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  • Other Sources  (646)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (646)
  • 1990-1994  (646)
  • 1993  (240)
  • 1992  (406)
  • 1
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    Microwave dielectric properties of boreal forest trees (1993)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-12-03
    Description: The knowledge of vegetation dielectric behavior is important in studying the scattering properties of the vegetation canopy and radar backscatter modelling. Until now, a limited number of studies have been published on the dielectric properties in the boreal forest context. This paper presents the results of the dielectric constant as a function of depth in the trunks of two common boreal forest species: black spruce and trembling aspen, obtained from field measurements. The microwave penetration depth for the two species is estimated at C, L, and P bands and used to derive the equivalent dielectric constant for the trunk as a whole. The backscatter modelling is carried out in the case of black spruce and the results are compared with the JPL AIRSAR data. The sensitivity of the backscatter coefficient to the dielectric constant is also examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL, Summaries of the 4th Annual JPL Airborne Geoscience Workshop. Volume 3: AIRSAR Workshop; p 89-92
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  • 2
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    Interfacing remote sensing and geographic information systems for global environmental change research (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Because changes in the Earth's environment have become major global issues, continuous, longterm scientific information is required to assess global problems such as deforestation, desertification, greenhouse effects and climate variations. Global change studies require understanding of interactions of complex processes regulating the Earth system. Space-based Earth observation is an essential element in global change research for documenting changes in Earth environment. It provides synoptic data for conceptual predictive modeling of future environmental change. This paper provides a brief overview of remote sensing technology from the perspective of global change research.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geocarto (ISSN 1010-6049); 8; 4; p. 7-18
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  • 3
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    The correlation of active and passive microwave data for the Skylab S-193 sensor (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: This paper presents the results of the correlation analysis of the Skylab S-193 13.9 GHz Radiometer/Scatterometer data. Computer analysis of the S-193 data shows more than 50 percent of the radiometer and scatterometer data are uncorrelated. The correlation coefficients computed for the data gathered over various ground scenes indicates the desirability of using both active and passive sensors for the determination of various Earth phenomena.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geocarto (ISSN 1010-6049); 8; 3; p. 53-62
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  • 4
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    Radiometric corrections of topographically induced effects on Landsat TM data in an alpine environment (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Four radiometric correction methods for the reduction of slope-aspect effects in a Landsat TM data set are tested in a mountainous test site with regard to their physical soundness and their influence on forest classification, as well as on the visual appearance of the scene. Excellent ground reference information and a fine-resolution DEM allowed precise assessment of the applicability of the methods under investigation. The results of the study presented here demonstrate the weakness of the classical cosine correction method for radiometric correction in rugged terrain. The statistical, Minnaert and C-correction approaches, however, yielded an improvement of the forest classification and an impressive reduction of the visual topography effect.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0924-2716); 48; 4; p. 17-28.
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  • 5
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    Radiative transfer modelling of discontinuous tree canopies at microwave frequencies (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Development of a first-order radiative transfer model for predicting backscatter from tree canopies has been underway at the University of Michigan Radiation Laboratory for some time. This model is known as the Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS) model. This article presents the second-generation MIMICS model (MIMICS II) which accounts for canopies with discontinuous (open) crown layer geometries. MIMICS II models open crown layers by treating the location, size, and shape of the individual tree crowns as random variables. The backscattering coefficients for the canopy are then determined by introducing statistics derived from these parameters into the radiative transfer solution. Application of the radiative transfer equations to the discontinuous canopy geometry is presented. The resulting model is a robust fully polarimetric solution that is applicable over a wide variety of canopy architectures. Model simulations are compared to results generated with the continuous canopy model. The effect of the open crown geometry is found to be most significant at shallow incidence angles and at high frequencies for trees with well-developed crowns. Under these conditions, the gaps in the crown layer give rise to a notable increase in crown layer transmissivity which allows the radar to see through to the lower layers of the canopy more easily, thereby directly affecting the backscatter contribution of the trunks and ground.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 14; 11; p. 2097-2128.
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  • 6
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    Effect of tree structure on X-band microwave signature of conifers (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Experimental studies are performed on some coniferous trees (Austrian pine, Nordmann spruce, and Norway spruce) to investigate the relation between the tree architecture and radar signal at X-band. For a single tree, the RCS is measured as a function of the scatterer location at 90 deg incidence. It is found that the main scatterers are the leafy branches and the difference between sigma(vv) and sigma(hh) is significant at the upper portion of the tree. At the lower portion of the tree, sigma(vv) and sigma(hh) have almost the same level. For a group of trees the angular trends of sigma(vv) and sigma(hh) are measured. It is found that the levels of sigma(vv) and sigma(hh) are of the same order, but their angular trends vary from one tree species to the other depending on the tree species structure. The interpretation of these experimental results is carried out with the help of a theoretical model which accounts for the structure of the tree. According to this theoretical study, the major scattering trend is due to the leaves, while the perturbation to the angular trend and the level difference between sigma(vv) and sigma(hh) are due to the branch orientation distributions (i.e., the tree architecture).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); 31; 3; p. 655-667.
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  • 7
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    Mapping playa evaporite minerals with AVIRIS data - A first report from Death Valley, California (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: The feasibility of using imaging spectrometry in studies of playa evaporites is demonstrated by mapping efflorescent salt crusts in Death Valley (California), using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data and a recently developed least-squares spectral band-fitting algorithm. It is shown that it was possible to remotely identify eight different saline minerals, including three borates that have not been previously reported for the Death Valley efflorescent crusts: hydroboracite, pinnoite, and rivadavite. The three borates are locally important phases in the crusts; at least one of them, rivadavite, appears to be forming directly from brine.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 2-3; p. 337-356.
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  • 8
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    Estimating chlorophyll content and bathymetry of Lake Tahoe using AVIRIS data (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Data on chlorophyll content and bathymetry of Lake Tahoe obtained on August 9, 1990 by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) are compared to concurrent in situ surface and in-water measurements. Measured parameters included profiles of percent transmission of monochromatic light, stimulated chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetically available radiation, spectral upwelling and downwelling irradiance, and upwelling radiance. Several analyses were performed illustrating the utility of the AVIRIS over a dark water scene. Image-derived chlorophyll concentration compared extremely well with that measured with bottle samples. A bathymetry map of the shallow parts of the lake was constructed which compares favorably with published lake soundings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 44; 2-3; p. 217-230.
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  • 9
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    Synergistic use of optical and microwave data in agrometeorological applications (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Remotely sensed optical and microwave data can be synergistically used to infer land surface properties. Optical data can be used to estimate surface albedo, radiation absorption by vegetation canopies and their photosynthetic efficiencies. Vegetation canopy reflectance at red and near-infrared wavelengths can be used to correct for vegetation effect on microwave emissivities at low frequencies for estimating soil moisture. Optical data can also provide information about surface and air temperatures, precipitable water vapor, cloud top temperature and its water content. This information can be utilized to correct microwave data for atmospheric effects. These points are illustrated with theoretical analyses and by application to satellite data. The basic physical mechanisms operative at the various wavelengths are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 5; p. 239-248.
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  • 10
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    Understanding land surface evapotranspiration with satellite multispectral measurements (1993)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-24
    Description: Quantitative use of remote multispectral measurements to study and map land surface evapotranspiration has been a challenging issue for the past 20 years. Past work is reviewed against process physics. A simple two-layer combination-type model is used which is applicable to both vegetation and bare soil. The theoretic analysis is done to show which land surface properties are implicitly defined by such evaporation models and to assess whether they are measurable as a matter of principle. Conceptual implications of the spatial correlation of land surface properties, as observed by means of remote multispectral measurements, are illustrated with results of work done in arid zones. A normalization of spatial variability of land surface evaporation is proposed by defining a location-dependent potential evaporation and surface temperature range. Examples of the application of remote based estimates of evaporation to hydrological modeling studies in Egypt and Argentina are presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 13; 5; p. 89-100.
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