ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface Part I Introduction 1 Applications and uses of diatoms: prologue / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Part II Diatoms as indicators of environmental change in flowing waters and lakes 2 Assessing environmental conditions in rivers and streams with diatoms / R. JAN STEVENSON AND YANGDONG PAN 3 Diatoms as indicators of hydrologic and climatic change in saline lakes / SHERILYN C. FRITZ, BRIAN F. CUMMING, FRANQOISE GASSE, AND KATHLEEN R. LAIRD 4 Diatoms as mediators of biogeochemical silica depletion in the Laurentian Great Lakes / CLAIRE L. SCHELSKE 5 Diatoms as indicators of surface water acidity / RICHARD W. BATTARBEE, DONALD F. CHARLES, SUSHIL S. DIXIT, AND INGEMAR RENBERG 6 Diatoms as indicators of lake eutrophication / ROLAND I. HALL AND JOHN P. SMOL 7 Continental diatoms as indicators of long-term environmental change / J. PLATT BRADBURY 8 Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes / JULIE A. WOLIN AND HAMISH C. DUTHIE Part III Diatoms as indicators in extreme environments 9 Diatoms as indicators of environmental change near arctic and alpine treeline / ANDRE F. LOTTER, REINHARD PIENITZ, AND ROLAND SCHMIDT 10 Freshwater diatoms as indicators of environmental change in the High Arctic / MARIANNE S. V. DOUGLAS AND JOHN P. SMOL 11 Diatoms as indicators of enviromental change in antarctic freshwaters / SARAH A. SPAULDING AND DIANE M. MCKNIGHT 12 Diatoms of aerial habitats / JEFFREY R. JOHANSEN Part IV Diatoms as indicators in marine and estuarine environments 13 Diatoms as indicators of coastal paleoenvironments and relative sea-level change / LUC DENYS AND HEIN DE WOLF 14 Diatoms and environmental change in brackish waters / PAULI SNOEIJS 15 Applied diatom studies in estuaries and shallow coastal environments / MICHAEL J. SULLIVAN 16 Estuarine paleoenyironmental reconstructions using diatoms / SHERRI R. COOPER 17 Diatoms and marine paleoceanography / CONSTANCE SANCETTA PartV Other applications 18 Diatoms and archeology / STEVEN JUGGINS AND NIGEL CAMERON 19 Diatoms in oil and gas exploration / WILLIAM N. KREBS 20 Forensic science and diatoms / ANTHONY J. PEABODY 21 Toxic and harmful marine diatoms / GRETA A. FRYXELL AND MARIA C. VILLAC 22 Diatoms as markers of atmospheric transport / MARGARET A. HARPER 23 Diatomite / DAVID M. HARWOOD Part VI Conclusions 24 Epilogue: a view to the future / EUGENE F. STOERMER AND JOHN P. SMOL Glossary, and acronyms Index

Note: Introduction --- K. W. Glennie: Desert sediments: ancient and modern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:1-4, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.01: Fluvial Sediments: Process and Form --- A. P. Schick, J. Lekach, and M. A. Hassan: Vertical exchange of coarse bedload in desert streams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:7-16, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.02 --- S. Grossman and R. Gerson: Fluviatile deposits and morphology of alluvial surfaces as indicators of Quaternary environmental changes in the southern Negev, Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:17-29, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.03 --- J. K. Maizels: Plio-Pleistocene raised channel systems of the western Sharqiya (Wahiba), Oman / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:31-50, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.04 --- Tectonism, Climatic Change and Fluviatile Desert Sediments --- L. E. Frostick and I. Reid: Tectonic control of desert sediments in rift basins ancient and modern / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:53-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.05 --- H. Olsen: Ancient ephemeral stream deposits: a local terminal fan model from the Bunter Sandstone Formation (L. Triassic) in the Tønder-3, -4 and -5 wells, Denmark / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:69-86, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.06 --- A. M. Harvey: Alluvial fan dissection: relationships between morphology and sedimentation / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:87-103, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.07 --- M. A. J. Williams, P. I. Abell, and B. W. Sparks: Quaternary landforms, sediments, depositional environments and gastropod isotope ratios at Adrar Bous, Tenere Desert of Niger, south-central Sahara / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:105-125, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.08 --- Aeolian Sediments: Dust Dynamics and Deposits --- W. B. Whalley, B. J. Smith, J. J. McAlister, and A. J. Edwards: Aeolian abrasion of quartz particles and the production of silt-size fragments: preliminary results / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:129-138, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.09 --- K. Pye and H. Tsoar: The mechanics and geological implications of dust transport and deposition in deserts with particular reference to loess formation and dune sand diagenesis in the northern Negev, Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:139-156, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.10 --- R. Gerson and R. Amit: Rates and modes of dust accretion and deposition in an arid region—the Negev, Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:157-169, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.11 --- H. Vine: Wind-blown materials and W African soils: an explanation of the ‘ferrallitic soil over loose sandy sediments’ profile / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:171-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.12 --- Dune Dynamics and Deposits --- A. Gunatilaka and S. Mwango: Continental sabkha pans and associated nebkhas in southern Kuwait, Arabian Gulf / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:187-203, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.13 --- A. Warren and S. Kay: Dune networks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:205-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.14 --- L. B. Clemmensen: Complex star dunes and associated aeolian bedforms, Hopeman Sandstone (Permo-Triassic), Moray Firth Basin, Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:213-231, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.15 --- B. P. J. Williams, E. K. Wild, and R. J. Suttill: Late Palaeozoic cold-climate aeolianites, southern Cooper Basin, South Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:233-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.16 --- R. A. Carruthers: Aeolian sedimentation from the Galtymore Formation (Devonian), Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:251-268, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.17 --- Grain Size, Process and Dune Environment --- E. C. Flenley, N. R. J. Fieller, and D. D. Gilbertson: The statistical analysis of ‘mixed’ grain size distributions from aeolian sands in the Libyan Pre-Desert using log skew Laplace models / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:271-280, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.18 --- I. Livingstone: Grain-size variation on a ‘complex’ linear dune in the Namib Desert / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:281-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.19 --- D. S. G. Thomas: Discrimination of depositional environments using sedimentary characteristics in the Mega Kalahari, central southern Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:293-306, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.20 --- Chemical Sediments --- D. A. Hendry: Silica and calcium carbonate replacement of plant roots in tropical dune sands, SE India / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:309-319, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.21 --- C. R. Roberts and C. W. Mitchell: Spring mounds in southern Tunisia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:321-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.22 --- Remote Sensing of Desert Sediments --- C. S. Breed, J. F. McCauley, and P. A. Davis: Sand sheets of the eastern Sahara and ripple blankets on Mars / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:337-359, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.23 --- M. M. Ashour: Surficial deposits of Qatar Peninsula / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:361-367, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.24 --- A. C. Millington, A. R. Jones, N. Quarmby, and J. R. G. Townshend: Remote sensing of sediment transfer processes in playa basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 35:369-381, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.035.01.25

Note: General Topics and Reviews --- S. R. Taylor: Geochemical and Petrological Significance of the Archaean-Proterozoic Boundary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:3-8, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.01 --- R. P. Hall, D. J. Hughes, C. R. L. Friend, and G. L. Snyder: Proterozoic Mantle Heterogeneity: Geochemical Evidence from Contrasting Basic Dykes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:9-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.02 --- D. Rickard: Proterozoic Volcanogenic Mineralization Styles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:23-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.03 --- Early Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of the Baltic Shield --- T. C. Pharaoh, A. Warren, and N. J. Walsh: Early Proterozoic Metavolcanic Suites of the Northernmost Part of the Baltic Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:41-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.04 --- M. Honkamo: Geochemistry and Tectonic Setting of Early Proterozoic Volcanic Rocks in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:59-68, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.05 --- Waldo Vivallo and Lars-Åke Claesson: Intra-Arc Rifting and Massive Sulphide Mineralization in an Early Proterozoic Volcanic Arc, Skellefte District, Northern Sweden / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:69-79, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.06 --- Joanna Parr and David Rickard: Early Proterozoic Subaerial Volcanism and Its Relationship to Broken Hill-type Mineralization in Central Sweden / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:81-93, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.07 --- H. Colley and L. Westra: The Volcano-Tectonic Setting and Mineralization of the Early Proterozoic Kemiö-Orijärvi-Lohja Belt, SW Finland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:95-107, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.08 --- Early and Middle Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of the Laurentian and North Atlantic Shields --- W. R. A. Baragar and R. F. J. Scoates: Volcanic Geochemistry of the Northern Segments of the Circum-Superior Belt of the Canadian Shield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:113-131, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.09 --- N. T. Arndt, G. E. Brügmann, K. Lehnert, C. Chauvel, and B. W. Chappell: Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Environment of Circum-Superior Belt Basalts, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:133-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.10 --- J. F. Lewry, R. MacDonald, C. Livesey, M. Meyer, R. Van Schmus, and M. E. Bickford: U-Pb Geochronology of Accreted Terranes in the Trans-Hudson Orogen, Northern Saskatchewan, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:147-166, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.11 --- B. R. Watters and J. A. Pearce: Metavolcanic Rocks of the La Ronge Domain in the Churchill Province, Saskatchewan: Geochemical Evidence for a Volcanic Arc Origin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:167-182, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.12 --- J. W. Gaskarth and G. R. Parslow: Proterozoic Volcanism in the Flin Flon Greenstone Belt, East-Central Saskatchewan, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:183-200, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.13 --- Charles F. Gower and Bruce Ryan: Two Stage Felsic Volcanism in the Lower Proterozoic Upper Aillik Group, Labrador, Canada: Its Relationship to Syn- and Post-Kinematic Plutonism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:201-210, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.14 --- K. C. Condie: Early Proterozoic Volcanic Regimes in Southwestern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:211-218, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.15 --- A. N. LeCheminant, A. R. Miller, and G. M. LeCheminant: Early Proterozoic Alkaline Igneous Rocks, District of Keewatin, Canada: Petrogenesis and Mineralization / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:219-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.16 --- A. B. Ryan, W. R. A. Baragar, and D. J. Kontak: Geochemistry, Tectonic Setting, and Mineralization of High-Potassium Middle Proterozoic Rocks in Central Labrador, Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:241-254, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.17 --- Y. A. Johnson, R. G. Park, and J. A. Winchester: Geochemistry, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Significance of the Early Proterozoic Loch Maree Group Amphibolites of the Lewisian Complex, NW Scotland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:255-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.18 --- Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of the Guiana Shield --- A. K. Gibbs: Proterozoic Volcanic Rocks of the Northern Guiana Shield, South America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:275-288, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.19 --- R. Renner and A. K. Gibbs: Geochemistry and Petrology of Metavolcanic Rocks of the Early Proterozoic Mazaruni Greenstone Belt, Northern Guyana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:289-309, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.20 --- Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of Africa --- R. E. Myers, R. G. Cawthorn, T. S. McCarthy, and C. R. Anhaeusser: Fundamental Uniformity in the Trace Element Patterns of the Volcanics of the Kaapvaal Craton from 3000 to 2100 Ma: Evidence for the Lithospheric Origin of These Continental Tholeiites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:315-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.21 --- D. L. Reid, A. J. Erlank, H. J. Welke, and A. Moyes: The Orange River Group: a Major Proterozoic Calcalkaline Volcanic Belt in the Western Namaqua Province, Southern Africa / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:327-346, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.22 --- G. Borg and K. J. Maiden: Alteration of Late Middle Proterozoic Volcanics and its Relation to Stratabound Copper-Silver-Gold Mineralization Along the Margin of the Kalahari Craton in Swa/Namibia and Botswana / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:347-354, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.23 --- J. H. Breitkopf and K. J. Maiden: Geochemical Patterns of Metabasites in the Southern Part of the Damara Orogen, SWA/Namibia: Applicability to the Recognition of Tectonic Environment / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:355-361, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.24 --- P. M. Klemenic: The Geochemistry of Upper Proterozoic Lavas From the Red Sea Hills, NE Sudan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:363-372, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.25 --- Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of Australia --- L. A. I. Wyborn, R. W. Page, and A. J. Parker: Geochemical and Geochronological Signatures in Australian Proterozoic Igneous Rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:377-394, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.26 --- S. D. James, J. A. Pearce, and R. A. Oliver: The Geochemistry of the Lower Proterozoic Willyama Complex Volcanics, Broken Hill Block, New South Wales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:395-408, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.27 --- I. H. Wilson: Geochemistry of Proterozoic Volcanics, Mount Isa Inlier, Australia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:409-423, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.28 --- L. A. I. Wyborn: The Petrology and Geochemistry of Alteration Assemblages in the Eastern Creek Volcanics, as a Guide to Copper and Uranium Mobility Associated with Regional Metamorphism and Deformation, Mount Isa, Queensland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:425-434, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.29 --- Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of Asia --- Jia Chengzao: Geochemistry and Tectonics of the Xionger Group in the Eastern Qinling Mountains of China—a mid Proterozoic Volcanic arc Related to Plate Subduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 33:436-448, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.033.01.30 --- Middle to Late Proterozoic Volcanic Suites of the North Atlantic Borderlands --- T. E. Smith and P. E. Holm: The Trace Element Geochemist

Note: J. G. Fitton and B. G. J. Upton: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:ix-xiv, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.01 --- D. K. Bailey: Mantle metasomatism—perspective and prospect / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:1-13, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.02 --- Martin Menzies: Alkaline rocks and their inclusions: a window on the Earth’s interior / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:15-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.03 --- A. D. Edgar: The genesis of alkaline magmas with emphasis on their source regions: inferences from experimental studies / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:29-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.04 --- M. J. Le Bas: Nephelinites and carbonatites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:53-83, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.05 --- James D. Twyman and John Gittins: Alkalic carbonatite magmas: parental or derivative? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:85-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.06 --- J. B. Dawson: The kimberlite clan: relationship with olivine and leucite lamproites, and inferences for upper-mantle metasomatism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:95-101, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.07 --- Steven C. Bergman: Lamproites and other potassium-rich igneous rocks: a review of their occurrence, mineralogy and geochemistry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:103-190, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.08 --- Nicholas M.S. Rock: The nature and origin of lamprophyres: an overview / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:191-226, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.09 --- David A. Clague: Hawaiian alkaline volcanism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:227-252, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.10 --- Barry L. Weaver, David A. Wood, John Tarney, and Jean Louis Joron: Geochemistry of ocean island basalts from the South Atlantic: Ascension, Bouvet, St. Helena, Gough and Tristan da Cunha / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:253-267, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.11 --- Chris Harris and Simon M.F. Sheppard: Magma and fluid evolution in the lavas and associated granite xenoliths of Ascension Island / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:269-272, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.12 --- J. G. Fitton: The Cameroon line, West Africa: a comparison between oceanic and continental alkaline volcanism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:273-291, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.13 --- B.H. Baker: Outline of the petrology of the Kenya rift alkaline province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:293-311, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.14 --- R. Macdonald: Quaternary peralkaline silicic rocks and caldera volcanoes of Kenya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:313-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.15 --- A. R. Woolley and G. C. Jones: The petrochemistry of the northern part of the Chilwa alkaline province, Malawi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:335-355, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.16 --- P. Bowden, R. Black, R. F. Martin, E. C. Ike, J. A. Kinnaird, and R. A. Batchelor: Niger-Nigerian alkaline ring complexes: a classic example of African Phanerozoic anorogenic mid-plate magmatism / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:357-379, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.17 --- J. P. Liégeois and R. Black: Alkaline magmatism subsequent to collision in the Pan-African belt of the Adrar des Iforas (Mali) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:381-401, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.18 --- C. J. N. Fletcher and B. Beddoe-Stephens: The petrology, chemistry and crystallization history of the Velasco alkaline province, eastern Bolivia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:403-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.19 --- Daniel S. Barker: Tertiary alkaline magmatism in Trans-Pecos Texas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:415-431, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.20 --- G. Nelson Eby: The Monteregian Hills and White Mountain alkaline igneous provinces, eastern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:433-447, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.21 --- B.G.J. Upton and C.H. Emeleus: Mid-Proterozoic alkaline magmatism in southern Greenland: the Gardar province / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:449-471, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.22 --- Lotte Melchior Larsen and Henning Sørensen: The Ilímaussaq intrusion—progressive crystallization and formation of layering in an agpaitic magma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:473-488, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.23 --- T. F. D. Nielsen: Tertiary alkaline magmatism in East Greenland: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:489-515, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.24 --- Hilary Downes: Tertiary and Quaternary volcanism in the Massif Central, France / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:517-530, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.25 --- L. N. Kogarko: Alkaline rocks of the eastern part of the Baltic Shield (Kola Peninsula) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 30:531-544, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1987.030.01.26

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Chapter 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Static Structure of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.2 Zonal Mean Temperature and Wind Distributions. - 1.3 Composition of the Middle Atmosphere. - 1.4 The Vertical Distribution of Eddy Amplitudes. - 1.5 Observational Techniques. - References. - Chapter 2 Radiative Processes and Remote Sounding. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Fundamentals. - 2.3 Gaseous Absorption Spectra. - 2.4 Transmission Functions. - 2.5 Infrared Radiative Exchange and Radiative Damping. - 2.6 Departure from Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 2.7 Absorption of Solar Radiation. - 2.8 Radiative Equilibrium Temperature and Heating-Rate Distributions. - 2.9 Remote Sounding. - References. - Chapter 3 Basic Dynamics. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 The Beta-Plane Approximation and Quasi-Geostrophic Theory. - 3.3 The Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.4 Linearized Disturbances to Zonal-Mean Flows. - 3.5 The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Equations. - 3.6 The Generalized Eliassen-Palm Theorem and the Charney-Drazin Nonacceleration Theorem. - 3.7 The Lagrangian Approach. - 3.8 Isentropic Coordinates. - 3.9 The Zonal-Mean Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3A. Derivation of Some Equations in Isentropic Coordinates. - Appendix 3B. Boundary Conditions on the Residual Circulation. - References. - Chapter 4 Linear Wave Theory. - 4.1 Introduction and Classification of Wave Types. - 4.2 Wave Disturbances to a Resting Spherical Atmosphere. - 4.3 Atmospheric Thermal Tides. - 4.4 Free Traveling Planetary Waves. - 4.5 Forced Planetary Waves. - 4.6 Gravity Waves. - 4.7 Equatorial Waves. - Appendix 4A. Ray-Tracing Theory and Wave Action in a Slowly Varying Medium. - References. - Chapter 5 Extratropical Planetary-Scale Circulations. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 The Observed Annual Cycle. - 5.3 Detailed Linear Models of Stationary Planetary Waves in the Middle Atmosphere. - 5.4 Detailed Linear Models of Free Traveling Planetary Waves in the Atmosphere. - 5.5 Barotropic and Baroclinic Instability. - 5.6 Planetary-Wave Critical Layers. - References. - Chapter 6 Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Observed Features of Sudden Warmings. - 6.3 Theoretical Modeling of Sudden Warmings. - 6.4 Conclusions. - References. - Chapter 7 The Extratropical Zonal-Mean Circulation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Some Simple Zonally Averaged Models of the Middle Atmosphere. - 7.3 The Upper Mesosphere. - 7.4 The Winter Polar Stratosphere. - 7. 5 Interpretation and Generalization. - References. - Chapter 8 Equatorial Circulations. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 The Observed Structure of the Equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.3 Theory of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation. - 8.4 Observed Structure of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.5 Dynamics of the Equatorial Semiannual Oscillations. - 8.6 Inertial Instability in the Equatorial Zone. - References. - Chapter 9 Tracer Transport in the Middle Atmosphere. - 9.1 Introduction: Types of Tracers. - 9.2 Long-Lived Chemical Tracers. - 9.3 Transport in the Meridional Plane. - 9.4 Formulations of Eddy and Mean-Flow Transport. - 9.5 Dispersive Wave Transport: Irreversible Mixing of Tracers. - 9.6 Troposphere-Stratosphere Exchange. - 9.7 Transport Modeling. - Appendix 9A. The Transformed Eulerian-Mean Transport for Small-Arnplitude Eddies. - References. - Chapter 10 The Ozone Layer. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 The Climatology of Ozone. - 10.3 Elementary Aspects of Photochemical Modeling. - 10.4 Photochemistry of Ozone: Catalytic Cycles. - 10.5 Models of the Natural and Perturbed Ozone Layer. - Appendix 10A. The Continuity Equation for Chemical Species. - References. - Chapter 11 General Circulation Modeling. - 11.1 Models of the Lower Stratosphere. - 11.2 The GFDL SKYHI Model. - 11.3 Forecasting of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings. - 11.4 Transport Modeling. - References. - Chapter 12 Interaction between the Middle Atmosphere and the Lower Atmosphere. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Links: Deductions from Simple Models. - 12.3 Radiative Links: Deductions from GCMs. - 12.4 Dynamical Links: Vertically Propagating Planetary Waves. - 12.5 Interannual Variability in the Stratosphere. - References. - Bibliography. - Index.