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  • Articles  (201)
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  • Hymenoptera  (201)
  • Springer  (201)
  • Bremen
  • 2020-2024
  • 1990-1994  (201)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Volatiles from damaged plants as major cues in long-range host-searching by the specialist parasitoidCotesia rubecula (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 289-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; parasitoid ; C. rubecula ; foraging behaviour ; specialist ; synomones ; infochemical use ; tritrophic interactions ; olfaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The role of volatile stimuli in the long-range host-searching behaviour of the specialist parasitoidCotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied. Components from the plant-host-complex Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea L. var.gemmifera (DC.) Schulz. cv. ‘Titurel’)-Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were compared for their attractiveness in dual choice tests in a windtunnel. Stimuli from cabbage plants that were mechanically damaged or damaged byP. rapae caterpillars were more attractive to this parasitoid species than stimuli emitted by the host larvae or their faeces. Parasitoids preferred leaves from the plant-host-complex over artificially damaged leaves. Undamaged cabbage plants were the least attractive to the foraging females. These results indicate that in-flight searching behaviour ofC. rubecula is guided by plant-derived information and that for this specialist species more reliable and specific host-derived cues play a minor role at longer distances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382480
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative headspace analysis of cabbage plants damaged by two species ofPieris caterpillars: consequences for in-flight host location byCotesia parasitoids (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 175-182 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Cruciferae ; Brassica oleracea ; tritrophic interactions ; Pieridae ; Hymenoptera ; parasitoids ; Cotesia ; kairomones ; headspace ; GC-MS ; chemical composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Headspace composition, collected from intact cabbage plants and cabbage plants infested with eitherPieris brassicae L. orP. rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) first instar larvae, was determined by GC-MS. Twenty-one volatiles were identified in the headspace of intact plants. Twenty-two volatiles were identified in the headspace of plants infested byP. brassicae larvae, 2 of which, Z-3-hexenyl butyrate and Z-3-hexenyl isovalerate, were not detected in the headspace of either intact orP. rapae damaged plants. In the headspace of the latter, 21 compounds were identified, all of which which were also produced by intact plants. No significant quantitative differences were found between headspace composition of the plants damaged by one or the other caterpillar species. Major differences between intact and caterpillar-damaged plants in contribution to the headspace profile were revealed for hexyl acetate, Z-3-hexenyl acetate, myrcene, sabinene and 1,8-cineole. The larval endoparasitoidCotesia glomerata L. was attracted by the volatiles emanating fromB. oleracea damaged byP. brassicae first instar larvae.C. rubecula L., a specialized larval endoparasitoids ofP. rapae, was attracted by the volatiles released from theB. oleracea-P. rapae plant-host complex. This shows that cabbage plants kept under the conditions of headspace collection produce attractive volatiles for both parasitoids.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383424
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adult response of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali, to chemicals from its host and certain nonhosts (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 73 (1994), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Eurytoma amygdali ; Hymenoptera ; Eurytomidae ; host selection ; chemical stimuli ; olfactory response ; aggregation ; oviposition ; almond
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Females of the almond seed wasp,Eurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), responded in an olfactometer positively to odours from almond flowers and unripe fruits, but not to almond leaf odours and odours from flowers and unripe fruits of certain other nonhostPrunus species. Males responded to none of these odours. Extracts of undamaged unripe almond fruits (using ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, dichloromethane, or petroleum ether) stimulated female aggregation on glass surfaces treated with these extracts; in addition, certain fruit extracts (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) stimulated oviposition. Extracts of undamaged almond leaves (ethanol, methanol, or acetone) and flowers (ethanol or methanol) also stimulated female aggregation and oviposition. Aggregation and oviposition in response to an ethanol extract of almond fruits was intense in females aged 5 to 14 days and from 12∶00 to 18∶00h (photophase between 06∶00 and 20∶00). Certain almond fruit (ethanol, methanol, acetone or hexane) and flower extracts (ethanol or methanol) also provoked female response in the olfactometer. The results strongly suggest that certain chemical stimuli emanating from parts of the almond tree play a major role in host selection and oviposition. Some of the extracts tested may be a good source for the isolation, identification and synthesis of compounds stimulating attraction, aggregation and oviposition in nature. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A3414024 00003
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382472
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of temperature on the termination of diapause in the univoltine almond seed waspEurytoma amygdali (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 27-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: almond seed wasp ; Eurytoma amygdali ; diapause termination ; insect dormancy ; temperature ; prolonged diapause ; photoperiod ; Hymenoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Diapausing larvae ofEurytoma amygdali Enderlein (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae) were collected in early August and late September. They were subjected to various photoperiod and temperature regimens for up to 20 weeks, then kept at L16:D8 and 19°C for another 14 to 26 weeks for diapause to be terminated and pupation to take place. Photoperiod did not affect diapause completion. It was confirmed that the two morphologically distinct diapause stages have different temperature requirements for their completion. The first diapause stage was completed synchronously at temperatures between 16 and 19°C. A higher temperature of 26°C delayed diapause development. The second stage required lower temperatures between 4 and 10°C. Spontaneous termination of dipause was observed at constant 19°C. When applied to the first diapause stage for 20 weeks, low temperatures made the larvae refractory to subsequent intermediate temperatures. The first stage was thus maintained until a higher temperature of 26°C made the larvae regain their ability to respond to the intermediate temperatures and complete this stage. Larvae grown in Retsou almonds had a higher diapause intensity than larvae grown in Truoito almonds. The results suggest that, in nature, the high temperatures of late summer and early autumn are likely to maintain the first diapause stage. Subsequently, the less warm temperatures of autumn allow the completion of the first stage by late autumn, and the low temperatures of late autumn and of winter allow the completion of the second diapause stage by mid winter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380629
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reproductive behaviour of mated and virgin females of a solitary sawflyDineura virididorsata (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 83-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Symphyta ; Tenthredinidae ; Dineura virididorsata ; sawfly ; sex ratio ; oviposition behaviour ; mating behaviour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Sex ratios of the arrhenotokous sawflyDineura virididorsata Retz. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) are variable among populations in the field, but are biased in favour of females. We have concluded elsewhere that the sex ratios of this species cannot be satisfactorily explained by any general sex ratio model that is available. Here we present data on the different behavioural traits that are relevant to interpretation of the evolution of female-biased sex ratios under local mate competition. We report on oviposition behaviour, mating behaviour and the patterns of movement of ovipositing virgin and mated females. Our results show that adult emergence is synchronous and females will mate daily with different males (in the laboratory, at least). This would decrease the relatedness of offspring should it also take place in the field. In addition, ovipositing females (mated and virgin) leave their site of release in a relatively short time and deposit few eggs relative to their capabilities, so siblings are unlikely to be clumped. The time that virgins spend in deposition of an egg is not different from that spent by mated females, so there is no differential ‘investment’ in this regard. These behavioural observations agree with our previous conclusion that the preconditions of current sex ratio theories are not met byD. virididorsata.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380634
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Déterminisme de la couleur des hôtes parasités parTrichogramma fuentesi (1994)
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 70 (1994), S. 121-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Trichogrammatidae ; Trichogramma fuentesi ; couleur de l'hôte ; mutation récessive ; distribution ; influence de la température
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In Cuba, during its larval development inside its host egg,Trichogramma fuentesi turns its host egg either black or brown. Crossings carried out between the two forms ofT. fuentesi allowed to show that this character is determined by one locus with two alleles: Bh, dominant, colours the host black; and bh, recessive, colours the host brown. The bh allele is more frequent in the eastern region of Cuba which is also the warmest, than in the western region. We studied the evolution of frequencies of the two alleles in different experimental polymorphic populations at 23 °C and at 30 °C. In all tested conditions, bh was at a disadvantage by comparison with Bh, except at 30 °C when its initial frequency was high (90%). Thus, temperature alone should certainly not explain the maintenance of the observed polymorphism in Cuba.
    Notes: Résumé A Cuba, les oeufs hôtes parasités parTrichogramma fuentesi Torre (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) deviennent soit noirs, soit marrons. Une série de croisements entre Trichogrammes a permis de montrer que le déterminisme de ce caractère est sous la dépendance d'un locus portant deux allèles: Bh, dominant, confère une couleur noire à l'hôte; bh, récessif, confère une couleur marron. L'allèle bh étant plus fréquent dans la région orientale de Cuba, la plus chaude, nous avons suivi l'évolution des fréquences des deux allèles dans des populations expérimentales polymorphes placées à 23 °C et 30 °C. Dans toutes les conditions testées, bh a été désavantagé par rapport à Bh, sauf à 30 °C lorsque sa fréquence initiale était élevée (90%). La température n'explique donc certainement pas à elle seule le maintien du polymorphisme à Cuba.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380520
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging for solitarily and gregariously feeding caterpillars: A comparison of two related parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 585-603 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: parasitoid ; foraging behavior ; Hymenoptera ; Cotesia ; Lepidoptera ; Pieris ; host location ; solitary ; gregarious ; specialist ; generalist
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In the present study we apply a comparative approach, in combination with experimentation, to study behavior of two parasitoid species that attack caterpillar hosts with different feeding strategies (gregarious or solitary). In a semifield setup, consisting of clean cabbage plants and plants infested with one of two host species, the foraging behavior of the specialistCotesia rubecula, on obligate parasitoid of solitarily feedingPieris rapae larvae, was compared to that of the generalistCotesia glomerata, a polyphagous parasitoid of several Pieridae species (mainly the gregariously feedingPieris brassicae).Cotesia glomerata displayed equal propensity to search for and parasitize larvae of both host species. AlthoughC. glomerata exhibited a relatively plastic foraging behavior in that it searched differently under different host distribution conditions, its behavior seems more adapted to search for gregariously feeding hosts. Females exhibited a clear “area-restricted” search pattern and were more successful in finding the gregariously feeding caterpillars.Cotesia rubecula showed a higher propensity to search forP. rapae than forP. brassicae, i.e., females left the foraging setup significantly earlier when their natural hostP. rapae was not present.C. rubecula showed a more fixed foraging behavior, which seems adapted to foraging for solitarily feeding host larvae. In a setup with onlyP. rapae larvae, the foraging strategies of the two parasitoid species were quite similar. In a choice situationC. glomerata did not show a preference for one of the host species, whileCotesia rubecula showed a clear preference for its natural host species. The latter was shown by several behavioral parameters such as the number of first landings, allocation of search time, and percentage parasitization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01997434
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Unrewarding experiences and their effect on foraging in the parasitic waspLeptopilina heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 7 (1994), S. 465-481 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: host selection ; experience ; learning ; extinction ; reinforcement ; parasitoids ; Drosophila ; Leptopilina heterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The host-foraging behavior of female entomophagous parasitoids is commonly modified by positive associative learning. Typically, a rewarding experience (e.g., successful oviposition in a host) increases a female's foraging effort in a host microhabitat of the type associated with that experience. Less well understood are the effects of unrewarding experiences (i.e., unsuccessful foraging). The influence of unrewarding experience on microhabitat choice and residence time within a microhabitat was examined for the eucoilid parasitoid,Leptopilina heterotoma, in laboratory and greenhouse assays. As determined previously, females which oviposited successfully in either of two microhabitat types (fermenting apple or decaying mushroom) strongly preferred to forage subsequently on that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the formerly rewarding microhabitat caused females to reverse their preference in favor of a novel microhabitat type. The effect, though striking, was transient: within 1–2 h, the original learned preference was nearly fully restored. Similar effects of unrewarding experiences were observed with respect to the length of time spent foraging in a microhabitat. As determined previously, oviposition experience in a particular microhabitat type increased the time spent foraging in a patch of that microhabitat type. However, failure to find hosts in the patch caused the time a wasp spent in the next unoccupied patch of that type to decrease to almost nothing. In addition, there was a tendency for an unrewarding experience on a formerly rewarding microhabitat type to extend the time spent in a patch of a novel type. The function of the observed effects of unrewarding experiences is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02025444
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Foraging and spatial dispersion in protein-scavenging workers ofVespula germanica andV. maculifrons (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of insect behavior 8 (1994), S. 315-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8889
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Vespidae ; Vespula spp. ; foraging behavior ; chemoorientation ; social facilitation ; local enhancement ; spatial dispersion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A series of experiments on the discovery of meat bait by scavenging workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons showed that workers oriented to meats by visual cues and olfactory cues. Scavening workers ofV. germanica andV. maculifrons responded positively to the sight of conspecifics at meat baits; i.e., meat with (confined) wasps received more visits than meat without wasps. This attraction to conspecific workers on meat baits provides evidence of local enhancement, in that the presence of conspecifics at meat bait directs other wasps to a particular spatial locality. Local enhancement by yellowjackets foraging for meat may contribute to the clumped distribution of worker populations noted in studies of workers captured in meat-baited traps. We hypothesize that local enhancement of foraging is a ubiquitous behavior in species of theV. vulgaris species group and may be one attribute explaining their ecological success.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01989361
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground-nesting bees determine the location of their nest relative to a landmark by other than angular size cues (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 175 (1994), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Hymenoptera ; Bees ; Homing ; Landmark guidance ; Distance perception
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Bees and wasps acquire a visual representation of their nest's environment and use it to locate their nest when they return from foraging trips. This representation contains among other features cues to the distance of near-by landmarks. We worked with two species of ground-nesting bees, Lasioglossum malachurum (Hymenoptera: Halictidae), Dasypoda hirtipes (Hymenoptera: Melittidae) and asked which cues to landmark distance they use during homing. Bees learned to associate a single cylindrical landmark with their nest's location. We subsequently tested returning bees with landmarks of different sizes and thus introduced large discrepancies between the angular size of the landmark as seen from the nest during training and its distance from the nest. The bees' search behaviour and their choice of dummy nest entrances show that both species of ground-nesting bees consistently search for their nest at the learned distance from landmarks. The influence of the apparent size of landmarks on the bees' search and choice behaviour is comparatively weak. We suggest that the bees exploit cues derived from the apparent speed of the landmark's image at their retina for distance evaluation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192995
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