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  • Articles  (374)
  • *Biological Evolution  (374)
  • 2005-2009  (374)
  • Physics  (374)
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  • Articles  (374)
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  • 1
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    Evolution. Spineless fish and dark flies prove gene regulation crucial (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, Elizabeth -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1612. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5960.1612.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019263" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Mutation ; Paired Box Transcription Factors/genetics ; Pigmentation/genetics ; Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid ; Smegmamorpha/anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 2
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    Stepwise modification of a modular enhancer underlies adaptation in a Drosophila population (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: The evolution of cis regulatory elements (enhancers) of developmentally regulated genes plays a large role in the evolution of animal morphology. However, the mutational path of enhancer evolution--the number, origin, effect, and order of mutations that alter enhancer function--has not been elucidated. Here, we localized a suite of substitutions in a modular enhancer of the ebony locus responsible for adaptive melanism in a Ugandan Drosophila population. We show that at least five mutations with varied effects arose recently from a combination of standing variation and new mutations and combined to create an allele of large phenotypic effect. We underscore how enhancers are distinct macromolecular entities, subject to fundamentally different, and generally more relaxed, functional constraints relative to protein sequences.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363996/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3363996/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rebeiz, Mark -- Pool, John E -- Kassner, Victoria A -- Aquadro, Charles F -- Carroll, Sean B -- F32GM78972/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- F32HG004182/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- GM036431/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM036431/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- R01 GM036431-22/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1663-7. doi: 10.1126/science.1178357.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019281" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abdomen ; Adaptation, Biological ; Alleles ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Biological Evolution ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*genetics ; Drosophila Proteins/*genetics ; Drosophila melanogaster/*genetics/growth & development/physiology ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Evolution, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Haplotypes ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Pigmentation/*genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Uganda
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Breakthrough of the year. Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1598-9. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5960.1598-a.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019252" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Ethiopia ; Female ; *Fossils ; Geography ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/classification/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Posture ; Skeleton ; Walking
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 4
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    Evolution. Sexual selection and Darwin's mystery of mysteries (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Mank, Judith E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1639-40. doi: 10.1126/science.1184680.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Edward Grey Institute, Oxford OX1 3PS, UK. judith.mank@zoo.ox.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019275" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Biological ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Ecosystem ; Female ; Fishes/anatomy & histology/genetics ; Gene Flow ; *Genetic Speciation ; Geography ; Male ; *Mating Preference, Animal ; *Models, Biological ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Video: Ardipithecus ramidus (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-19
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 18;326(5960):1598. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5960.1598-b.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20019251" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/anatomy & histology ; Female ; *Fossils ; *Hominidae/anatomy & histology/physiology ; Locomotion ; Pan troglodytes/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Human evolution. What's for dinner? Researchers seek our ancestors' answers (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gibbons, Ann -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1478-9. doi: 10.1126/science.326.5959.1478.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007881" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Agriculture ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology/etiology ; *Diet/history ; Dietary Carbohydrates ; Energy Intake ; Ethnic Groups ; Fossils ; History, Ancient ; Hominidae ; Humans ; Hypertension/epidemiology/etiology ; Meat ; Obesity/epidemiology/etiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 7
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    Adaptive evolution of pelvic reduction in sticklebacks by recurrent deletion of a Pitx1 enhancer (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: The molecular mechanisms underlying major phenotypic changes that have evolved repeatedly in nature are generally unknown. Pelvic loss in different natural populations of threespine stickleback fish has occurred through regulatory mutations deleting a tissue-specific enhancer of the Pituitary homeobox transcription factor 1 (Pitx1) gene. The high prevalence of deletion mutations at Pitx1 may be influenced by inherent structural features of the locus. Although Pitx1 null mutations are lethal in laboratory animals, Pitx1 regulatory mutations show molecular signatures of positive selection in pelvic-reduced populations. These studies illustrate how major expression and morphological changes can arise from single mutational leaps in natural populations, producing new adaptive alleles via recurrent regulatory alterations in a key developmental control gene.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109066/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3109066/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chan, Yingguang Frank -- Marks, Melissa E -- Jones, Felicity C -- Villarreal, Guadalupe Jr -- Shapiro, Michael D -- Brady, Shannon D -- Southwick, Audrey M -- Absher, Devin M -- Grimwood, Jane -- Schmutz, Jeremy -- Myers, Richard M -- Petrov, Dmitri -- Jonsson, Bjarni -- Schluter, Dolph -- Bell, Michael A -- Kingsley, David M -- P50 HG002568/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG002568-09/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- P50 HG02568/HG/NHGRI NIH HHS/ -- Howard Hughes Medical Institute/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2010 Jan 15;327(5963):302-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1182213. Epub 2009 Dec 10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Developmental Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007865" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Chromosome Fragile Sites ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; DNA, Intergenic ; *Enhancer Elements, Genetic ; Fish Proteins/*genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Paired Box Transcription Factors/*genetics ; Pelvis/anatomy & histology ; Selection, Genetic ; *Sequence Deletion ; Smegmamorpha/*anatomy & histology/*genetics/growth & development
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 8
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    Lumpers and splitters: Darwin, Hooker, and the search for order (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Classification was a key practice of the natural history sciences in the early 19th century, but leading taxonomists disagreed over basic matters, such as how many species the British flora contained. In this arena, the impact of Charles Darwin's ideas was surprisingly limited. For taxonomists like Darwin's friend, Joseph Dalton Hooker, the priority was to establish a reputation as a philosophical naturalist, and to do so Hooker embarked on a survey of global vegetation patterns. He believed that taxonomic "splitters" hindered his ambition to create natural laws for botany (and hence establish it as a prestigious science) by generating a multitude of redundant synonyms for every plant variety. Despite the fact that Darwin's ideas apparently promised a justification for splitting, they also offered a philosophical justification for Hooker's taxonomic practice, and so he enthusiastically championed his friend.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Endersby, Jim -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1496-9. doi: 10.1126/science.1165915.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of History, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9SH, UK. j.j.endersby@sussex.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007893" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Biological Evolution ; Botany/*history ; Classification ; Genetic Speciation ; Great Britain ; History, 19th Century ; History, 20th Century ; Natural History/history ; Plants/anatomy & histology/*classification ; Selection, Genetic
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 9
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    A complete skeleton of a Late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-17
    Description: Characterizing the evolutionary history of early dinosaurs is central to understanding their rise and diversification in the Late Triassic. However, fossils from basal lineages are rare. A new theropod dinosaur from New Mexico is a representative of the early North American diversification. Known from several nearly complete skeletons, it reveals a mosaic of plesiomorphic and derived features that clarify early saurischian dinosaur evolution and provide evidence for the antiquity of novel avian character systems including skeletal pneumaticity. The taxon further reveals latitudinal differences among saurischian assemblages during the Late Triassic, demonstrates that the theropod fauna from the Late Triassic of North America was not endemic, and suggests that intercontinental dispersal was prevalent during this time.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nesbitt, Sterling J -- Smith, Nathan D -- Irmis, Randall B -- Turner, Alan H -- Downs, Alex -- Norell, Mark A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Dec 11;326(5959):1530-3. doi: 10.1126/science.1180350.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA. nesbitt@jsg.utexas.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20007898" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Bone and Bones/*anatomy & histology ; Bones of Lower Extremity/anatomy & histology ; Bones of Upper Extremity/anatomy & histology ; *Dinosaurs/anatomy & histology/classification ; *Fossils ; New Mexico ; Phylogeny ; Skeleton ; Skull/anatomy & histology ; Spine/anatomy & histology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 10
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    Mutations in two independent pathways are sufficient to create hermaphroditic nematodes (2009)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-12-08
    Description: Although the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans produces self-fertile hermaphrodites, it descended from a male/female species, so hermaphroditism provides a model for the origin of novel traits. In the related species C. remanei, which has only male and female sexes, lowering the activity of tra-2 by RNA interference created XX animals that made spermatids as well as oocytes, but their spermatids could not activate without the addition of male seminal fluid. However, by lowering the expression of both tra-2 and swm-1, a gene that regulates sperm activation in C. elegans, we produced XX animals with active sperm that were self-fertile. Thus, the evolution of hermaphroditism in Caenorhabditis probably required two steps: a mutation in the sex-determination pathway that caused XX spermatogenesis and a mutation that allowed these spermatids to self-activate.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Baldi, Chris -- Cho, Soochin -- Ellis, Ronald E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2009 Nov 13;326(5955):1002-5. doi: 10.1126/science.1176013.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Stratford, NJ 08084, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19965511" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Base Sequence ; *Biological Evolution ; Caenorhabditis/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans/anatomy & histology/classification/*genetics/*physiology ; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Crosses, Genetic ; Disorders of Sex Development/genetics ; Female ; Genes, Helminth ; Germ Cells/physiology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/physiology ; Molecular Sequence Data ; *Mutation ; Oogenesis ; Ovulation ; Phylogeny ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Sex Determination Processes ; Spermatids/physiology ; Spermatogenesis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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