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  • Articles  (144)
  • biodegradation  (144)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (144)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased biodegradation of a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix in starch-filled LDPE materials (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 1 (1993), S. 241-245 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Degradation ; biodegradation ; starch-filled ; polyethylene ; prooxidant ; autoxidation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Preheated14C-labeled LDPE-films with 15% corn starch and a proxidant formulation [masterbatch (MB)] incubated in aqueous solutions with fungi at ambient temperature are about three times more susceptible to biodegradation than the corresponding preheated pure LDPE as observed by liquid scintillation counting (LSC). The inbuilt induction time before autoxidation commences can be shortened by initial heating. Preheated LDPE-MB materials biodegrade about five times faster than nonheated ones. After 1 year of biodegradation of nonheated LDPE-MB, sporadic increases in the evolution of14CO2 have been noted, showing that the induction time may be running toward and end.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01458290
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Novel malonate-type copolymers containing vinyl alcohol blocks as biodegradable segments and their builder performance in detergent formulations (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 2 (1994), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polycarboxylate ; methylene malonate copolymer ; biodegradation ; design ; poly(vinyl alcohol)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Poly[(disodium methylene malonate)-co-(vinyl alcohol)] [P(DSMM-VA)] and poly[(disodium ethoxymethylene malonate)-co-(vinyl alcohol)] [P(DSEMM-VA)] containing a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) block as a biodegradable segment were prepared and their biodegradability and functionality were evaluated and compared with those of the corresponding fumarate and maleate copolymers. It was found that the 1,1-dicarboxylate-type copolymers, P(DSMM-VA) and P(DSEMM-VA), showed better biodegradability than the corresponding 1,2-dicarboxylate-type copolymers, P(DSF-VA) and P(DSM-VA). This improved biodegradability of P(DSMM-VA) and P(DSEMM-VA) is probably attributable to their more expanded polymer chain in aqueous solution, which will be more accessible to the degrading enzymes. The minimum chain length of the PVA-block, which acts as a biodegradable segment in the polymer chain, is estimated to be 2–3 and 3–4 monomer units for P(DSMM-VA) and P(DSEMM-VA), respectively. On the other hand, the minimum PVA block is about 5 and 7 monomer units for the fumarate and maleate copolymers, respectively. It was confirmed that P(DSMM-VA) showed excellent builder performance compared to the corresponding fumarate copolymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074777
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurement of the biodegradation of starch-based materials by enzymatic methods and composting (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Composting ; starch-based biopolymers ; enzymatic degradation ; biodegradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the suitability of in vitro enzymatic methods for assaying the biodegradability of new starch-based biopolymers. The materials studied included commercial starch-based materials and thermoplastic starch films prepared by extrusion from glycerol and native potato starch, native barley starch, or crosslinked amylomaize starch. Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using excessBacillus licheniformis α-amylase andAspergillus niger glucoamylase at 37°C and 80°C. The degree of degradation was determined by measuring the dissolved carbohydrates and the weight loss of the samples. Biodegradation was also determined by incubating the samples in a compost environment and measuring the weight loss after composting. The results indicated that the enzymatic method is a rapid means of obtaining preliminary information about the biodegradability of starch-based materials. Other methods are needed to investigate more accurately the extent of biodegradability, especially in the case of complex materials in which starch is blended with other polymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02067790
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of Polyaromatics Synthesized by Peroxidase-Catalyzed Free-Radical Polymerization (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 6 (1998), S. 115-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyaromatics ; free-radical polymerization ; biodegradation ; peroxidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Polymers formed from peroxidase-based free-radical polymerization reactions were characterized for rates of mineralization against lignin and humic acid controls. Degradation studies were carried out in soil systems over 202 days and cumulative net CO2 was determined. Whereas mineralization of the humic acid and alkali lignin controls totaled ca. 20% at the end of the test exposure, there was essentially no net mineralization of the hydrolytic lignin control. Mineralization of the test samples totaled 5% for poly(p-ethylphenol) and 11% for poly(m-cresol). At the same time, mineralization of the poly(p-phenyl phenol) totaled 64%. Conversely, the readily biodegradable polymers cellulose and PHB reached values of 91 to 97% in less than 60 days. Our data suggest that the mineralization kinetics of the enzymatically derived polyaromatics mimic those of the naturally occurring heteropolymers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021809228436
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Based Nonionic Surfactants by Different Bacterial Isolates from River Water (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 6 (1998), S. 121-131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Nonionic surfactants ; biodegradation ; alkylphenol poly(ethoxylate)s ; alkyl poly(ethoxylate)s ; polyethylene glycol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Different bacterial strains able to attack polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants were isolated by enrichment procedure from the surface waters of the Arno River. Alkylphenol polyethoxylates and alkyl polyethoxylates, as well as polyethylene glycols, were degraded and assimilated by bacterial strains in axenic cultures. Degradative routes of polyethyleneoxide chains were investigated by matching each bacterial isolate with several types of nonionic surfactants and polyethers and by the identification of their degradation products isolated during aerobic digestion experiments. In accordance with previous reports, the first attack led to the shortening of the poly(oxyethylene) chains of the nonionic surfactants. It was found that the strains able to degrade PEG segments of nonionic surfactants possess enzymatic systems unable to degrade free PEGs, whereas those degrading the latter substrates cannot degrade PEG segments coupled to hydrophobic moieties.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021813312506
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adsorption/Desorption of Polyvinyl Alcohol on Solid Substrates and Relevant Biodegradation (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 8 (2000), S. 67-79 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyvinyl alcohol ; biodegradation ; soil, clay ; adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The rates and extents of absorption and desorption of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) samples on different solid substrates comprising montmorillonite, quartz sand, and farm soil, as well as humic acid mixture are reported. The uptake of PVA by the substrates was analyzed as a function of PVA hydrolysis (72–98%), molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution. Higher adsorption was detected on montmorillonite followed by farm soil, whereas the quartz sand did not display any specific adsorption affinity for the PVA. An increase in the hydrolysis degree of PVA increased the adsorption rate and extent whereas this feature was reversed by an increase in PVA molecular weight. The desorption of PVA samples from the different substrates was performed both under various pH conditions and in the presence of concentrated HF that was used to dissolve the silicon derivatives present in the substrates. Biodegradation experiments carried out in liquid cultures of PVA adsorbed on montmorillonite showed that the mineralization of the adsorbed PVA was much lower than that detected for the nonadsorbed PVA. This investigation suggests that irreversible adsorption of PVA on the clay component occurs in soil, thus substantially inhibiting PVA biodegradation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1011569920349
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Confirmation of colonization of degrading bacterium strain SC-17 on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) cast film (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 3 (1995), S. 187-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) ; film ; biodegradation ; microbial degradation ; colonization ; colonization kinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract To clarify the mechanism of microbial degradation owing to colonization ofPseudomonas sp. strain SC-17 on a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) cast film surface, morphological and spectroscopic analyses of the degraded film were investigated and colonization kinetics on the films is discussed. By spectroscopic analysis of unique hemispherical degradation marks, cells of strain SC-17 adhering to the marks' surface were confirmed. To account for the hemispherical hole formation and their linear enlargement with culture time, a three-dimensional colony growth model toward the interior of the film was developed. The model explained the hemispherical hole formation well. It was concluded that the hemispherical holes resulted from the colonization of strain SC-17 on the film surfaces. It was further determined that the microbial degradation by strain SC-17 is initiated from small pits formed on the PHB film surface.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02068673
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preparation conditions and swelling equilibria of biodegradable hydrogels prepared from microbial poly(γ-glutamic acid) and poly(ε-lysine) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Poly(γ-glutamic acid) ; poly(ε-lysine) ; hydrogel ; biodegradation ; enzymatic degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Biodegradable hydrogels prepared by γ-irradiation from microbial poly(amino acid)s are reviewed. pH-sensitive hydrogels were prepared by means of γ-irradiation of poly(γ-glutamic acid) (PGA) produced byBacillus subtilis IFO3335 and poly(ε-lysine) (PL) produced byStreptomyces albulus in aqueous solutions. The preparation conditions, swelling equilibria, hydrolytic degradation, and enzymatic degradation of these hydrogels were studied. A hydrogel with a wide variety of swelling behaviors has been produced by γ-irradiation from a mixture solution of PGA and PL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02074873
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Properties and biodegradability of chain-extended copoly(succinic anhydride/ethylene oxide) (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 4 (1996), S. 225-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Copolyesterether ; succinic anhydride ; chain-extension reaction ; biodegradation ; activated sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Chain-extension reactions were carried out using titanium-iso-propoxide (TIP) as a catalyst for a series of polyesters or copolyesterethers with low molecular weights (M n =1500–10,000) synthesized by the ring-opening copolymerization of succinic anhydride (SA) with ethylene oxide (EO). The copolymers having aM n from 25,000 to 50,000 of different properties were obtained. Both the melting point (T m ) and the fusion heat (δH), which indicate the crystallinity of the copolymers, rose with an increase in SA content in the copolymers. Semitransparent films were prepared by compression molding of the copolymers. The biodegradation of the copolymer films was evaluated by enzymatic hydrolysis by lipases and by an aerobic gas evolution test in standard activated sludge. The hydrolyzability of these copolymers by three kinds of lipases was affected by their copolymer composition SA/EO, form, andM n . The copolyesterether (SA/EO=43/57,M n =48,900) was more easily biodegraded by standard activated sludge compared to the polyester (SA/EO=47/53,M n =36,300).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02070691
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis, Characterization, and Hydrolytic Degradation of Copolymers of 2-Methylene-1,3-dioxepane with Ethylene and with Styrene (1998)
    Springer
    Journal of polymers and the environment 6 (1998), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-8900
    Keywords: Polyethylene ; polystyrene ; biodegradation ; copolymerization ; hydrolytic degradation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract 2-Methylene-1,3-dioxepane (MDP) was copolymerized with ethylene (E) at a pressure of approximately 1000 psi and a temperature of approximately 70°C with AIBN as the free radical initiator. The copolymers obtained, poly(MDP-co-E), were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopy, DSC, and GPC. The copolymers contained 2–15 mol% ester units. MDP was also copolymerized with styrene (S) at 120°C with di-t-butyl peroxide as the initiator to prepare the copolymer, poly(MDP-co-S). The number-average molecular weights of both types of copolymers were in the range of 6000 to 11,000, and the weight-average molecular weights were in the range of 9000 to 17,000. The melting temperatures of poly(MDP-co-E) decreased with increasing ester unit content in the copolymer. For the MDP-S copolymers, the glass transition temperatures decreased with increasing ester unit content. Both poly(MDP-co-E) and poly(MDP-co-S) were degraded by methanolysis, and their molecular weights decreased by the expected amounts based on the ester unit content.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1022874411834
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