ALBERT

Description: Cytological studies on the Rubiaceae with special references to the genus Galium have been done by HOMEYER (1936) and FAGERLIND (1937). EHRENDORFER (1949, 1954, 1955, 1956) described the phylogeny of the section Leptogalium. More detailed cytological and cytotaxonomical investigations appeared by HANCOCK (1942) (Galium palustre L., Galium debile Desv. and Galium uliginosum L.), CLAPHAM (1949) ( Galium palustre L.), EHRENDORFER (1949, 1953) (Galium pumilum Murr.) 1955 (Galium rubrum L. and Galium pusillum L.) and of Galium boreale L. by Löve and Löve (1954) and more recently by RAHN (1961). FAGERLIND (1937) and, previous to him, HOMEYER (1936) determined the chromosome numbers of many Galium species. Later investigations by EHRENDORFER (1949, 1955, 1956, 1961), LÖVE and LÖVE (1954, 1956), PIOTROWICZ (1958), POUQUES (1949), RAHN (1960, 1961) and REESE (1957) confirmed and supplemented this list of chromosome numbers. Many investigators have paid attention to the genus Galium. However, their studies have concerned only with some critical species or groups. Many taxonomical problems remain concerning the genus. SCHUMANN (1891) in ENGLER and PRANTL „Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien” divided the genus in 14 sections which are very distinct morphologically. However, within these sections it is often very difficult to define exactly the morphological differences between the species.

Description: This is the second paper dealing with Myxomycetes collected by me in the Netherlands, mostly in the neighbourhood of Doorwerth. Specimens of the species dealt with are preserved either in my private collection or in that of the Botanical Museum and Herbarium of the State University, Utrecht (in the last named case the numbers are followed by a “U”), or in both.

Description: Whilst studying the material of the genus Securidaca for the “Flora of Suriname”, I found it in most cases extremely difficult or even impossible to identify the species. The original descriptions are, as a rule, very short, and they have been based for a good deal on incomplete material: mature fruits, for instance, are often missing. Hence it is not surprising that on quite a number of species the opinions of taxonomists disagree. Accordingly on the one hand we may find in the various collections the most different species lumped together under the same name, while on the other hand one and the same species may appear under several names. A study of the type specimens therefore, was obviously very desirable. I am indebted to the “VAN EEDEN FONDS” for enabling me to visit the Herbarium in Paris, where I could clear up some misunderstandings with regard to the Suriname species. This study includes all the Suriname specimens preserved in the Herbaria of Utrecht, Leiden, Kew, Brussels, Geneva and Berlin, together with the material collected outside Suriname and available in the Utrecht and Paris collections, and the British Guiana plants of the Kew Herbarium. To get an impression of the genus as a whole, several species not occurring in Suriname have been studied, but a thorough investigation was made of the Suriname ones only. The results of this investigation will be given below.

Description: The Colombian representatives of the lichen family Parmeliaceae with linear lobes and marginal cilia have been revised. A key is given and morphology, chemistry and distribution are treated of 12 species in three genera: Cetrariastrum Sipm. gen. nov, with C. andense (Kärnef.) Sipm. comb. nov., C. dubitans Sipm. spec. nov. and C. equadoriense (Sant.) Sipm. comb. nov., Everniastrum with E. catawbiense (Degel.) Hale, E. cirrhatum (Fr.) Hale, E. columbiense (Zahlbr.) Hale, E. fragile Sipm. spec. nov., E. planum Sipm. spec. nov., E. sorocheilum (Vain.) Hale and E. vexans (Zahlbr.) Hale, and Parmelina cleefii Sipm. spec. nov. and P. swinscowii (Hale) Hale.

Description: A phytosociological survey based on methods of the Zürich-Montpellier School was carried out in the páramo vegetation of the Cordillera Oriental, Colombia. The study area covers about 10,000 and comprises the páramo between the Nevado de Sumapaz (3°55'N, 4250 m), the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (6°25'N, 5493 m) and the Páramo del Almorzadero (7°N, 4375 m). The páramo vegetation was studied along various altitudinal transects from the upper forest line (3000-3500 m) up to the lower limit of the snowcap (4800 m). A general description of the study area includes data on geology, geomorphology, soils, climate, flora, phytogeography, morphological characters of the vegetation, fauna and landuse. The evolution and Quaternary history of páramo vegetation and climate is reviewed, incorporating the first data from the Lateglacial and Holocene of the Páramo de Sumapaz. The general altitudinal zonation of the páramo vegetation was studied and is presented for both the dry and the humid side of the Cordillera. The zonal and azonal plant communities are described including their physiognomy, composition and syntaxonomy, habitat and distribution. Eighty five syntaxa from the rank of variant to that of the class are newly described, 17 of which are provisional. The vegetation is not ranked syntaxonomically yet, but described on the basis of preliminary tables. A number of azonal communities, part of them of lesser extent, are described in a similar way. The páramo vegetation is primarily determined by the tropical diurnal high mountain climate. The diversity of the páramo vegetation is related to temperature (altitudinal gradient) and to humidity (dry and wet climate). The presence of zonal bunchgrass páramo, bamboo-bunchgrass páramo or bamboo páramo mainly depends on the complex interrelation between these factors. Finally a synthesis is provided on ecology, morphology and phytogeography of the páramo vegetation of the study area.

Description: In the present study pollen morphology of the Euphorbeaceae is treated as an additional character in taxonomy. Besides the greater part of the genera occurring in the system of PAX and K. HOFFMANN (1931), most of the genera published after 1931 are studied. The pollen grains have been described with the aid of a terminology as simple as possible. In principle the terminology of IVERSEN and TROELS-SMITH has been followed, although in addition, many improvements of ERDTMAN have been used. One of the simplifications is the rejection of POTONIÉ’s term sculpture. All elements occurring on the endexine are called structure elements; all structure elements together form the structure of a pollen grain. For the sake of consequence endexine apertures and extexine apertures are discussed separately. Different pollen grains are placed in different pollen types. If the differences are of minor importance, the pollen grains are placed in subtypes. Several types can have some characters in common. To express the correspondences, these types are assembled in configurations. As the pollen types in Phyllanthoideae and Crotonoideae differ distinctly, the division of the Euphorbiaceae in these subfamilies is maintained in the discussion of the results. The Phyllanthodieae can be separated in three large groups of pollen types ( Antidesma configuration, Amanoa configuration and Aristogeitonia configuration), which agrees with the grouping of PAX in 1924. The remaining small configurations belong in taxonomic respect to the genera of the Antidesma configuration. In the Crotonoideae many genera possess pollen grains with a croton-pattern. These genera should be treated as a single group. Besides this natural group, the Plukenetiinae possess pollen grains which are clearly distinguished from other genera in the Crotonoideae. Pollen grains of Omphalea are similar to those in the Plukenetia configuration. This pollen-morphological result agrees with the opinion of CROIZAT. The remaining pollen grains in the Crotonoideae are less easy to differentiate in groups. One of the largest configurations is the Mallotus configuration, which includes most genera of the Acalypheae and several genera or other tribes. The Hippomane configuration is another large one. This configuration comprises the tribes Hippomaneae and Euphorbieae. The pollen grains of both tribes are very similar. The genus Pachystroma is pollen-morphologically as well as taxonomically related to the tribe Hippomaneae. Pera, treated as a separate tribe by PAX and K. HOFFMANN, is related by its pollen grains to some genera in the Acalypheae. Dalechampia is habitually related to the genera in the Plukenetiinae. Pollenmorphological data, however, do not support this relation. The pollen grains of Dalechampia are not similar to any other pollen type. The morphology of the pollen grains of the Stenolobeae is in agreement with the opinion of PAX, that any separation of these Australian genera is an artificial one.

Description: 1. The Orchids in the Netherlands have been subjected to a cytological investigation. 2. The division of the genera Orchis (L.) Klinge into two new genera: Orchis (L.) Vermln. and Dactylorchis (Kl.) Vermln. (Vermeulen, 1947), could be confirmed. 3. In Listera ovata (L.) R. Br. the diploid chromosome number is 34. Deviating numbers 2n = 35 and 2n = 36 were counted. Because aberations in chromosome number do not cause morphological differences these aberations seem to be unimportant. 4. Out of the material investigated it might be concluded that for the moment it does not seem to be correct to consider Dactylorchis fuchsii (Druce) Vermln, as a separate species besides Dactylorchis maculata (L.) Vermln. It seems more likely that D. fuchsii and D. maculata represent two types within a complex-species.

Description: Nineteen species of Stereocaulon are treated from the northern Andes, mainly from Colombia. Descriptions and keys are given, with notes on the north-Andean distribution and ecology. Seven species are new for the Colombian flora, viz. St. atlanticum, St. claviceps, St. corticatulum (chem. strain with atranorin and perlatolic acid), St. delisei, St. microcarpum, St. pachycephalum and St. pomiferum. St. crambidiocephalum is reported for the first time from Costa Rica, as is St. didymicum from Venezuela, and St. delisei is reported for the first time from the New World (Colombia and Costa Rica). St. cornutum Müll. Arg. is reduced to synonymy under St. pityrizans Nyl.

Description: The wood and leaf anatomy of representatives of the 9 genera of the Opiliaceae are described in detail. It is possible to separate the genera on the base of both wood- and leaf anatomical characters. Herein the presence of cystoliths of varying shape and size is important. Some comments on the taxonomy and possible phylogeny of the familiy are given.

Description: Isoëtes Palmeri with a distribution in the High Andes from the Páramo of Venezuela to the Páramo of Ecuador is described as a new taxon, and dedicated to the then American specialist of the genus, Thomas Chalkley Palmer (1860-1934). The new species belongs to the tropical-Andeanaustral-antarctic section Laeves, described as new here as well. The publication of the new species had to be anticipated to the projected monographic treatment of the South-American representatives of the genus Isoëtes, as A.M. Cleef, Utrecht intends to base a new association, the Isoëtetum Palmeri on this new taxon, observed and collected by him at many instances within the Colombian Páramo between 1971 and 1980 in the context of the preparation of his doctoral thesis now under way.

Description: In the years 1954-1957 The Foundation for Biocenological Research (Stichting tot Onderzoek van Levensgemeenschappen, S.O.L.) carried out an extensive study on the vegetation of about 125 former river beds in the Netherlands. They were situated along the great rivers and their branches, viz. Meuse, Oude Maas (“Old Meuse”), Heusdense Maas (“Heusden Meuse”), Rhine, Lek, Merwede, Waal and IJsel. The work was made possible by a grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Pure Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Z.W.O.). Dr. M. F. Mözer Bruijns proposed and supervised the investigation, and Dr. V. Westhoff took part in the interpretation of the results. The field work was carried out by A. J. Quené-Boterenbrood (1954-55), W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1955-56), J. van Donselaar (1955— 57), Ir. L. G. Kop (1956-57), P. J. Schroevers (1954-55) and E. E. van der Voo (1954-57). Our study had several aims. The collected material had to contribute to our knowledge of a number of plant species and communities, especially of those playing a part in the hydrosere found in various kinds of water. With respect to the communities it should comprise their floristic composition as well as a definition of their habitat. Moreover, the former river beds should be classified according to their plant communities as well as to their abiotical properties. This classification should be useful as a basis for the choice of future naturereserves (see Gorter and Westhoff, 1952; Van Donselaar, 1956; Westhoff and Leentvaar, 1957).

Description: Gradstein et al. (1982) propose to conserve four generic names of Lejeuneaceae: Lopholejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Acrolejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., Trachylejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. and Taxilejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., each of which was introduced as a subgeneric name in Lejeunea by Spruce (1884), and subsequently raised to generic rank by Schiffner in his treatment of the Hepaticae in Engler-Prantl (preprint 1893) [see proposals to conserve 675-678 see p. 746]. Although Spruce (l.c.) used for his Lejeunea species a binary nomenclature by combining subgeneric names with specific epithets, it is clear (e.g. text, index) that the binomina are meant as Lejeunea combinations and they are considered as such by most authors (see Gradstein et al. for further details). Before 1893, however, the Sprucean subgeneric names were used in various papers by F. Stephani in a “seeming” generic rank; indeed Stephani now and then referred to them as “genus.” A chronological survey of a number of relevant papers by Stephani, mainly those published in Hedwigia, was given by Bonner et al. (1961), in conjunction with a brief discussion of the subject of this paper. These authors were the first to realize that on the basis of Art. 42 ICBN some generic names in Lejeuneaceae, e.g. Taxilejeunea and Trachylejeunea, can be considered as validly published by Stephani in Hedwigia 28, 1889. Later on Grolle (1979) demonstrated valid publication of monotypic new Lejeuneaceae genera by Stephani in the Bot. Gaz. 15, 1890, e.g. Lopho-Lejeunea and Acro-Lejeunea. For an evaluation of the status of Lopho- Lejeunea Steph., Acro-Lejeunea Steph., Trachylejeunea Steph. and Taxilejeunea Steph., one might consider these names against the background of the entire context of Stephani’s work on Lejeuneaceae until 1893. As the survey of Stephani’s papers in Bonner et al. is rather incomplete, and as there are several points of divergence in opinion, a new analysis of Stephani’s relevant papers (before Sep 1893) is presented below.

Description: In his introductory statements to 'The Symposium on the Phylogeny and Classification of the Filicopsida' which was held in London, 1972, HOLTTUM, when dealing with 'dubious groups of relationships which would particularly repay investigation', mentioned the Polypodiaceae first (HOLTTUM, 1973: 6). Talking about Polypodiaceae the present authors deal with the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto only, thus excluding the Cheiropleuriaceae, Dipteridaceae, Grammitidaceae, and also the Loxogrammaceae, taxa which were formerly (or are still) included in the Polypodiaceae sensu lato. As delineated in this way, this almost exclusively pantropical family consists of about 600 species and an indefinite number of genera.

Description: This paper reports a palynological investigation of Lower Triassic rock salt samples from the eastern part of the Netherlands. Bisaccate pollen grains average 99 % in the spore-pollen complexes. Most important constituent is the group of non-striate pollen grains (about 91 %), whereas striate pollen grains occur only in a small number (about 8 %). 19 pollen species are recognized and described, of which 5 are new. Two new genera are described: Eridospollenites and Angustisulcites. The pollen assemblages are compared with Upper Permian and Lower Triassic assemblages from other localities.

Description: The new species Coussapoa manuënsis C.C. Berg is described.

Description: Until recently relatively little attention has been paid to the study of chromosomes in liverworts. The first substantial contributions were made by Heitz (1927, 1928) and Lorbeer (1934). In the second half of this century chromosome studies on liverworts were mainly carried out in Europe (e.g. Fritsch 1972; Newton 1977, 1979) and Japan (e.g. Tatuno 1959; Segawa 1965a, b, c; Inoue 1968). Inoue (in Koponen 1979) reports that until now 28% of all bryophyte species in Japan have been investigated as to their chromosome complement. A comprehensive, but rather outdated, survey of chromosome numbers in Hepaticae and Anthocerotae was given by Berrie (1960). Work on a new, updated survey is now underway (Fritsch, in prep.). In the present article results are presented of a cytotaxonomic investigation of European species of the genera Aneura and Riccardia (Aneuraceae). Most specimens were gathered in the Netherlands, but some chromosome counts based on French and German plants are also included.

Description: Op 8 okt 1960 vond de heer J.C. Tanis, custos van het Biologisch Station “Schellingerland” op Terschelling, in de nabijheid van dit Station een bloeiend exemplaar van Erica cinerea L. Na opzending van een bloeiende tak via ondergetekenden naar het Rijksherbarium werd deze determinatie bevestigd. Deze opmerkelijke waarneming geeft aanleiding tot commentaar, temeer, daar men op het eerste gezicht geneigd is, hier enig verhand te zien met de ontdekking van twee andere, mediterraan-atlantische, Erica-soorten in dezelfde omgeving, te weten E. scoparia L. door Th.J. Reichgelt in 1952 (zie van Ooststroora en Reichgelt 1956) en E. ciliaris L. door P. Runge in 1955 (zie Runge 1956, van Ooststroom en Reichgelt 1956).

Description: In 1885 publiceerde J.D. Kobus een Flora van Wageningen en omgeving. Hij vermeldt hierin het voorkomen van Sambucus racemosa L. op de Wageningse Berg met het bijschrift; „aangeplant?” Of de soort aan de zuidelijke Veluwerand oorspronkelijk voorkomt is thans minder dan toentertijd uit te maken; ze is er nu zeker plaatselijk niet zeldzaam. Ook in het Zuidoosten van de provincie Utrecht wordt ze op tal van plaatsen aangetroffen. Zo groeit ze in groot aantal op en om de Grebbeberg, evenzo op en nabij het landgoed Remmerstein tussen Rhenen en Veenendaal. fan kunnen we de plant nog verspreid aantrffen te Eist (Utr.) en in de omgeving van Amerongen. Een wat ongewone en daardoor interessante vindplaats ligt in de gemeente Veenendaal. Hier vindt men in het laagste deel van het Griftgebied het natuurreservaat De Ho. open water met rietland er om heen. Als afsluiting heeft men na de laatste oorlog enkele el zenbosjes aangeplant. In deze elzenbosjes zijn verscheidene houtige gewassen spontaan verschenen: Ribes sylvestre, Ribes nigrum, Rubus, Sambucus nigra en ook Sambucus racemosa. He kiemplanten van Sambucus racemosa gaan veelal te gronde door te vochtig en schaduwrijk milieu, maar op enkele meer geschikte plaatsen hebben zich struiken weten te handhaven. Het rietland van De Hel is sinds jaar en dag een slaapplaats voor spreeuwen, die zich hier uit wijde ontrek verzamelen, waarschijnlijk uit een gebied met een straal van wel 15 km. Deze spreeuwen zijn stellig grotendeels oorzaak van het optreden van bovengenoende soorten.

Description: During 1981 the Botanical Survey of India had again collections made. We list them in the same manner as on pages 3559-3560. In Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Great Nicobar, 300 specimens. In Andhra Pradesh: Anantagiri, Endrika Hills, Ganganaju-medugula, Paderu, 1590. In Arunachal Pradesh: Ganganagar, Hapoli, Naharlagan, Namdapha Biosphere Reserve of Tirap Distr., Tamer Road, Tiruli of Subansiri Distr., Ziro, 1054. In West Bengal: areas of Jalpaiguri, Bankura and Midnapur Districts, places of Bangaon, Tantulia and Basirhat of 24-Parganas Districts, Jaldapara Reserve, Totopara, &c., 2240. In Gujrat: Lalpur and vicinity, 1090. In Karnataka: vicinity of S. Karnataka River-Mulla Periyar and catchment areas, 500. In Kerala: Alleppey, Anathode, Cannanore, Devicolam, Kakki, Kasargod, Kokharjam, Munnar Peermade, Muzhiyar, Pachakanam, Pamba Dam areas, Peruvanzuzhi, Ponnambala Medu, Sabarigiri, 4150. In Madhya Pradesh; areas of Panna Distr., 800. In Maharashtra: Bhimsankar, Janar, Purandar, 985. In Meghalaya: Cherrapunjee, Nongapoh, Sunnapahar of Khasi Hills, Jowai, Jorain of Saintea Hills, Tura of Garo Hills Distr., 3500. In Nagaland: areas of Mekokchung, Tuensang, Wokha, Zunbebato Districts, 500. In Rajasthan: Jaisalmer and areas of Barmer Distr., 1000. In Sikkim: Burtuk Busty, Chakung, Changu, Chuten, Enchy Monastery, below Honuman Top, Jorethang, Lower Bustak, Ranipal, Reumtek, Sang Ratepani, Sinchey, Singtham East, Soren, Suntale forests, Tadong, 4800. In Tamil-Nadu: Kannayakumari, Sethur Hills, Srivilliputhur R.F., 2090. In Uttar Pradesh: Agra-Khal, Ballaieri, Chamoli Chakrata, Dudhwa Nat. Park, Govana, Khan-Khaliadha, Mussoorie, Pam Vali-Kantha, Panwali, Parbagi, Rajkhark, Saharshradhara, 2500.

Description: Many countries nowadays have made strict rules (and rightly so) for collectors, partly for the protection of the flora and fauna and to thwart unscrupulous exterminators of butterflies and orchids, partly, we suspect, also as a check on industrial espionage. Obviously, administrators behind their desks have no inkling of what dedicated botanists (and zoologists) are doing in the forest. Especially when the scientists come from the so-called ’rich’ countries the civil servants ask themselves why anybody would like to exchange a nice chair in an air-conditioned office with a lot of paper work for a most uncomfortable, hard log under a leaky fly in an insect-infested, humid, scary forest. Since they themselves certainly are not going to take a look there for themselves, they suspect other motives, and until they find out what these are, scientists are under suspicion and should be kept on a leash. Sometimes the requirements border on the ridiculous, as a few instances that have come to attention show: Unicates must be left with the host institute and can only be had on loan. Well, one could live with this, although especially these collections are often the most interesting.

Description: Abbayes, H. des: Lichens nouveaux ou intéressants du Vietnam (Rev. Bryol. & Lichénol. 32, 1963, 216-222, 1 pl.). Adams, H.H. & M.A. Reinikka: Calcareous Cypripediums of southern Asia (Orchid.) (Am. Orchid Soc. Bull. 1963, 182-186).

Description: This series of two or more volumes starts to be published in the summer of 1962; the page proofs of the first volume, which was sent to the press in May 1960, were received by Dr. E. Quisumbing at Manila where the volume is being printed, in March; its publication can be expected by July 1962. The series ”Pacific Plant Areas” means to give all that is already known about distribution of taxa of generic and lower level which centre round the Pacific Ocean, and also to add to our knowledge by giving new maps which have been carefully prepared by specialists. Hence the series consists of a bibliographic part and a cartographic part, preceded by an explanatory introduction. Volume I is mainly bibliographic, containing about 3200 references to maps and 26 newly prepared maps; volume II will be mainly cartographic, containing about 124 newly prepared maps, and will hopely be ready for the press by the end of 1962.

Description: 1. Introductory.--This project was to study fern specimens in certain herbaria in the U.S.A., especially of tree-ferns (Cyatheaceae), in connection with preparation of the Pteridophyte Series of Flora Malesiana, and to make contacts in the U.S.A. with a view to continued cooperation in this work. The family Cyatheaceae, on which I am at present engaged, is a particularly difficult one, comprising 350 described species in Malaysia, in a close alliance. Probably all should be regarded as belonging to one genus. Descriptions of species have on the whole been unsatisfactory, so that many identifications of specimens in herbaria are doubtful or erroneous. It is thus necessary to see all type specimens to establish the significance of names; and also, as the fronds are large so that only a part of one appears on each herbarium sheet, the different specimens of the same collection, distributed to different herbaria, often give complementary information, so that to see one is not enough. Furthermore, it is necessary to see as many collections as possible, to understand what variation is possible within a species. The material is bulky, and it is a physical impossibility to gather together in one place all that one needs to see for a proper understanding of the family. I had already spent more than a year on this study before going to the U.S.A., and had seen most of the type material in European herbaria.

Description: In de oudere jaargangen van Heukels’ flora staan aanvankelijk alleen Schouwen en Huisduinen genoemd als groeiplaatsen van Crithmum maritimum, in nieuwere drukken is er Vlissingen bijgekomen, nog later veranderd in Walcheren en thans prijkt Crithmum met vier groeiplaatsen, n.l. Huisduinen, Schouwen, Walcheren en West Zeeuws-Vlaanderen, Daaruit zoumen mogen concluderen.dat Crithmum, hoewel zeldzaam, niettemin in opmars is en zijn gebied uitbreidt. Een nauwkeurig volgen van de ontwikkeling op de bekende groeiplaatsen en een naarstig zoeken naar nieuwe gedurende een tijdvak van ongeveer 15 jaren hebben mij echter de overtuiging gebracht, dat de soort in Zeeland op zozeer kwetsbare plaatsen groeit, dat misschien wel van opmars doch geenszins van uitbreiding kan worden gesproken. Alle in die jaren gevonden planten groeiden aan zeeweringen op glooiingen van Vilvoordse steen en basalt, met slechts één uitzondering. Deze glooiingen staan enerzijds bloot aan zware aanvallen van de zee en behoeven anderzijds als gevolg van die aanvallen regelmatig te worden hersteld, vernieuwd of verzwaard. Vooral het herstel en verzwaren van die zeeweringen zijn de laatste jaren voor het voortbestaan van de soort bijna catastrophaal geworden, zoals uit het volgende relaas moge blijken. Het is mij niet bekend of de soort zich. in Huisduinen heeft kunnen handhaven, doch in Zeeland zijn de meeste gevonden groeiplaatsen na korter of langer tijd weer verdwenen, De groeiplaats in Vlissingen is mij nooit bekend geweest, maar er groeit in Vlissingen nu geen Crithmum meer. Op Schouwen was een groeiplaats op Vilvoordse steen in de omgeving van Flauwers met vrij veel, goed ontwikkelde planten, die konden bogen op een grote mate van inschikkelijkheid jegens haar door de Waterstaatsmensen – Zo zeer zelfs dat toen de glooiing versterkt moest worden en de ruimte tussen de stenen werd volgegoten met beton, de groeiplaats van Crithmum daarvan werd uitgezonderd om de planten te sparen, Na de ramp in 1953, waarbij de dijk en de planten ter plaatse intact bleven, moest de dijk zodanig worden verzwaard, dat het niet mogelijk bleek de planten nog langer te sparen. Zij zijn daar onder een laag klei van ongeveer twee meter dik begraven.

Description: Because of their fleshy nature, thin leaves and membranous sepals and petals, Impatiens tend to make particularly poor herbarium specimens. If dried while still attached to the leafy part of the plant the flowers generally become badly crumpled and brittle. In such a state their more important characters become unrecognisable, and it is rarely possible to restore them to any useful degree. The leaves may also become badly crushed especially if they are not pressed absolutely flat. The collectors’ time may thus be completely wasted.

Description: As a student, I used to enjoy ’Karsten and Schenck’ propped up on the breakfast-table. With equal familiarity I treated ’Kerner’, 'Schimper', and other great picture-books of botany. The time came to translate the dreams of youth into vocation. ”Protista”, said the professor of zoology, ”are the pivot of biology”. I substituted my breakfast-reading with the Archiv für Protistenkunde, and hesitated at the coming call of biophysics. Ever since I have been rent, like the morning toast, by two forces which would make of me a student of the microcosm of protoplasm and a disciple of its greatness. They are the forces splitting biology into macromolecules and macro-organisms, and I do not know how this rift may be spanned. I cannot conceive what energy level, chemical bond, or carbon-grouping can decide whether it is insect-pollination or curiosity that will be inherited. But the pendulum has swung. The young botanist no longer looks at these books? he models molecules and chromosomes, and works very largely in vitro. Nevertheless, if biology is not to stand still, the pendulum will return and its amplitude will be the strength of those who have put their trust in the macrocosm. These were the thoughts which I vaguely entertained, when I found myself in the forests of Malaya and I measured my insignificance against the quiet majesty of the trees. All botanists should be humble. From trampling weeds and cutting lawns they should go where they are lost in the immense structure of the forest. It is built in surpassing beauty without any of the necessities of human endeavour; no muscle or machine, no sense-organ or instrument, no thought or blueprint has hoisted it up. It has grown by plant-nature to a stature and complexity exceeding any presentiment that can be gathered from books, and it is one of the most baffling problems of biology.

Description: The major task facing the PROSEA project during the period 1987-1990 is to lay a sound basis for the Implementation Phase 1991-1995, while at the same time concrete results have to be produced. The project will achieve this by internationalization, documentation, consultation, and publication. Internationalization. — PROSEA is trying to establish a network of cooperating institutions in Southeast Asia, which will act as centres of activity for PROSEA in the respective countries. Main objectives are to gather existing information and expertise on the plant resources. Each centre will have a country officer paid by PROSEA. Missions were held to Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Papua New Guinea. The following institutes agreed to become a coordinating agency for PROSEA: — Thailand: The Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR) at Bangkok. — Malaysia: FRIM at Kepong, MARDI at Serdang or Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (decision not yet taken by the institutes). — Indonesia: The Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) at Jakarta. LIPI has designated the Centre for Research and Development in Biology in Bogor as the executing agency, where also the headquarters of the field network will be housed. Dr. J.S. Siemonsma will be the coordinator for PROSEA (operational summer 1988). — The Philippines: The Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) at Los Baños. — Papua New Guinea: The Papua New Guinea University of Technology in Lae.

Description: Dr. J.A.R. Anderson, Kuching, will go on leave in October 1962. Mr P.S. Ashton, Cambridge (U.K.), has accepted the post of Forest Botanist at kuching, Sarawak, and will in September 1962 proceed to Borneo.

Description: Different trees have different sorts of hark, the variation is of two main kinds. The hark of an individual changes as it grows, and there are differences between mature trees of different species. The recognition of large trees in tropical forest depends on living as opposed to herbarium characters and amongst living characters baric is important. Botanists are slowly coming to realise that living characters are of importance to taxonomy and can supplement the characters visible on herbarium sheets but often hard to see in the forest (Corner 1940, Symington 1943, Henderson & Wyatt-Smith 1956). At present many living characters are used empirically if at all.

Description: BROEKHUIJSEN, Dr. H.O. Sent at least 11 specimens to BO, e.g. no. 11 Panicum luzonense from 7 km South of Parungpanjang, Java, collected on 28 October 1943 (’2603’). CAULFIELDS, F.M.G. Collected a Cinnamomum velutinum in Upper Perak for the Perak Museum Herbarium, now in SING.

Description: The following is an author’s summary of the (as yet unpublished) thesis by Dr. J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak (see III. Personal news). Both the author and botanical science are to be congratulated with the completion of this important work, which we hope before long to see in print. The thesis embodies the results of botanical and ecological work on the coastal and deltaic peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei undertaken intermittently over a period of ten years. Profiles of peat swamps have been prepared from the results of the level surveys and peat borings. A characteristic raised bog structure has been found in all swamps. A bog plain is usually present, and is most extensive on more inland swamps. The peat soils are markedly acidic and oligotrophia. Preliminary results from measurements of the stilted water table indicate that variations are more pronounced in the centre of swamps than near the margins. A comprehensive collection of botanical specimens of all flowering plants, ferns and fern allies has been made; 242 tree species have been recorded, and it is considered that knowledge on the representation of the arboreal flora is virtually complete.

Description: AIRY SHAW, H.K. see SHAW, H.K.A. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK f., Reinier Cornelis (Panjinangan, Java, Indonesia, 11 September 1911 – Leiden, 1 May 1987). Fl. Mal. I, 1 (1950) 32, photo; M. JACOBS, Fl. Mal. Bull. 29 (1976) 2532- 2535; C. KALKMAN, Blumea 23 (1976) 1, photo.

Description: In papers and manuscripts on tropical phytography I find a growing tendency to ”overdo accuracy”, with the negative effect that accuracy is underdone. Tropical phytography operates, of necessity, at a different level of accuracy in details than does temperate botany, because the aim is wider and the materials and field knowledge scantier. But as often has been demonstrated, if the second and third storey are begun before the first storey has been completed, such a wing of the house of science is unfit for inhabitation. I see it therefore as the present task of the tropical botanist to finish the first storey of knowledge, and of accuracy, for all groups. With this in mind, some thought should be given to the following considerations. In the first place there is again a growing custom with several to incorporate so much (often unnecessary or unwanted) detail in descriptions to obscure the important and really distinctive characters. Everybody can understand that, whereas a herbarium botanist may often be very glad to have 30 specimens collected during 150 years, which is a fraction of a fraction of the millions of specimens of the sum of the populations growing in nature during that period, it is a vainless attempt to encompass on the basis of three dozen specimens the complete polymorphism in great detail. If one wants to make such elaborate descriptions, one should split them into a diagnostic description followed by additional measurements and characters of secondary value. This is a compulsory courtesy against those who will consult such elaborate descriptions. With more collections coming in it is clear that there will be always minor deviations from the additional descriptive part, but more rarely in the diagnostic part; in the latter case one is becoming alert.

Description: IUCN, says the paper Categories, Objectives and Criteria for Protected Areas, ”is dedicated to the wise use of the Earth’s natural resources and to the maintenance of the Planet’s natural diversity.” What to think of the sequence? Use first, maintain second? And this comes from the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources? ”The World National Parks Congress, taking place in Bali, Indonesia, October 11-22, 1982, will provide case studies from around the world to illustrate how the various categories of protected areas are meeting the needs of countries of all economic, social, cultural, and political backgrounds,” writes J.A. McNeely, the secretary of the Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas, in a special issue of the Swedish journal Ambio (11: 237. 1982). ”No longer just playgrounds for vacationers and means for conserving natural heritage, protected areas have become an inseparable part of the modern human ecosystem.”

Description: Dr. M.M.J. van Balgooy and his companions on the Celebes Expedition, Dr. E. Hennipman, Mr. G.J. de Joncheere and Dr. E.F. de Vogel left Leiden on 5 April 1979, visited the SING and BO-Herbaria on the way. In Celebes visit was paid to Hasanudin University at Ujung Pandang (olim Makassar), in Bali to the Botanical Garden at Bedugul. In the course of August they returned to Holland. See also Exploration. The Botanical Survey of India kindly sent the following list of changes: D.K. Banerjee: to the Industrial Section of the Indian Museum at Calcutta; N. Bhargava: to the Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; U.C. Bhattacharyya: Deputy Director, Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.N. Chakraborty: Assistant curator, Industrial Section, Indian Museum, Calcutta; U. Chatterjee: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; Mrs. Dr. S.J. Das: Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; P.K. Hajra: to HQ, Howrah; B. Krishna: to HQ, Howrah; Ram Lall: Botanist, Central Circle, Allahabad; C.L. Malhotra: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; P.C. Pant: to Northern Circle, Dehra Dun; B.B. Pramanick: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah; M.K.V. Rao: to Andaman Circle, Port Blair; Dr. G.P. Roy: to Central Circle, Allahabad; B.D. Sharma: Deputy Director, Western Circle, Poona; Dr. R.C. Srivastava: Systematic Botanist, Eastern Circle, Shillong; C.R. Tarafder: Botanist, CAL-Herbarium, Howrah. Proficiat to all!

Description: In chapter VII of his book ”Wanderings in the Great Forests of Borneo” Beccari records his ascent of Mount Poi (Poe, Pueh) in south-western Sarawak, and subsequently Poi has been cited as the type locality for a number of species described from his material. The purpose of this note is to put on record the fact that although Beccari ascended the Poi range, he did not climb Gunong Poi, as that name is used on modern maps, but a more south-easterly peak in the range, Gunong Berumput (Gunong Rumput). In August 1962 I collected on Gunong Beruraput with my colleague P.J.B. Woods: the choice of this peak rather than Gunong Poi itself was made on the advice of Mr B.E. Smythies, Conservator of Forests, who said he thought we should find it more interesting. On returning home I re-read Beccari’s book and realized immediately that we had virtually followed in his footsteps.

Description: Professor and Mrs Ernst Abbe spent May-August 1964 in Sarawak, making intensive collections of developing inflorescences of Fagaceae for morphological studies. Mr N. G. Bisset of Kuala Lumpur visited Sabah and Sarawak from April to July 1964. On several trips he collected resin samples of Dipterocarpaceae, and leaf and bark samples of Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, Simaroubaceae, Gnetum, Gleichenia, Apocynaceae, Strychnos, Icacinaceae, and others, all for phytochemical investigation.

Description: History of Indian Botany. It is with great pleasure that Mr I.H. Burkill wrote us that the third and final instalment of his History of Indian Botany was ready for fair copying, Xmas 1959. The Bombay Natural History Society contemplates reprinting the three chapters in one booklet. Pacific Plant Areas (see p. 645). The text and maps of the first instalment are finished now.

Description: Mssrs. L.G. SAW and K.M. WONG (KEP) collected further in the Endau-Rompin forests of Johore during April and June 1986. Ms. Dr. B.S. PARRIS (K) spent August 1986 based at FRIM collecting fern material and studying fern diversity in montane forests. Together with Mr. K.M. WONG (KEP) she visited the Cameron Highlands (G. Batu Brinchang, G. Berembas, G. Jasar), Penang, the quartzite ridges around Kuala Lumpur, G. Panti (Johore), and G. Ledang (Malacca). 134 numbers were collected, the first set for K, the second for KEP.

Description: Collecting localities are of special interest to those who want to know the exact origin of the material under study: e.g. when citing types, designating neotypes, preparing distribution maps, planning expeditions, comparing species lists, or because of some historical interest. It is not always easy to gather these data, especially in the case of many former colonies where geographical names as used on collections have been changed (or may never have been recorded by the authorities and include on maps or in official gazetteers). As we have spent some time to gather the present information, we thought a wider audience might be interested. For a brief period, 1884 to 1921, the northern half of Papua New Guinea was a German colony, and the mainland portion known as Kaiser Wilhelmsland. German names were given to villages and other places where the colonists settled, and to the rivers and mountains they ’discovered’. When the Mandated Territory of New Guinea came into existence in 1921, the Australian administration proceeded to change many of these names. Some were merely translated, e.g. Aprilfluss became April River, Felsspitze became Rocky Peak, and Hansemann-Berg (near Madang) became Mt. Hansemann. Others underwent a complete change: Kaiser Wilhelmsland was abandoned in favour of ‘North-East New Guinea’, the mighty Kaiserin Augustafluss reverted to being the Sepik, the English names for Neu-Pommern and Neu-Mecklenburg were restored, the names of famous English politicians replaced those of German philosophers for two peaks in the Finisterre Range, and Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen became Madang after the name of the District Officer’s house which had been moved there from Finschhafen. Fortunately relatively few names were changed after the Independence of Papua New Guinea in 1976.

Description: Previous to the 4th UNESCO Expedition, Dr H. Sleumer of the Rijksherbarium made three trips together with Mr Tem Smitinand, first to Doi Chiengdao and Doi Suthep in the North (Aug. 15-21, 1963), then to the Khao Yai National Park in Central Siam (Aug. 28-29), then to Pha Nok Khao and Phu Krading South of Loie in NE. Siam (Sept. 8-11). The 4th UNESCO Training Expedition was conducted by Mr Tem Smitinand of the Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, and Dr H. Sleumer of the Rijksherbarium, the latter serving as only instructor. The 10 participants, from Vietnam (1), the Philippines (1), Malaya (2), Singapore (1), Indonesia (2) and Thailand (3) started from a base camp 44 km from the highway from Suratthani to Takuapa in the Peninsula on Sept. 19, 1963. They investigated the flora of 7 limestone hills in the region: Khao Phra Rahu, Khao Lek, Khao Wong, Khao Ne Dang, Khao Pak Chawng, Khao Lang Tao, Khao Dai Kuad, ranging in altitude from 180 to 500 m. Each of these hills had a few peculiar species which were not found on the other hills, although in general the flora, especially in the lower slopes, was the same; 156 herbarium numbers with duplicates were here collected.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: a) Algae — b) Fungi & Lichens — c) Bryophytes — d) Pteridophytes — e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk. The SEM-observation of plant material normally requires dehydrated, dry specimens coated with carbon or metal. Unfortunately, the standard drying methods (including the critical-point-drying-technique) often cause shrinking and deformation of the specimen surface; therefore, SEMstudies on plant ontogeny are rather difficult, material- and time-consuming. Experiments using deep-frozen specimens have been carried out in England and in the USA, but have proved not satisfying.

Description: Mrs. Delia D. Adefuin, Museum Research Assistant, Manila, is pursuing her M.S. in Botany degree. She is currently the Secretary of the Fern Society of the Philippines. She is working on the Fern Flora of Metro Manila and is preparing the manuscript of a pictorial encyclopedia which will include descriptions of species and horticultural recommendations. Miss Barbro Axelius (S) collected and studied Xanthophytum and Lerchea (Rubiaceae) in Sarawak, Kalimantan and Sumatra, August 1982- February 1983.

Description: Tropical Botany in Aberdeen University. This was started by Professor J.W.H. Trail, who held the chair from 1877 to 1919, and travelled in the Amazon Valley (1873-75) mainly collecting cryptogams and studying palms. He was succeeded by Prof. W.G. Craib (1920-33) who was never in the tropics but devoted his work to the Flora of Siam, based on the collections of A.F.G. Kerr, and assisted by Miss E.C. Barnett. After a considerable lag, tropical botany was revived by the energetic efforts of Dr. P. Ashton as lecturer in systematics and ecology of the eastern tropics, establishing ties with Malayan colleges in teaching and research. This is at present perpetuated by two lecturers, Dr. K. Jong and Dr. M.D. Swaine, the latter’s experience lying largely in the tropics of West Africa. In addition Dr. N.M. Pritchard, Dr. J.B. Kenworthy and Dr. G. Hadley have been on secondment to the University of Malaya, while Dr. I. Alexander made research visits to India, Ghana and Peru. Over the years the Department has provided undergraduate and research training to innumerable students from many different tropical countries, some of which attained responsible posts, e.g. Prof. E. Soepadmo. Important courses in tropical biology are given, not available elsewhere in the U.K. (started 1973). The benefits for Aberdeen students is important: amongst others they led to expeditions to various parts of the tropics, recently to Sabah and to the Ivory Coast. Royal Society Tropical Rain Forest Collaborative Research Programme. Arising out of a feasibility study by Dr. T.C. Whitmore and P.F. Cockburn, the theme ’Recovery of tropical rain forest after disturbance’ was adopted as the initial basis of the programme. Possible territories for the research include Sabah and the Philippines. Detailed plans for a 5-year project are being prepared in consultation with colleagues in Southeast Asia.

Description: The entries have been split into five categories: (a) Algae — (b) Fungi & Lichens — (c) Bryophytes — (d) Pteridophytes — (e) Spermatophytes & General subjects. — Books have been marked with an asterisk.

Description: Archer, Mildred: Natural History drawings in the India Office Library. London. H.M. Stat. Office 1962. ix + 116 pp., 25 pl. Clothbound Sh. 27/6. This is a catalogue of the c. 5000 drawings still extant in the India Office Library of which only a few hundreds are of plants, the rest representing animals. There is an extensive introduction in which the activities of the persons involved in their donation are explained, which gives the book an interesting biographical and historical aspect. A beautifully executed work showing wide knowledge of its author. -- v. St. Fleming, Charles A.: New Zealand Biogeography. Tuatara 10, 1962, 53-108, 15 fig.

Description: CITES: In February 1987 Singapore finally ratified the Washington Treaty on the international trade in threatened species, exceptions have been made for the trade in crocodile products. A serious breach has now been closed that was of some impediment to the trade between Singapore and many of its partners. FAO’s Tropical Forestry Action Plan. (Unasylva 38, 1986) develops a strategy for action in five fields, among which conservation of tropical forest ecosystems. The main goals of the latter action plan are: to prevent loss or degradation of the tropical forest resource, while furthering development and the wise use of existing natural resources; to promote the sustainable use of tropical forest ecosystems, either exploited or not, for the production of timber and wood, in such a way that the genetic resources they contain are safeguarded; to encourage and facilitate the integrated management of tropical forest ecosystems so as to provide wildlife and non-wood crops with minimal disturbance of the ecosystems and associated wild genetic resources; to promote the conservation and management of samples of ecosystems as reservoirs of species diversity.

Description: Family name, full name of taxon (incl. all authors), rough locality, date of collection, collector’s name and collection number, place(s) of deposit, previously known distribution, additional remarks, authority for the report. In a footnote the Foundation(s) from which grants were received may be mentioned. For examples see below. The Editors of the Bulletin disclaim any responsibility for possible misidentifications or superfluous records; these should be accredited to the correspondents who have reported them. We will moreover decide whether we will include a record or not depending on their significance as we see it. For the future the exact criteria for inclusion will be formulated after some experience with the subject.

Description: Mr. N. GAPAS (PNH) has made a survey of the phytoplankton of Aklan Bay, the Philippines. Dr. R.J. KING with Mr. C.F. PUTTOCK (Univ. NSW) has finished a complete revision of the Bostrychioideae (Rhodomelaceae) on a worldwide basis which has been accepted for publication in the Austr. Syst. Bot.

Description: Evolution is a complex process and the species produced by evolutionary processes are therefore of necessity not always clear-cut. Problems associated with definition of species boundaries have always plagued taxonomists and, no doubt, always will. However, I would maintain that in most situations there really is a ‘best’ solution to what kind of taxonomic recognition to accord a specific evolutionary pattern. The optimum solution to these kinds of problems depends in part on taxonomic philosophy. Are species real objective evolutionary entities? (Our job being to find out what they are.) Or are they essentially artificial constructs whose delimitation more or less depends on taxonomic convenience and preference? In the latter case, there is no ‘solution’ to the taxonomists’ dilemma. Certainly, many people working in the temperate zone, where rampant autogamy means that every clone of Taraxacum is essentially a different microspecies, tend to feel that this is the case. However, many of us working in the Neotropics feel that species are mostly far better defined and are, for the most part, quite objective entities. Indeed, as I see it, if species are not in some sense real units whose nature and limits we are trying to discover via scientific thought processes, taxonomy would hardly be worth doing, and we should turn our efforts to some other field of endeavor, say, population genetics, where the scientific method does provide insight into the real world.

Description: The Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) has started a project on the conservation of fruit trees. Collecting expeditions have been made in 1988 to the Kraun Game Reserve (c. 102° 30’ E, 3° 40’ N), Maxwell’s Hill, Endau-Rompin. Collections were not only made of fruit trees, but also of any other flowering or fruiting tree. On 16 January, 1988, Mr. A.Z. IBRAHIM and Dr. A.M. LATIFF (UKMB) collected c. 15 numbers on Gunung Pulai, Johor.

Description: The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands. Scientific Result of the Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951, and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1959. Vol. 5 (Botany and Geology), ed. by Torben Wolff. Danish Science Press, Copenhagen, 1960, 7-152 pp., many figs and photogr. This volume was issued in 5 instalments. The first (1957) contains a paper by N. Foged: Diatoms from Rennell Island. The second (1958) contains papers by E.B. Bartram: Musci, by T. Wolff: Vascular Plants from Rennell and Bellona Islands (a list of 31 spp. identified by F.R. Fosberg, and a few names of seeds), and by J.C. Grover: The Geology of Rennell and Bellona. The third instalment (1960) contains papers by T. Levring: A List of Marine Algae from Rennell Island, and by Lise Hansen: Some Macromycetes from Rennell and Alcester Islands. For the botanist may also be of interest T. Wolff’s general introduction in vol. 1 of the series (1955) 9-31. Proceedings of the Symposium on Humid Tropics Tjiawi (Indonesia) December 1958. Publication of Unesco Science Cooperation Office for Southeast Asia. Printed at New Delhi, no date; received March 1961; xv + 312 pp., map of Brunei, vegetation maps, photogr. Biographical notes of authors; discussions. Sponsored by the Council for Sciences in Indonesia and Unesco; Chairman Prof. Kusnoto Setyodiwiryo.

Description: For the pollination of their flowers, plants of the genus Ficus are absolutely dependent upon the activity of small insects, the ”fig wasps” (Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea, family Agaonidae). Consequently, no account of Ficus can be exhaustive without considering the entomological data. On the other hand, the fig wasps can only develop in the gall flowers of the fig receptacle. Consequently again, in the evaluation of the data on fig wasps, great stress should be laid on the botanical evidence. These statements may serve as ample justification for the appearance of an entomologists’ notes in this botanical bulletin. Since 1960 I am working through a large collection of Indo-malayan and Papuan fig wasps, mainly consisting of the collection made by Dr. J. van der Vecht at Bogor, and material sent by Dr. E.J.H. Corner from various parts of Malaya, Indonesia, Papua, and Melanesia. As the study of the fig wasps is still in its analytical stage, progress is slow, but the results are promising.

Description: ANDERSON, J.A.R., A checklist of the trees of Sarawak, 364 pp. (1983, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Cawangan Sarawak, for Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak). Cloth Mal$ 15.00. When Dr. Anderson retired from the Forest Department in 1973 he left the manuscript of this checklist for publication. Unfortunately publication was delayed for 10 years. It contains data on over 2500 arboreous plant species. The text consists mainly of two parts: the first is a list of vernacular names with their scientific equivalents, the second is a list of plant names alphabetically arranged by family. Each species is concisely annotated with its vernacular name(s), maximum diameter, ecology, frequency, soils, etc. Species names have been coded: the first two figures are for the family, the next two for the genus and the last two for the species. A list is given of the trees of the peat-swamp forests of which Anderson was a great expert. A small draw-back is that the literature of the last ten years has not been included. Nevertheless this is a most helpful book. — C.G.G.J. van Steenis.

Description: Loss of species is the key issue of conservation. Contrary to misuse of land which is visible to anybody with eyes to see, the issue of extinction is sly, treacherous, and open to clear perception only for experts. It touches on quality, and reaches far out in time: hard things to grasp for non-biologists. Thus an extra responsibility devolves on those who are in a position to know and to speak. The value of the genetic resource base has been set forth in e.g. the book by O.H. Frankel & E. Bennett, Genetic resources in plants (1970), and in the BIOTROP symposium edited by J.T. Williams e.a., South East Asian plant genetic resources (1975); Myers adds many striking facts: half the prescriptions in the U.S.A. contain a drug of natural origin. The cardiac drug reserpine, from Rauvolfia, costs $ 1.25 per gram to synthesize, $ 0.75 from natural sources. The anti-polio vaccin was developed in experiments in chimpanzees. The Amerindians in Amazonia know 750 medicinal plant species. Now the possibility of massive destruction of tropical forests — where most species are located — casts some frightening shadows on the future. The question how to cope with the threat appears to be connected with human ethics and the international order. Consequently, most publications on the subject suffer from a partial lack of maturity: don’t look to Myers for ethics, nor to the Routleys for biology. It seems therefore advisable that on the part of all disciplines a common fund of knowledge and insight be built up. In my efforts, great stimulation was received from correspondence with Dr. Willem Meijer (Botany, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky. 40506, U.S.A.), who in his disinterested manner never fails to come up with things true and shocking.

Description: Alston, A.H.G. J.A. Crabbe, A.H.G. Alston (1902-1958). A bibliography of his writings, with a short introduction and a list of new taxa and nomenclatural changes published by him. J. Soc. Biol. Nat. Hist. 3 (1960) 383-404.

Description: Palawan, the most forested and least botanically known island in the Philippines was explored by an international expedition from March 1 to May 31, 1984. The sponsors were the Swedish Match Hilleshog Philippines Inc. and the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Philippines. Palawan separates the South China and Sulu Seas and forms a land bridge between Sabah and Mindoro in the Philippines. It is ca. 440 by 4.5—42 km, laying approximately between 8° and 12° North. There is a mountainous backbone, broken in two places, throughout its length with the three highest peaks at 2085 m (Mt. Mantalingajan), 1798 m (Mt. Victoria) and 1593 m (Cleopatra’s Needle).

Description: This brief guide has been prepared during a stay in Malaysia as an aid to local collectors and turned out to fulfil a need. A wider public may find it of use as well. The writer gratefully acknowledges improvements by Dr. C. Bas, Leiden. (Ed.) As agarics and boleti belong to the most common, but also to the most difficult fungi to collect and preserve, this guide is written particularly for this group of macromycetes. Obviously many recommendations and indications will apply to other fungi with fleshy fruit-bodies as well. Macromycetes with nonfleshy fruit-bodies can be treated in the same way, but for identification afterwards extensive descriptive notes are usually not necessary.

Description: Balan Menon, P.K.: Taxonomic value of wood anatomy seen through Malayan woods. The Malayan Forester 24 (1961) 290- 301. Mr Menon, who is a wood technologist at the Forest Research Institute, Kepong, Malaya, presented this paper at the Hawaii Congress. In it, he gives a series of classifications of Malayan woods on the basis of anatomical features which can be seen by a hand-lens, he distinguishes 18 classes, notably woods with: ring-porous structure, exclusively solitary pores, multiple vessel-perforation, vestured (vessel) pits, scalariform intervessel pits, ripple marks, broad rays, uniseriate rays, septate fibres, distinctly bordered fibre pits, tanniferous tribes, latex tribes, horizontal canals, vertical canals, included phloem, mucilage or oil cells, silica inclusion, raphides.

Description: From the ”Procèes-Verbaux des Séances de l’Académie tenues depuis la fondation de l’Institut jusqu’au mois d’août 1835. Publ. conf. à une décision de l’Académie par M.M. les secrétaires perpétuels. Tomes 1-10, 1910-1922”, several publication dates of the parts of French works could be stated with more certainty. It is a pity, however, that no information whatsoever is given on the contents of the publications (i.c. fascicles). Bélanger, Ch. P., Voyage aux Indes-Orientales, etc. 1825-29. Botanique I. Phanérogames-Botanique II. Cryptogamie.

Description: It is with the utmost regret that we announce the sudden and quite unexpected death of Dr. Marius Jacobs, editor of this Bulletin. See the obituary on page 3869. He was co-editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin for nr. 17 (1962) to nr. 22 (1968) and took full responsibility onwards of nr. 27 (1974). He showed great ability in enlarging its scope and we have many letters in our archives expressing appreciation and admiration for the lively and informative style in which he edited the Bulletin. I had to take over the editorial work for this number at short notice, but I was greatly helped by a number of Rijksherbarium colleagues, which help is gratefully acknowledged. In this way the delay has been kept to a minimum. It is, however, possible that some news items etc. have not been printed and that information submitted to Dr. Jacobs has not been entered due to this sudden change of editorship. I offer my apologies if this has happened and hope that (if still relevant) the news will again be forwarded to the new editor, Dr. J.F. Veldkamp, Rijksherbarium, who will take over starting next number.

Description: Endlicher, S.: Genera plantarum. 1836-40. Index. -----: Ibid. Suppl. 1842. Index. Index nominum genericorum. Card index I.A.P.T. In course of preparation.

Description: Everybody visiting the Cibodas Mountain Garden must have observed that on the North side of Mt. Pangerango there are roughly between 2300 and 2700 m several sizeable pale green patches visible in the dark green montane forest. They were never visited and it intrigued me to know their vegetation which clearly must differ from the surrounding forest. End May 1950 a rintis was made from Kandangbadak at the base of the Pangerango proper westwards to a large northern spur of Mt. Pangerango, the so-called Geger Prut, over which one can descend to Cibeureum from where the trail to Cibodas can be resumed. The rintis was prepared by Mr. Verheul and Mr. Nurta, curators of the Cibodas Garden. This appeared to be quite an effort, as the rintis went up and down crossing many small ravines. Incidentally we found between the second and third ravine in a lighter place Berberis wallichiana and Anaphalis maxima, both then new for Mt. Gedeh, the latter a very rare species. At times we had to tunnel our way through very large stands of Gleichenia (paku andam), consisting of G. linearis, G. longissima and G. volubilis. These stands are characteristic for earthslides. After three hours having crossed eleven small ravines we reached a singular open sloping rocky plateau, which we called Tegal padas, from where we had a clear view on Cibodas and Rarahan; the altitude was ca. 2600 m. The dimensions of the tegal were estimated at 200—300 by 100—200 m. Soil was almost absent, the stony surface consisted of cemented irregular gravel. A tiny stream cut through it, of which the bottom was a solid dark glassy rock. The preliminary conclusion was that the structure was a lava stream overlain by lahar material. For about 50% the palish rocky surface was visible with a large number of ground lichens identified by Mr. Groenhart as belonging to Stereocaulon, one Baeomyces and two Lecidiaceae. The vegetation was sparse: there were no Gleichenias and no grasses. All woody plants were dwarfed: Rhododendron retusum, Gaultheria fragrantissima, G. nummularioides, Symplocos sp., Eurya sp., Vaccinium varingifolium. Of herbaceous plants I noted several species of Lycopodium (L. cernuum, L. clavatum, L. volubile), Dianella javanica, Nepenthes sp. Along the brook were some specimens of Myriactis nepalensis, Valeriana hardwickii, Thalictrum javanicum, Gahnia javanica and Astilbe indica, obviously descended by water dispersal. Specimens of Leptospermum flavescens flowered in 20 cm high dwarf shrubs.

Description: Apocynaceae wanted — pickled. Mary E. Fallen, Systematische Botanik, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland, who has done considerable morphological work on development of the reproductive organs in Apocynaceae, has been frustrated in her many efforts to obtain suitable material of Lepinia and Lepiniopsis. Ample information on both can be found in Pacific Plant Areas 3, Blumea Suppl. 5 (1966) 112-113, with map and description. The very oddly shaped fruit of Lepinia (W. Pacific) has been depicted in Blumea 11 (1962) 302, Van Steenis’s paper on the Land Bridge Theory. The one of Lepiniopsis (E. Malesia) seems to be buoyant. Also material of Anechites (Central America) is needed; it may be closely related to Condylocarpon. Any stages of flowers can be used, from tiny green buds at initiation up through anthesis, as well as fruiting stages. They should be pickled in FAA. Expenses of handling and postage will gladly be refunded. Vials with the liquid can be provided. Thanks on her behalf!

Description: Dr. M.M.J VAN BALGOOY (L) visited E and K to discuss cooperation with the Flora Malesiana Project and the Pacific Plant Areas. Ms. Dr. B.G. BRIGGS has for a short period been appointed as Acting Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney (N.S.W.), Australia.

Description: Mr C. Jeffrey of the Kew herbarium, who works on Cucurbitaceae, has been to the Seychelles for botanical collecting and exploration, his letter of Jan. 20, 1962 is interesting enough to quote the following passage from: ”You may be interested in a few impressions of the Seychelles flora, discounting introduced naturalized species, which now I fear cover most of the islands, I gain the impression that here we have a number of long-isolated and endemic species (perhaps some may prove subspecies?) of mixed African, Mascarene, and SE. Asian affinities, and mostly confined to higher ground on the larger islands, together with a number of indigenous non-endemic species which formed most of the original lowland vegetation, but some of which also occur in the higher parts, which are mostly (but not all) otherwise SE. Asian to Malaysian in distribution (the others are mostly Afro-Mascarene) or palaeotropical.

Description: The botany of mangroves by P.B. Tomlinson has been published in the Cambridge Tropical Biology Series, Cambridge University Press. Checklist of the generic names used for Spermatophytes in Malesian botany. During their last years Dr. R.C. BAKHUIZEN VAN DEN BRINK f. and Dr. C.G.G.J VAN STEENIS have revised the Nomina generum Malesianorum, a most useful manual. The manuscript was nearly finished at their deaths and has now been made ready for publication by Ms. M.J. VAN STEENIS-KRUSEMAN and Ms. E.E. VAN NIEUWKOOP. We hope to have it published in 1987.

Description: The Annotated Flora of Kairiru by Bro. O.W. BORRELL (Marcellin College, Bulleen, Australia) has been allocated A$ 3000 by the Papua New Guinea Biological Foundation towards its publication. Brother William is retouching the drawings and hopes for a speedy publication of the Flora. Appreciation of soil fertility by the Dayaks of Central Kalimantan, J. Agric. Trad. & Bot. Appl. (JATBA) 20 (1983) 127—137 (in French) by P. LEVANG.

Description: The symbol of the Flora Malesiana is the Rafflesia, a picture of which adorns the front cover of this Bulletin. It is therefore with mixed feelings that we have heard the news that a new species was discovered in Sabah, but its type locality was nearly immediately destroyed by logging activities (Salleh & Latiff, 1989, and Chapter IX). Fortunately another one seems to have been discovered. This is but one example of many of the irreplaceable losses Nature suffers through the thoughtless activities of Man. The instigators of this instance are known, but will remain free to continue to make a buck. It is a strange world where fines are meted out to smugglers of protected species. One of these defended himself by saying that he had played such a positive role in nature conservation. Of course the judge disagreed, but considering the on-going loss of natural habitats by exploitation and pollution, the defendant did make a point to ponder. What is better: a species irrevocably gone, or one in a zoo or a botanical garden? In the history of the earth a score of periods of extinctions have taken place, the cause of which is a matter of speculation: comet impacts, the passing through galactic dust clouds, a mysterious sister-star, extensive ice ages that drained the seas? Most spectacular were the ones of the middle Perm (c. 250 My) and on the Cretaceous-Tertiary border (c. 65 My), where 90% and 75% of all species respectively disappeared.

Description: The Malayan Nature Society (MNS), a non-governmental organisation with about 3,000 members, has since its formation in 1940 always had a strong emphasis on conservation. The Society’s objective in mounting this expedition, a mammoth undertaking for any Society as it included raising funds to a tune of almost M $ 400,000 (about £ 80, 000), were several: 1. To gain permanent legal protection for the only area in Malaysia where there still is a viable population (estimated at between 20 and 25 animals) of the rare Sumatran rhinoceros. 2. To gain legal protection for one of the few remaining extensive areas of lowland forest left in the Southern part of Peninsular Malaysia. 3. To explore the area and to document the flora and fauna of this Southern forest type, which until then was relatively poorly known scientifically. 4. To increase the awareness among school children and the general public of the beauty and value of Malaysia’s natural heritage.

Description: Small evergreen trees, shrubs or lianas; two genera ( Cansjera and Opilia) are known to be root-parasites. Leaves distichous, simple, usually extremely variable in form and size, entire, exstipulate, pinnately veined; dried leaves mostly finely tubercled by cystoliths located in the mesophyll. Inflorescences axillary or cauliflorous, panicle-like, racemose, umbellate (in Africa) or spicate; bracts narrowly ovate or scale-like, in Opilia peltate, often early caducous. Flowers small, (3—) 4—5) (—6)-merous, mainly bisexual, sometimes unisexual and plants then dioecious ( Gjellerupia, Melientha, and Agonandra) or gynodioecious (Champereia). Perianth with valvate, free or sometimes partly united tepals (in ♀ flowers of Gjellerupia wanting). Stamens as many as and opposite to the tepals (in ♀ flowers only small staminodes); anthers introrse, 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent. Disk intrastaminal, lobed (lobes alternating with the stamens), annular, or cupular. Ovary superior, 1-celled; style short or none, stigma entire or shallowly lobed. Ovule 1, pendulous from the apex of a central placenta, anatropous, unitegmic and tenuinucellar. Fruit drupaceous, pericarp rather thin, mesocarp ± fleshy-juicy, endocarp woody or crustaceous. Seed large, conform to the drupe, without testa; hilum basal, often in a funnel-shaped cavity. Embryo terete, embedded in rich, oily endosperm, nearly as long as the seed or shorter, with 3—4 linear cotyledons, radicle often very short. Distribution. There are 9 genera with about 30 spp., widespread in the tropics. Rhopalopilia is restricted to Africa and Madagascar, Agonandra to South and Central America. In Malesia: 7 genera, 5 of these only known from the eastern Old World (1 endemic: Gjellerupia in New Guinea); Opilia and Urobotrya occur also in tropical Africa.

Description: Monoecious, medium-sized to very large trees (rarely shrubby in very exposed situations). Either four independent cotyledons or two fused pairs (which may be retained in the seed after germination). The growing point of foliage shoots quite distinct between the two genera, being just a few highly reduced leaves in Araucaria and a highly organized bud formed of overlapping scales in Agathis. The leaves vary from scales or needles to broad leathery forms with many parallel veins sometimes on the same plant at different stages of growth. Pollen produced in cylindrical cones from one to as much as twenty cm long with numerous pedunculate spirally placed microsporophylls each with several to many pendent elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower side of an enlarged shieldlike apex which also projects apically more or less overlapping the adjacent microsporophylls. Pollen cones solitary, terminal or lateral, on branches separate from those bearing seed cones, subtended by a cluster of more or less modified leaves in the form of scales, deciduous when mature. Pollen globular, without ‘wings’. Seeds produced in large, well-formed cones which disintegrate when mature, dispensing the seeds in most cases with the help of wing-like structures; the seed cone terminal on a robust shoot or peduncle with more or less modified leaves that change in a brief transition zone at the base of the cone into cone bracts, formed of numerous spirally-placed bract complexes, usually maturing in the second year. Individual seed cone bract leathery or woody and fused with the fertile scale which bears one large inverted seed on its upper surface. Distribution. The 40 species in two genera are well represented in Malesia (13 spp.) and extend eastward and southward into Fiji, New Caledonia (18 spp.), Australia, and New Zealand, with 2 spp. also in the cooler parts of South America, giving the family a distinct Antarctic relationship. Only one species of Araucaria (in South America) occurs completely outside of the tropics, while the majority of the species in the family belong in the lowland tropics and others grow in the tropical highlands.

Description: Please notify the Editor of the Flora Malesiana Bulletin of any change in address which he will be glad to communicate here if of interest to the readers. Mr. R. ABDULHADI (BO) worked for a year at Brisbane to obtain his Ph.D.

Description: The Botanical Survey of India continued to make collections during 1982, with the following results: Andaman & Nicobar Is.: Shola Bag, Mt Harriet, Jirkathang, Poona Nallah, Saddle peak, Diglipur, Rutland I. & Little I., 2875 specimens. Arunachal Pradesh: Various areas of Kameng Distr., Subansiri Distr., 9750 specimens. Assam: Garampani, 60 specimens. West Bengal: Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Hollong, Jaldapara, Chilapata, Salkumar, Daidaighat, Barasat, 2665 specimens. Bihar: Madhuban, Nimiaghat, Paresnath Hills, 315 specimens. Dehra Dun: Chakrata, Missoori, 325 specimens. Gujrat: Catchment and submergence areas of Sipu Reservoir Project, 1505 specimens. Kerala: Trichur, Idduki, Silent Valley, Valra Reserve Forest, Cannanore, Trivandrum, 3770 specimens. Madhya Pradesh: Kanha National Park, Chhodarpur Distr., 1190 specimens. Maharashtra: Areas of Jalgaon Distr. and Buldhana Distr., 4390 specimens. Manipur: Cherrapunjee, Mawphlong, Sorharim, areas of West Khasi Hills Districts, 2000 specimens. Rajasthan: Bharatpur, Desert National Park, 1605 specimens. Sikkim: Rangpo, Singtham, Bumbing, Manuring, Duga, Pandam, Takchi, Meli, areas of Gangtok, Chungtham, Lachi, Thanga, Panthang, 2590 specimens. Uttar Pradesh: Gori & Kali Valley, Chittoragarh Distr., 500 specimens.

Description: Many botanists must have wondered why as yet no volume of Flora Malesiana was dedicated to the outstanding botanist Carl Ludwig Blume, undisputed pioneer in planning the compilation of a ‘Flora Malesiana’. The writing of this Dedication would have been greatly facilitated if a full biography of BLUME had been existent, but none is available; there is not even a bibliography of his works. Only recently, in 1979, two biographical attempts were made, by J. MACLEAN and by A. DEN OUDEN, but only for the period 1820-1832; together with other biographical and obituary notes they are here assembled in Appendix B. I have also compiled a bibliography: Appendix A.²

Description: Trees, shrubs, herbs, or armed climbers; roots not rarely tuberous. Indument consisting of simple hairs. Leaves simple, exstipulate, opposite or rarely in whorls or pseudowhorls, sometimes unequal in one pair. Inflorescence cymose, often thyrsoid, corymbose or umbellate terminal or axillary, sometimes cauliflorous. Bracts and bracteoles present, sometimes very small, not rarely early caducous. Flowers actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual by reduction; pedicelled, with 1-3 bracteoles sometimes coloured, or sustained by an involucre. Perianth tubular, campanulate, funnel-shaped, or urceolate, sometimes articulated with the pedicel; the basal part persistent, enclosing the receptacle, tubular, club- or funnel-shaped, often accrescent; the apical, mostly circumscissile caducous part plicate or valvate in bud, with (4—)5—10 lobes, green or coloured. Stamens 1-40, rarely more, in 1-2 whorls, connate at the base, free from the perianth; anthers 2-locular, latrorse, basifixed. Ovary (sub)sessile, superior, 1-celled, with one erect, anatropous ovule. Style terminal, stigma capitate or fimbriate- to shortly lobed. Basal persistent part of the perianth accrescent in fruit and enveloping the fruit, the whole being known as anthocarp; anthocarp indehiscent, smooth, or with viscid ribs and glands, sometimes the glands accrescent into prickles; pericarp thin. Seed 1; embryo straight or folded; endosperm mealy or reduced to a gelatinous rest. Distribution. About 26 genera with 300 spp. in the New World, particularly in South America, with poor representations of mostly widespread (native or introduced) species in the warm parts of the Old World. Although the family is predominantly tropical, its area reaches to 38° SL in New Zealand and to 45° SL in Argentina. In Malesia there are 19 spp. in 4 genera, of which only Pisonia is undoubtedly native.

Description: Trees, shrubs, woody climbers, or herbs. Hairs simple, stellate, or glandularcapitate; colleters often present in the axils of the leaves, stipules, and sepals (among Mal. genera absent in Buddleja only). Leaves nearly always opposite, entire or nearly so, penninerved, rarely 3-7-plinerved (Strychnos) or curvinerved (Mitrasacme); ; stipules interpetiolar (in many genera reduced to a stipular line) in some genera moreover intrapetiolar. Flowers in cymose to thyrsiform (rarely racemose or spicate) inflorescences or solitary, 5-(rarely 4-, in Anthocleista up to 16-)merous, nearly always bisexual, actinomorphic (in some genera slightly zygomorphic). Disk sometimes present (not in Mal. spp.). Sepals united or free. Corolla gamopetalous, very rare with a corona. Stamens isomerous in Mal. spp. in 2 extra-Mal. genera less), alternating, inserted on the corolla tube (with one exception in Buddleja), , included or exserted; anthers basifixed or sometimes slightly (in the Spigelieae), , slightly to deeply bifid at base, lengthwise dehiscent. Ovary superior (in Polypremum, Cynoctonum, and Mitrasacme p.p. semi-inferior), (1-)2(-4)-celled, placentas axile (parietal if 1-celled), often peltate; ovules l-~ per cell, amphitropous or anatropous; style usually one. Fruit always superior, capsular, baccate, or drupaceous. Seeds 1-~, with copious endosperm; embryo minute straight, cotyledons small. Distribution. About 28 genera with some 600 spp., almost confined to the tropics of both eastern and Western hemispheres, a few genera extending to the warm-temperate regions, mainly towards the south. In Malaysia 11 genera with 80 spp.

Description: Families and higher taxa have been entered under their name. Names of families which have been revised in volumes 4, 5, and 6 have been entered and are printed in bold type, so that as far as this is concerned this index is complete for all preceding volumes as well.

Description: Please submit your announcement to this Bulletin as early as possible! Several were received too late for interested readers to make use of. After the event please send a summary of the doings, and/or the Proceedings, if any. International Symposium on Resource availability and the structure and functioning of tropical ecosystems: 5—12 June 1988. Universities of Miami, Florida, and San Jose, Costa Rica. Contact: Dr. J.M, Savage, Silver Anniversary Symposium, Dept. of Biology, University of Miami, POB 249118, Coral Gables F1 33124, U.S.A.

Description: Herbarium Bogoriense. A fourth floor has been added to the building. Bogor Botanic Gardens. Two heavy storms occurred, one in October, which uprooted 161 trees, among which some of the famous kalong trees, and another one in November, 1984, which blew down or so damaged about 130 trees that they had to be felled.

Description: Trees or shrubs, very rarely herbs or fleshy saprophytes. Leaves spiral, sometimes opposite or pseudowhorled, simple, entire, crenate or serrate, mostly evergreen and ± coriaceous (Malesia), exstipulate (stipule-like perulae of axillary buds occur in Diplycosia and Vaccinium p.p.). Flowers bisexual (rarely functionally unisexual; or the plant dioecious in extra-Mal.), characteristically regular, (4-)5 (rarely 6-7)-merous. Inflorescences terminal or axillary, entirely covered by perulae in bud, mostly in racemes, these sometimes arranged to panicles or condensed to umbels, or reduced to few-flowered fascicles, or even to a solitary flower. Sepals (reduced in Monotropastrum and Wirtgenia) very rarely free, generally connate below to a calyx tube, the latter free or ± adnate to the ovary, persistent, whether or not accrescent in fruit, lobes imbricate or open in bud. Corolla campanulate to funnel-shaped, urceolate or cylindric, sometimes slightly zygomorphous, caducous, lobed to various degree, lobes imbricate (sometimes ± contorted), rarely valvate in bud. Stamens usually 10 (rarely 5, 8, or up to 20), obdiplostemonous, rarely haplostemonous, inserted at the outer margin of the disk between its lobes, or slightly attached to the base of the corolla; filaments free (Malesia); anthers dorsifixed to almost basifixed, the 2 cells (thecae) not rarely extending into free or connate tubules, these muticous or sometimes (bi)aristate distally by the prolonged back-wall, opening by terminal or introrse, very rarely extrorse pores or slits, not rarely with projecting dorsal appendages or spurs; pollen in tetrads, simple in Monotropoideae. Gynoecium syncarpous, 5- or pseudo-10-, rarely 2-4- or 6-7-celled. Disk hypogynous or epigynous, often fleshy and nectariferous, entire or mostly 5-10-lobed. Ovary 1, superior, half-inferior or inferior, generally with as many cells as carpels; placentation central, with 1 or 2 lamellas per cell, each bearing mostly numerous, rarely 1, anatropous or obliquely amphitropous, 1-tegumented ovulus. Style 1; stigma obtuse, capitate or peltate, whether or not 5-7-lobed. Fruit a 5(-7)-valved, septicidal or (sometimes lately or irregularly) loculicidal capsule, which may be ± included by the accrescent, ± fleshy calyx, or a rather dry to fleshy berry (Malesia). Seeds usually numerous, small, whether or not winged or tailed at one or both ends; testa thin, often reticulate; embryo cylindric, small, with copious endosperm. Distribution. About 125 genera with approximately 3500 spp., predominantly woody, all over the world.

Description: This smallish family, containing five genera¹, is almost confined to the northern hemisphere in both the Old and New World, overstepping the equator only in Ecuador and Peru in S. America and in Malaysia, where it is found southward to Java and New Guinea. Among the genera Huertea is confined to Peru and the West Indies (Cuba, Haiti). Tapiscia and Euscaphis are East Asian. Staphylea is widely distributed in the subtropical and temperate zone on the northern hemisphere. Turpinia is subtropical and tropical, it is the only genus represented in Malaysia. It is remarkable that the distributional areas of the latter two genera seem to exclude one another save for a slight overlapping in SE. Asia.

Description: Erect or straggling herbs, shrubs or trees, sometimes monoecious or dioecious, the herbs sometimes rhizomatous; branches sometimes jointed at the nodes, sometimes without vessels ( Sarcandra). Leaves simple, decussate or sometimes whorled in fours, serrate, crenate or dentate, the teeth often thickened at the apex, penninerved, usually petiolate; petioles more or less connected at the base at least by a transverse line or connate into a distinct sheath; in Ascarina often alternating with leafless internodes which have the petiolar sheath; stipules minute to fairly conspicuous, subulate, borne on the petiole bases or sheath, occasionally pectinate. Flowers much reduced, without perianth, fully unisexual or essentially bisexual with the reduced anther-bearing organ adnate to the side of the ovary; arranged in spicate, paniculate, or capitate axillary or terminal inflorescences. — Male flowers bracteate or not, apparently consisting of 1—5 stamens, or in Hedyosmum consisting of numerous anthers in a cone-like structure; if 3 then the whole forming a fused 3-lobed organ sometimes enveloping the female flower by its edges, the central anther with 2 or aborted loculi and the laterals with single loculi, simply lobed or with connectives slightly to considerably produced so that the whole organ is 3-fingered; if with only 2 anther locelli then these on either side of a thickened filament plus connective. — Female flowers naked or enclosed by a cupular bract, the perianth adnate to the ovary, often minutely or shortly dentate at the apex and the ovary thus inferior; ovary 1-locular; stigma sessile or style short; truncate, 2-lipped, depressed or subcapitate (or horseshoe-shaped in one species), rarely linear or clavate. Ovule solitary, orthotropous, pendulous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Drupes fleshy, small, ovoid or globose, sometimes more or less 3-sided in Hedyosmum, free or united into a mass by the bracts; endocarp hardened and crustaceous. Seeds subglobose, exarillate, with copious fleshy or oily endosperm and minute embryo, the cotyledons divaricate or scarcely formed. Distribution. Four genera with about 80 species. Since VESTER’S (1940) small-scale map the family (Ascarina) has been found in Madagascar. It is mainly tropical but Ascarina extends south to North Island of New Zealand (fig. 6) and Chloranthus and Sarcandra extend north to Japan, China, Korea and the eastern U.S.S.R. (Ussuri).

Description: Trees or shrubs (or rarely suffrutices outside Malesia). Leaves simple, alternate, often coriaceous, glabrous or with an indumentum on undersurface, margin entire; petioles often with 2 lateral glands. Stipules 2, minute and caducous to large and persistent, usually linear-lanceolate. Inflorescence racemose, paniculate or cymose; flowers bracteate and usually bibracteolate; bracts and bracteoles small and caducous or larger and enclosing flower or groups of flowers and persistent. Flowers actinomorphic to zygomorphic, hermaphrodite or rarely polygamous, markedly perigynous. Receptacle campanulate to cylindrical or rarely flattened cupuliforum, often gibbous at base; calyx lobes 5, imbricate, often unequal, erect or reflexed. Petals 5 (absent in some Neotropical species), inserted on margin of disk, commonly unequal, imbricate, deciduous, rarely clawed. Stamens indefinite, 2—60 (to 300 in Neotropics), inserted on margin of the disk, in a complete circle or unilateral, all fertile or some without anthers and often reduced to small tooth-like staminodes; filaments filiform, free or ligulately connate, short and included to long and far exserted; anthers small, 2-locular, longitudinally dehiscent, glabrous or rarely pubescent. Ovary basically of three carpels but usually with only one developed, the other two aborted or vestigial, variously attached to (the base, middle or mouth of) receptacle, usually sessile or with short gynophore, pubescent or villous; ovary unilocular with two ovules or bilocular with one ovule in each locule. Ovules erect, with micropyle at base (epitropous). Style filiform, basally attached; stigma 3-lobed or truncate. Fruit a fleshy or dry drupe of varied size, interior often densely hairy; endocarp much varied, thick or thin, fibrous or bony, often with a special mechanism for seedling escape. Seed erect, exalbuminous, the testa membraneous; cotyledons amygdaloid, plano-convex, fleshy, sometimes ruminate. Germination hypogeal with the first leaves opposite or alternate or epigeal with opposite first leaves. An extensive review of the generic limits of the family has been published: G.T. PRANCE & F. WHITE, The genera of Chrysobalanaceae: a study in practical and theoretical taxonomy and its relevance to evolutionary biology, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London 320 (1988) 1—184. This contains full details of taxonomic history, morphology, anatomy, pollen, ecology and distribution of the family. A condensed version of these subjects is given here. Details of the Neotropical members of the family are given in: G.T. PRANCE, Chrysobalanaceae, Flora Neotropica 9 (1972) 1—410. The African members of the family were treated in: F. WHITE, The taxonomy, ecology and chorology of African Chrysobalanaceae (excluding Acioa), Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 46 (1976) 265—350.

Description: The completion of the sixth volume of this Flora gives me the privilege to dedicate this to the memory of ELMER DREW MERRILL, a man who has achieved more for the knowledge of the Malesian flora than any other individual botanist. It is neither my intention to give nor is it the proper place for a full biography of this most distinguished American scientist, as it would for the greater part be duplication of his own ‘Autobiographical’ (1953), the scholarly essay by ROBBINS (1958), and the vivid life sketch by SCHULTES (1957), which together give the story of his life, his ambitions, his personality, his immense drive, his multiple interests, his capacity for establishing botanical periodicals as well as successfully filling the posts of Dean of a Faculty of Agriculture, director of the Bureau of Science at Manila, director of the New York Botanical Gardens, and administrator of Botanical Collections of Harvard University.

Description: Within the Helobieae there has been a great deal of controversial opinion about the evaluation of the genera belonging to the Potamogetonaceae, among which Najas finds by almost unanimous opinion its closest relatives. Generally Najas has been accepted to represent a separate monotypic family on account of the basal ovule and the structure of the anther (with a thin, tight, 2-lipped envelope and apically escaping pollen). The closest allied genus among Potamogetonaceae seems to be Zannichellia, which is by HUTCHINSON (1934) accepted as a separate family, Zannichelliaceae, put together with Najadaceae in his order Najadales. Within the Helobieae some authors accept the structure of Najadaceae as primitive, notably CAMPBELL (1897) and RENDLE (1930), but others find it a derived, advanced state within the order, cf. HUTCHINSON (1934) and LAWRENCE (1951).

Description: Perennial herbs, more commonly woody at the base, undershrubs or shrubs, erect, scrambling or scandent, sometimes high lianas. Rhizome not rarely tuberous. Branches often slightly swollen and jointed at nodes. Hairs simple, uni- or multicellular, short ones often with a hooked apex. Leaves simple, spiral or alternate, petioled (without an abscission zone), exstipulate; midrib usually prominent beneath, elevated or flat above; nervation commonly palmate, or pinnate, nerves often obliquely extending towards the margin. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic or zygomorphic, solitary, fasciculate, or in axillary or cauligerous, racemose, paniculate or cymose inflorescences, usually only one or two flowers open at a time; bracts present and often persistent; pedicel often hardly distinct from the ovary. Calyx petaloid, gamosepalous, 3- (or 6-) lobed or 1-lipped; lobes valvate or induplicate. Petals (in Mal.) absent. Disk (?) 0, rarely present (e.g. a few Thottea spp.). Stamens 6 (4 or 5 in some extra-Mal. Aristolochia spp.) or 6—c. 36 (—46), in 1 whorl or in 2 (3 or 4) whorls (Thottea); filaments free or slightly mutually united at the base, and/or almost completely adnate to the style column to form a gynostemium; anthers free (Thottea) or dorsally united with the style column (Aristolochia), each consisting of 2 thecae with 4 pollen sacs, extrorse, rarely introrse (extra-Mal. spp.), dehiscing longitudinally. Ovary inferior (rarely half-inferior in extra-Mal. genera), 4—6-carpellate, 4—6-celled, syncarpous (or ± apocarpous in extra-Mal. Saruma); placentae parietal (distinct when young, then intruding and connivent axially, thus often seemingly axile); ovules usually many, anatropous, in 1 or 2 vertical rows in each locule of the ovary, horizontal or pendulous; style-column 3—many-lobed, sometimes some of the lobes redivided; stigmas or stigmatic tissue apical, lateral, or on the surface of style lobes. Fruits capsular or siliquiform (follicular or cocci in extra- Mal. genera), 4—6-celled; dehiscing apically towards the base (basipetal, e.g. Thottea) or basally towards the apex (acropetal, e.g. most Aristolochia); septicidal, rarely septifragal (some extra-Mai. Aristolochia) or bursting irregularly (extra-Mal. Asarum); rarely indehiscent (W. African Pararistolochia). Seeds many in each locule (1-seeded in extra-Mal. Euglypha), often coated with remains of placental tissue (membranous when dry), horizontal or pendulous, variously shaped; ovate, deltoid or triangular, flat, convex-concave, or longitudinally curved, or oblong (and triangular in cross-section), rugose, finely verrucose, or smooth, immarginate (Thottea; Aristolochia, p.p.) or winged (Aristolochia, p.p.); albumen fleshy, copious; embryo minute, cotyledons two, distinct. Distribution. There are 7 genera, Aristolochia worldwide, Asarum over the northern hemisphere, Thottea in continental Southeast Asia and Malesia, Pararistolochia in tropical Africa, and 3 monotypic genera, viz. Saruma in China, Holostylis and Euglypha in South America. As to number of species, Aristolochia is by far the largest with some 300 spp., largely concentrated in the New World, especially in Central and South America, in Malesia with 28 spp.; Asarum (incl Hexastylis and Heterotropa) with possibly some 70 spp. in northern temperate regions, Thottea with 26 spp., of which 22 in Malesia, and Pararistolochia with 12 spp. in West Africa.

Description: Annual or perennial herbs, erect, ascending or prostrate, less than 1½ m high. Leaves spirally arranged or alternate (often various in one plant), or opposite, often in a basal rosette, exstipular, simple, sometimes lobed, penninerved. Inflorescences racemose, terminal (sometimes axillary) racemes or umbels, or flowers in whorls, or solitary axillary. Bracts small or leafy. No bracteoles. Flowers bisexual, actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic), isomerous, in Mal. always 5-merous, often dimorphous in sexual organs. Calyx dentate or cleft, persistent, sometimes leafy, rarely coloured ( Glaux). Corolla connate, shallowly to deeply cleft (free in Pelletiera), in bud often quincuncial or contorted, variously coloured (absent in Glaux). Stamens inserted on the corolla, epipetalous, rarely alternating With staminodes or their vestiges; anthers dorsifixed or versatile, sometimes basifixed; cells opening with apical pores or latrorse, filaments free or connate. Disk absent. Ovary superior (in Samolus semi-inferior), 1-celled with ~ ovules on a free central placenta; style simple. Capsule mostly 5-valved (valves epi- or alternisepalous) or 10-valved, sometimes irregularly bursting, or circumsciss. Seeds mostly ~, often angular, small; embryo straight, endosperm present; integuments 2. Distribution. Genera 21 with approximately 900 spp., all over the world, but mainly developed in the temperate and cold regions of the northern hemisphere; in the tropics mostly on the mountains. The largest genera, Primula (incl. Androsace) with c. 500 spp. and Lysimachia with c. 150 spp. are almost confined to the northern hemisphere and centre in the Sino-Himalayan region. In Malaysia and Melanesia Primula extends across the equator and finds its southernmost stations in the Old World. Lysimachia and Anagallis have a worldwide area. It is remarkable that the almost cosmopolitan species Samolus valerandi L., which occurs in the surrounding continents of Asia and Australia and is widely distributed in the Pacific (New Caledonia, Loyalty Is., Norfolk I., Chatham, Auckland Is., Kermadec, New Zealand, and Easter I.), has never been found in Malaysia.

Description: Fries (1821: 11) established Agaricus series Derminus tribus Inocybe, which was later elevated by him to generic rank (Fries, 1863: 346). Originally Fries based his circumscription of Inocybe solely on macroscopical characters; when it was raised to generic status Fries added that the spores of all Inocybe species were seemingly rough (’sporae scabrae videntur omnibus Inocybis communes’). Almost certainly this was not based on original observation, as Fries considered the use of the microscope unnecessary, but the result of an uncritical appraisal of observations by Berkeley (1860). The relevance of Fries’s statement regarding the typification of Inocybe is discussed on p. 29. Although the genus Inocybe is easily recognisable by macroscopical characters, judging from the fact that the generic concept has scarcely changed to the present day, the delimitation of species is considerably more difficult. The number of species increased continually from 1821 onwards. Massee (1904) published a world monograph of the genus but his work unfortunately lacks precision and it is moreover outdated. Important regional work on the genus has been carried out by Heim (1931) and Kühner (in Kühner & Romagnesi, 1953) in France; Alessio (1980) in Italy; Enderle & Stangl (1981) and Stangl & Enderle (1983) in Germany; Kauffman (1924), Stuntz (1947, 1954), and Grund & Stuntz (1968, 1970, 1975, 1977, 1980, 1981, 1983, 1984) in North America; and Horak (1978, 1979, 1980, 1981) in Australia and Asia.

Description: The sole object of the present work is to furnish a monograph dealing exclusively with the species of the genus Psathyrella (exclusive of Lacrymaria, see Chapter VI) reported from the Netherlands, France and the British Isles. Ever since 1958 we intensively collected, described, depicted and stored in our herbarium these species from many parts of the Netherlands and later studied the exsiccata microscopically. From 1960 on we did the same practically every year for some three weeks in many parts of the British Isles, often during the annual forays of the British Mycological Society, and particularly in Wales and Scotland. Moreover through the valuable aid from Dr. D. A. Reid, Dr. D. N. Pegler and Dr. R. Watling and the information supplied by the ‘New Check List of British Agarics and Boleti’ (Dennis, Orton & Hora, 1960) we became very well acquainted with the British species of Psathyrella. Mr. H. Romagnesi’s vast knowledge of and experience with the French species of Psathyrella and the great co-operation between him and us resulted in our becoming extensively informed about the French species of the genus. Our frequent exchanges of information and exsiccata even led to Romagnesi’s discovery of a new species (P. phegophila Romagn.) in his own herbarium, which he very kindly publishes in the present work. The results of our observations on Psathyrella in the three countries of course were compared with those published by A. H. Smith in his monograph on the North American species, hitherto the only monograph of this genus.

Description: Some additional arguments are provided for a few name changes in Russula. We conclude, contrary to Singer & Machol, that the 1821-starting point rules failed to put the nomenclature of the past into order and that the new sanctioning system will be better in this respect. Some dangers inherent in special provisions for particular taxonomic groups are mentioned. The disadvantage of a special typification status for sanctioned names is discussed.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore walls of Beenakia dacostae (Beenakiaceae, Gomphales) has been studied. Spore walls are mainly composed of a distinct episporium and a thick, dark, ornamented ectosporium. The general structure is identical with that of other members of the Gomphales, such as Gomphus and Ramaria

Description: Description de Psilocybe callosa (Fr. per Fr.) Quél., espèce oubliée et mal connue, et de deux espèces nouvelles.

Description: The nomenclatural status of the names of the species of Pholiota occurring in the Netherlands is investigated. Pholiota jahnii is proposed as a new species, and five new combinations are made, viz. P. populnea, P. conissans, P. lutaria, P. mixta, and P. scamba.

Description: Re-examination of two collections of Hydropus mediterraneus Pacioni & Lalli revealed a number of characters that necessitate the transfer of this species to the genus Flammulina.

Description: Type material of Tulasnella cystidiophora Höhn. & Litsch. has been studied. The species is characterized by often moniliform gloeocystidia and clamp-less hyphae (at least in the subhymenium).

Description: Three coprophilous species of Cheilymenia resembling Lasiobolus are redescribed. Cheilymenia raripila is reported from Germany; C. insignis and C. pulcherrima are newly described from authentic material of the Crouan brothers. Cheilymenia hyalochaeta is considered to be a synonym of C. raripila.

Description: Several aspects of the sexuality in Mucorales are discussed. It is stated that neither heterothallism nor homothallism are absolute conditions and that a continuum exists between zygospores and azygospores. Mating type switching as known in ascomycetous yeasts would explain several up to now inexplicable phenomena.

Description: A description is given of the floristic composition of communities with Hordeum marinum in the South-west Netherlands. This reveals that this species, one of the character-taxa of the alliance Saginion maritimae, is especially represented in transition situations towards saline habitats with environmental instability through treading, sudden inundations and drainage, embankment, etc. Permanent plot studies showed great resemblance in succession during recovery of damaged vegetation. Hordeum manifests itself in the early developmental stages, together with Parapholis strigosa. Ecological affinities between the Saginion species are discussed in relation to salinity and silt content of the soil. Contrary to the other species, H. marinum prefers high salinities combined with a relatively high silt content of the sandy substrate.

Description: Ample collections preserved at Uppsala under the name Hydnum versipelle and two exsiccata of Sarcodon laevigatus were examined and compared with the original descriptions. The material of Hydnum versipelle is shown to be heterogeneous, comprising three collections belonging to Sarcodon amarescens, and ten collections of a species which has the main characters of Sarcodon laevigatus. The few differences observed are attributed to differences of a chemical nature, and Hydnum versipelle is formally reduced to the synonymy of Sarcodon laevigatus.