ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - SAMUEL EPSTEIN: Scientist, Teacher and Friend. - PART A. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION STUDIES. - Oxygen isotopic thermometer calibrations / Robert N. Clayton and Susan W. Kieffer. - Temperature dependence of isotopic fractionation factors / Robert E. Criss. - Oxygen isotope fractionation studies of solute-water interactions / James R. O'Neil and Alfred H. Truesdell. - Oxygen diffusion in leucite: Structural controls / Karlis Muehlenbachs and Cathy Connolly. - An experimental study of oxygen isotope partitioning between silica glass and CO2 vapor / Edward Stolper and Samuel Epstein. - D/H analysis of minerals by ion probe / E. Deloule, C. France-Lanord and F. Albarède. - PART B. THE HYDROSPHERE AND ANCIENT OCEANS. - Oxygen isotope history of seawater revisited: Timescales for boundary event changes in the oxygen isotope composition of sea water / R. T. Gregory. - Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of oceanic plutonic rocks: High-temperature deformation and metamorphism of oceanic layer 3 / Debra S. Stakes. - The hydrogen and oxygen isotope history of the Silurian-Permian hydrosphere as determined by direct measurement of fossil water / L. Paul Knauth and Sarah K. Roberts. - Oxygen isotopes in phosphates of fossil fish-Devonian to Recent / Yehoshua Kolodny and Boaz Luz. - Dolomitization of the Hope Gate Formation (north Jamaica) by seawater: Reassessment of mixing-zone dolomite / Lynton S. Land. - Fossil meteoric ground waters in the Delaware Basin of southeastern New Mexico / Steven J. Lambert. - PART C. CLIMATOLOGY AND GLACIOLOGY. - The heavy isotope enrichment of water in coupled evaporative systems / Joel R. Gat and Carl Bowser. - The elusive climate signal in the isotopic composition of precipitation / James R. Lawrence and James W. C. White. - Stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios in shallow ground waters from India and a study of the role of evapotranspiration in the Indian monsoon / R. V. Krishnamurthy and S. K. Bhattacharya. - Stable isotopic composition of waters in a small Piedmont watershed / David B. Wenner, Peter D. Ketcham and John F. Dowd. - Isotopic changes during the formation of depth hoar in experimental snowpacks / Richard A. Sommerfeld, Clark Judy and Irving Friedman. - Isotopic changes during snow metamorphism / Irving Friedman, Carl Benson and Jim Gleason. - The glacial/interglacial temperature range of the surface water of the oceans at low latitudes / Cesare Emiliani and David B. Ericson. - Is the Postglacial artificial? / Cesare Emiliani, David A. Price and Joanne Seipp. - PART D. Paleoenvironment and Archaeology. - Osteocalcin as the recommended biopolymer for 14C age dating of bone and δ13C and δ15N paleodietary reconstruction / Henry O. Ajie and Isaac R. Kaplan. - The relationship between stable oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of water in astomatal plants / Lee W. Cooper, Michael J. Deniro and Jon E. Keeley. - 13C/2C ratios of the Fe(IIl) carbonate component in natural geothites / Crayton J. Yapp and Harald Poths. - Oxygen isotope studies of zeolites: Stilbite, analcime, heulandite, and clinoptilolite I. Analytical technique / Xiahong Feng and Samuel M. Savin. - Eolian inputs of lead to the South Pacific via rain and dry deposition from industrial and natural sources / Dorothy M. Settle and Clair C. Patterson. - Stable isotopes and the Roman marble trade-evidence from Scythopolis and Caesarea, Israel / Ze'ev Pearl and Mordeckai Mararitz. - Part E. IGNEOUS AND METAMORPHC GEOCHEMISTRY. - Comparisons of 18O/16O and 87Sr/86Sr in volcanic rocks from the Pontine Islands, M. Ernici, and Campania with other areas in Italy / B. Turi, H. P. Taylor, Jr. and G. Ferrara. - Hydrogen, sulphur and neodymium isotope variations in the mantle beneath the EPR at 12°50' N / Marc Chaussidon, Simon M. F. Sheppard and Annie Michard. - Degassing of Obsidian Dome rhyolite, lnyo volcanic chain, California / Bruce E. Taylor. - Application of stable isotopes in identifying a major Hercynian synplutonic rift zone and its associated meteoric-hydrothermal activity, southern Schwarzwald, Germany / Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Mordeckai Magaritz and Stephen M. Wickham. - An oxygen and hydrogen isotope study of high-grade metamorphism and anatexis in the Ruby Mountains-East Humboldt Range core complex, Nevada / Stephen M. Wickham, Hugh P. Taylor, Jr., Arthur W. Snoke and James R. O'Neil. - Daughter-parent isotope systematics in U-Th-bearing igneous accessory mineral assemblages as potential indices of metamorphic history: A discussion of the concept / Leon T. Silver. - Retrograde exchange of hydrogen isotopes between hydrous minerals and water at low temperatures / T. Kurtis Kyser and Robert K. Errich. - PART F. ORE DEPOSITS AND HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION. - Stable isotope studies of quartz-vein type tungsten deposits in Dajishan Mine, Jiangxi Province, Southeast China / Yuch-Ning Shieh and Guo-Xin Zhang. - Oxygen isotope study of the fossil hydrothermal system in the Comstock Lode mining district, Nevada / Robert E. Criss and Duane E. Champion. - Oxygen isotope studies of Jurassic fossil hydrothermal systems, Mojave Desert, southeastern California / G. Cleve Solomon and Hugh P. Taylor, Jr. - Variations in δ18O values, water/rock ratios, and water flux in the Rico paleothermal anomaly, Colorado / Peter B. Larson and Brian S. Zimmerman. - PART G. EXTRATERRESTRIAL GEOCHEMISTRY. - Initial Pb isotopic compositions of lunar granites as determined by ion microprobe / W. Compston, I. S. Williams and C. Meyer. - Silicon, carbon and nitrogen isotopic studies of silicon carbide in carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites / J. Stone, I. D. Hutcheon, S. Epstein and G. J. Wasserburg. - Subject Index.

Note: TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface Chapter 1. The CO2-Carbonic Acid System and Solution Chemistry Basic Concepts Activity Coefficients in Solutions Influences of Temperature and Pressure The Carbonic Acid System in Seawater Calculation of the Saturation State of Seawater with Respect to Carbonate Minerals Concluding Remarks Chapter 2. Interactions Between Carbonate Minerals and Solutions Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Basic Concepts Characteristics of Sedimentary Carbonate Minerals Solubility Behavior of Carbonate Minerals General Considerations Calcite and Aragonite Solubility Methods for the Calculation of Equilibrium Solution Composition Under Different Conditions Surface Chemistry of Carbonate Minerals Basic Principles Adsorption of Ions on Carbonate Surfaces Carbonate Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics Basic Principles Reaction Kinetics in Simple Solutions Reaction Kinetics in Complex Solutions Concluding Remarks Chapter 3. Coprecipitation Reactions and Solid Solutions of Carbonate Minerals General Concepts Background Information Basic Chemical Considerations Coprecipitation of "Foreign" Ions in Carbonate Minerals Examples of Coprecipitation Reactions General Models for Partition Coefficients in Carbonates Magnesian Calcite General Considerations The Fundamental Problems Experimental Observations Hypothesis of a Hydrated Magnesian Calcite Stable Isotope Chemistry General Considerations Oxygen Isotopes Carbon Stable Isotopes Concluding Remarks Chapter 4. The Oceanic Carbonate System and Calcium Carbonate Accumulation in Deep Sea Sediments An Overview of Major Processes The CO2 System in Oceanic Waters The Upper Ocean The Deep Sea Saturation State of Deep Seawater with Respect to CaCO3 Sources and Sedimentation of Deep Sea Carbonates Sources Sedimentation The Distribution of CaCO3 in Deep Sea Sediments and Carbonate Lithofacies General Considerations The Distribution of CaCO3 in Surface Sediments Factors Controlling the Accumulation of Calcium Carbonate in Deep Sea Sediments General Relations Factors Leading to Variability Near Interfacial Processes Variability of Calcium Carbonate Deposition in Deep Sea Sediments with Time Influence of Glacial Times The Impact of Fossil Fuel CO2 on the Ocean-Carbonate System Concluding Remarks Chapter 5. Composition and Source of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Shoal-Water Carbonates in Space and Time Carbonate Grains and Skeletal Parts Overview and Examples Sediment Classification Depositional Environments Concluding Statement Biomineralization General Aspects Environmental Controls on Mineralogy Stable Isotopes Coprecipitation Precipitation of Carbonates from Seawater Carbonate Chemistry of Shallow Seawater Abiotic Precipitation of CaCO3 from Seawater Sources of Aragonite Needle Muds Formation of Oöids Concluding Remarks 238 Chapter 6. Early Marine Diagenesis of Shoal-Water Carbonate Sediments Introduction Some Preliminary Thermodynamic and Kinetic Considerations Very Early Diagenesis Major Diagenetic Processes Pore Water Chemistry Precipitation of Early Carbonate Cements Dissolution of Carbonates Concluding Remarks Chapter 7. Early Non-Marine Diagenesis of Sedimentary Carbonates Introduction Plate-Tectonic Controls on Diagenesis General Considerations for Early Non-Marine Diagenesis Major Types of Non-Marine Environments Water Chemistry Reactivity of Sedimentary Carbonates Major Phase Transformations The Transformation of Aragonite to Calcite Dolomite Formation Summary Remarks Mass Transfer During Diagenesis General Considerations Geochemical Constraints on Mass Transfer Beachrock Formation Lithification in the Meteoric Environment Introduction The Meteoric Environment and Cement Precipitates Bermuda: A Case Study of a Meteoric Diagenetic Environment Introduction Geological Framework Limestone Chemistry and Isotopic Composition Water Chemistry Carbonate Mass Transfer A Brief Synthesis of Meteoric Diagenesis Diagenetic Stages Effect of Original Mineralogy Climatic Effects Rock-Water Relationships Mixed Meteoric-Marine Regime Concluding Remarks Chapter 8. Carbonates as Sedimentary Rocks in Subsurface Processes Introduction P,T, and X and Carbonate Mineral Stability Subsurface Water Chemistry in Sedimentary Basins Continuous Processes Pressure Solution Dolomitization Mud to Spar Neomorphism Secondary Porosity Cementation in the Subsurface Examples of "Models" of Long-Term Diagenesis The Present Ocean Setting The Present Continental Setting Concluding Remarks Chapter 9. The Current Carbon Cycle and Human Impact Introduction Modern Biogeochemical Cycle of Carbon A Model for the Cycle of Carbon Methane and Carbon Monoxide Fluxes CO2 Fluxes Human Impact on Carbon Fluxes The Fossil Fuel and Land Use Fluxes Observed Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase Future'Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Trends Consequences of Increased Atmospheric CO2 Levels The Oceanic System Sources of Calcium, Magnesium, and Carbon for Modern Oceans Mass Balance of Ca, Mg, and C in Present Oceans Oceanic Mass Balance of Elements Interactive with Ca, Mg, and C Concluding Remarks Chapter 10. Sedimentary Carbonates in the Evolution of Earth's Surface Environment Introduction Sedimentary Rock Mass-Age Distributions Secular Trends in Sedimentary Rock Properties Lithologic Types Chemistry and Mineralogy Carbon Cycling Modeling Introduction and Development of a Global Model Glacial-Interglacial Changes of Carbon Dioxide Long-Term Changes of Atmospheric CO2 Phanerozoic Cycling of Sedimentary Carbonates Synopsis of the Origin and Evolution of the Hydrosphere-Atmosphere-Sedimentary Lithosphere Origin of the Hydrosphere The Early Stages The Transitional Stage Modern Conditions Concluding Remarks Epilogue Introduction The Road Traveled The State of the Art Ever Onward References Index