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  • Articles  (8,874)
  • 1985-1989  (8,874)
  • 1985  (8,874)
  • Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering  (8,874)
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  • Articles  (8,874)
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  • 1985-1989  (8,874)
Year
Journal
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Experimental data from the Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology (CIIT) are used to estimate the risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal cavity in Fischer 344 (F344) rats over a range of ambient air concentrations of formaldehyde that includes current exposure guidelines for the workplace and home. These values are presented as a best estimate envelope obtained from five mathematical dose-response formulations. The response of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats dosed at 15 ppm in a separate study at New York University is consistent with the predicted lifetime response for F344 rats at a slightly lower concentration (13–14 ppm). A dose-related mortality effect beyond what is attributable to the occurrence of nasal carcinomas is found in F344 rats at all CIIT exposure levels (2, 6, and 15 ppm). There is no evidence of a mortality effect in B6C3F1 mice of the CIIT study, and data for SD rats of the NYU experiment are inconclusive. In the CIIT study, rats exposed to 15 ppm exhibited a high incidence of nasal cavity squamous cell carcinomas and polypoid adenomas. Polypoid adenomas were also observed with increased incidences at 2 ppm and 6 ppm. Statistical comparisons with matched controls, and the low historical rate of spontaneous occurrence both suggest that polypoid adenomas may be a risk to F344 rats at exposure levels below the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard of 3 ppm. Squamous cell carcinomas were observed in two mice exposed to 15 ppm. This finding may be biologically significant since this tumor is rare and has not been previously reported in 4932 untreated B6C3F1 mice from recent National Toxicology Program (NTP) feeding studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The basic purpose of probabilistic risk analysis is to make inferences about the probabilities of various postulated events, with an account of all relevant information such as prior knowledge and operating experience with the specific system under study, as well as experience with other similar systems. Estimation of the failure rate of a Poisson-type system leads to an especially simple Bayesian solution in closed form if the prior probability implied by the invariance properties of the problem is properly taken into account. This basic simplicity persists if a more realistic prior, representing order of magnitude knowledge of the rate parameter, is employed instead. Moreover, the more realistic prior allows direct incorporation of experience gained from other similar systems, without need to postulate a statistical model for an underlying ensemble. The analytic formalism is applied to actual nuclear reactor data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This article quantifies potential public health risks from tumor-producing pollutants emitted from two synthetic-fuel plants (direct liquefaction—Exxon Donor Solvent; and indirect liquefaction—Lurgi Fischer-Tropsch) located at a representative site in the eastern United States. In these analyses gaseous and aqueous waste streams were characterized; exposures via inhalation, terrestrial and aquatic food chains, and drinking water supplies were modeled. Analysis suggested that emissions of “polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,”“aromatic amines,”“neutral N, O, S heterocyclics,”“nitriles,” and “other trace elements” pose the largest quantifiable risks to public health. Data and analysis for these pollutant categories should be refined to more accurately match compound-specific estimated exposure levels with tumorigenic potency estimates. Before these results are used for regulatory purposes, more detailed analysis for selected pollutant classes are needed, and more sophisticated aquatic exposure models must be developed. Also, differences in geographic scales among the environmental transport models used need to be rectified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Review and analyses of three sources of data are presented indicating that 25% of hysterectomies are elective. Annual mortality associated with elective hysterectomy is estimated to be 319, or about 12,122 woman years. Cost-benefit analyses of mortality, life expectancy, morbidity, psychological sequelae, as well as dollar expenditures, reveal high costs and relatively limited benefits. Explanations for this apparent anomaly in decision making are explored and include economic incentives, system structure, sexism, and cancer prophylaxis. Principles of risk perception are discussed in terms of potential biases associated with the cancer prophylaxis motive. It is suggested that physicians’judgements of risk may be more salient to the decision process than those of prospective patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Risk analysis 5 (1985), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1539-6924
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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