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  • 550 - Earth sciences  (19,122)
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  • 1
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    The European Macroseismic Scale 1992 : (up-dated MSK-scale) (1993)
    In:  Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie ; 7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-12
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 2
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    Fe isotope fractionation caused by translocation of iron during growth of bean and oat as models of strategy I and II plants (2012)
    In:  Plant and Soil
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-06
    Description: Background: The determination of the plant-induced Fe-isotopic fractionation is a promising tool to better quantify their role in the geochemical Fe cycle and possibly to identify the physiological mechanisms of Fe uptake and translocation in plants. Here we explore the isotope fractionation caused by translocation of Fe during growth of bean and oat as representatives of strategy I and II plants. Methods: Plants were grown on a nutrient solution supplemented with Fe(III)-EDTA and harvested at three different ages. We used the technique of multi-collector ICP-MS to resolve the small differences in the stable iron isotope compositions of plants. Results: Total bean plants, regardless of their age, were found to be enriched in the light iron isotopes by -1.2‰ relative to the growth solution throughout. During growth plants internally redistributed isotopes where young leaves increasingly accumulated the lighter isotopes whereas older leaves and the total roots were simultaneously depleted in light iron isotopes. Oat plants were also enriched in the light iron isotopes but during growth the initial isotope ratio maintained in all organs at all growth stages. Conclusions: We conclude that isotope fractionation in bean as a representative of strategy I plants is a result of translocation or re-translocation processes. Furthermore we assume that both uptake and translocation of Fe in oat maintains the irons’ ferric state, or that Fe is always bound to high-mass ligands, so that isotope fractionation is virtually absent in these plants. However, in contrast to our previous study in which strategy II plants were grown on soil substrate, oat plants grown on Fe(III)-EDTA contain iron that enriches 54Fe by 0.5 permil over 56Fe. A possible explanation for the enrichment is the prevalence of a constitutive reductive uptake mechanism of iron in the nutrient solution used which is non-deficient in iron.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 3
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    Discordance between cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in amalgamated sands and individual fluvial pebbles in an arid zone catchment (2014)
    In:  Quaternary Geochronology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-05-06
    Description: Based on cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al analyses in 15 individual detrital quartz pebbles (16e21 mm) and cosmogenic 10Be in amalgamated medium sand (0.25e0.50 mm), all collected from the outlet of the upper Gaub River catchment in Namibia, quartz pebbles yield a substantially lower average denudation rate than those yielded by the amalgamated sand sample. 10Be and 26Al concentrations in the 15 indi- Accepted 9 April 2012 Available online xxx vidual pebbles span nearly two orders of magnitude (0.22 ± 0.01 to 20.74 ± 0.52 x 10 6 10 Be atoms g-1 and 1.35 ± 0.09 to 72.76 ± 2.04 x 106 26Al atoms g-1, respectively) and yield average denudation rates of w0.7 m Myr-1 (10Be) and w0.9 m Myr-1 (26Al). In contrast, the amalgamated sand yields an average Keywords: Beryllium-10 10Be concentration of 0.77 ± 0.03 x 106 atoms g-1, and an associated mean denudation rate of Aluminium-26 Neon-21 Cosmogenic nuclide Grain size bias Namibia 9.6 ± 1.1 m Myr-1, an order of magnitude greater than the rates obtained for the amalgamated pebbles. The inconsistency between the 10Be and 26Al in the pebbles and the 10Be in the amalgamated sand is likely due to the combined effect of differential sediment sourcing and longer sediment transport times for the pebbles compared to the sand-sized grains. The amalgamated sands leaving the catchment are an aggregate of grains originating from all quartz-bearing rocks in all parts of the catchment. Thus, the cosmogenic nuclide inventories of these sands record the overall average lowering rate of the landscape. The pebbles originate from quartz vein outcrops throughout the catchment, and the episodic erosion of the latter means that the pebbles will have higher nuclide inventories than the surrounding bedrock and soil, and therefore also higher than the amalgamated sand grains. The order-of-magnitude grain size bias observed in the Gaub has important implications for using cosmogenic nuclide abundances in deposi- tional surfaces because in arid environments, akin to our study catchment, pebble-sized clasts yield substantially underestimated palaeo-denudation rates. Our results highlight the importance of carefully considering geomorphology and grain size when interpreting cosmogenic nuclide data in depositional surfaces.
    Keywords: 550 - Earth sciences
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  • 4
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    Adsorbents for Water and Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Adsorption is a well-established operation used for water decontamination and the remediation of industrial effluents. It is also recognized as a key technology for recovering substances of economic interest or those at risk of scarcity. The new sustainability paradigm of the circular economy and the current context of promoting the efficient use of natural resources, water and energy have been motivating the search for eco-friendly adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment and resource recovery. This Special Issue compiles 21 papers (17 research articles and 4 reviews), addressing the removal of heavy metals, toxic metalloids, precious metals and organics from aqueous solution, using a wide variety of adsorbents derived from natural and waste materials.
    Keywords: activated carbon ; modification ; surfactant ; adsorption ; methylene blue ; ions effect ; anionic dye ; cetyltrimethylammonium bromide ; sepiolite ; two-step modification ; electroplating sludge ; hydrothermal process ; heavy metal ; electroplating wastewater ; upcycling ; biochar ; thiourea ; cadmium pollution ; adsorption characteristics ; water treatment ; manganese ; iron ; banana peel ; pre-treatment ; phosphoric acid ; human hair ; kinetics ; isotherms ; biosorption ; algae ; bacteria ; biosorbent ; pharmaceutical waste ; complex nickel-aluminum-zirconium hydroxide ; arsenic ion ; different fractions ; Hg2+ ; characterization ; adsorption mechanism ; bisphenol A ; equilibrium ; heavy metals ; K-type zeolite ; fly ash ; lead ; immobilization ; Pb2+ removal ; sorption ; precipitation ; waste recycling ; removal mechanisms ; solid-to-water ratio ; microcystin ; separation ; water quality ; cyanobacteria ; algal bloom ; phenols ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; wastewater ; precious metals ; hydrometallurgical processing ; selectivity ; pine bark ; olive mill wastewater ; carbon nanotubes ; polydimethilsiloxane ; waste treatment ; phenolic compounds ; resources recovery ; dyes removal ; wastewater treatment ; agrowaste biomass ; diclofenac removal ; advanced oxidation treatments ; low-cost sorbents ; nano zerovalent iron ; granular activated carbon ; organoselenium ; water ; treatment ; cadmium ; cellulose nanofibrils ; iron nanoparticles ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 5
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    A Changing Perspective for Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become an enormous worldwide health problem, both in developed and less developed countries. The incidence and prevalence of CKD is high, and is associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Of note, CKD is the 12th most common primary cause of death, accounting for about 1 million deaths per year worldwide. CKD and end-stage renal disease are characterized by the progressive development of a series of complications, such as anemia, hyperkalemia, hypervolemia, mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD), metabolic acidosis, hyperuricemia and wasting; all of these complications have been shown to be associated with adverse outcomes, and can contribute either individually or in association to the cardiovascular morbidity and mortality observed in CKD. While at this time CKD progression is not treated with high efficacy, new biomarkers of kidney fibrosis have become available in recent years and new treatments for kidney fibrosis and cell loss could become soon available. In addition recent progress in our understanding of CKD pathophysiology together with the development of novel therapeutic agents has led to a renewed attention on the treatment of CKD–associated metabolic complications which are now are amenable to therapeutic interventions. All these important issues are addressed in this volume.
    Keywords: heatmap ; clustering ; multivariate statistical analysis ; chronic kidney disease ; risk factors ; acute kidney injury ; radical nephrectomy ; functional change ratio ; diabetic kidney disease ; GLP-1 ; calciprotein particles ; calcification propensity ; vascular calcification ; hyperkalemia ; heart failure ; sodium polystyrene sulfonate ; patiromer ; sodium zirconium cyclosilicate ; alcohol ; cadmium ; diet ; lifestyle related exposures ; lead ; proteinuria ; smoking ; type 2 diabetes ; left ventricular hypertrophy ; left ventricular mass index ; hemodialysis ; blood pressure ; cardiovascular events ; risk factor ; hyperphosphatemia ; cardiovascular disease ; endothelial cells ; procoagulant MVs ; multidimensional prognostic index ; peritoneal dialysis ; hospitalization ; mortality ; hyperuricemia ; urate lowering treatment ; MANBA ; variants ; estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ; expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) ; CKD–MBD ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
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  • 6
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    Semiconductor Packaging (2021)
    Taylor & Francis | CRC Press
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: In semiconductor manufacturing, understanding how various materials behave and interact is critical to making a reliable and robust semiconductor package. Semiconductor Packaging: Materials Interaction and Reliability provides a fundamental understanding of the underlying physical properties of the materials used in a semiconductor package. By tying together the disparate elements essential to a semiconductor package, the authors show how all the parts fit and work together to provide durable protection for the integrated circuit chip within as well as a means for the chip to communicate with the outside world. The text also covers packaging materials for MEMS, solar technology, and LEDs and explores future trends in semiconductor packages.
    Keywords: Circuits and Devices ; Electromagnetics and Microwaves ; Electronic Packaging ; ENG ; MATERIALS ; ElectricalEngineering ; SCI-TECH ; STM ; array ; ball ; compound ; frame ; grid ; lead ; level ; molding ; package ; wafer ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TJ Electronics and communications engineering::TJF Electronics engineering::TJFC Electronics: circuits and components ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
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  • 7
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    Various Adsorbents for Water Purification Processes (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: The development of effective treatment methods or the synthesis of new effective adsorbents capable of selective sorption of toxic substances is now of great importance. This reprint contains articles focused on wastewater treatment containing heavy metal ions, and hormones from synthetic and real solutions using different types of adsorbent, such as synthetic ion exchangers, natural and synthetic aluminosilicates, zeolites, magnetic multiwall carbon nanotubes, biosorbents, imprinted polymers, and magnetic adsorbents, as well as cost estimation of activated carbon production from waste nutshells by physical activation could be found.
    Keywords: economic evaluation ; production cost ; nutshell waste ; activated carbon ; magnetic multiwall carbon nanotube ; adsorption ; kinetics ; isotherm ; thermodynamic ; lead ; date seeds ; thermodynamics ; T. longibrachiatum ; T. fasciculatum ; bioadsorption ; cadmium ; heavy metals ; isotherms ; bioadsorption mechanism ; mycoremediation ; amino group ; kinetic ; multifunction ; cation ; anion ; β-estradiol ; akaganeite nanorods ; adsorptive removal ; endocrine disruptors ; desirability function ; divalent cobalt ; Lemna gibba ; biosorption ; desorption ; SEM-EDX ; androgenic hormones ; solid-phase extraction ; molecularly imprinted polymers ; trenbolone ; nickel removal ; ion exchangers ; water pollution ; Lewatit MonoPlus TP220 ; lead (II) ; Azadirachta indica leaves ; water ; metals ; smectite ; kaolinite ; zeolites ; nanomaterials ; remediation ; bioelectrochemical systems ; wastewater ; nanocomposites ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
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  • 8
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    Sustainable Production of Metals for Low-Carbon Technologies (2024)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: A high demand for metals (cobalt, copper, gold, lithium, nickel, tin, vanadium, etc.) has been recorded for the past several decades, and this demand is expected to increase even further in the coming decades as the world moves to low-carbon technologies based on renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs) and away from the heavy use of fossil fuels. To meet the high forecasted demand, unconventional sources of metals such as low-grade complex ores, seafloor massive sulfides (SMSs), and wastes (e.g., tailings, metallurgical residues, and electronic wastes (e-wastes)) have become very important sources of metals; moreover, these metals should be extracted in a sustainable manner without negatively impacting the environment. This Special Issue focused on recent advances in the sustainable production of metals from the above-mentioned unconventional sources.This reprint is a compilation of a Special Issue of Minerals, “Sustainable Production of Metals for Low-Carbon Technologies”, where 13 papers contributed by experts in the area were published. Papers published in this Reprint cover a wide range of topics, including mineral processing (gravity concentration, magnetic separation, and flotation), hydrometallurgical techniques (leaching, solvent extraction, and cementation) to extract minerals/metals from primary and secondary resources. All the papers are of high scientific value and will be of great interest to readers of Minerals.
    Keywords: flotation circuit ; gold ore ; diagnosis ; optimization ; mass balance ; process simulation ; printed circuit boards ; heat treatment ; strength ; liberation ; Cu recovery ; physical separation ; ferronickel slag ; sulfuric acid leaching ; light magnesium oxide ; rare earth elements ; magnetic separation ; upgradation ; Khalzan Buregtei deposit ; NiMH batteries ; rare earth metals ; leaching ; solvent extraction ; precipitation ; gold ; cementation ; galvanic interaction ; aluminum ; activated carbon ; kinetics ; ammonium thiosulfate solution ; mass transfer ; fluorine ; occurrence ; removal ; gravity-flotation separation ; lignite ; lead ; zinc ; Al metal powder ; zinc plant leach residues ; flotation ; copper sulfides ; tailings ; carrier flotation ; flocculation ; oil agglomeration ; complex sulfide ores ; sphalerite ; anglesite ; extraction ; lithium ion battery ; recycling ; carbothermic reduction ; graphite ; porphyry copper deposits ; chalcopyrite ; pyrite ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TT Other technologies and applied sciences::TTU Mining technology and engineering
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  • 9
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    Novel and Emerging Strategies for Sustainable Mine Tailings and Acid Mine Drainage Management (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Renewable energy and clean storage technologies are at the forefront of the world’s fight against climate change, including the UN-led move towards a carbon-neutral society. Because these complex technologies require more ‘critical’ metals and elements than fossil fuel-based technologies, the demands for raw materials in their manufacturing are skyrocketing and are projected to continue to increase into the foreseeable future.With ore grades on a steep decline, huge amounts of low-grade ores will have to be mined and processed to satisfy the world’s current and future demands for ‘critical’ metals and elements. Expansion of mining and mineral processing operations would mean more mining-related wastes—tailings, waste rocks and acid mine drainage (AMD)—notorious for their devastating and long-term destructive impacts on the environment. This Special Issue explored repurposing/reprocessing of tailings and AMD treatment cost reduction as promising alternatives to manage mine wastes more sustainably. It also includes articles on the critical roles of redox conditions and galvanic interactions on mine waste stability, hydrogeochemical controls on waste rock weathering, and climate change impacts on AMD formation in closed mines.
    Keywords: acid mine drainage ; life cycle simulation ; global warming ; earth system model ; RCP2.6 ; RCP8.5 ; copper recovery ; microbial fuel cell ; electricity generation ; microbial community ; secondary materials ; management ; absorption ; precipitation ; mine waste ; drainage ; water quality ; geochemistry ; hydrogeology ; modelling ; contamination ; batch experiments ; lead ; zinc ; immobilization ; remediation ; Kabwe ; Zambia ; abandoned mine ; groundwater flow analysis ; backfilling ; copper slag reprocessing tailings ; geopolymer ; microstructure ; NMR ; iron hydroxide ; iron oxyhydroxide ; nickel ore ; fly ash ; concrete aggregate ; calcite ; goethite ; hematite ; magnetite ; quartz ; scheelite ; fluorite ; depressant ; ferrous sulfate ; selective flotation ; mine water treatment ; milk of lime ; sodium sulfide ; sodium hydroxide ; arsenic-containing tailings ; copper mine tailings ; magnetic susceptibility ; sampling ; metals ; phytoremediation ; heavy metals ; mine tailings ; endemic species ; native species ; alkaline flotation wastewater ; waste rock ; mining waste material ; coal gangue ; red mud ; prevention ; dynamic leaching ; laterite ; alkali-activated ; alumino-silicates ; I-optimal ; response surface methodology ; optimization ; Acidithiobacillus ; biomining ; comparative genomics ; gold processing effluents ; Fe-Al bimetallic particles ; electrochemical reduction ; Cu-sulfide ore ; Nussir ; Ulveryggen ; Røros VMS deposit ; leaching tests ; submarine weathering conditions ; on-land weathering conditions ; n/a ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues::TBX History of engineering and technology
    Language: English
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  • 10
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    Chemical Engineering and Technology in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy (2022)
    MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Chemical engineering and technology are the basis of mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. In the long history of human civilization, with the development of science and technology, chemical engineering, mineral processing, metallurgical engineering, and other process technologies have coexisted and mutually benefited each other. More than 100 years ago, chemical engineers summarized the common laws in the process industry and built up the basic theory of unit operations. It is undoubtedly of great significance to study the chemical engineering principles in mineral processing and extractive metallurgy to profoundly understand the essence of mineral separation and extraction, optimizing the technological flow of mineral processing and improving the utilization level of mineral resources. The purpose of this book is to discuss chemical engineering principles in mineral processing and extractive metallurgy to improve the utilization of mineral resources. Experts, technicians, and students in the fields of chemical engineering, metallurgy, and mineral processing are welcome to read this book.
    Keywords: flotation ; xanthate ; adsorption ; bornite ; cuprous xanthate ; AFM ; FTIR ; neodymium ; metastable state ; maintenance ; induced precipitation ; KR desulfurization slag ; basicity ; CaS ; precipitation ; occurrence ; Cu2S ; CuS ; dissolution ; chloride ; arsenic ; copper smelting dust ; electrochemical advanced oxidation technology ; iron-free Fenton-like reaction ; blast furnace slag ; conversion ; zeolite ; characterization ; crystallization time ; hydrometallurgy ; converter dust ; secondary copper ; cementation ; lead ; sphalerite ; hydrophobicity ; water chemistry ; contact angle ; magnesium ; potassium ; calcium chloride ; K-feldspar ; wollastonite ; roasting–leaching ; chalcopyrite ; molybdenite ; sodium metabisulfite ; diesel oil ; kerosene ; selective flotation ; titanium ; titanium alloys ; ilmenite ; extractive metallurgy ; TiO2 ; calciothermic reduction ; deep-sea mining ; marine minerals ; seafloor massive sulfides ; polymetallic nodules ; cobalt-rich crusts ; mineral processing ; pyrometallurgy ; metals ; extraction ; plasma spraying ; TiB2 wettable cathode coating ; wettability ; corrosion resistance ; correlation coefficient ; kinetic parameters ; criterion ; hematite ; reduction ; vanadium ; calcium roasting ; leaching efficiency ; electrodeposited antimony ; sulfuration–volatilization ; antimony sulfide ; enriched gold ; pressure drop ; liquid–solid ; fluidized bed ; flow resistance coefficient ; fluidization experiments ; regular aggregate ; innovative installation ; separation ; electronic-grade polysilicon ; boron impurities ; chemical vapor deposition ; density functional theory ; differential charge density ; chalcocite ; dialkyl dithiophosphate ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TB Technology: general issues ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TD Industrial chemistry and manufacturing technologies::TDC Industrial chemistry and chemical engineering
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