ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: The book summarizes the knowledge and experiences concerning the role of halogens during various geochemical processes, such as diagenesis, ore-formation, magma evolution, metasomatism, mineralization, and metamorphism in the crust and mantle of the Earth. It comprises the role of halogens in other terrestrial worlds like volatile-rich asteroids, Mars, and the ice moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Review chapters outline and expand upon the basis of our current understanding regarding how halogens contribute to the geochemical/geophysical evolution and stability of terrestrial worlds overall.

Description / Table of Contents: This work summarizes the historical progression of the field of lithium (Li) isotope studies and provides a comprehensive yet succinct overview of the research applications toward which they have been directed. In synthesizing the historical and current research, the volume also suggests prospective future directions of study. Not even a full decade has passed since the publication of a broadly inclusive summary of Li isotope research around the globe (Tomascak, 2004). In this short time, the use of this isotope system in the investigation of geo- and cosmochemical questions has increased dramatically, due, in part, to the advent of new analytical technology at the end of the last millennium. Lithium, as a light element that forms low-charge, moderate-sized ions, manifests a number of chemical properties that make its stable isotope system useful in a wide array of geo- and cosmochemical research fields.  

Description / Table of Contents: Geofluids : Developments in Microthermometry, Spectroscopy, Thermodynamics, and Stable Isotopes is the definitive source on paleofluids and the migration of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins-ideal for researchers in oil and gas exploration. There's been a rapid development of new non-destructive analytical methods and interdisciplinary research that makes it difficult to find a single source of content on the subject of geofluids. Geoscience researchers commonly use multiple tools to interpret geologic problems, particularly if the problems involve fluid-rock interaction. This book perfectly combines the techniques of fluid inclusion microthermometry, stable isotope analyses, and various types of spectroscopy, including Raman analysis, to contribute to a thorough approach to research. Through a practical and intuitive step-by-step approach, the authors explain sample preparation, measurements, and the interpretation and analysis of data related to thermodynamics and mineral-fluid equilibria.* Features working examples in each chapter with step-by-step explanations and calculations* Broad range of case studies aid the analytical and experimental data* Includes appendices with equations of state, stable isotope fractionation equations, and Raman identification tables that aid in identification of fluid inclusion minerals* Authored by a team of expert scientists who have more than 60 years of related experience in the field and classroom combined

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the field of geochemistry. The book first lays out the 'geochemical toolbox': the basic principles and techniques of modern geochemistry, beginning with a review of thermodynamics and kinetics as they apply to the Earth and its environs. These basic concepts are then applied to understanding processes in aqueous systems and the behavior of trace elements in magmatic systems. Subsequent chapters introduce radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry and illustrate their application to such diverse topics as determining geologic time, ancient climates, and the diets of prehistoric peoples. The focus then broadens to the formation of the solar system, the Earth, and the elements themselves. Then the composition of the Earth itself becomes the topic, examining the composition of the core, the mantle, and the crust and exploring how this structure originated. A final chapter covers organic chemistry, including the origin of fossil fuels and the carbon cycle's role in controlling Earth's climate, both in the geologic past and the rapidly changing present.

Description / Table of Contents: Computer science provides a powerful tool that was virtually unknown three generations ago. Some of the classical fields of knowledge are geodesy (surveying), cartography, and geography. Electronics have revolutionized geodetic methods. Cartography has faced the dominance of the computer that results in simplified cartographic products. All three fields make use of basic components such as the Internet and databases.The handbook is organized in three parts, Basics, Geographic Information and Applications. Some parts of the basics belong to the larger field of computer science. However, the reader gets a comprehensive view on geographic information because the topics selected from computer science have a close relation to geographic information.

Description / Table of Contents: Geographic Information Science (GISc&T) has been at the forefront of education innovation in geography and allied sciences for two decades. Teaching Geographic Information Science and Technology in Higher Education is an invaluable reference for educators and researchers working in GISc and Technology providing coverage of the latest innovations in the field and discussion of what the future holds for GI Science education in the years to come.Stemming initially from the challenges and opportunities of integrating advanced GISc&T technologies into existing college and university programs, GISc&T scientists were soon leading the way in the development of web-based instructional materials, distance education, professional training and certification. This book clearly documents these innovations and takes stock of lessons learned. The content will be of interest to both educators and researchers working in GISc&T as well as educators in other disciplines. More importantly, this book also anticipates some of the opportunities and challenges in GISc&T education in the next decade. As such it will be of interest to chairs, deans, administrators, faculty in other subfields, and educators in general.The book is edited by arguably the top people in the field who bring a wealth of experience through their own teaching and research in the subject. There is simply no other book on the market and as a result of the Editors standing in the field, they are able to invite contributions from a broad range of academics in a range of institutional settings from an international perspective at all levels of higher education.

Description / Table of Contents: This book offers a balance of principles, concepts, and techniques to guide readers toward an understanding of how the World Wide Web can expand and modernize the way you use GIS technology. - [book cover]

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Chapter 1. Metabolic Synthesis Chapter 2. Chemical Biomarker Applications to Ecology and Paleoecology Chapter 3. Stable Isotopes and Radiocarbon Chapter 4. Analytical Chemical Methods and Instrumentation Chapter 5. Carbohydrates: Neutral and Minor Sugars Chapter 6. Proteins: Amino Acids and Amines Chapter 7. Nucleic Acids and Molecular Tools Chapter 8. Lipids: Fatty Acids Chapter 9. Isoprenoid Lipids: Steroids, Hopanoids, and Triterpenoids Chapter 10. Lipids: Hydrocarbons Chapter 11. Lipids: Alkenones, Polar Lipids, and Ether Lipids Chapter 12. Photosynthetic Pigments: Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Phycobilins Chapter 13. Lignins, Cutins, and Suberins Chapter 14. Anthropogenic Markers Appendix I. Atomic Weights of Elements Appendix II. Useful SI Units and Conversion Factors Appendix III. Physical and Chemical Constants Glossary Bibliography

Description / Table of Contents: Elevation data are a critical element in most geoscience applications. From geological mapping to modelling Earth systems and processes geologists need to understand the shape of the Earth's surface. Vast amounts of digital elevation data exist, from large-scale global to smaller scale regional datasets, and many datasets have been merged to improve scale and accuracy. For each application, decisions are made on which elevation data to use driven by cost, resolution and accuracy. This publication shows the current status of available digital elevation data and illustrates the key applications. The types of data assessed include: ASTER stereo satellite imagery, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping data, airborne laser and radar such as NEXTMap, and Multibeam Bathymetry. Applications covered include: glacial deposits, landslides, coastal erosion and other geological hazards. Technical issues discussed include: accuracy analysis, derived product creation, software comparisons and copyright considerations. This volume is a comprehensive look at elevation models for geoscience.

Description / Table of Contents: This book provides an introduction to HCI and usability aspects of Geographical Information Systems and Science. Its aim is to introduce the principles of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI); to discuss the special usability aspects of GIS which designers and developers need to take into account when developing such systems; and to offer a set of tried and tested frameworks, matrices and techniques that can be used within GIS projects. Geographical Information Systems and other applications of computerised mapping have gained popularity in recent years. Today, computer-based maps are common on the World Wide Web, mobile phones, satellite navigation systems and in various desktop computing packages. The more sophisticated packages that allow the manipulation and analysis of geographical information are used in location decisions of new businesses, for public service delivery for planning decisions by local and central government. Many more applications exist and some estimate the number of people across the world that are using GIS in their daily work at several millions. However, many applications of GIS are hard to learn and to master.This is understandable, as until quite recently, the main focus of software vendors in the area of GIS was on the delivery of basic functionality and development of methods to present and manipulate geographical information using the available computing resources. As a result, little attention was paid to usability aspects of GIS. This is evident in many public and private systems where the terminology, conceptual design and structure are all centred around the engineering of GIS and not on the needs and concepts that are familiar to the user. This book covers a range of topics from the cognitive models of geographical representation, to interface design. It will provide the reader with frameworks and techniques that can be used and description of case studies in which these techniques have been used for computer mapping application.

Description / Table of Contents: Stable Isotope Geochemistry is an introduction to the use of stable isotopes in the geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: theoretical and experimental principles; fractionation processes of light and heavy elements; the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the application of stable isotopes to earth sciences has grown in the last few years, a new edition appears necessary. Recent progress in analysing the rare isotopes of certain elements for instance allow the distinction between mass-dependent and mass-independent fractionations. Special emphasis has been given to the growing field of heavy elements. Many new references have been added, which will enable quick access to recent literature. For students and scientists alike the book will be a primary source of information with regard to how and where stable isotopes can be used to solve geological problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:1. Thinking about Maps (Rob Kitchin, Chris Perkins and Martin Dodge) 2. Rethinking Maps and Identity: Choropleths, Clines and Biopolitics (Jeremy W. Crampton) 3. Rethinking Maps from a more-than-human Perspective: Nature-society, Mapping, and Conservation Territories (Leila Harris and Helen Hazen) 4. Web mapping 2.0 (Georg Gartner) 5. Modelling the Earth: A Short History (Michael F. Goodchild) 6. Theirwork: the Development of Sustainable Mapping (Dominica Williamson and Emmet Connolly) 7. Cartographic Representation and the Construction of Lived Worlds: Understanding Cartographic Practice as Embodied Knowledge (Amy Propen) 8. The 39 Steps and the Mental Map of Classical Cinema (Tom Conley) 9. The Emotional Life of Maps and Other Visual Geographies (Jim Craine and Stuart Aitken) 10. Playing with Maps (Chris Perkins) 11. Ce n' est pas le Monde [This is not the world] (John Krygier and Denis Wood) 12. Mapping Modes, Methods and Moments: A Manifesto for Map Studies (Martin Dodge, Chris Perkins and Rob Kitchin)

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: No Design Experience? No Worries. Full Disclosure. What Is a "GISer"? Tick-Tock Goes the Clock. Why Good Design Matters. Audience. How to Use This Book. Skipping the How-Tos to Get Straight to the Good Stuff. Companion Web Site. End Notes. Creative Inspiration. You Can Be Creative. Doing. Seeing. An Example of How to See. Applying All of This to Your Map. Summary and Final Prodding. A Few Places to Start Seeing Art from Your Desktop. End Notes. Layout Design. All Together Now. Wait! Stop! Layout Checklist. Element Details and Examples. Style. Suggestions for Further Reading. End Notes. Fonts. Choosing the Right Font. Modifying the Font. Point Size. Placing the Text. Text Direction. Resources. End Notes. Color. Color Theory. Inspiration. Resources. End Notes. Features. Roads. Rivers and Streams. Showing Hierarchy. Bodies of Water. Cities and Towns. Political Boundaries. Fuzzy Features. Parcels. Currents. Wind. Temperature. Land Use and Land Cover.

Description / Table of Contents: The book presents the state of the art in machine learning algorithms (artificial neural networks of different architectures, support vector machines, etc.) as applied to the classification and mapping of spatially distributed environmental data. Basic geostatistical algorithms are presented as well. New trends in machine learning and their application to spatial data are given, and real case studies based on environmental and pollution data are carried out. The book provides a CD-ROM with the Machine Learning Office software, including sample sets of data, that will allow both students and researchers to put the concepts rapidly to practice.

Description / Table of Contents: Hydrogen may be the most abundant element in the universe, but in science and in nature oxygen has an importance that is disproportionate to its abundance. Human beings tend to take it for granted because it is all around us and we breathe it, but consider the fact that oxygen is so reactive that in a planetary setting it is largely unstable in its elemental state. Were it not for the constant activity of photosynthetic plants and a minor amount of photo dissociation in the upper atmosphere, we would not have an oxygen-bearing atmosphere and we would not be here. Equally, the most important compound of oxygen is water, without which life (in the sense that we know it) could not exist. The role of water in virtually all geologic processes is profound, from formation of ore deposits to igneous petrogenesis to metamorphism to erosion and sedimentation. In planetary science, oxygen has a dual importance. First and foremost is its critical role in so many fundamental Solar System processes. The very nature of the terrestrial planets in our own Solar System would be much different had the oxygen to carbon ratio in the early solar nebula been somewhat lower than it was, because elements such as calcium and iron and titanium would have been locked up during condensation as carbides, sulfides and nitrides and even (in the case of silicon) partly as metals rather than silicates and oxides. Equally, the role of water ice in the evolution of our Solar System is important in the early accretion and growth of the giant planets and especially Jupiter, which exerted a major control over how most of the other planets formed. On a smaller scale, oxygen plays a critical role in the diverse kinds of physical evolution of large rocky planets, because the internal oxidation state strongly influences the formation and evolution of the core, mantle and crust of differentiated planets such as the Earth. Consider that basaltic volcanism may be a nearly universal phenomenon among the evolved terrestrial planets, yet there are basalts and basalts. The basalts of Earth (mostly), Earth's Moon, Vesta (as represented by the HED meteorites) and Mars are all broadly tholeiitic and yet very different from one another, and one of the primary differences is in their relative oxidation states (for that matter, consider the differences between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline magma series on Earth). But there is another way that oxygen has proven to be hugely important in planetary science, and that is as a critical scientific clue to processes and conditions and even sources of materials. Understanding the formation and evolution of our Solar System involves reconstructing processes and events that occurred more than 4.5 Ga ago, and for which the only contemporary examples are occurring hundreds of light years away. It is a detective story in which most of the clues come from the laboratory analysis of the products of those ancient processes and events, especially those that have been preserved nearly unchanged since their formation at the Solar System's birth: meteorites; comets; and interplanetary dust particles. For example, the oxidation state of diverse early Solar System materials ranges from highly oxidized (ferric iron) to so reducing that some silicon exists in the metallic state and refractory lithophile elements such as calcium exist occur in sulfides rather than in silicates or carbonates. These variations reflect highly different environments that existed in different places and at different times. Even more crucial has been the use of oxygen 3-isotope variations, which began almost accidentally in 1973 with an attempt to do oxygen isotope thermometry on high-temperature solar nebula grains (Ca-, Al-rich inclusions) but ended with the remarkable discovery of non-mass-dependent oxygen isotope variations in high-temperature materials from the earliest Solar System. The presolar nebula was found to be very heterogeneous in its isotopic composition, and virtually every different planet and asteroid for which we have samples has a unique oxygen-isotopic fingerprint. The idea for this book originated with Jim Papike, who suggested the idea of a study initiative (and, ultimately, a published volume) focused on the element that is so critically important in so many ways to planetary science. He recognized that oxygen is such a constant theme through all aspects of planetary science that the proposed initiative would serve to bring together scientists from a wide range of disciplines for the kind of cross-cutting dialogue that occurs all too rarely these days. In this sense the Oxygen Initiative is modeled on the Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, which culminated in what remains to this day a hugely important reference volume (Basaltic Volcanism Study Project 1981). After obtaining community input and feedback, primarily through the Curation and Analysis Planning Team for Extraterrestrial Materials (CAPTEM) and the Management Operations Working Group for NASA's Cosmochemistry Program, a team of scientists was assembled who would serve as chapter writing leads, and the initiative was formally proposed to and accepted by the Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI; Dr. Stephen Mackwell, Director) for sponsorship. A formal proposal was then submitted to and approved by the Mineralogical Society of America to publish the resulting volume in the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (RiMG) series. Three open workshops were held as preludes to the book: Oxygen in the Terrestrial Planets, held in Santa Fe, NM July 20-23, 2004; Oxygen in Asteroids and Meteorites, held in Flagstaff, AZ June 2-3, 2005; and Oxygen in Earliest Solar System Materials and Processes (and including the outer planets and comets), held in Gatlinburg, TN September 19-22, 2005. The workshops were each organized around a small number of sessions (typically 4-6), each focusing on a particular topic and consisting of invited talks, shorter contributed talks, and ample time for discussion after each talk. In all of the meetings, the extended discussion periods were lively and animated, often bubbling over into the breaks and later social events. As a consequence of the cross-cutting approach, the final book spans a wide range of fields relating to oxygen, from the stellar nucleosynthesis of oxygen, to its occurrence in the interstellar medium, to the oxidation and isotopic record preserved in 4.56 Ga grains formed at the Solar System's birth, to its abundance and speciation in planets large and small, to its role in the petrologic and physical evolution of the terrestrial planets.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: What is a Self-Organizing Map? - Applications of Different Self-Organizing Map Variants to Geographical Information Science . - An Integrated Exploratory Geovisualization Environment Based on Self-Organizing Map. - Visual Exploration of Spatial Interaction Data with Self-Organizing Maps. - Detecting Geographic Associations in English Dialect Features in North America within a Visual Data Mining Environment Integrating Self-Organizing . - Self-Organizing Maps for Density-Preserving Reduction of Objects in Cartographic Generalization. - Visualizing Human Movement in Attribute . - Climate Analysis, Modelling, and Regional Downscaling Using Self-Organizing. - Prototyping Broad-Scale Climate and Ecosystem Classes by Means of Self-Organising. - Self-Organising Map Principles Applied Towards Automating Road Extraction from Remotely Sensed Imagery . - Intelligent Systems for GIScience: Where Next? A GIScience Perspective

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Open Source software and GIS ; 2. GIS concepts ; 3. Getting started with GRASS ; 4. GRASS data models and data exchange ; 5. Working with raster data ; 6. Working with vector data ; 7. Graphical output and visualization ; 8. Image processing ; 9. Notes on GRASS programming ; 10. Using GRASS with other Open Source tools ; A. Appendix ; References ; Index

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Part I: Data Issues. Part II: Database Trends and Challenges. Part III: Visualization. Part IV: Knowledge Elicitation. Part V: Spatial Analysis. Part VI GIS and Society. Part VII: Future Trends and Challenges. Index

Description / Table of Contents: The Encyclopedia of GIS features an alphabetically arranged comprehensive and authoritative treatment of this subject matter. Authored by world experts and peer-reviewed for accuracy and currency, the entries explain the key software, data sets, and processes used by geographers and computational scientists. Nearly 200 topics include major overviews, such as Geoinformatics, Spatial Cognition, and Location-Based Services. Short entries define specific terms and concepts, such as the Global Positioning System, Digital Elevation/Terrain Model, and Remote Sensing. Larger entries include key citations to the literature, and (online) internal hyperlinks to definitional entries and current standards.The reference will be published as a print volume with abundant black and white art, and simultaneously as an XML online reference with hyperlinked citations, cross-references, four-color art, links to web-based maps, and other interactive features.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Isotopes and radioactivity; 2. The principles o radioactive dating; 3. Radiometric dating methods; 4. Dating by cosmogenic isotopes; 5. Uncertainties and results of radiometric dating; 6. Radiogenic isotope geochemistry; 7. Stable isotope geochemistry; 8. Isotope geology and dynamic reservoir analysis

Description / Table of Contents: Contens: Towards the Geospatial Web.- Infrastructure for the Geospatial Web.- Imaging on the Geospatial Web Using JPEG 2000.- What's so Special about Spatial?- Conceptual Search.- Location-based Web Search.- Ubiquitous Browsing of the World.- Spatiotemporal-Thematic Data Processing for the Semantic Web.- A Semantic Approach for Geospatial Information Extraction from Unstructured Documents.- Enhancing RSS Feeds with Extracted Geospatial Information for further Processing and Visualization.- A Supervised Machine Learning Approach to Toponym Disambiguation.- Geospatial Information Integration for Science Activity Planning at the Mars Desert Research Station.- Inferences of Social and Spatial Communities over the World Wide Web.- A Geospatial Web Platform for Natural Hazard Exposure Assessment in the Insurance Sector.- Development, Implementation and Application of the WebGIS 'MossMet'- Geospatial Web Services.- Geospatial Data Integration with Semantic Web Services.

Description / Table of Contents: Cultural studies -- Semantics -- Similarity -- Mapping and representation -- Perception and cognition -- Reasoning and algorithms -- Navigation and landmarks -- Unceratainty and Imperfection

Description / Table of Contents: The idea for this book was conceived in early June, 2005 at a paleoaltimetry workshop held at Lehigh University, Lehigh, Pennsyalvania and organized by Dork Sahagian. The workshop was funded by the tectonics program at NSF, and was designed to bring together researchers in paleoaltimetry to discuss different techniques and focus the community on ways of improving paleoelevation estimates and consequent interpretations of geodynamics and tectonics. At this meeting, some commented that a comprehensive volume describing the different methods could help advance the field. I offered to contact the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society about publishing a RiMG volume on paleoaltimetry. Because many of the techniques used to infer paleoelevations are geochemically-based or deal with thermodynamic principles, the GS and MSA agreed to the project. Two years and roughly 1000 e-mails later, our book has arrived. The book is organized into 4 sections: Geodynamic and geomorphologic rationale (Clark). This chapter provides the broad rationale behind paleoaltimetry, i.e., why we study it. Stable isotope proxies. These 4 chapters cover theory of stable isotopes in precipitation and their response to altitudinal gradients (Rowley), and stable isotopes sytematics in paleosols (Quade, Garzione and Eiler), silicates (Mulch and Chamberlain) and fossils (Kohn and Dettman). Proxies of atmospheric properties. These 4 chapters cover temperature lapse rates (Meyer), entropy (Forest), and atmospheric pressure proxies, including total atmospheric pressure from gas bubbles in basalt (Sahagian and Proussevitch), and the partial pressure of CO2 (Kouwenberg, Kürshner, and McElwain). Note that clumped isotope thermometry (Quade, Garzione and Eiler) also provides direct estimates of temperature. Radiogenic and cosmogenic nuclides. These 2 chapters cover low-temperature thermochronologic approaches (Reiners) and cosmogenic isotopes (Riihimaki and Libarkin). Some chapters overlap in general content (e.g., basic principles of stable isotopes in precipitation are covered to different degrees in all stable isotope chapters), but no attempt was made to limit authors' discussion of principles, or somehow attempt to arrive at a "consensus view" on any specific topic. Because science advances by critical discussion of concepts, such restrictions were viewed as counterproductive. This does mean that different chapters may present different views on reliability of paleoelevation estimates, and readers are advised to read other chapters in the book on related topics – they may be more closely linked than they might at first appear! I hope readers of this book will discover and appreciate the synergy among paleoaltimetry, climate change, and tectonic geomorphology. These interrelationships create a complex, yet rich field of scientific enquiry that in turn offers insights into climate and geodynamics.

Description / Table of Contents: The storage and retrieval of spatial data in computer systems has matured greatly over recent years, from the earliest approaches (of simple digitised linework and text) to the representation of features and their attributes, with the semantics of their behaviour associated. This has led to massive cost savings where data, which might have been captured for a specific purpose, can be shared and reused for other purposes.

Description / Table of Contents: Over 25 years ago, Volume 9 of Reviews in Mineralogy: Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles seemed to contain all that was possible to know about this group of fascinating minerals. The subsequent twenty-five years have shown that this assessment was wrong: Nature was keeping a lot in reserve, and has since revealed considerable new complexity in the constitution and behavior of amphiboles. Some of the advances in knowledge have been due to the use of new experimental techniques, some have been due to the investigation of hitherto neglected rock-types, and some have been due to the development of new ideas. The identification and systematic investigation of variable LLE (Light Lithophile Elements), particularly Li and H, led to the identification of several new amphibole species and the recognition that variable Li and H play an important role in chemical variations in amphiboles from both igneous and metamorphic parageneses. In turn, this work drove the development of microbeam SIMS to analyze LLE in amphiboles. Detailed mineralogical work on metasyenites showed hitherto unexpected solid-solution between Na and Li at the M(4) site in monoclinic amphiboles, a discovery that has upset the current scheme of amphibole classification and nomenclature and initiated new efforts in this direction. Systematic and well-planned synthesis of amphiboles, combined with careful spectroscopy, has greatly furthered our understanding of cation and anion order in amphiboles. The use of bond-valence theory to predict patterns of SRO (Short-Range Order) in amphiboles, and use of these predictions to understand the infrared spectra of well-characterized synthetic-amphibole solid-solutions, has shown that SRO is a major feature of the amphibole structure, and has resulted in major advances in our understanding of SRO in minerals. There has been significant progress relating changes in amphibole composition and cation ordering to petrogenetic conditions and trace-element behavior. Work on the nature of fibrous amphiboles and their toxicity and persistence in living organisms has emphasized the importance of accurate mineralogical characterization in environmental and health-related problems. The current volume has taken a different approach from previous volumes concerned with major groups of rock-forming minerals. Some of the contents have previously been organized by the investigative technique or groups of similar techniques: crystal-structure refinement, spectroscopy, TEM etc. Here, we have taken an approach that focuses on aspects of amphiboles rather than experimental techniques: crystal chemistry, new compositions, long-range order, short-range order etc., and all experimental results germane to these topics are discussed in each chapter. The intent of this approach is to focus on amphiboles, and to emphasize that many techniques are necessary to fully understand each aspect of the amphiboles and their behavior in both natural and industrial processes.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Why we should care: the impact of anthropogenic carbon dioxide on the carbon cycle.2. The thermodynamic background.3. Carbon dioxide and CO2-H2O mixtures.4. The aqueous electrolytic solution.5. The product solid phases.6. The kinetics of mineral carbonation.7. Reaction path modeling of geological CO2 sequestration.

Description / Table of Contents: Workshop Proceedings introduce research results received in the areas of information integration, development of GIS and GIS-applications for a wide spectrum of information systems varying considerably in purpose and scale. The new class of GIS - intelligent GIS - is considered, including principles of their building and programming technologies. Special attention is drawn to ontologiesï development and their use in GIS and GIS-applications.

Description / Table of Contents: In situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides can provide chronologies of environmental change over the past few thousand to several millions of years and may be used to quantify a wide range of weathering and sediment transport processes. These nuclides are thus now used across a broad spectrum of earth science disciplines, including paleoclimatology, geomorphology, and active tectonics. This book is organized around sections that focus on specific aspects of the utilization of cosmogenic nuclides in earth sciences: (1) development of new methods for application of in situ-produced cosmogenic nuclides (burial dating methods, extending their utilization to carbonate-rich and mafic environments); (2) glacial geology (Laurentide Ice Sheet, northern Alps); (3) active tectonics, focusing on applications to constrain slip rates of active faults in Asia (Tibet and Mongolian Gobi-Altay); and (4) landscape development (quantifying sediment production or erosion rates and processes and application of exposure dating to landslides in Hong Kong).

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1 From Riemann manifolds to Riemann manifolds.- 2 From Riemann manifolds to Euclidean manifolds.- 3 Coordinates.- 4 Surfaces of Gaussian curvature zero.- 5 Sphere to tangential plane" : polar (normal) aspect.- 6 Sphere to tangential plane" : transverse aspect.- 7 Sphere to tangential plane : oblique aspect.- 8 Ellipsoid-of-revolution to tangential plane.- 9 Ellipsoid-of-revolution to sphere and from sphere to plane.- 10 Sphere to cylinder : polar aspect.- 11 Sphere to cylinder : transverse aspect.- 12 Sphere to cylinder : oblique aspect.- 13 Sphere to cylinder : pseudeo-cylindrical projections.- 14 Ellipsoid-of-revolution to cylinder : polar aspect.- 15 Ellipsoid-of-revolution to cylinder : transverse aspect.- 16 Ellipsoid-of-revolution to cylinder : oblique aspect.- 17 Sphere to cone : polar aspect.- 18 Sphere to cone : pseudo-conic projections.- 19 Ellipsoid-of-revolution to cone : polar aspect.- 20 Geodetic mapping.- 21 Datum problems.- A. Law and Order.- B. The inverse of a multivariate homogeneous polynomial.- C. Elliptic integrals.- D. Korn-Lichtenstein and d'Alembert-Euler equations.- E. Geodesics.- F. Mixed cylindric map projections.- G. Generalized Mollweide projection.- H. Generalized Hammer projection.- I. Mercator projection and polycylindric projection.- J. Gauss surface normal coordinates in geometry and gravity space.- Bibliography.- Index.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: 1. Development in the Treatment of Spatial Data Quality, Nicholas Chrisman.2. Spatial Data Quality: Concepts, Rodolphe Devillers and Robert Jeansoulin.3. Approaches to Uncertainty in Spatial Data, Peter Fisher, Alexis Comber and Richard Wadsworth.4. Quality of Raster Data, Serge Riazanoff and Richard Santer.5. Understanding the Nature and Magnitude of Uncertainty in Geopolitical and Interpretative Choropleth Maps, Kim Lowell.6. The Impact of Positional Accuracy on the Computation of Cost Functions, Alfred Stein and Pepijn Van Oort.7. Reasoning Methods for Handling Uncertain Information in Land Cover Mapping, Alexis Comber, Richard Wadsworth and Peter Fisher.8. Vector Data Quality: A Data Provider's Perspective, Jenny Harding.9. Spatial Integrity Constraints: A Tool for Improving the Internal Quality of Spatial Data, Sylvain Vallières, Jean Brodeur and Daniel Pilon.10. Quality Components, Standards and Metadata, Sylvie Servigne, Nicolas Lesage and Thérèse Libourel.11. Spatial Data Quality Assessment and Documentation, Jean-François Hangouët.12. Communication and Use of Spatial Data Quality Information in GIS, Rodolphe Devillers and Kate Beard.13. External Quality Evaluation of Geographical Applications: An Ontological Approach, Bérengère Vasseur, Robert Jeansoulin, Rodolphe Devillers and Andrew Frank.14. A Case Study in the Use of Risk Management to Assess Decision Quality, Gary Hunter and Sytze De Bruin.15. On the Importance of External Data Quality in Civil Law, Marc Gervais.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents: GROUNDWATER: A VITAL BUT DEPLETING RESOURCE. - OVERVIEW OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGY. - OVERVIEW OF GIS TECHNOLOGY. - RS AND GIS APPLICATIONS IN GROUNDWATER HYDROLOGY. - SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING IN HYDROGEOLOGY: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE. - EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER VULNERABILITY USING GIS TECHNIQUES. - STATUS QUO OF RS AND GIS APPLICATIONS IN GROUNDWATER. - FUTURE NEEDS FOR RS AND GIS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. - CONSTRAINTS FOR RS AND GIS APPLICATIONS IN DEVELOPING NATIONS.