of reasonable bounds to this probability requires the use of second moment algebra which involves man statistical parameters. A computer program which selects the best strategy for minimizing the interval between upper and lower bounds of P sub f is now in its final stage of development. The relative importance of various uncertainties involved in the computational process on the resulting bounds of P sub f, sensitivity is analyzed. Response sensitivities for both mode and system reliability of an ideal plastic portal frame are shown.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 159-179
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A finite element modeling technique which utilizes a triangular element called TSHEL with 45 degrees of freedom and seven point integration was tested for analysis of thin plate and shell structures. The element formulation is based on the degenerate solid shell concept and the mixed formulation with assumed independent inplane and transverse shear strains. The effectiveness of the present modeling technique which features combined use of elements with kinematic modes and those without kinematic modes to eliminate both locking and spurious kinematic modes at the global structural levels are shown.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 123-142
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The stress derivative technique for control of keystoning deformation in under-integrated finte elements is based on expansion of the stress in a Taylor series about the element center and retention of additional terms beyond the constant stress term. It has the advantage over other control techniques that keystoning resistance is provided by actual rather than artificial material properties. Application of this technique to the quadrilateral ring elements used for modelling solids of revolution subjected to axisymmetric loads is described. In a cylindrical coordinate system additional terms appear in the formulation which must be dealt with in arriving at a workable keystoning control scheme.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 111-122
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  • 68
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: A relational database management system is presented that is tailored for engineering applications. A wide variety of engineering data types are supported and the data definition language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML) are extended to handle matrices. The system can be used either in the standalone mode or through a FORTRAN or PASCAL application program. The query language is of the relational calculus type and allows the user to store, retrieve, update and delete tuples from relations. The relational operations including union, intersect and differ facilitate creation of temporary relations that can be used for manipulating information in a powerful manner. Sample applications are shown to illustrate the creation of data through a FORTRAN program and data manipulation using the TEQUEL DML.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 55-71
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: An existing program is currently being adapted to perform finite element analysis by distributing substructures over a network of four Apple IIe microcomputers connected to a shared disk. In this network, one microcomputer controls the entire process while the others perform the analysis on each substructure in parallel. This substructure analysis is used in an iterative, fully stressed, structural resizing procedure. This procedure allows experimentatation with resizing in which all analyses are not completed during a single iteration. This research gives some insight on how to configure multidiscriplinary analysis and optimization procedures for decomposable engineering systems using either high performance engineering workstations or a parallel processor supercomputer. In addition, the operational experience gained facilitates the implementation of analysis programs on these new computers when they become available in an engineering environment.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 45-54
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Described are the experiences gained from solving for the dynamic response of two simple structures on an experimental Multiple Instruction Multiple Data (MIMD) computer called the finite element machine. Introduced are MIMD computing concepts, describing how the concurrent algorithmic techniques implemented and giving results for the two example problems. The results show computational speedups of up to 7.83 using eight of the finite element machine processors and indicate that significant computational speedups are possible for large order structural computations.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 31-44
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  • 71
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: The FLEX/32 Multicomputer is a generic environment for cooperating multiple processors. The FLEX/32 supports a number of different processors, making it heterogeneous in terms of the instruction sets it supports, and homogeneous in its ability to provide consistent storage and input/output facilities to its differing processors. These facilities are accessed through standard 32-bit VMEbus connections. The FLEX/32 supports the full UNIX System V Operating System and languages associated with it, plus the extended ConCurrent C and Concurrent FORTRAN 77 languages that allow programming of concurrent software at a high level. Direct programming support at all levels is provided by the environment hardware for concurrent software execution and optimization, including hardware support for shared resource access arbitration, conditional critical region arbitration, and interprocessor messages.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 1-14
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2005-03-28
    Description: Research aimed at faster, more cost effective parallel machines and algorithms for improving designer productivity with finite element computations is discussed. A set of 8 boards, containing 4 nearest neighbor connected arrays of commercially available floating point chips and substantial memory, are inserted into a commercially available machine. One-tenth Mflop (64 bit operation) processors provide an 89% efficiency when solving the equations arising in a finite element problem for a single variable regular grid of size 40 by 40 by 40. This is approximately 15 to 20 times faster than a much more expensive machine such as a VAX 11/780 used in double precision. The efficiency falls off as faster or more processors are envisaged because communication times become dominant. A novel successive overrelaxation algorithm which uses cyclic reduction in order to permit data transfer and computation to overlap in time is proposed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Res. in Struct. and Dyn., 1984; p 15-29
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  • 73
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Most of the research on reactions of people to community noise is divided into studies of annoyance as measured by attitude surveys and annoyance as measured by complaint behavior, including legal actions. This research has provided means of testing the concept promulgated over 20 years ago that the average amount of noise energy from significant sources that intrudes daily into houses and living areas can be used to predict the impact of the noise on people in a community. However, research data on annoyance and complaint behavior collected over the past 10 to 20 years have shown that there are significant limitations and variables that must be considered in the fair application of the noise energy concept in its simplest form.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Physiol., Psychol., and Social Effects of Noise; p 525-606
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  • 74
    facet.materialart.
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The establishment of a baseline of normal hearing is investigated through the examination of pure tone hearing level surveys and variables such as age, sociocusis, sex, race, and otological disorders. Mathematical formulae used to predict hearing levels in industrial and nonindustrial surveys is included.
    Keywords: MAN/SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY AND LIFE SUPPORT
    Type: Physiol., Psychol., and Social Effects of Noise; p 175-218
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Voyager 1 images show 14 volcanic centers wholly or partly within the Kane Patera quadrangle of Io, which are divided into four major classes: (1) shield with parallel flows; (2) shield with early radial fan shapd flows; (3) shield with radial fan shaped flows, surfaces of flows textured with longitudinal ridges; and (4) depression surrounded by plateau-forming scarp-bounded, untextured deposits. The interpretation attempted here hinges largely on the ability to distinguish lava flows from pyroclastic flows by remote sensing.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA, Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 127-129
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2009-11-23
    Description: Opinions conflict over the role of surface gravity in shaping impact craters on Mercury. One view holds that the effects of g are evident in measurable aspects of crater form; other investigators find little or no evidence for g's geomorphic importance. Ambiguity in the role of g and other variables in cratering on Mercury stems largely from uncertainty in identifying major geomorphic contrasts and the crater sizes at which they occur. One of these, depth/diameter (d/D), undergoes a major change at the transition from simple (bowl shaped) to complex (peaks and terraces) crater interiors. Four least-squares d/D fits for fresh craters on Mercury were attemped. The results are inconsistent. The d/D data that should resolve previous shortcomings is presented. The revised d/D distributions for simple and complex craters, which intersect at a diameter of about 5 km, support the initial thesis that g substantially influences the form of Mercury's craters.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Program, 1983; p 104-106
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: The technology required to accommodate the use of broadened properties fuels in commercial aircraft engine combustors with minimum impact on the emissions, performance, durability and engine operational characteristics is discussed. Emphasis was placed on defining the potential for reducing the fuel sensitivity of the reference combustion system through design refinements and the introduction of more advanced technology combustors. To this end the tests conducted included the evaluation of variations of three different combustor concepts representing progressively more advanced technology levels. It was demonstrated that reduced fuel hydrogen content has adverse impacts on current single stage combustors; the best opportunities for reducing the fuel sensitivity of these combustors are through improved fuel injectors and advanced liner cooling and structural concepts and that the advanced technology staged and variable geometry combustor concepts have inherent operational flexibility that can be exploited to accommodate changes in fuel composition. Also, advanced technology combustor concepts were evaluated. A variable geometry combustor capable of airflow modulation during operation and a new concept which is a further evolution of the Vorbix combustor are discussed.
    Keywords: INORGANIC AND PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Assessment of Alternative Aircraft Fuels; p 99-110
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: For several years the Department of Defense has been sponsoring fuel accommodation investigations with gas turbine engine manufacturers and supporting organizations to quantify the effect of changes in fuel properties and characteristics on the operation and performance of military engine components and systems. Inasmuch as there are many differences in hardware between the operational engines in the military inventories, due to differences in design philosophy and requirements, efforts were initially expended to acquire fuel effects data from rigs simulating the hot sections of these different engines. Correlations were then sought using the data acquired to produce more general, generic relationships that could be applied to all military gas turbine engines regardless of their origin. Finally, models could be developed from these correlations that could predict the effect of fuel property changes on current and future engines. This presentation describes some of the work performed by Pratt and Whitney Aircraft, under Naval Air Propulsion Center sponsorship, to determine the effect of fuel properties on the hot section and fuel system of the Navy's TF30-P-414 gas turbine engine.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Assessment of Alternative Aircraft Fuels; p 63-72
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: In an attempt to rigorously study the fuel chemical property influence, UTRC (United Technologies Research Center) (under contract to NASA Lewis Research Center) has conducted an experimental program using 25 test fuels. The burner was a 12.7 cm dia cylindrical device consisting of six sheet metal louvers. A single pressure atomizing injector and air swirler were centrally mounted with the conical dome. Fuel physical properties were de-emphasized by using fuel injectors which produced highly atomized, and hence rapidly vaporizing sprays. A substantial fuel spray characterization effort was conducted to allow selection of nozzles which assured that such sprays were achieved for all fuels. The fuels were specified to cover the following wide ranges of chemical properties: hydrogen, 9.1 to 15 (wt) pct; total aromatics, 0 to 100 (vol) pct; and naphthalene, 0 to 30 (vol) pct. They included standard fuel (e.g., Jet A, JP4), specialty products (e.g., decalin, xylene tower bottoms) and special fuel blends. Included in this latter group were six, 4-component blends prepared to achieve parametric variations in fuel hydrogen, total aromatics and naphthalene contents.
    Keywords: AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND POWER
    Type: NASA. Lewis Research Center Assessment of Alternative Aircraft Fuels; p 31-46
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  • 80
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: Magneto-optical devices based on Bragg diffraction of light by magnetostatic waves (MSW's) offer the potential of large time-bandwidth optical signal processing at microwave frequencies of 1 to 20 GHz and higher. A thin-film integrated-optical configuration, with the interacting MSW and guided-optical wave both propagating in a common ferrite layer, is necessary to avoid shape-factor demagnetization effects. The underlying theory of the MSW-optical interaction is outlined, including the development of expressions for optical diffraction efficiency as a function of MSW power and other relevant parameters. Bradd diffraction of guided-optical waves by transversely-propagating magnetostatic waves and collinear TE/TM mode conversion included by MSW's have been demonstrated in yttrium iron garnet (YIG) thin films. Diffraction levels as large as 4% (7 mm interaction length) and a modulation dynamic range of approx 30 dB have been observed. Advantages of these MSW-based devices over the analogous acousto-optical devices include: much greater operating frequencies, tunability of the MSW dispersion relation by varying either the RF frequency or the applied bias magnetic field, simple broad-band MSW transducer structures (e.g., a single stripline), and the potential for very high diffraction efficiencies.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Opt. Inform. Process. for Aerospace Appl. 2; p 249-261
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: The solution of matrix equations is essential to carrying out a large variety of control algorithms and to reducing certain types of data such as the output of a multispectral sensor array. Optical techniques and, in particular, integrated-optical circuits (IOC's) can provide compact, low-power devices for performing the mitrix multiplications necessary for the solution of these problems. A specific IOC for performing vector-matrix multiplication and several approaches to the design of IOC's for matrix-matrix multiplication will be discussed.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Opt. Inform. Process. for Aerospace Appl. 2; p 231-241
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: A geometry modeling method was developed to define three-dimensional mesh configurations, which were expressed by the set of surface intersections with a coordinate mesh. These configurations define bodies for transonic potential-flow computation in simple physical coordinates. Various configurations were prepared for 3-D potential flow analysis, including many bare inlet models in cylindrical coordinates. Trimmed surface models were used to prepare nacelle installation configurations. A variety of ducts and mixers were represented. Analytically defined mesh/surface intersections were compared with similar data obtained from the corresponding surface model. Parameters for an analytic surface definition from mesh-surface intersections obtained from a model of the surface were produced. In both studies the modeling accuracy was shown to be compatible with the flow analysis requirements. This technique fulfills the requirements of the associated three-dimensional potential-flow analysis. It preserves the flow analysis method's superior flexibility for adapting to unusual geometries. The geometry modeling technique is supported by a sufficient set of tools for effective use by general users, and sufficient accuracy was demonstrated.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 347-358
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: The applications of the photo-activated, the CCD-addressed, and the variable-grating mode liquid crystal light valves (LCLVs) to optical data processing are described. These applications include image correlation, level slicing, spectral analysis and correlation, bi-spectral image division, and matrix-matrix multiplication.
    Keywords: OPTICS
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Opt. Inform. Process. for Aerospace Appl. 2; p 105-117
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  • 84
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: An original algorithm which solves the classical computer graphics problem of eliminating those lines that should not be visible in a wire-frame model representation of a solid figure is presented. The basis of this Triangle Compare algorithm is that any polygon, regardless of its complexity, can be constructed from a set of triangles. In the Triangle Compare algorithm, once the triangles defining the figure are defined, they are ordered based on the nearness of each triangle to the viewer and stored in a linked list. The nearest triangle are compared to all succeeding triangles. The remaining parts of triangles are synthesized into other triangles and are added in order to the linked list. Subsequent reference triangles are provided by a traversal of the linked list. After the entire list is traversed and each triangle used as a reference, the resulting list is used for a final rendering with hidden lines removed via calligraphic MOVE and DRAW commands.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 191-198
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: An efficient 3-D geometry graphics software package which is suitable for advanced design studies was developed. The advanced design system is called GRADE--Graphics for Advanced Design. Efficiency and ease of use are gained by sacrificing flexibility in surface representation. The immediate options were either to continue development of GRADE or to acquire a commercially available system which would replace or complement GRADE. Test cases which would reveal the ability of each system to satisfy the requirements were developed. A scoring method which adequately captured the relative capabilities of the three systems was presented. While more complex multi-attribute decision methods could be used, the selected method provides all the needed information without being so complex that it is difficult to understand. If the value factors are modestly perturbed, system Z is a clear winner based on its overall capabilities. System Z is superior in two vital areas: surfacing and ease of interface with application programs.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 359-376
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: Gas turbine engine design requires the ability to rapidly develop complex structures which are subject to severe thermal and mechanical operating loads. As in all facets of the aerospace industry, engine designs are constantly driving towards increased performance, higher temperatures, higher speeds, and lower weight. The ability to address such requirements in a relatively short time frame has resulted in a major thrust towards integrated design/analysis/manufacturing systems. These computer driven graphics systems represent a unique challenge, with major payback opportunities if properly conceived, implemented, and applied.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 321-325
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  • 87
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: The role of data base management in CAD/CAM, particularly for geometric data is described. First, long term and short term objectives for CAD/CAM data management are identified. Second, the benefits of the data base management approach are explained. Third, some of the additional work needed in the data base area is discussed.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 255-260
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  • 88
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: The use of computer graphics and its application to aerodynamic analyses on a routine basis is outlined. The mathematical modelling of the aircraft geometries and the shading technique implemented are discussed. Examples of computer graphics used to display aerodynamic flow field data and aircraft geometries are shown. A future need in computer graphics for aerodynamic analyses is addressed.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 199-207
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: The Data Engineering System (DES) is a computer-based system that organizes technical data and provides automated mechanisms for storage, retrieval, and engineering analysis. The DES combines the benefits of a structured data base system with automated links to large-scale analysis codes. While the DES provides the user with many of the capabilities of a computer-aided design (CAD) system, the systems are actually quite different in several respects. A typical CAD system emphasizes interactive graphics capabilities and organizes data in a manner that optimizes these graphics. On the other hand, the DES is a computer-aided engineering system intended for the engineer who must operationally understand an existing or planned design or who desires to carry out additional technical analysis based on a particular design. The DES emphasizes data retrieval in a form that not only provides the engineer access to search and display the data but also links the data automatically with the computer analysis codes.
    Keywords: DOCUMENTATION AND INFORMATION SCIENCE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 181-184
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Craters within the Ganymede Jg-7 quadrangle were divided into seven mappable units. The units represent: (1) irregular or elongate craters, (2) craters with dark ejecta, (3) palimpsests, (4) secondary craters, (5) and craters of young, mature, and old age. Symbols used for crater floors include: (1) flat floors, (2) floors with pits, (3) floora with a central dome or peak, (4) and floors with a central dome and pit. Grooved terrains were divided into five mappable units. Three units of light grooved material represent small, medium, and large grooves, which are arbitrarily divided. The other two units of grooved terrain represent dark grooved materials, and reticulate grooves. Two units of ungrooved dark terrain and two units of ungrooved light terrain were defined. In Galileo Regio, two units were defined repesenting large furrowed grooves, and smaller grooves which are orthogonal to the furrowed grooves.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 314-316
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  • 91
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The relative time of emplacement of some major rock units on Mars was recognized to some degree from geologic mapping using Mariner Images. Correlation charts showing the map units and their position in sequence, however, displayed little discrimination in their vertical range of occurrence. A more detailed time-stratigraphy is currently being developed as Viking geologic mapping of the planet progresses.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 296-297
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Although many radar profiles and images of the area within 20 deg of Mercury's equator had been obtained from 1971 to 1981, at both Goldstone and Arecibo radar facilities, surprisingly little geological analysis had been done with these data until recently. Topographic profiles and radar roughness reflectivity images which can be derived from these data will be crucial in completing the geological mapping of Mercury now underway at the U.S. Geological Survey. Processing of available radar data must be completed to establish any systematic relationship between radar reflectivities and roughness, density, dielectric constant, and other related geological parameters. Specific tasks accomplished for these purposes include the following. Documentation was located and searched to establish the type and quantity of Goldstone 12.5 cm radar observations which were available for Mercury. Data has been collected during approximately 50 observation periods from 1971 to 1981. About half of the data, collected during 1972 and 1973, have been processed, but without adequate documentation. A standardized, well-documented procedure for processing and analysis for all Goldstone Earth-based observations of Mercury was established.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 284-286
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The origin of Mars surface units and the extent of subsequent cratering play key roles in determining surface texture. At scale sizes of 0.1-10 meters, however, there is a growing body of evidence that wind is the dominant force. The direct and indirect evidence which implies that meter-scale surface texture on Mars is controlled by the wind is presented. Since radar is uniquely sensitive to structure on these scales, radio wave scattering data can provide insight on aeolian activity available from no other source.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 273-275
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  • 94
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: Three solid modellers (SMs) are evaluated in this study. The findings and opinions about their merits and deficiencies are discussed.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 81-86
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2006-04-09
    Description: Research aimed at producing new generations of solid modelling systems, and at extending the applications of solid modelling, is in progress and will be discussed briefly in this paper. Three major bodies of work are emerging: solid-modelling extensions, applications in design, and applications in production. Each area contains many parallel streams of work, with considerable cross-flow of concepts and techniques between the streams and areas.
    Keywords: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING AND SOFTWARE
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Computer-Aided Geometry Modeling; p 61-79
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Structural and tectonic interpretations of planetary surfaces rely strongly on visual determination of regional structural grain. This grain can be very complex and confusing, and sorting out of discrete trends in time and space is of utmost importance. This study is a test of these techniques applied to a well known area having several discrete structural grains. In the Bighorn Basin region of Wyoming, a largely overlooked N10E structural grain has been verified with detailed structural analysis and indicates a significant change in stress orientation at the end of the Laramide orogeny.
    Keywords: GEOPHYSICS
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 307-309
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Two old volcano-tectonic collapse structures are exposed north and northeast of the huge shield volcano, Olympus Mons. They are semicircular and were probably low shield volcanoes similar to Alba Patera, but whose central portions have subsided or collapsed. They form the basement upon which younger volcanic materials of Alba Patera Olympus Mons have been emplaced. The oldest structure, Acheron Fossae is over 700 km across and is north of Olympus Mons. It has a surface of considerable relief broken by graben and extensive en echelon and parallel fractures and faults with varied displacements. Acheron Fossae is the most densely cratered in the Olympus Mons region. The structure must have formed very early in martian time. The second is Halex Fossae, northeast of Olympus Mons. Where exposed, it is cut by a series of arcuate grabens that become closer spaced toward its center. The radii of the fractures indicate that the structure may be at least 250 km across and centered beneath the Olympus Plains. Lava flows appear to have issued from some of the arcuate fractures and to have flowed radially away from the center of Halex Fossae. North of Halex Fossae, material of the same age as Halex Fossae overlaps Acheron Fossae.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 293-295
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  • 98
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The terrain analysis software package was restructured and documentation was added. A program was written to test Johnson Space Center's four band scatterometer data for spurious signals data. A catalog of terrain roughness statistics and calibrated four frequency multipolarization scatterometer data is being published to support the maintenance of Death Valley as a radar backscatter calibration test site for all future airborne and spacecraft missions. Test pits were dug through sand covered terrains in the Eastern Sahara to define the depth and character of subsurface interfaces responsible for either backscatter or specular response in SIR-A imagery. Blocky sandstone bedrock surfaces at about 1 m depth were responsible for the brightest SIR-A returns. Irregular very dense CaCO3 cemented sand interfaces were responsible for intermediate grey tones. Ancient river valleys had the weakest response. Reexamination of SEASAT l-band imagery of U.S. deserts continues.
    Keywords: COMMUNICATIONS AND RADAR
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 268-269
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: High spatial resolution data from the Viking infrared thermal mapper (IRTM) are used to examine the Tharsis volcanoes which are situated within a vast area of low thermal inertia material very fine particle size or very high porosity, with the volcanoes having the lowest thermal inertias. Thermal infrared images of the 1823 flow on Kilauea's southwest rift zone show lower thermal inertias near the vent area where shelly pahoehoe is common while individual channelized aa flows with abundant broken pahoehoe slabs are higher thermal inertia. The increase in aa flows to the southeast leads to a general trend of increasing thermal inertias from near vent to distal areas. Martian shield volcanoes have thermal inertias equal to or higher than their surrounding plans when atmospheric effects are removed from the data. The general increase in thermal inertias away from the summit calderas is consistent with the trend of the Hawaiian 1823 flow and may be related to changing lava properties away from the summit.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 266-267
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