ALBERT

Description: Three recently found skulls of Delphinus tropicalis are discussed and compared with other skulls of the same taxon. The occurrence of Delphinus delphis in the same area as Delphinus tropicalis makes it plausible that D. tropicalis is a distinct species and not a subspecies of D. delphis. A dolphin collected in the South China Sea, probably near Pontianak, by W. L. Abbott in 1907 also belongs to Delphinus tropicalis. The species therefore has a wider distribution than was originally believed.

Description: Data and material are collected from 106 Harbour Porpoises (P. phocoena) from the southern part of the North Sea. All animals are accidentally caught or found stranded. The greatest length for males in the sample is 151 cm, for females 186 cm. For detailed analysis of body measurements, 30 males and 37 females are selected, while from 20 males and 34 females teeth are used for age analysis. The analysis of the body measurements shows sexual dimorphism in the anterior and posterior part of the back, in the flukes and flippers and in the position of the genital slit. The maximum number of dentinal layers found in the teeth is 12. Males attain sexual maturity after the deposition of 5 dentinal layers, females when 6 layers are formed, at a body length of about 135 cm and 150 cm, respectively. Some evidence is found that the population of P. phocoena from the North Sea has a lower growth rate than the population from Canadian waters. The gestation period is estimated to be eleven months, the peak of the birth period being in June. The animals are born at a length varying between 67 cm to 80 cm. Growth of the visceral organs is isogonic. The mean weight of the organs is greater in females than in males.

Description: Descriptions and illustrations are given of four species of mailed catfishes belonging to the subfamily Loricariinae, tribe Harttiini. Two species are assigned to Lamontichthys P. de Miranda Ribeiro, 1939: Lamontichthys filamentosus (La Monte, 1935) (type-species, of which Harttia filamentissima C. H. Eigenmann & Allen, 1942, is provisionally considered a junior synonym), based on a total of thirteen specimens, including all type-specimens, from Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador (all from tributaries of the Rio Amazonas system), and Lamontichthys stibaros n. sp., based on two specimens from Ecuador, sympatric with the former species.\nHarttia microps C. H. Eigenmann & Allen, 1942, is redescribed from three out of the five type-specimens, originating from Iquitos, Peru (Rio Amazonas system). It is designated as type-species of Pterosturisoma n. gen., which superficially resembles Lamontichthys.\nSturisoma brevirostre (C. H. Eigenmann & R. S. Eigenmann, 1889), type-species of Parasturisoma A. de Miranda Ribeiro, 1911 ( = Sturisoma Swainson, 1838), which was poorly described previously, is redescribed from its unique holotype, primarily to indicate the generic distinction from both Lamontichthys and Pterosturisoma, the species of which have been recently referred to Parasturisoma.

Description: Bijlage 2, bij het doctoraalverslag van E.J. van Nieukerken

Description: Verslag van een doctoraalonderwerp van 12 maanden bij de vakgroep Oecologie, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, 1974-1977

Description: The Past 38 Period before 1751 38 1751-1820 39 1820-1878 43 1878-1922 52 1922-1955 57 1955-1961 61 1961-1972 63 The Present (from 1972 onwards) 66 The Future 68 University teaching 70 Other teaching activities 72 The status and position of RGM 72 Acknowledgements 76 Notes 77 References 85 Appendix I 88 Appendix II 91 On the first of November, 1978, the Rijksmuseum van Geologie en Mineralogie (National Museum of Geology and Mineralogy), commemorated the day upon which, one hundred years ago, the first step was set on its way to independence. This gives occasion to review its past, its present state, as well as to try and look into its future. It will be evident that when discussing the present state and the possible future development of the museum (unless stated otherwise) the opinion given is that of the present author.

Description: INTRODUCTION\nAccording to Holthuis (1950a) the family Astacidae is represented in the Netherlands only by one species, Astacus astacus (L., 1758). Apart from a detailed description of the external anatomy, he gave the following data.\nThe average size of the adults amounts to 80 mm, however, the maximum size sometimes reaches up to 250 mm; the colour is brown-green or olivegreen. Astacus lives in running as well as in stagnant water with good shelter.\nThe food consists of Mollusca, Crustacea, worms, insect larvae, tadpoles and sometimes of vegetable matter or dead organisms. Fertilization takes place between medio October and the end of November; the female carries her eggs from November up to June or July.\nHolthuis (1950a) recorded 38 localities, situated all in the southern and eastern part of the country, where Astacus has been found during the period from 1660 to 1947. In his opinion Astacus astacus was formerly rather to very common, but as a result of the pollution of brooks and perhaps also of the crayfish-pest, it has disappeared in many places. However, Holthuis (1950b) got the impression that the population of Astacus was improving again in the Netherlands as well as in Belgium and France.\nMohren (1970) reported that he had observed in the Julianakanaal (province of Limburg, Netherlands; see fig. 2) thousands of crayfishes when the water level was lowered for repairs of sheet-pilings. At Urmond on the Julianakanaal these animals were sucked in by a pump for industrial cooling water of "De Staats Mijnen" (D.S.M. = The Netherlands National Mining Company).\nAt the end of 1972 Mr. F. van Herp and I discovered that these crayfishes

Description: The scarab fauna of dung from Dutch red deer and wild boar is recorded and discussed.\nDung samples collected during four visits to the forested region South of Apeldoorn were extracted and numbers per species were counted (table 1). The samples contained one species new to the Netherlands (Aphodius zenkeri Germar), three species considered rare (A. maculatus Sturm, A. fasciatus Olivier, A. lividus Olivier), as well as 21 more common scarab species. Further Dutch records of these species and of A. corvinus Erichson are added. The distribution of these species and of some absent from the list is briefly discussed. A. zenkeri, maculatus, and fasciatus are thought to frequent shaded habitats because of a restricted drought tolerance.

Description: INLEIDING\nDit derde artikel in de reeks \xe2\x80\x9eFauna van de wateren in Meijendel" geeft een overzicht van de ons bekende gegevens betreffende waterkevers uit dit duingebied tussen Den Haag, Wassenaar en het Wassenaarse Slag. De volgende families worden hierin behandeld: Hygrobiidae, Haliplidae, Noteridae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Hydraenidae, Spercheidae, Hydrophilidae, Dryopidae en Curculionidae.\nHoewel de gegevens van het door ons van 1969 tot 1977 uitgevoerde onderzoek zo omvangrijk zijn dat een vergelijking met de slechts schaarse oude gegevens zeer moeilijk is, hebben wij toch getracht deze oude gegevens te achterhalen en het oude materiaal op te sporen.\nIn de soortenlijst worden enige aantekeningen over het voorkomen en de oecologie in Nederland geplaatst. Veel van deze gegevens komen uit ervaringen die wij opdeden bij vele verzameltochten in Nederland. De eerste van ons bewerkt bovendien de Dytiscidae van Nederland, zodat een grote hoeveelheid informatie over verspreiding en oecologie uit dit nog niet gepubliceerde onderzoek komt.\nDe volgende personen willen wij graag voor hun medewerking bedanken: drs. J. Krikken (Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie te Leiden), dr. J. P.\nDuffels en B. Brugge (Instituut voor Taxonomische Zo\xc3\xb6logie, Amsterdam) en W. J. Kuijper, die ons materiaal ter beschikking stelden. De heren dr. S.\nParma en A. C. M. van Dijk danken wij voor het verstrekken van hun gegevens. Voor de hulp bij enkele determinaties danken wij drs. A. L. van Berge Henegouwen en drs. J. M. B. de Groot. Prof. dr. K. Bakker en Prof. dr. J. T. Wiebes, die onze respectievelijke werkleiders bij het onderzoek

Description: INLEIDING\nIn dit artikel zal een overzicht worden gegeven van de water- en oppervlaktewantsen die in het gebied van de Duinwaterleiding van \'s-Gravenhage zijn verzameld. Tevens zullen wij bij de soorten enige aantekeningen plaatsen over hun verspreiding en oecologie, met name in West-Nederland.\nWater- en oppervlaktewantsen werden in het gebied voornamelijk verzameld tijdens onderzoek dat werd verricht door Bl\xc3\xb6te c.s. in de periode 19201930 (Bl\xc3\xb6te, 1926; Schierbeek, 1927), Vorstman c.s. in de periode 1953-1961 (Vorstman, 1953-1960; J. P. Duffels, pers. meded.; S. Parma, pers. meded.) en eigen waarnemingen in de periode 1970-heden. Onze gegevens van 19701975 werden al bewerkt door de eerste van ons voor een doctoraal verslag (Van Tol, ongepubl.); dit artikel kan als een eerste publicatie, die op dit verslag is gebaseerd, worden beschouwd. Van vrijwel alle soorten worden de gegevens over 1970-1976 gegeven; van enkele zeldzame soorten hebben wij ook het materiaal dat in 1977 verzameld werd opgenomen.\nEen overzicht van de watertypen in Meijendel en van het hydrobiologisch onderzoek in het gebied, wordt gegeven door Van Nieukerken & Van Tol (1978). Ook in de soortenlijst opgenomen codenummers van de wateren zijn daarin vermeld. Alle wateren van Meijendel zijn weergegeven op kaart A 4250 van de Duinwaterleiding van \'s-Gravenhage.\nDe volgende personen willen wij danken voor de medewerking bij ons onderzoek: dr. J. P. Duffels (Amsterdam) en dr. S. Parma (Yerseke) stelden hun gegevens en aantekeningen uit de periode 1958-1961 ter beschikking en gaven toestemming deze hier te publiceren, de heer Duffels heeft destijds vrijwel alle wantsen gedetermineerd; dr. P. H. van Doesburg stelde

Description: Over de libellenfauna van Meijendel is weinig bekend. In het volgende overzicht is gebruik gemaakt van een aantal vroegere gegevens en van recent materiaal, dat in Meijendel gedurende de laatste tien jaren meer gericht is verzameld. In de collecties van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie bevinden zich imagines die tussen 1849 en 1976 te Meijendel zijn verzameld; deze zijn alle in de materiaallijsten van de soorten opgenoemd. Daarnaast is door een onzer (E. J. van N.) bij zijn onderzoek naar de waterwantsen en waterkevers van Meijendel gedurende de periode van 1970 tot 1977, een collectie van ca. 250 libellenlarven bijeengebracht en gedetermineerd. Hiermede kon het broeden van elf soorten libellen in dit duingebied aangetoond worden. Bovendien bleek er de aanwezigheid van Anax imperator, een grote Aeshnide, waarvan de imagines tot op heden ter plaatse niet zijn waargenomen. Het aantal van Meijendel bekende soorten libellen steeg diaarmee tot 17.\nTussen 1970 en 1971 werd ook een kleine collectie libellenlarven door W. J.\nKuijper verzameld, tijdens zijn onderzoek naar de watermollusken van Meijendel. Ook deze larven zijn ter documentatie aan de collecties van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie toegevoegd. Voor de kaartjes met de vindplaatsen en de gebruikte codes ter aanduiding van kwelplassen en infiltratieresevoirs in Meijendel zij verwezen naar Van Nieukerken & Van Tol (1978).\nIn het hier gegeven overzicht zijn ook gegevens verwerkt van soorten, die uit de omgeving van Meijendel bekend zijn geworden, maar in het terrein van onderzoek niet zijn aangetroffen. De namen van deze soorten (9) zijn in de tekst tussen rechte haken geplaatst.\nDe samenstelling van dit overzicht heeft ten doel een inzicht te verschaffen

Description: In this fourth report on the taxonomy of Ulothrix K\xc3\xbctzing a new classification of the marine and brackish-water species in western Europe is proposed. Comparative studies on field collections, uni-algal cultures, herbarium collections and sections prepared for electron microscopy lead to the recognition of three marine species, viz. Ulothrix speciosa (Carmichael ex Harvey in Hooker) K\xc3\xbctzing, U. flacca (Dillwyn) Thuret in Le Jolis, and U. palusalsa Lokhorst (nov. nom.), and two brackish-water species, viz. U. implexa (K\xc3\xbctzing) K\xc3\xbctzing and U. subflaccida Wille. The vegetative anatomy, the life history, the fine structure of the vegetative thallus and the distributional pattern in nature are amply discussed. Salient, reliable characters proved to be, e.g., the nature and construction of the cell wall, the texture of the cell wall\xe2\x80\x99s surface, the fine structure of the pyrenoid, the developmental stages of germinating zoospores, the coalescense of filaments, the shape of the gametangial filament, and the limited variation of the number of zoospores and gametes. A brief discussion is given of the ecological status of the individual species. In addition there is a brief comment on the taxonomic affinity of Ulothrix with the morphologically related genus Urospora Fries and on the phyletic relationship of Ulothrix with the progenitors of the higher land plants. The reproductive behaviour of the species under different photo periods in culture appeared to be correlated with the seasonal periodicity expressed by the algae in nature.

Description: Study of living and herbarium material of the small dicotyledon family Alseuosmiaceae (Gardner, 1976) has suggested some emendation of Airy Shaw\xe2\x80\x99s diagnosis (1965: 249) of this group. Also, Hutchinson\xe2\x80\x99s generic key (1967: 83) is unsatisfactory.

Description: Melaleuca Linn., Mant. 1 (1767) 14 (nom. cons), and Callistemon R. Br., App. Flind. Voy. 2: App. 3 (1814) 547, are centred in Australia where they are represented by about 180 and 40 species respectively, including the type species of both genera. Six of the Melaleucas extend to New Guinea and one of these continues to south east Asia.\nIn New Caledonia there are three species of Melaleuca: one a common tree forming an open woodland at lower elevations mostly in non-ultrabasic areas (M. quinquenervia \xe2\x80\x93 \xe2\x80\x98Niaouli\xe2\x80\x99. Also in east Australia and New Guinea); the others small-leaved shrubs at low to middle elevations in the southern ultrabasic region (M. gnidioides, M. brongniartii). Callistemon is represented by four species, of which three are shrubs to small trees restricted to low to middle elevation shrub associations in the southern ultrabasic area (C pancheri. C. buseanum, C. suberosum) and the fourth (C. gnidioides), a small-leaved shrub with two varieties, also occurs on some of the northern ultrabasic areas as well as in the south.

Description: A new species of Talaromyces C. R. Benjamin, T. assiutensis, is described and illustrated. It was isolated from Egyptian soil amended with crushed buffalo hooves and incubated for five months at 35\xc2\xb0C. T. assiutensis is characterized by white to pale yellow ascomata, small, smooth-walled to finely roughened ascospores and short biverticillate conidiophores. The taxa of Talaromyces published after 1972 are briefly discussed.

Description: This book is dedicated to Prof. Dr. K. M\xc3\xa4gdefrau (M\xc3\xbcnster, Germany) at the occasion of his 70th birthday. Several of his colleagues and former students have contributed on the theme \xe2\x80\x98Adaptation of cryptogamic organisms to their environment\xe2\x80\x99. Modern opinions about the fungi in this respect are given in the chapters: Chemotaxonomy of the fungi (18 pp, by A. Bresinsky), Problems concerning the system of the Ascomycetes (15 pp, by E. M\xc3\xbcller), and The new system of the Basidiomycetes (45 pp, by F. Oberwinkler).

Description: The authors describe the habitat of Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. picra De Langhe et D\xe2\x80\x99hose at the Sint Jansberg in Mook (prov. of Limburg).

Description: In 1932 VAN SOEST finished his series of papers, started in 1924, about the subdivision of the Netherlands into phytogeographical districts. From that moment on generations of Dutch floristic and other botanical fieldworkers were confronted with the picture of this subdivision, reproduced in every new edition of the Netherlands floras. As a historical survey of the evolution of Van Soest\xe2\x80\x99s ideas about the phytogeographical districts of the Netherlands has never been composed, these anniversary papers seem to be in the view of the present author a good opportunity to do so. Unescapably this survey leads to some critical remarks, that, curiously enough have never been heard in the period of more than 45 years of existance of this subdivison. The author proposes the recognition of an independant freshwater-tidal-district. Recent floristic researches, especially those in the borderarea of two districts, have given a lot of information about the character of this borderland, which evidently can not be characterised as uniform. The border between the Dune and the Hafdistrict has always been found to be rather sharp; other borders, e.g. those between the Fluviatile and the Flamish, the Haf or the Kempens district are usually rather vague. The border between the Dune and the Waddendistrict is also less sharp. Attempts are made to characterize the various districts by a minimum total number of species, and a minimal floristic value of certain sociological-ecological groups as distinguished by VAN DER MAAREL (1971). Finally the author warns against hasty radical changes in the so well-known subdivision into phytogeographical districts of the Netherlands, as published by Van Soest more than 45 years ago.

Description: J. BEIJERSBERGEN, De verspreiding van de mossen op de voormalige zandplaat De Hompelvoet in de Grevelingen in relatie tot het abiotisch milieu, de fanerogamenvegetaties en enkele beheersmaatregelen, doctoraal verslag, Rijksinstituut voor Natuurbeheer, Leersum, 1977, 74 pag. + kaartjes + tabellen, fotokopie \xc2\xb9).\nJ. BOSMA, Loofhoutgewassen, tweede bundel, Het Spectrum, Utrecht-Antwerpen, 1976, 114 pag., \xc6\x92 19,75. Een tweede bundel van een honderdtal tekeningen van overwegend uitheemse gewassen, voorzien van een begeleidende tekst en gerangschikt naar de maanden van het jaar, al naar gelang de toestand van de houtgewassen, zoals in blad, in bloei, in vrucht e.d.

Description: The author writes of the merit of Van Soest, who recognized in 1952 Hippopha\xc3\xab rhamnoides L. subsp. fluviatilis. This subspecies from countries around the Alps and the Pyrenees, is often sold in the Netherlands for horticultural purposes and dies in gardens in the coastal areas.

Description: The author discusses the Rubus-flora around Arnhem and its phytogeographical significance. Both the genus Rubus and the phytogeography are topics of the botanical interest of Prof. Van Soest, in whose honour this special issue of Gorteria is made. The environment of the town of Arnhem is one of the areas thoroughly studied bij Van Soest.

Description: Sambucus canadensis L. bij Bentveld, verwilderd (?). Onlangs werd voor het eerst melding gemaakt van een geval van verwildering van Sambucus canadensis hier te lande (VAN OOSTSTROOM, MENNEMA & ADEMA, 1977, p. 185): volgens een schriftelijke opgave van Dr. A. van de Beek (Vriezenveen) werd deze soort op 9.X.1971 waargenomen bij de oprit van de snelweg bij De Meern. Bij het doorzien van het materiaal van Sambucus nigra voor de in voorbereiding zijnde bewerking van de Caprifoliaceae voor de Flora Neerlandica (WEBERLING, 1978) bleek, dat zich hieronder nog een exemplaar van S. canadensis bevond, verzameld op 29.VIII.1971 te Bentveld door wijlen Dr. C. O. van Regteren Altena. Nadere gegevens omtrent de groeiplaats ontbreken; daar het materiaal als S. nigra was gedetermineerd, mag worden verondersteld, dat het in het wild werd verzameld.\nGezien het feit dat diverse besdragende sierstruiken, waaronder de eveneens tot de Caprifoliaceae behorende Viburnum lantana en Symphoricarpus albus, hier te lande reeds zijn ingeburgerd, verdient Sambucus canadensis de aandacht van de Nederlandse floristen. Van S. nigra, waarop zij het meest lijkt, onderscheidt zij zich door de grotere, lichter groene, iets glanzige bladen en de kleinere vruchten.

Description: The Standard List of the Netherlands Flora (ARNOLDS & VAN DER MEIJDEN, 1976) includes a number of Rubus groups. The author presents a key for these groups, and a survey of the species, belonging to each group.

Description: The features of the operculate ascus and allied non-operculate forms are discussed. An outline of the results of recent research on fine structure and function of the different types of asci in Pezizales is presented.

Description: The name Hebelomina microspora is validated*. It is supposed that the genera Hebeloma (Fr.) Kumm. and Hebelomina R. Maire differ in their essential characters only in that \xe2\x80\x98layer IV\xe2\x80\x99 of the spore wall of Hebeloma, as defined by Besson & Bruchet, is rudimentary in Hebelomina. For the time being it is proposed that they be considered as two separate genera.

Description: Kl\xc3\xb6cker (1909) in order to classify an undescribed, strongly fermentative yeast forming sphaeroidal, visibly verrucose ascospores, introduced the genus Debaryomyces. The single species on which the genus was based he named Debaryomyces globosus Klocker.\nAccepting the verrucosity of the ascospore as cardinal generic criterion, subsequent authors, notably Konokotina (1913), Guilliermond & P\xc3\xa9ju (1920, 1921) and Guilliermond (1928) assigned other species to Debaryomyces. These species, however, differed from the type species by being only weakly fermentative and utilizing a greater number of carbon sources.

Description: A key for non-flowering Gagea species, originally published in Mitt. Flor.-soz. Arb. gem. N. F. 14 (1969), p. 44\xe2\x80\x9445, and slightly adapted for the Netherlands.

Description: 1921 1. Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Ned. Kruidk. Arch. 1920 (gepubl. 1921), p. 140\xe2\x80\x94144.

Description: Description of Taraxacum vansoestii Hagendijk, Oosterveld et Zevenbergen, spec. nov. The species is only known from the island of Terschelling, the Netherlands, out of the transition zone from sand dunes to saltmarsh. The taxonomic position of the new species, which shows affinities to quite different sections of the genus Taraxacum (viz. sect. Obliqua. \\ sect. . Erythrosperma,: sect. Palustria and sect. Vulgaria) is discussed. The authors give arguments for a possible position in the group Dissimilia of the section Erythrosperma.

Description: Ten species of Pleuroflammula Sing. (three of which are new: P. praestans, P. overeemii, P. simulans) are described and illustrated and their taxonomy and geographical distribution are discussed.

Description: A collection of Aphyllophorales from Australia and Tasmania has been studied. Fifteen species have been identified and the following new taxa are described: Amaurohydnum flavidum gen. et spec. nov., Amauromyces pallidus gen. et spec. nov., Hyphoderma cinnamomeum, Lindtneria pellicularis, Resinicium luteum spp. nov. The new combination Radulodon calcareus (Cooke & Massee) is proposed.

Description: Eight species of Amanita from tropical lowland forests around Manaus, Brazil, are described, seven as new and one under a provisional name: A. campinaranae, A. coacta, A. craseoderma, A. crebresulcata, A. lanivolva, A. phaea nom. prov., A. sulcatissima, and A. xerocybe. Information is given on the types of Amanitopsis plumbea Rick and Collybia sulcatissima Rick, both remaining insufficiently known taxa. A very sketchy grouping of South American Amanitas on ecological grounds is discussed.

Description: Polyporus xanthus Fr. per Fr., Syst. mycol. 1: 379. 1821. \xe2\x80\x94 Poria xantha (Fr. per Fr.) Cooke in Grevillea 14: 112. 1886. \xe2\x80\x94 Amyloporia xantha (Fr. per Fr.) Bond. & Sing. ex Sing. in Annls. mycol. 39: 50. 1941. \xe2\x80\x94 Poria xantha (Fr. per Fr.) Cooke f. pachymeris Jo. Erikss. in Svensk bot. Tidskr. 43: 22. 1949. \xe2\x80\x94 For other synonyms see Donk (1974: 164).\nFruit-bodies perennial, resupinate or on vertical surfaces also in the shape of dimidiate, conical pilei, up to 15x10x15 mm, made up of indistinctly stratified tubes. The young, wide lower part of the pilei light yellow to pale orange, the old, narrow upper part greyish and zonate. Fruit-bodies fibrous when young, becoming brittle, then friable or even chalky with age. Margin at first sterile, white, arachnoid, later forming a fertile, well-defined edge. Subiculum white, up to 1 (-2) mm thick, strongly amyloid. Tubes up to 5 mm long, with entire edges. Pores about circular, 0.05-0.15 mm in diameter, sometimes elongated to 0.5 mm, 4-9 per mm. Dissepiments 0.05-0.1 mm thick, pseudo-amyloid (colouring golden yellow to reddish brown) or weakly amyloid. Fruit-bodies with distinct lemon odour when fresh according to collectors of specimens from Olst (see below), aromatic according to others; at first mild, then very bitter.

Description: The hyphomycete Myriodontium keratinophilum, gen. et sp. nov., is described and illustrated. It was isolated from soil and a preputial swab of a bull. The new taxon is characterized by fertile hyphae consisting of intercalary polyblastic conidiogenous cells and one-celled conidia borne on long denticles. Its relationship to other hyphomycetous genera with solitary blastic conidia is discussed.

Description: In three species (Hauptarten sensu Zahn) of the subgenus Pilosella the following chromosome numbers were found: H. peleterianum (2n = 18), H. hoppeanum (2n = 18), and H. pilosella (2n = 18, 36, 45, 54, 63). Hybrids between H. hoppeanum and H. peleterianum on the one hand and H. pilosella (2n = 36) on the other, were triploid and completely sterile. The diploids and tetraploids proved to be amphimictic and selfincompatible. The higher polyploids turned out to be apomictic. In one case the pollination of a hexaploid plant with pollen of another hexaploid led, in addition to purely maternal sisterplants, to a single apomictic enneaploid (2n = 81). In another case the summation of the chromosomes of an unreduced egg cell of a heptaploid (2n = 63) plant and those of a reduced pollengrain (n = 27) of a hexaploid plant led to a single apomictic decaploid (2n = 90) plant. These high polyploids were not found in natural populations. Pollination of a sexual tetraploid plant with pollen of an apomictic hexaploid led to the formation of apomictic pentaploids.

Description: Eight Stereocaulon (Lichenes) species have been found in the Netherlands. Of these S. paschale (L.) Fr. and S. tomentosum Fr. have been observed only in the last century, in heather and woodland on sand. S. condensatum Hoffm. is found on old drifted sands in the interior, where it occurs now and is not rare locally. S. saxatile occurs on the same sites but is not common. The other, epilitic species were discovered in this century. S. dactylophyllum Flk. and S. evolutum Graewe grow on a few erratic boulders. S. pileatum Ach. and S. vesuvianum Pers. have been found several times recently, on artificial substrates. S. condensatum of the sands shows a somewhat aberrant form: the primary phyllocladia are usually less flattened, and often develop into branched structures of several mm length, see fig. 2, a. A key, brief descriptions and data on chemistry of the indigenous species are given.

Description: Cardamine pratensis L. subsp. picra De Langhe et D\xe2\x80\x99hose, described in 1976 from Belgium, is found in 1977 in the Netherlands on wet, shady places, especially in woods with springs in the Subcentral European and the Chalk district (fig. 1).

Description: With the division of the oversized genus Podocarpus into several well-marked genera (de Laubenfels, 1969) the widespread species, Podocarpus amarus needs to be reassigned. Certainly it lacks the fleshy receptacle which gives Podocarpus its name. In fact, one or more fruit are borne along a scale bearing fertile shoot, quite unlike the strictly subterminal fruit on a naked penduncle of Podocarpus sens. strict., but corresponding to the condition in the former section of the genus known as Stachycarpus. The leaves of Podocarpus amarus also lack hypoderm, as is the case in the Stachycarpus group, but not generally in the strict Podocarpus group. In spite of these distinctions, Podocarpus amarus was not included in the section Stachycarpus until 1903 when Pilger recognized its proper relationships. Florin refined the understanding of the section Stachycarpus in 1931 but Buchholz and Gray elected to erect a separate section, Sundacarpus, for Podocarpus amarus in 1948. Van Tieghem elevated the section Stachycarpus to generic rank in 1891 without P. amarus but Gaussen transferred the section Sundacarpus to Van Tieghem\xe2\x80\x99s genus in 1974. The matter is still not settled, however, because Stachycarpus is not a valid genus. The proper genus for sections Stachycarpus and Sundacarpus was described in 1860 by Philippi who gave it the name, Prumnopitys. His type species was Prumnopitys elegans which has long been recognized as synonymous with the previously described Podocarpus andinus. Van Tieghem used this latter species for the type of his genus Stachycarpus, making the corresponding new specific combination. The genus Stachycarpus is therefore a synonym to the genus Prumnopitys, which ought also to include the section Sundacarpus. The necessary new combinations have yet to be made for all of the species except Prumnopitys ferruginoides (Compton) de Laubenfels, the only valid combination so far published. The taxonomy of the genus should therefore be as follows:

Description: Arbor 8 m alta, trunco 26 cm diam. Ramuli ignoti. Folia certe 1,5 m longa, glabra; petiolus teres, canaliculatus, 36 cm longus, 1,25 cm crassus; rhachis teres, supra graciliter costata; rhaches secundariae alternantes; petioluli 1\xe2\x80\x944 mm longi, supra fossa lata plana instructi, basi dilatati. Foliola 18 cm longa, 7,5 cm lata, ovata, pergamentacea; basis dimidio basiscopico angusto acuta, dimidio acroscopico lato rotundata, attenuata; apex gradatim acuminatus acumini brevi cuneato acuto; costa supra prominula gracilis; nervi secundarii ca. 1\xe2\x80\x941,75 cm distantes, a costa angulo ca. 55\xe2\x80\x9465\xc2\xb0 abeuntes, subrecti usque subcurvati, ante marginem haud connati, utrinque subprominentes; venae intercalares inconspicuae. Thyrsi ca. 30 cm longi, rhachide ramisque sparse, ramulis dense puberulis, pedunculo 3 cm longo basi vix tumido; cymulae sessiles vel breve pedunculatae; pedicelli tenues, 0,75\xe2\x80\x942,5 mm longi. Sepala flava, late ovata, crenulata, utririque breve sericea, externa 3 mm longa 3,5 mm lata, interna 3,5 mm longa 4 mm lata. Petala nulla. Discus latus applanatus basi sepalorum adnatus glaber. Stamina 8 vix exserta; filamentum basi applanatum, 3,5 mm longum, sparse lanatum; anthera 1,75 mm longa, basi per 20\xe2\x80\x9425% emarginata, apice haud glandulifera, connectivo thecisque subdense lanata. Pistillodium didymum. Fructus ignotus.\nTypus: P. Katik LAE 62105, New Guinea, Madang Dist., Gogol. R., 5\xc2\xb015\xe2\x80\x99 S 145\xc2\xb045\xe2\x80\x99 E, 19-6- 1974, \xe2\x99\x82 fl. (L).

Description: Newly discovered mycorrhizal relationships of boletes with Sapotaceae and Nyctaginaceae in the Neotropics are discussed. The eight neotropical species of Phylloporus are keyed out and three described. Fistulinella Henn. is transferred to the Strobilomycetaceae. Phylloporus manausensis Sing. and P. sect. Manausenses Sing., P. leucomycelinus Sing., Xerocomus amazonicus Sing., X. radicicola Sing. & Araujo, Tylopilus arenarius Sing., T. potamogeton Sing., T. sect. Potamogetones Sing. sect. nov., Fistulinella campinaranae Sing. and Porphyrellus rionegrensis Sing. & Araujo. are new taxa.

Description: The ultrastructure of the spore wall of the families Auriscalpiaceae and Hericiaceae is studied with a transmission electron microscope. This structure appears to be identical in these families.

Description: Cladobotryum Nees ex Steud. is redefined and two new species are added to this genus. The uredinicolous genus Colletoconis gen. nov. is segregated from Gloeosporium Desm. & Mont, to accommodate G. aecidiophilum Speg. Engyodontium gen. nov. is erected for Rhinotrichum parvisporum Petch and a similar fungus. The monotypic genus Helminthophora Bon. is redescribed. Sympodiophora G. Arnold is combined with the earlier described genus Pseudohansfordia G. Arnold; eight new combinations are proposed. One new species is added to Denticularia Deighton and two to Sporothrix Hektoen & Perkins; in addition, two new combinations are proposed in the latter genus. A list of doubtful and excluded species formerly classified in the treated genera is given.

Description: Clamp connections at the cheilocystidia in Mycena are invariably correlated with their presence in other elements of hymenium and subhymenium. In some species of the genus clamped cheilocystidia occur in both the four- and two-spored forms; in others, the cheilocystidia are clampless in the two-spored form. Two of the sections examined are shown to comprise species with clamped and species with clampless cheilocystidia, suggesting that the presence of clamps at the cheilocystidia is a character of specific rather than sectional importance. Two examples are given to illustrate the value of clamps at cheilocystidia as a distinguishing character Mycena jacobi and M. niveipes, long regarded as being identical, are here considered to represent two separate species.

Description: In the course of a study of coprophilous fungi collected in the Zoological Garden in Delhi, an ascomycete belonging to the genus Achaetomium was isolated. It differs from previously described species by larger ascospores and almost colourless ascomata with a wide apical opening.

Description: Siderophilous granules of postmeiotic basidia are protein filled vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum capable of binding relative large amounts of metal ions thus standing out with high opacity in the electron microscope and becoming stainable with acetocarmine or hematoxylin for light microscopy. They range from very small, submicroscopic, single and rare particles to easily observable granules almost filling the basidium. The number and size of the granules can be used to describe five types of granulation, the crypto, micro, oligo, macro, and gigas type. The macrotype is taxonomically important for the Lyophylleae, and it seems that the micro type has taxonomic significance in the Rhodophyllaceae (Entolomataceae) and the Russulaceae.

Description: Polyporus sericeo-mollis Romell in Ark. Bot. 11: 22. 1911. \xe2\x80\x94 Poria sericeo-mollis (Romell) Lloyd, Mycol. Writings 4, Letter No. 40: 6. 1912. \xe2\x80\x94 Strangulidium sericeo-molle (Romell) Pouz. in Cesk\xc3\xa1 Mykol. 21: 206. 1967. \xe2\x80\x94 For other synonyms, see Donk (1974: 163).\nFruitbodies resupinate, effused, up to 10X5 cm, readily separable, locally revolute at margin, \xc2\xb1 1 mm thick, white, soft and pliable but tough when fresh, orange-white to greyish orange, sometimes pinkish white and fragile when dry. Subiculum white, very thin or absent. Margin at first sterile, white, byssoid, about 1 mm wide, later fertile up to well-defined edge. Tubes up to 1 mm long; pores about circular, but irregular or dedaloid on inclined surfaces, 0.2-0.25 mm in diameter, averaging 3\xe2\x80\x944 per mm; dissepiments about 0.05 mm thick, entire.

Description: Doodia scaberula is described from eastern New Guinea and is there endemic.

Description: 1. The interrelations between the genera together constituting the Dimocarpus group in the tribe Nephelieae are represented in a scheme. In this scheme are added the main characters that are thought to be of phylogenetic importance. 2. A neotype.is proposed for Cubilia cubili (Blanco) Adelb., the single species of its genus. To its distribution can be added the eastern half of Borneo, incl. also the Island of P. Laut. Mention is made of a geographic clinal variation in a few macromorphological characters. 3. Lilchi is considered to comprise only one species, L. chinensis Sonn., which is subdivided into three subspecies: subsp. chinensis, the commonly grown form, cultivated for thousands of years already, apparently adapted (by nature or partly by selection by man?) to a monsoon climate, if actually wild probably originating from northern Indo China; subsp. philippinensis (Radlk.) Leenh., a wild form closely related to subsp. chinensis, known from the Philippines and New Guinea; and subsp. javensis Leenh., strikingly different from both other forms, known only as a cultivated fruit tree from southern Indo China and Java, apparently adapted to an everwet tropical climate. For subsp. philippinensis a lectotype is proposed. 4. Pometia, though macromorphologically distinctly derived and, moreover, palynologically apparently very exclusive in the alliance under discussion, seems clearly connected with Dimocarpus, the central genus in the group.

Description: Description of a new species, Diploglottis bracteata Leenh., from Queensland, Australia. Reduction of Euphorianthus (E. Malesia) to Diploglottis (NE. Australia). Discussion of the occurrence of actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers in the Sapindaceae in nearly all tribes and even within ten genera. Discussion of the systematic position of Diploglottis bracteata: this species seems distinctly allied to and more derived than the New Caledonian genus Storthocalyx, and thus may belong to an old element of the Queensland flora allied with that of New Caledonia. On the other hand, D. bracteata is within Diploglottis closest to the East Malesian species, whereas the further Australian species are distinctly more derived. They may belong to a younger element in the Queensland flora of Malesian derivation.

Description: Several rocktypes and their metamorphic mineral growth are described from an area on the western border of the Sesia-Lanzo Zone in the Orco Valley (NW Italy). It is argued that in some rocks (garnet-rich gneisses and micaceous gneisses) pre-Alpine metamorphic minerals are present, in other rocks (carbonate-bearing schists, albite-chlorite gneisses) such minerals are rare or absent. For the latter rocks it is therefore difficult to establish whether they are strongly retrograded Alpine basement rocks, or rocks belonging to the suite of ophiolitic schistes lustr\xc3\xa9s. The two possibilities are discussed.

Description: In Galicia occur several polymetamorphic complexes that contain mafic and ultramafic rocks. Mafic volcanics and gabbros are situated in or near the complexes. An episode of metamorphism and granitization encompassed the generation of the volcanics and gabbros. Gravity surveys revealed the existence of deep roots below polymetamorphic complexes. Geochronological investigations yielded Palaeozoic ages from about 500 Ma for the generation of ultramafic rocks and calcalkaline granite series, till ages of around 300 Ma for postkinematic alkaline and calcalkaline granites. A model involving mantle-plume diapirism and rejuvenation of the lower crust is proposed for the Early Palaeozoic evolution of the continental lithosphere of Galicia.\nAn excursion route is given, leading along 22 exposures of mostly mafic and ultramafic rocks, to be visited in 4 1/2 days.

Description: Records of 107 specimens of Ray\xe2\x80\x99s Bream, Brama brama (Bonnaterre, 1788) from along the coast of the Netherlands are given for 1976.

Description: The characters of the short-tailed porcupines with small nasals from Sumatra, Borneo and the Philippines, genus Hystrix Linnaeus, 1758, subgenus Thecurus Lyon, 1907, have been studied. As a result three species are recognized, namely: H. crassispinis G\xc3\xbcnther, 1877, H. pumila G\xc3\xbcnther, 1879, and H. sumatrae (Lyon, 1907). Evidence is brought forward for the valid specific status of these forms and data are presented to supplement the scarce information known about these species.

Description: The whereabouts of the salamander types described by Temminck & Schlegel in the Fauna Japonica (1838) are discussed and lectotypes are selected from the syntypes for the following nominal species : Salamandra naevia Temminck & Schlegel, S. unguiculata Temminck & Schlegel, S. subcristata Temminck & Schlegel, Molge pyrrhogaster Boie, S. nebulosa Temminck & Schlegel, S. maxima Temminck & Schlegel, Triton japonicus Temminck, S. Genei Temminck & Schlegel, Onychodactylus Schlegeli Tschudi and Megalobatrachus Sieboldii Tschudi. The holotype of S. pleurodeles Temminck & Schlegel was located and designated as lectotype of Pleurodeles waltl Michahelles. Also the holotype of S. scutata Temminck & Schlegel was found.

Description: A closer study and becoming available of additional material show the desirability of describing a new genus and species of Tortricidae from Southern Asia.\nThe author is indebted to Prof. Dr. W. Sauter and Mrs. M. Horak, Eidgen\xc3\xb6ssische Technische Hochschule, Z\xc3\xbcrich, Switzerland, for kindly putting at his disposal material of one of the species, recently collected in New Guinea and for the premission to retain duplicates for the Leiden Museum collection.\nThe figures are by Mr. A. C. M. van Dijk, The Hague and by the author.\nPenthostola gen. nov. (\xcf\x80\xce\xad\xce\xbd\xce\xb8\xce\xbf\xcf\x82 - mourning, \xcf\x83\xcf\x84\xce\xbf\xce\xbb\xce\xae = dress) Head with roughly spreading scales, on forehead forming a transverse crest. Ocellus posterior. Haustellum developed. Antenna in male simple, minutely ciliate below. Palpus moderate or rather long, ascending or subascending, with rather smoothly appressed scales, roughish only along apex of median segment and along its lower edge, median segment dilated towards apex or broad throughout, terminal segment smooth, short, usually drooping, pointed or subobtuse. Thorax with a single or double posterior crest. Posterior tibia with smoothly appressed long hair-scales above and beneath, bristly and spreading at apex.\nFore wing (fig. 1) oblong-truncate, rather narrow, without a fold. Vein 2 from 2/3, 3 from angle, 4 closer to 3, veins on termen not approximated, 7 free, to termen, 10 from beyond 3/4 of upper edge of cell, 11 from slightly before middle, chorda from halfway between 10-11 to base of 6, median branch, to just below base of 5.\nHind wing with a cubital pecten, vein 2 from middle or from beyond

Description: Revision of Kradibia Saunders, with descriptions of new species hilli (type \xe2\x99\x80, Uganda, host Ficus urceolaris auctt. = F. stortophylla Warb.) and setigera (type \xe2\x99\x80, Borneo, host F. leptogramma Corner), and redescriptions of K. brownii Ashmead (Philippines, host F. ulmifolia Lam.) and K. cowani Saunders (Madagascar, host F. ? soroceoides Baker; R\xc3\xa9union, host F. morifolia Lam.). One species of Ceratosolen from a Sycidium-fig is described, viz., C. internatus (type \xe2\x99\x80, Java, host Ficus asperiuscula K. & \xd0\x92.).

Description: Since the publication of a paper on Auchenipteridae and Pimelodidae (Mees, 1974), I have received additional material of several of the genera there revised. This material includes a new species of Pseudopimelodus from Venezuela, increasing the number of species of that genus to six (two of which have several subspecies), and a new species of Microglanis from Ecuador, the eighth member of its genus. The main purpose of this paper is the description of these two new species. In addition, fresh material of Microglanis iheringi, a species of which previously I had examined only a single specimen, enabled me to supply some additional notes on it as well as an illustration showing its distinctive characters much better than do the photographs published by Gomes (1946: pl. 1), the only previous illustrations.\nFor the loan or donation of specimens here discussed and for other valuable ichthyological material I am indebted to Dr. J. E. B\xc3\xb6hlke and Dr.\nW. G. Saul (Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, U.S.A.), Dr. P.\nCala (Dept. de Biolog\xc3\xada, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\xc3\xa1, Colombia) and Dr. D. C. Taphorn (Maracaibo, Venezuela).\nPseudopimelodus apurensis species nova (pl. 1) Material. \xe2\x80\x94 One specimen, 11 February 1976, R\xc3\xado Arichuna (tributary of ApureOrinoco), near San Pedro, municipality of Rinc\xc3\xb3n hondo, Apure, Venezuela (received from Dr. D. C. Taphorn, RMNH no. 27644), standard length ca. 290 mm, holotype.\nDiagnostic characters. \xe2\x80\x94 Even in its genus, consisting of heavy-bodied bottom dwellers, this species is distinguished by its large head and heavy body; the body is not so strongly tapering towards the tail as in other species; head and body not so depressed as in the other species with broad and heavy heads. Eyes small. Dentition in roof of mouth with large backward pro-

Description: Twenty-eight species of starfish were collected during the Snellius Expedition (19291930). The collection contains seven rare or uncommon species, i.e., Astropecten novaeguineae, A. sumbawanus, Celerina heffernani, Fromia eusticha, Disasterina abnormalis, Nepanthia briareus and Echinaster stereosomus.

Description: Records of fleas collected in West Irian, formerly Netherlands New Guinea, by the Third Archbold Expedition 1938-1939 are given, including the description of four new species of the genera Striopsylla, Parastivalius and Obtusifrontia.

Description: In a revision of West African Mabuya species in 1974, I described Mabuya polytropis occidentalis from Ghana and Liberia. Recently Dr. R. I. Crombie kindly drew my attention to the fact that by doing so, I had created a junior homonym of Euprepes occidentalis W. Peters, 1867, currently considered a valid species of Mabuya, occurring in Southwestern Africa (Fitzsimmons, 1943). This is true and obviously due to gross negligence on my part. Therefore the West African M. polytropis occidentalis Hoogmoed, 1974 is hereby renamed M. polytropis paucisquamis, in reference to the low numbers of scales in this subspecies as compared to the nominal subspecies.

Description: Five new species of octocorals (Coelenterata) are described from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Elat. One previously described species, Stereonephthya imbricans Thomson & Dean, 1931, is discussed and compared with Coronephthya (Stereonephthya) macrospiculata Thomson & Dean, 1931.

Description: Apr\xc3\xa8s l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9num\xc3\xa9ration des Orthopt\xc3\xa8res de France par Finot (1890), c\xe2\x80\x99est surtout au travail magistral de Chopard (1951) que nous devons notre connaissance de la diffusion des insectes orthopt\xc3\xa9roides en France. Le plus souvent Chopard a du se borner \xc3\xa0 donner des informations tr\xc3\xa8s sonmaires sur les d\xc3\xa9tails de la dispersion. Apr\xc3\xa8s l\xe2\x80\x99\xc3\xa9poque de Chopard, les collections relatives \xc3\xa0 la faune fran\xc3\xa7aise des Orthopt\xc3\xa8res ont augment\xc3\xa9 consid\xc3\xa9rablement. Par exemple, la collection du Mus\xc3\xa9um d\xe2\x80\x99Histoire naturelle \xc3\xa0 Paris compte maintenant environ 50.000 sp\xc3\xa9cimens d\xe2\x80\x99Orthopt\xc3\xa8res, tandis que \xe2\x80\x9cl\xe2\x80\x99Instituut voor Taxonomische Zo\xc3\xb6logie\xe2\x80\x9d \xc3\xa0 Amsterdam poss\xc3\xa8de \xc3\xa0 peu pr\xc3\xa8s 40.000 exemplaires. Le but de cet ouvrage est de donner acc\xc3\xa8s \xc3\xa0 chacun \xc3\xa0 cette somme d\xe2\x80\x99informations.\nMes projets ont \xc3\xa9t\xc3\xa9 recus avec enthousiasme par tous les coll\xc3\xa8gues des mus\xc3\xa9es o\xc3\xb9 je visitais les collections afin de noter les dates et les d\xc3\xa9terminations. Je leur suis tr\xc3\xa8s reconnaissant de tous ces encouragements et t\xc3\xa9moignages d\xe2\x80\x99amiti\xc3\xa9s, particuli\xc3\xa8rement appr\xc3\xa9ci\xc3\xa9s par ma femme et moi.

Description: So long as the lithologic nature of the cliff and the physico-chemical nature of the sea water remain similar, variation of cliff morphology is largely a function of water turbulence (degree of exposure). Different cliff profiles (without, or with one or two notches; without or with surf platforms) are all part of a continuous range of variation.

Description: Mafic and ultramafic rocks from a high-grade complex at Cabo Ortegal in NW Spain were investigated in the field and in the laboratory by means of petrological, isotope-geochronological and geochemical methods. Isotope-geochronological methods were applied to orthogneisses from a high-grade complex near Mellid and from the blastomylonitic graben between Malpica and Tuy, a mica-bearing eclogite lens from the same graben, and to a two-mica granite from the area near La Guardia. A gravity survey was carried out in part of the belt of sub-circular complexes surrounding the Ordenes basin.\nThe geochronological investigations revealed ages of about 500 Ma to 320 Ma for older elements in the Hercynian basement of Galicia. Geochemical investigations in the Cabo Ortegal complex showed that the granulites and eclogites form a group that was part of an older, pre-existing continental crust. The ultramafic rocks of the Cabo Ortegal complex may have been derived in two melting episodes from a proposed mantle-plume. It is possible that the metagabbros in the complex originated in the second melting episode. The gravity survey showed the existence of three positive anomalies, situated below high-grade complexes near Santiago de Compostela, near Mellid and near Sobrado, that can be interpreted as ultramafic diapirs.\nA model involving continental rifting, mantle-plume diapirism, rejuvenation of the lower crust and initial seafloor-spreading is proposed for the evolution of the Early Palaeozoic continental lithosphere of the northwestern Iberian Peninsula.

Description: Three important folding phases, F1, F2 and F3, have been found in the Pennine Nappes and the nappe-separating Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rocks between Saas Fee and Villadossola. The F1 folds were formed at the beginning of the temperature increase that marks the second Alpine metamorphic event, and they resulted from penetrative deformation of the nappes and the nappe-separating rocks during the final stage of nappe emplacement. This stage was preceded by a stage of non-penetrative deformation during which most of the nappe transport is believed to have taken place. This earlier stage was characterized by thrusting along the interfaces between undeformed slabs of Hercynian or older crystalline basement rocks, and in the zones of nappe-separating rocks. In this study, the structural and metamorphic history after the beginning of F1 will be chiefly considered, and a reconstruction of the structural geology before F2 will be made.\nNearly all the F1 folds outside the Moncucco zone have the same asymmetry, which reflects penetrative directional movement during the last stage of nappe emplacement. The axial directions of the F1 folds, which are tight to rootless intrafolial folds of the layering, initially were not everywhere parallel. The folds occur on a microscopic and mesoscopic scale and have a pervasive axial-plane schistosity, S1, which is the regionally prevalent S-plane. F1 folding may have taken place at about 60-65 m.y. before present.\nThe F2 folds postdate the nappe movements; they have refolded the nappe boundaries and the structures of F1 age. The relationships between plagioclase porphyroblastesis, F2 deformation and the time-temperature curve for the second Alpine metamorphic event show that F2 folding took place at about 36 m.y. before present. The similar-style F2 folds, that occur on every scale, are characteristically disharmonie and sometimes extremely so. A common type of disharmonic fold has limbs which are convex towards the axial plane, the outer layers having been more tightly folded than the core, and some major folds also have this geometry. Many of the F2 folds have an S2 axial-plane schistosity that in the majority of cases was formed by reorientation of pre-existing micas. It is found that the degree of reorientation depends on the lithology, on the fold geometry, and probably also on other factors.\nAll the major folds except one have F2 age, and evidence for intensive F2 deformation can be found almost anywhere. Well-known structures like the \xe2\x80\x98Synclinale r\xc3\xa9trograde de Saas\xe2\x80\x99 and the Antrona Syncline were formed at this time. It is believed that the Antrona Syncline continues through the Monte Rosa Nappe to Mattmark, where it meets another major F2 fold (the Trifthorn Antiform) and both folds terminate. The age and characteristics of F2 folding in the Moncucco zone differ from the remainder of the area. This and the fact that the lithology of the Moncucco zone and the style of F1 folding there also differ, suggests that the Moncucco zone may not be a part of the Pennine Nappes.\nThe F3 folds postdate all mineral growth, and one major fold, the Brevettola Antiform, was formed during this phase. It is the hinge between the \xe2\x80\x98root-zone\xe2\x80\x99 of the nappes and the nappes themselves, and the overturning of the \xe2\x80\x98root-zone\xe2\x80\x99 is therefore the result of F3 folding. The Brevettola Antiform is believed to be the continuation in the Camughera-Moncucco Complex of the Vanzone Antiform. All other F3 folds occur on a microscopic to mesoscopic scale; they can be separated in two contemporaneous sets of folds with opposite asymmetry and opposed axial-plane dip directions.

Description: During the greater part of the Palaeogene the Tremp Basin was an area which underwent rapid subsidence as compared with the axial zone of the Pyrenees to the north, and the Ebro Massif to the south. As a result the sea occupied this area for a long time and deposition of the Ager Formation took place during the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene in a bay forming an appendix of the Atlantic Ocean. At the maximum of the transgression probably a connection with the Tethys existed. During this entire development the Tremp Basin was tectonically separated from the more southerly Ager Basin by the Montsech High which underwent much less subsidence. The southern side of the Tremp Basin, under the influence of this high, subsided less rapidly than the central part. This resulted in a considerably thinner succession along the southern side, consisting mainly of limestones, and a much thicker pile in the central part mainly built up of marls. Sediments deposited along the northern side of the basin for a greater part have been eroded. Where they have been preserved, they are less limy than those along the southern side. The northern margin moved in the course of time in northern or southern direction, in contrast to the stable Montsech High which formed a stationary southern margin.\nThe correlations within the formation are based on alveolinids and on lithostratigraphical characteristics. Hottinger\xe2\x80\x99s alveolinid biozonation undergoes one modification which has important consequences for the chronostratigraphy of the Mediterranean Palaeogene. The .Fasciolites oblongus Zone namely does not appear to be a higher zone than the F. trempinus Zone, for F. oblongus lived contemporaneously with F. corbaricus and F. trempinus; F. oblongus lived in deeper water than the latter two, which explains that they are rarely found together in one sample. The occurrence of F. oblongus in the Ager Formation proves that the Ilerdian coincides for a large part with the Ypresian (Cuisian). Consequently the usually accepted Paleocene-Eocene boundary comes to lie within the Ilerdian, so that this stage cannot be maintained.\nData from all alveolinid species together have resulted in a better comprehension of the evolution of this group. The number of species and lineages proves to be smaller than has been thought. From the palaeoecology of the alveolinids it can be deduced that three possibilities were realized by the successive species of a lineage: (1) they remain restricted to some specific, shallow marine environment during their entire evolution, (2) they adapt themselves to many different, but mainly shallow marine environments and remain so during their further evolution, or (3) they migrate from shallow to deeper marine environments.\nFifteen facies types and 51 subfacies types are distinguished on palaeontological and/or sedimentological characteristics. Larger foraminifera, other microfossils and various groups of macrofossils are used for this, together with sedimentary structures and lithology. A large variety of facies types from fluvial and swamp deposits to marls of the deeper shelf occurs. Important facies types to be mentioned are lagoonal and tidal deposits, coral and algal reefs and related facies and various open marine facies.\nApart from some minor fluctuations the sea gradually extended over a progressively larger area during the deposition of the lower half of the Ager Formation becoming deeper at the same time. The relief of the sea bottom simultaneously became steeper. Half-way through the formation the transgression reached its maximum, after which the sea again became shallower and the area occupied by it smaller. The relief of the sea bottom then again was reduced. The maximum reef development occurred in the lower part of the F. corbaricus Zone, and was most extensive along the southern side of the basin. In the upper half of the same biozone reef growth was more and more hampered due to important influxes of clastic material. In the lower half of the formation the occurrence of sand and silt is always local, whereas it is found nearly everywhere in the upper half. Most of this material came from NE, E and SE directions.\nThe fauna and the flora point to a tropical climate. The Tremp Basin was situated at the northern margin of the tropics (zone of marginal reef growth). The maximum depth of the sea in the area studied was between 100 and 150 m. An important aid to the determination of the sea depth of various facies is the occurrence of glauconite which cannot have been formed above ca. 50 m depth in the Tremp Basin.

Description: Fourteen species of starfish are recorded from the sea off the Guyanas and Venezuela. Most of them are shallow-water animals including two uncommon forms, Chaetaster nodosus Perrier and Verrillaster spinulosus (Verrill). Two interesting deep-sea starfishes were collected, viz. Cheiraster planus Verrill and Doraster cancellatus Downey.