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  • Articles  (2,399)
  • Annual Reviews
  • 2010-2014  (833)
  • 1985-1989  (1,566)
  • Medicine  (2,113)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (286)
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  • Articles  (2,399)
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  • 1
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    Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Issues and Prospects (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Almost 20 years ago, the first CO2 capture and storage (CCS) project began injecting CO2 into a deep geological formation in an offshore aquifer. Relevant science has advanced in areas such as chemical engineering, geophysics, and social psychology. Governments have generously funded demonstrations. As a result, a handful of industrial-scale CCS projects are currently injecting about 15 megatons of CO2 underground annually that contribute to climate change mitigation. However, CCS is struggling to gain a foothold in the set of options for dealing with climate change. This review explores why and discusses critical conditions for CCS to emerge as a viable mitigation option. Explanations for this struggle include the absence of government action on climate change, economic crisis–induced low carbon prices, public skepticism, increasing costs, and advances in other options including renewables and shale gas. Climate change action is identified as a critical condition for progress in CCS, in addition to community support, safe storage, robust policy support, and favorable CCS market conditions.
    Print ISSN: 1543-5938
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Published by Annual Reviews
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  • 2
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    Life's Bottleneck: Sustaining the World's Phosphorus for a Food Secure Future (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Phosphorus security is emerging as one of the twenty-first century's greatest global sustainability challenges. Phosphorus has no substitute in food production, and the use of phosphate fertilizers in the past 50 years has boosted crop yields and helped feed billions of people. However, these advantages have come at a serious cost. Mobilizing phosphate rock into the environment at rates vastly faster than the natural cycle has not only polluted many of the world's freshwater bodies and oceans, but has also created a human dependence on a single nonrenewable resource. The 2008 phosphate price spike attracted unprecedented attention to this global situation. This review provides an updated and integrated synthesis of the biophysical, social, geopolitical, and institutional challenges and opportunities for food security. Remaining phosphorus resources are becoming increasingly scarce, expensive, and inequitably distributed. All farmers require fertilizers, yet a sixth of the world's farmers and their families are too poor to access fertilizer markets. Inefficient use of this fossil resource from mine to field to fork calls for substantial reduction in demand through efficiency and recycling. Phosphorus governance at global, regional, and local scales is required to stimulate and support context-specific sustainable strategies to ensure all the world's farmers have sufficient access to phosphorus to feed the world and ensure ecosystem integrity and farmer livelihoods.
    Print ISSN: 1543-5938
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 3
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    Advances in Measuring the Environmental and Social Impacts of Environmental Programs (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Inspired by the success of evidence-based medicine, environmental scholars and practitioners have grown enthusiastic about applying a similar evidence-based approach to solve some of the world's most pressing environmental problems. An important component of the evidence-based movement is the empirical evaluation of program and policy impacts. Impact evaluations draw heavily from recent advances in the empirical study of causal relationships—the effect of one thing on another. This review highlights the key components of these advances and characterizes the way in which they contribute to better evaluations of the environmental and social impacts of environmental programs. The review emphasizes that a solid understanding of these advances is required before environmental scholars and practitioners can begin to collect the relevant data, analyze them within credible research designs, and generate reliable evidence about the effectiveness of the myriad proposed solutions to the world's environmental and social problems.
    Print ISSN: 1543-5938
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 4
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    Environmental Issues in Australia (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Australia is a mineral-rich country with low and variable rainfall and, hence, biological productivity, as well as a predominately coastal population. Since European settlement in 1788, a range of landscape impacts, species introductions, and freshwater conflicts have led to serious environmental issues. Contemporary drivers of environmental change include population growth and associated development; water use for food production; resource extraction by the fishery, forestry, mining, and oil and gas industries; and climate change. A range of international agreements have influenced domestic environmental policy, culminating in Australia's foremost piece of environmental legislation, the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. Despite sound legislative instruments and policy intentions, a range of contemporary environmental issues associated with coal seam gas extraction, freshwater allocation, fisheries, and climate change illustrate that shortcomings in resolving environmental issues and obstacles remain with regard to improving the status of the environment. Given the increasing pressures on the environment, greater oversight and efficient enforcement are needed, particularly given population projections and plans for economic development.
    Print ISSN: 1543-5938
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 5
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    Gender and Sustainability (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Sustainability and gender have been prominent on the development agenda since the 1980s, but there has been little systematic study of the links between the two. This review draws on ecofeminist theory, feminist political ecology, intrahousehold literature, and natural resource management case studies and reviews to examine how gender shapes the motives, means, and opportunities for men and women to contribute to sustainability. Particular attention is given to evidence on closeness to nature, focus on conservation, rights to resources, opportunities to exploit resources, and constraints to adoption of sustainable practices. Despite early claims that women are naturally more conserving of resources, the empirical literature, in particular, gives a more mixed and nuanced picture. Conservation is influenced not only by gender but also by a host of tangible and intangible factors, including local ecology, context, and culture, that affect incentives and the ability to adopt sustainable extraction and provision practices.
    Print ISSN: 1543-5938
    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 6
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    Water Security and Society: Risks, Metrics, and Pathways (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Water security is a major challenge for science and society. We review the rapidly growing literature on water security from the perspective of risk science and management. Competing definitions and indicators of water security reflect unsettled conceptual and methodological issues. However, risk concepts have become prevalent in defining water security; measuring it quantitatively; tracking indicators of hazards, exposure, and vulnerability; and informing management options to reduce water-related risks. We examine water security indicators and indices to identify thresholds for water-related risks across multiple dimensions of water security and examine how these vary across different scales and socioeconomic contexts. Water security indicators reveal a disparity in hazards and vulnerability across geographic and political-economic conditions. Recognition of water security as a major societal challenge has been closely followed by a strong commitment to academic, government, development, and policy responses. Pathways to water security capture the sequence of investments in institutions and infrastructure to reduce water-related risks and manage trade-offs. Two well-studied water management case studies illustrate the pathways to water security and the need for more systematic comparative assessment.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 7
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    Human Appropriation of Net Primary Production: Patterns, Trends, and Planetary Boundaries (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Economic and population growth result in increasing use of biophysical resources, including land and biomass. Human activities influence the biological productivity of land, altering material and energy flows in the biosphere. The human appropriation of net primary production (HANPP) is an integrated socioecological indicator quantifying effects of human-induced changes in productivity and harvest on ecological biomass flows. We discuss how HANPP is defined, measured, and interpreted. Two principal approaches for constructing HANPP assessments exist: (a) In an area-specific approach, HANPP serves as an indicator of land-use intensity, gauging impacts on terrestrial ecosystems in a defined area; and (b) the consumption-based “embodied HANPP” approach allows assessment of impacts related to individual products or the aggregate consumption of nation-states. The HANPP framework can help to estimate upper limits for the biosphere's capacity to provide humanity with biomass for food, fiber, and bioenergy and to analyze systemic feedbacks between the delivery of these resources. We outline HANPP's global patterns and trajectories and how HANPP relates to planetary boundaries, global resource use, and pressures on biodiversity.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1545-2050
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 8
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    Dynamics and Resilience of Rangelands and Pastoral Peoples Around the Globe (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Rangelands cover more of Earth's land surface than any other type of land. They have variable and harsh climates, are sparsely populated and remote from markets, produce significant quantities of livestock, and are mostly used and managed in common. Under this already unpredictable and harsh climate, pastoral peoples and rangelands face new and accelerating political, economic, and climatic stresses that challenge their coupled resilience and ability to adapt. In response, pastoralists are creating new ways to manage rangelands through conservancies and community-based institutions on state, common, and private land. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of rangeland social-ecological systems, as well as on the causes and consequences of change in these systems. We then explore how pastoral peoples, governments, and businesses are responding to these changes to build resilience to sustain both pastoralism and rangelands. We close with a description of unresolved issues, challenges, and questions for the future.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 9
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    The Psychology of Environmental Decisions (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: Humanity faces an unprecedented set of global environmental problems. We argue that to promote pro-environmental decisions and to achieve public consensus on the need for action we must address individual and collective understanding (cognition) of environmental problems, as well as individual and collective commitments to take action to mitigate or prevent those problems. We review literature pertaining to psychological predispositions, mental models, framing, psychological distance, and the social context of decisions that help elucidate how these goals of cognition and commitment can be achieved. This article reveals the complex and multiply determined nature of environmental decisions. However, we argue that this complexity points to opportunities to reduce the inherent uncertainty surrounding global environmental challenges via appeals to the psychological mechanisms that underpin our decisions.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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  • 10
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    The Business of Water: Market Environmentalism in the Water Sector (2014)
    Annual Reviews
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    Publication Date: 2014-10-17
    Description: This article reviews the literature relevant to market environmentalism in the water sector, focusing on five themes: the privatization of resource ownership and management, the commercialization of resource management organizations, the environmental valuation and pricing of resources, the marketization of trading and exchange mechanisms, and the liberalization of governance. For each dimension, the discussion addresses a topic of contemporary academic interest (and policy and political relevance): privatization and protest, the contradictions of commercialization, the distinction between environmental valuation and commodification, the multiplication of modes of marketization, and the limits to the liberalization of environmental governance. Specific attention is given to unresolved questions and tensions in the debate over market environmentalism, particularly the tension between human rights and environmental rights and among state, market, and community roles in water management.
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    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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