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  • 1
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    Sound and noise (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The effects of audible sound and noise, infrasound, and ultrasound on man are discussed. Those factors which have potential relevance to the space flight situation are emphasized.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 109-147
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  • 2
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    Weightlessness (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The general physiological effects of weightlessness are discussed with emphasis on the physiological effects that could limit mission durations in the absence of effective countermeasures.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 169-185
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  • 3
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    Radiofrequency radiation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Sources, biophysical characteristics, and potential biological effects of rf radiation are described. Standards are given for exposure of spacecraft personnel to rf radiation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 149-167
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  • 4
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    Physical forces generating acceleration, vibration, and impact (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects of forces resulting in radial acceleration, sustained linear acceleration, impact, or vibration are identified. Tolerance limits are presented for these forces.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 71-107
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  • 5
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    Contaminants (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Spacecraft contaminants, their sources, and their toxicological effects are summarized. The problems of identifying toxic hazards, establishing standards for their concentrations, and designing removal systems are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 17-56
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  • 6
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    Atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological basis of the limits established for atmospheric pressure as well as the partial pressures of oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and diluent gas are reviewed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 1-15
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  • 7
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    Thermal environment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The physiological effects, discomfort, and performance degradation associated with an imbalanced thermal environment are discussed. Temperature tolerance limits are set using thermoregulation models and experimental results. The effects of interacting environmental factors, individual variations, and exposure duration on tolerance limits are considered.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: The Physiol. Basis for Spacecraft Environ. Limits; p 57-69
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  • 8
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    Hyperthermia and exercise (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper emphasizes fluid and electrolyte parameters that affect the hyperthermia of physical exercise (metabolic heat production). The major hypothesis discussed is that fluid and electrolyte changes influence thermal regulation within the fine control boundaries. A second working hypothesis is that the elevation of core temperature during exercise is a regulated phenomenon that is beneficial to the organism in terms of efficiency and potential for survival and is not merely a failure of the thermoregulatory control system. The central thermoregulatory mechanism seems more responsive to the hypothermic effect of calcium than to the hyperthermic effect of sodium. The mechanisms controlling plasma fluid-electrolyte shifts, particularly during exercise and recovery from exercise, may play an important part in exercise thermoregulation.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 9
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    Limb blood flow - Rest and heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions in man (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The objectives of the study were twofold: (1) to determine the effect of body position (hydrostatic pressure) on total blood flow in active and passive limbs at rest and after severe exercise; and (2) to further evaluate the impedance technique for measurement of blood flow. To this end, the effect of body position on the redistribution of total blood flow in active (leg) and passive (forearm) limbs during exercise was determined by measuring total limb impedance (blood flow) in five male and one female subjects in sitting and supine positions with a modified Beckman BR-100 rheograph. The results show that, at rest and after exercise, the supine position induces significantly greater flows in the leg but not in the forearm. With severe exercise, blood flows are increased in both passive and active limbs, so that there is probably no net transfer of blood volume from passive to active muscles. The advantages of the impedance technique over other methods are stressed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 10
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    Plasma volume during stress in man - Osmolality and red cell volume (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The purpose was (1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and (2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses - submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting - changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 47
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  • 11
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    Amino aciduria in weightlessness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Urinary excretion of amino acids by the 9 Skylab crewmen was studied as an indicator of the metabolic effects caused by exposure to the space flight environment. Intake was consistent in quality and quantity throughout the 28, 59 and 84-day flights for each of the crewmen and complete collections were accomplished. The results indicated an increased excretion in most amino acids during the first month of flight which remained elevated in the second and third months but to a lesser extent. Additional indications of change in muscle and skeletal metabolism were observed. These results point to the desirability of obtaining additional indices of alterations in protein synthetic processes in conjunction with future space flights.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 12
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    A mathematical and experimental simulation of the hematological response to weightlessness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A mathematical model of erythropoiesis control was used to simulate the effects of bedrest and zero-g on the circulating red cell mass. The model incorporates the best current understanding of the dynamics of red cell production and destruction and the associated feedback regulation. Specifically studied were the hemodynamic responses of a 28-day bedrest study devised to simulate Skylab experience. The results support the hypothesis that red cell loss during supine bedrest is a normal physiological feedback process in response to hemoconcentration enhanced tissue oxygenation and suppression of red cell production. Model simulation suggested the possibilities that this period was marked by some combination of increased oxygen-hemoglobin affinity, small reduction in mean red cell life span, ineffective erythropoiesis, or abnormal reticulocytosis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 13
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    Exercise response to simulated weightlessness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two bed rest analog studies of space flight were performed; one 14 d and the other 28 d in duration. Exercise response was studied in detail during the 28 d study and following both the 14 d and 28 d studies. This paper relates the results of these studies to physiologic changes noted during and following space flight. The most consistent change noted after both bed rest and space flight is an elevated heart rate during exercise. A second consistent finding is a postflight or postbed rest reduction in cardiac stroke volume. Cardiac output changes were variable. The inability to simulate inflight activity levels and personal exercise makes a direct comparison between bed rest and the results from specific space flights difficult.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 14
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    A study of metabolic balance in crewmembers of Skylab IV (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A metabolic balance study was conducted on the three crewmembers of the 84-day Skylab IV earth orbital mission. Dietary intake was controlled, monitored, and kept very nearly constant for a period commencing 21 days prior to flight, throughout flight, and for a period of 18 days postflight. Within the first 30 days of flight urine calcium rose to a level approx. 100% above preflight levels and remained elevated for the remainder of the flight. Fecal calcium excretion increased more slowly but continued to accelerate throughout the flight and did not return to baseline levels during the postflight period. Urinary nitrogen increased to 25-30% above preflight levels within one month following launch and thereafter gradually subsided toward control values. The overall losses of calcium averaged approx. 200 mg per day throughout the mission while nitrogen losses averaged 590 mg. Various other indices of musculoskeletal deterioration are discussed and correlated. The parallelism between the effects of weightlessness and bed rest is reviewed. It is noted, that no evidence is yet available as to the identity of the initial biological response to the absence of gravity.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 15
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    Space motion sickness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Research on the etiology, prediction, treatment and prevention of space motion sickness, designed to minimize the impact of this syndrome which was experienced frequently and with severity by individuals on the Skylab missions, on Space Shuttle crews is reviewed. Theories of the cause of space motion sickness currently under investigation by NASA include sensory conflict, which argues that motion sickness symptoms result from a mismatch between the total pattern of information from the spatial senses and that stored from previous experiences, and fluid shift, based upon the redistribution of bodily fluids that occurs upon continued exposure to weightlessness. Attempts are underway to correlate space motion sickness susceptibility to different provocative environments, vestibular and nonvestibular responses, and the rate of acquisition and length of retention of sensory adaptation. Space motion sickness countermeasures under investigation include various drug combinations, of which the equal combination of promethazine and ephedrine has been found to be as effective as the scopolomine and dexedrine combination, and vestibular adaptation and biofeedback training and autogenic therapy.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 16
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    Deconditioning-induced exercise responses as influenced by heat acclimation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study to determine the effect of heat acclimation and physical training in temperate conditions on changes in exercise tolerance following water-immersion deconditioning is presented. Five young men were tested on a bicycle ergometer before and after heat acclimation and after water immersion. The subjects and the experimental procedure, heat acclimation and exercise training, water immersion, and exercise tolerance are discussed. Heat acclimation resulted in the usual decreases in exercise heart rate and rectal temperature and an increase in sweat rate. Water immersion resulted in substantial diuresis despite water consumed. The results show that heat acclimation provides an effective method of preventing the adverse effects of water-immersion deconditioning on exercise tolerance.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 17
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    Cardiovascular regulatory response to lower body negative pressure following blood volume loss (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An attempt is made to explain the cardiovascular regulatory responses to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) stress, both in the absence of and following blood or plasma volume loss, the latter being factors regularly observed with short- or long-term recumbency or weightlessness and associated with resulting cardiovascular deconditioning. Analytical expressions are derived for the responses of mean venous pressure and blood volume pooled in the lower body due to LBNP. An analysis is presented for determining the HR change due to LBNP stress following blood volume loss. It is concluded that the reduced orthostatic tolerance following long-term space flight or recumbency can be mainly attributed to blood volume loss, and that the associated cardiovascular responses characterizing this orthostatic intolerance is elicited by the associated central venous pressure response.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 18
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    Sweating responses during heat acclimation and moderate conditioning (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Experiments were conducted on ten young male subjects to determine sweating onset, distribution, and patterns as well as the relationships of these responses to body temperature during heat acclimation and moderate conditioning performed in temperate (24 C) conditions. The subjects are randomly assigned to two groups of five subjects each. The experimental period consisted of eight successive days of either graded exercise to exhaustion on a bicycle ergometer in heat (acclimation group) or in a temperate environment (control group). Major conclusions are that (1) acclimation and conditioning result in relatively more sweat rate on the limbs than on the torso, but that these changes are less related to body temperature than torso sweat rate; and (2) sweating sensitivity increases during acclimation and conditioning, but its contribution to heat acclimation is minor.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 46
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  • 19
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    Tissue gas and blood analyses of human subjects breathing 80% argon and 20% oxygen (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Eight human volunteers, individually studied in a hyperbaric chamber, breathed: (1) air at 1 ATA; (2) 80% argon and 20% oxygen at 1 ATA for 30 min; (3) air at 1 ATA for 30 min; (4) 100% O2 at 1 ATA for 30 min; (5) air at 1 ATA for 30 min; (6) 100% O2 at 2 ATA for 60 min; and (7) 80% argon and 20% oxygen at 1 ATA for 30 min. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and argon tensions were measured in muscle and subcutaneous tissue by mass spectroscopic analyses. Venous blood obtained at regular intervals was analyzed for coagulation and fibrinolytic factors. Inert gas narcosis was not observed. After breathing argon for 30 min, muscle argon tensions were almost three times the subcutaneous tensions. Argon wash-in mirrored nitrogen wash-out. Argon wash-in and wash-out had no effect on tissue PO2 or PCO2. Coagulation and fibrinolytic changes usually associated with vascular bubbles were absent.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 20
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    Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts with heavy exercise in sitting and supine positions (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental study was carried out to compare fluid and electrolyte shifts after heavy exercise performed by four voluntary male subjects (26-45 yr) in sitting and supine positions. Plasma volume and electrolyte shifts were measured during the 6-min control period and for 60 min after a continuous peak oxygen uptake test. The results indicate that the most likely driving force for the restitution of plasma volume after peak exercise is provided by a change in hydrostatic and/or systemic blood pressures when exercise ceases.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 236; Mar. 197
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  • 21
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    Balance training of the equilibrium organ and its effect on flight strategy (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An experimental program was conducted with the pendular platform of the Oto-Rhino-Laryngology Clinic, which was developed for the investigation of disturbances of the equilibrium. The equilibrium sense of the glider pilot was emphasized. Results are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center Sci. and Technol. of Low Speed and Motorless Flight; p 377-388
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  • 22
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    Fluid volumes changes induced by spaceflight (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The blood volume (BV), plasma volume (PV), and extracellular fluid volume changes produced in crewmembers during spaceflights of 11-84 days were compared to changes after 14 or 28 days of bedrest. Spaceflight and bedrest produce approximately equal BV changes but the recorded PV change after spaceflight was less. However, the diurnal change in PV may explain the smaller decreases recorded after spaceflight. The cardiovascular deconditioning caused by spaceflight and bedrest was compared using the mean heart rate response to lower body negative pressure (LBNP) testing at -50 mmHg pressure. These tests show approximately equal LBNP produced heart rate changes after bedrest and spaceflight. A countermeasure which includes 4 hr of LBNP treatment at -30 mmHg and the ingestion of one l. of saline was studied and found capable of returning the heart rate response and the PV of bedrested subjects to control (prebedrest) levels suggesting that it would be useful to the crewmembers after a spaceflight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Oct. 197
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  • 23
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    Motion sickness susceptibility during rotation at 30 rpm in free-fall parabolic flight (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: To make comparisons with experimental motion sickness susceptibility in Skylab missions, subjects were tested during free fall in parabolic flight and in ground-based simulation tests. They were rotated at 30 rpm in a rotating litter chair (RLC) with head fixed, head swiveling left-to-right, or with 90 degree forward and return head and body movements. Stressful accelerations similar to those in the Skylab RLC were generated only in the tests aloft, where subjects who made 'forward and return' movements (generating cross-coupled angular accelerations) were substantially more prone to motion sickness than those with either head fixed or head swiveling left-to-right. However, with head swiveling, susceptibility was slightly higher in the laboratory than aloft.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Acta Astronautica; 6; Nov. 197
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  • 24
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    Parabolic flight - Loss of sense of orientation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: On the earth, or in level flight, a blindfolded subject being rotated at constant velocity about his recumbent long body axis experiences illusory orbital motion of his body in the opposite direction. By contrast, during comparable rotation in the free-fall phase of parabolic flight, no body motion is perceived and all sense of external orientation may be lost; when touch and pressure stimulation is applied to the body surface, a sense of orientation is reestablished immediately. The increased gravitoinertial force period of a parabola produces an exaggeration of the orbital motion experienced in level flight. These observations reveal an important influence of touch, pressure, and kinesthetic information on spatial orientation and provide a basis for understanding many of the postural illusions reported by astronauts in space flight.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Science; 206; Nov. 30
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  • 25
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    Cardiopulmonary data acquisition system. Version 2.0, volume 1: User's guide (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Cardiopulmonary Data Acquisition System is a computerized method of both collecting and analyzing physiological data on subjects during a treadmill or ergometer stress test in the clinic. The real time acquisition of the physiological data, such as, heart rate, blood pressure, work load, and respiratory gases is accomplished by an LSI-11 microcomputer which displays this data on a hard copy terminal. The data are also concurrently stored on a mass storage device and anytime after the test period a selectable number of copies of the plots or minute reports can be reproduced at the terminal.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160608
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  • 26
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    Development of a stereofluoroscopy system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A technique of 3-D video imaging, was developed for use on manned missions for observation and control of remote manipulators. An improved medical diagnostic fluoroscope with a stereo, real-time output was also developed. An explanation of how this system works, and recommendations for future work in this area are presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160568
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  • 27
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    Apparatus for endoscopic examination (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An endoscope is having a propulsion mechanism and at least one transmitter at the distal end transmitting bursts of energy waves (radio frequency or ultrasonic) for tracking the position of the distal end through the use of two or more transducers on the anterior or lateral surfaces of a patient is described. The propulsion mechanism which consists of two radially expandable bladders separated by an axially expandable bellows with only the forward bladder attached to the distal end is discussed. Alternate mechanisms are reported. A sheath on the endoscope which includes material having a sharp melting point slightly above body temperature so that the sheath is made flexible at selected sections by applying current to separate heating wires in the sections of the sheath is described.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 28
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    Part-body and multibody effects on absorption of radio-frequency electromagnetic energy by animals and by models of man (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fine structure in the whole-body resonant curve for radio-frequency energy deposition in man can be attributed to part-body resonances. As for head resonance, which occurs near 350 MHz in man, the absorptive cross section is nearly three times the physical cross section of the head. The arm has a prominent resonance at 150 MHz. Numerical solutions, antenna theory, and experimental results on animals have shown that whole-body energy deposition may be increased by 50 percent or more because of multiple bodies that are strategically located in the field. Empirical equations for SARs are also presented along with test data for several species of laboratory animals. Barbiturate anesthesia is sufficiently disruptive of thermoregulation that delta Ts of colonic temperature yield energy dose values in several mammals that compare quite favorably with those based on whole-body calorimetry.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Radio Science; 14; Nov
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  • 29
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    Biomedical systems analysis program (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Biomedical monitoring programs which were developed to provide a system analysis context for a unified hypothesis for adaptation to space flight are presented and discussed. A real-time system of data analysis and decision making to assure the greatest possible crew safety and mission success is described. Information about man's abilities, limitations, and characteristic reactions to weightless space flight was analyzed and simulation models were developed. The predictive capabilities of simulation models for fluid-electrolyte regulation, erythropoiesis regulation, and calcium regulation are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160456 , TIR-741-LSP-9025
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  • 30
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    Arousal from sleep: The uniqueness of an individual's response and the problem of noise control (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The dynamic nature of sleep is reviewed. Research is then presented concerning two fundamental issues: (1) does an individual react differently to auditory sounds when asleep as compared to when the individual is awake and (2) does sleep disruption necessarily involve behavioral awakening?
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-162747
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  • 31
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    The physiological basis for spacecraft environmental limits (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Limits for operational environments are discussed in terms of acceptable physiological changes. The environmental factors considered are pressure, contaminants, temperature, acceleration, noise, rf radiation, and weightlessness.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-RP-1045 , S-487
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  • 32
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    Intra-ocular pressure normalization technique and equipment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method and apparatus is described for safely reducing abnormally high intraocular pressure in an eye during a predetermined time interval. This allows maintenance of normal intraocular pressure during glaucoma surgery. A pressure regulator of the spring-biassed diaphragm type is provided with additional bias by a column of liquid. The hypodermic needle can be safely inserted into the anterior chamber of the eye. Liquid is then bled out of the column to reduce the bias on the diaphragm of the pressure regulator and, consequently, the output pressure of the regulator. This lowering pressure of the regulator also occurs in the eye by means of a small second bleed path provided between the pressure regulator and the hypodermic needle.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 33
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    Some influences of vision on susceptibility to motion sickness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two experiments were performed to evaluate the influence of vision on susceptibility to motion sickness during exposure to constant patterns of vestibular stimulation. The motion profile involved accelerating subjects at 20 deg/sec per sec to 300 deg/sec, maintaining them at that constant velocity for 30 sec, and decelerating them to a rapid stop in about 1.5 sec. The number of stops tolerated by a subject before reaching the motion sickness endpoint served as his score. In Experiment 1, subjects were tested twice with their eyes open and twice with their eyes blindfolded. They tolerated fewer sudden stops when permitted sight of the experimental chamber. In Experiment 2, the effect of having the eyes open or closed at different stages of the motion profile was evaluated. Having the eyes open during any stage of the test was more stressful than having the eyes closed, but this was especially true during the sudden stops. The findings are discussed in terms of their general implications for understanding (1) situations in which vision alone elicits symptoms of motion sickness, and (2) situations involving vestibular stimulation where vision heightens susceptibility.
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    Cardiopulmonary readjustments in passive tilt (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The readjustment of cardiopulmonary variables in human volunteers at various tilt angles on a tilt board is studied. Five healthy subjects (18-31 yr) with thorough knowledge of the experimental protocol are tested, passively tilted from the supine to the upright position in 15-deg increments in random sequence. The parameters measured are cardiac output (Q), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), minute and alveolar ventilation /V(E) and V(A)/, functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial-end-tidal P(CO2) pressure difference. It is found that changes in Q and FRC are linearly related to the sine of the tilt angle, indicating that either reflexes are absent or their net effect is proportional to the effects of gravity. This is clearly not the case for other variables /HR, SV, V(E), V(A)/, where it is possible to demonstrate threshold values for the appearance of secondary changes.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 47
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  • 35
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    Determination of muscle mass changes in legs from K-40 measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The K-40 content of the upper legs was periodically measured in several subjects whose injured legs had been in a cast for 6 weeks or more. As the subjects began using the leg again, the K-40 content increased as the muscle tissue was replaced. A 25% increase in K-40 content in 6 months is typical for a normal leg use and recovery. This is equivalent to an original muscle mass loss of 20%. By measuring specific body regions, such as arms or legs, with a high-efficiency detector system, muscle mass changes which exceed a few percent can be measured. These methods could be used in space flight and bedrest studies, and in studying nutritional deficiencies due to disease or diet.
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  • 36
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    Analysis of population mortality kinetics with application to the longevity followup of the Navy's '1,000 aviators' (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A simple physiological model of mortality kinetics is used to assess the intuitive concept that the aging rates of populations are proportional to their mortality rates. It is assumed that the vitality of an individual can be expressed as a simple summation of the weighted functional capacities of its organs and homeostatic systems that are indispensable for survival. It is shown that the mortality kinetics of a population can be derived by a linear transformation of the frequency distribution of vitality, assuming a uniform constant rate of decline of the physiological functions. A simple comparison of two populations is not possible when they have different vitality frequency distributions. Analysis of the data using the model suggests that the differences in decline of survivorship with age between the military pilot population, a medically insured population, and the control population can be accounted for by the effect of physical selection on the vitality frequency distribution of the screened populations.
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  • 37
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    Early cardiovascular adaptation to simulated zero gravity (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study was conducted on five normal male volunteers (23-29 yr), under controlled conditions, to evaluate early adaptive responses to zero gravity. Specific objectives are (1) to characterize the hemodynamic, renal and hormonal responses to a central fluid shift, and (2) to compare data obtained during and after head-down tilt with corresponding data from actual space flight to validate tilt as a physiological model for simulation of zero gravity. Zero gravity is simulated by a 24-hr period of head-down tilt at 5 deg. The results suggest that hemodynamic adaptation occurs rapidly and is essentially accomplished by 6 hr, and that adaptation includes diuresis and reduction in blood volume. The validity of head-down tilt at 5 deg as an experimental model is established by comparing the results obtained with data from Apollo and Skylab astronauts on body fluid distributions and postflight responses to orthostatic and exercise stress.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; vol. 46
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  • 38
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    Caloric and exercise requirements of space flight - Biostereometric results from Skylab (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The biostereometric study of the Skylab astronauts used stereophotogrammetry to make accurate three-dimensional measurements of body form, from which regional and total body volumes were derived. Volume changes in the thighs and calves, over the course of the flight, showed a high correlation with inflight exercise on the bicycle ergometer, and suggested that an exercise level of 80-100 W-min/d/kg lean body mass would be necessary to prevent inflight muscle atrophy. The bicycle ergometer is thus a relatively inefficient means of preventing leg muscle atrophy. Inflight caloric intake showed a high correlation with the change in volume of the buttocks, the abdomen, and the body as a whole, and suggested that a caloric intake of 47-51 kcal/d/kg lean body mass would be necessary to prevent a change in body fat. Only one of the astronauts exceeded this range and gained body fat; the group as a whole showed a mean fat loss of 1.2 kg.
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  • 39
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    Prevention and treatment of space sickness in Shuttle-Orbiter missions (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A status report is presented on assessments of antimotion sickness drugs in slow-rotation rooms and, particularly, with two candidate medications - fixed-dose combinations of promethazine plus ephedrine and a transdermal therapeutic system-scopalamine - that are efficacious over long periods with acceptable side effects. Attention is given to evaluating the use of free fall in parabolic flight as a model for orbital flight to assess the efficacy of antimotion sickness drugs. Experience in slow-rotation rooms suggests that programming adaptation (executing head movements) is significantly superior to random head movements when performing required tasks.
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  • 40
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    Rotation at 30 RPM about the Z axis after 6 hours in the 10-deg head-down position - Effect on susceptibility to motion sickness (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Intraindividual differences in susceptibility to motion sickness were measured in 14 subjects for two conditions of rotation at 30 rpm in the 10-deg head-down position. In one condition, subjects were in the 10-deg head-down position for 6 h prior to the onset of rotation; in the other condition, the delay was only 15 min. In both conditions, there were changes in vital capacity, indicating a redistribution of movable body fluids. Subjects tended to be less susceptible to motion sickness when they were recumbent for 6 h prior to rotation. These results are counterevidence for the hypothesis that shifts of body fluid are responsible in large part for the motion sickness elicited in orbital space flight.
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  • 41
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    Oculogravic illusion in response to straight-ahead acceleration of a CF-104 aircraft (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental subjects wore goggles that restricted monocular vision to a luminous line fixed relative to the head, and they were exposed on one occasion to a straight-ahead acceleration of an aircraft and on another occasion to a tilting chair. The magnitude of change of direction of the resultant acceleration was the same on both occasions, but the perceived movement of the luminous line from the two stimuli was very different. In response to the aircraft stimulus, the oculogravic illusion was experienced and the luminous line was perceived as tilting relative to the subject, in response to the tilting chair stimulus, the line was perceived as remaining fixed relative to the subject. It was concluded that the oculogravic illusion, as experienced in the aircraft (and previously in centrifuges), is a true illusion and not merely a fact of physics.
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  • 42
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    A microprocessor-based cardiotachometer (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development of a highly accurate and reliable cardiotachometer for measuring the heart rate of test subjects is discussed. It measures heart rate over the range of 30 to 250 beats/minute and gives instantaneous (beat to beat) updates on the system output so that occasional noise artifacts or ectopic beats could be more easily identified except that occasional missed beats caused by switching ECG leads should not cause a change in the output. The cardiotachometer uses an improved analog filter and R-wave detector and an Intel 8080A microprocessor to handle all of the logic and arithmetic necessary. By using the microprocessor, future hardware modifications could easily be made if functional changes were needed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160607
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  • 43
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    Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography, supplement 191 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A bibliographical list of 182 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in February 1979 is presented.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(191)
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  • 44
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    Early detection of disease: The correlation of the volatile organic profiles from patients with upper respiratory infections with subjects of normal profiles (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is described whereby a transevaporator is used for sampling 60-100 microns of aqueous sample. Volatiles are stripped from the sample either by a stream of helium and collection on a porous polymer, Tenax, or by 0.8 ml of 2-chloropropane and collected on glass beads. The volatiles are thermally desorbed into a precolumn which is connected to a capillary gas chromatographic column for analysis. The technique is shown to be reproducible and suitable for determining chromatographic profiles for a wide variety of sample types. Using a transevaporator sampling technique, the volatile profiles from 70 microns of serum were obtained by capillary column gas chromatography. The complex chromatograms were interpreted by a combination of manual and computer techniques and a two peak ratio method devised for the classification of normal and virus infected sera. Using the K-Nearest Neighbor approach, 85.7 percent of the unknown samples were classified correctly. Some preliminary results indicate the possible use of the method for the assessment of virus susceptibility.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160100
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  • 45
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 188, January 1979 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This bibliography lists 230 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in December 1978.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(188)
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  • 46
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    Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities on infected urines without isolation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method is described for the quick determination of the susceptibilities of various unidentified bacteria contained in an aqueous physiological fluid sample, particularly urine, to one or more antibiotics. A bacterial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay is carried out after the elimination of non-bacterial ATP to determine whether an infection exists. If an infection does exist, a portion of the sample is further processed, including subjecting parts of the portion to one or more antibiotics. Growth of the bacteria in the parts are determined, again by an ATP assay, to determine whether the unidentified bacteria in the sample are susceptible to the antibiotic or antibiotics under test.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 47
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    Gas diffusion liquid storage bag and method of use for storing blood (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The shelf life of stored whole blood may be doubled by adding a buffer which maintains a desired pH level. However, this buffer causes the generation of CO2 which, if not removed at a controlled rate, causes the pH value of the blood to decrease, which shortens the useful life of the blood. A blood storage bag is described which permits the CO2 to be diffused out at a controlled rate into the atmosphere, thereby maintaining the desired pH value and providing a bag strong enough to permit handling.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 48
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    Medical diagnosis system and method with multispectral imaging (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A skin diagnosis system includes a scanning and optical arrangement whereby light reflected from each incremental area (pixel) of the skin is directed simultaneously to three separate light filters, e.g., IR, red, and green. As a result, the three devices simultaneously produce three signals which are directly related to the reflectance of light of different wavelengths from the corresponding pixel. These three signals for each pixel after processing are used as inputs to one or more output devices to produce a visual color display and/or a hard copy color print, for one usable as a diagnostic aid by a physician.
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  • 49
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    Purkinje image eyetracking: A market survey (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Purkinje image eyetracking system was analyzed to determine the marketability of the system. The eyetracking system is a synthesis of two separate instruments, the optometer that measures the refractive power of the eye and the dual Purkinje image eyetracker that measures the direction of the visual axis.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-166338 , NAS 1.26:166338
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  • 50
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    ST isopotential precordial surface maps in patients with acute myocardial infarction (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Electrocardiology; 12; Jan. 197
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  • 51
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    Some potential blood flow experiments for space (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Blood is a colloidal suspension of cells, predominantly erythrocytes, (red cells) in an aqueous solution called plasma. Because the red cells are more dense than the plasma, and because they tend to aggregate, erythrocyte sedimentation can be significant when the shear stresses in flowing blood are small. This behavior, coupled with equipment restrictions, has prevented certain definitive fluid mechanical studies from being performed with blood in ground-based experiments. Among such experiments, which could be satisfactorily performed in a microgravity environment, are the following: (1) studies of blood flow in small tubes, to obtain pressure-flow rate relationships, to determine if increased red cell aggregation can be an aid to blood circulation, and to determine vessel entrance lengths, and (2) studies of blood flow through vessel junctions (bifurcations), to obtain information on cell distribution in downstream vessels of (arterial) bifurcations, and to test flow models of stratified convergent blood flows downstream from (venous) bifurcations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: UR-3490-1720 , Alabama Univ. UAH(NASA Workshop on Fluids Expt. System; p 116-123
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  • 52
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    Radiographic Comparison of Human Lung Shape During Normal Gravity and Weightlessness (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Chest radiographs in five seated normal volunteers at 1 G and 0 G were made with a view toward comparing human lung shape during normal gravity and weightlessness. Lung shape was assessed by measuring lung heights and widths in upper, middle and lower lung regions. No significant differences were found between any of the 1-G and 0-G measurements, although there was a slight tendency for the lung to become shorter and wider at 0 G. The evidence that gravity causes regional differences in ventilation by direct action on the lung is consistent with the theoretical analysis of West and Matthews (1972).
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology: Respiratory; 47; 851-857
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  • 53
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    NASA: Biomedical Applications Team (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Biomedical applications of NASA technology are summarized and discussed. Included are: diagnostic devices, treatment aids, design improvements and patient tracking systems.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-166636
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    Synthesis and biological screening by novel hybrid fluorocarbon hydrocarbon compounds for use as artificial blood substitutes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A series of hybrid fluorochemicals of general structure R(1)R(2)R(3)CR(4) was prepared where the R(i)'s (i=1,2,3) is a saturated fluoroalkyl group of formula C sub N F sub 2n+1, and R(4) is an alkyl group C sub n H sub 2n+1 or a related moiety containing amino, ether, or ester functions but no CF bonds. Compounds of this class containing approximately eight to twenty carbons total have physical properties suitable for use as the oxygen carrying phase of fluorochemical emulsion artificial blood. The chemical synthesis, and physical and biological testing of pure single isomers of the proposed artificial blood candidate compounds are included. Significant results are given.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-162537 , JPL-PUB-79-36
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  • 55
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    Optokinetic motion sickness - Attenuation of visually-induced apparent self-rotation by passive head movements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experimental study was conducted on seven normal subjects to evaluate the effectiveness of passive head movements in suppressing the optokinetically-induced illusory self-rotation. Visual simulation was provided by a servo-controlled optokinetic drum. Each subject participated in two experimental sessions. In one condition, the subject's head remained stationary while he gazed passively at a moving stripe pattern. In the other, he gazed passively and relaxed his neck muscles while his head was rotated from side to side. It appears that suppression of optokinetically-induced illusory self-rotation with passive head movements results from the operation of a spatial constancy mechanism interrelating visual, vestibular, and kinesthetic information on ongoing body orientation. The results support the view that optokinetic 'motion sickness' is related, at least in part, to an oculomotor disturbance rather than a visually triggered disturbance of specifically vestibular etiology.
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  • 56
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    Changes in apparent body orientation and sensory localization induced by vibration of postural muscles - Vibratory myesthetic illusions (1979)
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    Description: Human experiments are carried out which support the observation of Goodwin (1973) and Goodwin et al. (1972) that vibration of skeletal muscles can elicit illusory limb motion. These experiments extend the class of possible myesthetic illusions by showing that vibration of the appropriate muscles can produce illusory body motion in nearly any desired direction. Such illusory changes in posture occur only when visual information about body orientation is absent; these changes in apparent posture are sometimes accompanied by a slow-phase nystagmus that compensates for the direction of apparent body motion. During illusory body motion a stationary target light that is fixated will appear to move with the body at the same apparent velocity. However, this pattern of apparent body motion and conjoint visual - defined as propriogyral illusion - is suppressed if the subject is in a fully illuminated environment providing cues about true body orientation. Persuasive evidence is thus provided for the contribution of both muscle afferent and touch-pressure information to the supraspinal mechanisms that determine apparent orientation on the basis of ongoing patterns of interoceptive and exteroceptive activity.
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    Applications of aerospace technology in biology and medicine (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Medical products utilizing and incorporating aerospace technology were studied. A bipolar donor-recipient model for medical transfer is presented. The model is designed to: (1) identify medical problems and aerospace technology which constitute opportunities for successful medical products; (2) obtain early participation of industry in the transfer process; and (3) obtain acceptance by medical community of new medical products based on aerospace technology.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-159106 , RTI/1411/00-05F
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    Quantitation of tissue loss during prolonged space flight (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Data from Skylab missions related to tissue loss in space were analyzed. Significant changes in gross body composition occur during spaceflight, these include: alterations in water balance resulting from headward shifts of fluid, loss of musculoskeletal tissue, and alterations in fat depending upon the balance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. An effort was made to control the more essential components of body weight on the Skylab missions.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-167460 , TIR-74-LSP-9017
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  • 59
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    The use of Na-22 as a tracer for long-term bone mineral turnover studies. (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Sodium-22 has been studied as a tracer for bone mineral metabolism in rats and dogs. When incorporated into bone during growth from birth to adulthood, the bone becomes uniformly tagged with Na-22, which is released through the metabolic turnover of the bone. The Na-22 not incorporated in the bone matrix is rapidly excreted within a few days when animals are fed high, but nontoxic levels of NaCl. The Na-22 tracer can be used to measure bone mineral loss in animals during space flight and in research on bone disease.
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  • 60
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    Eye torsion and visual tilt are mediated by different binocular processes (1979)
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    Description: Viewing a large, patterned field rotating about the line of sight produces two measurable effects; cyclotorsion of the eyes (torsion) and a perceived displacement of vertical and horizontal (tilt). Experiments examining binocular interaction for these effects show: (1) both effects demonstrate summation in normal individuals and thus both involve a binocular process; (2) the process for tilt is different than for torsion, since summation for torsion is spared in stereodeficient individuals while that for tilt is eliminated.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Vision Research; 19; 8, 19; 1979
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  • 61
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    STARPAHC space-oriented medical evaluation (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Development of the STARPAHC telemedicine system is documented. Using STARPAHC assessment results and monitoring experience, on board and ground based flight medical system monitoring requirements and operational procedures were developed for use with the Space Transportation System during OFT and mature operation phases of the shuttle.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160360
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  • 62
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    Kidney cell electrophoresis (1979)
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    Description: A kidney cell electrophoresis technique is described in four parts: (1) the development and testing of electrophoresis solutions; (2) optimization of freezing and thawing; (3) procedures for evaluation of separated kidney cells; and (4) electrophoretic mobility characteristics of kidney cells.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160353
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    Effects of regional hemoconcentration during LBNP on plasma volume determinations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Blood samples were obtained from forearm vein or artery with indwelling cannula (1) before, (2) during the last min, and (3) about 2 min after lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in 16 experiments to determine whether plasma volume (PV) estimates were affected by regional hemoconcentration in the lower body. Total hemoglobin (THb) was estimated with the CO method prior to LBNP. Hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) values from (2) gave only a 3% (87 ml) loss in PV due to LBNP, assuming no change in THb. However, Hb and Hct values from (3) showed an 11% loss in PV (313 ml). This 72% underestimation of PV loss with (2) must have resulted from the sequestration of blood and subsequent hemoconcentration in the lower body during LBNP. The effects of LBNP on PV should be estimated 1-3 min after exposure, after mixing but before extravascular fluid returns to the circulation.
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    Apparatus and method of inserting a microelectrode in body tissue or the like using vibration means (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An arrangement for and method of inserting a glass microelectrode having a tip in the micron range into body tissue is presented. The arrangement includes a microelectrode. The top of the microelectrode is attached to the diaphragm center of a first speaker. The microelectrode tip is brought into contact with the tissue by controlling a micromanipulator. Thereafter, an audio signal is applied to the speaker to cause the microelectrode to vibrate and thereby pierce the tissue surface without breaking the microelectrode tip. Thereafter, the tip is inserted into the tissue to the desired depth by operating the micromanipulator with the microelectrode in a vibratory or non-vibratory state.
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    Prosthesis coupling (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A coupling for use in an apparatus for connecting a prosthesis to the bone of a stump of an amputated limb is described which permits a bio-compatible carbon sleeve forming a part of the prosthesis connector to float so as to prevent disturbing the skin seal around the carbon sleeve. The coupling includes a flexible member interposed between a socket that is inserted within an intermedullary cavity of the bone and the sleeve. A lock pin is carried by the prosthesis and has a stem portion which is adapted to be coaxially disposed and slideably within the tubular female socket for securing the prosthesis to the stump. The skin around the percutaneous carbon sleeve is able to move as a result of the flexing coupling so as to reduce stresses caused by changes in the stump shape and/or movement between the bone and the flesh portion of the stump.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
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  • 66
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    Purification and cultivation of human pituitary growth hormone secreting cells (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Efforts were directed towards maintenance of actively secreting human pituitary growth hormone cells (somatotrophs) in vitro. The production of human growth hormone (hGH) by this means would be of benefit for the treatment of certain human hypopituitary diseases such as dwarfism. One of the primary approaches was the testing of agents which may logically be expected to increase hGH release. The progress towards this goal is summarized. Results from preliminary experiments dealing with electrophoresis of pituitary cell for the purpose of somatotroph separation are described.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160242
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    Dynamic regulation of erythropoiesis: A computer model of general applicability (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A mathematical model for the control of erythropoiesis was developed based on the balance between oxygen supply and demand at a renal oxygen detector which controls erythropoietin release and red cell production. Feedback regulation of tissue oxygen tension is accomplished by adjustments of hemoglobin levels resulting from the output of a renal-bone marrow controller. Special consideration was given to the determinants of tissue oxygenation including evaluation of the influence of blood flow, capillary diffusivity, oxygen uptake and oxygen-hemoglobin affinity. A theoretical analysis of the overall control system is presented. Computer simulations of altitude hypoxia, red cell infusion hyperoxia, and homolytic anemia demonstrate validity of the model for general human application in health and disease.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160203 , TIR-741-LSP-9005
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  • 68
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    Atmospheric neutrons (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Contributions to fast neutron measurements in the atmosphere are outlined. The results of a calculation to determine the production, distribution and final disappearance of atmospheric neutrons over the entire spectrum are presented. An attempt is made to answer questions that relate to processes such as neutron escape from the atmosphere and C-14 production. In addition, since variations of secondary neutrons can be related to variations in the primary radiation, comment on the modulation of both radiation components is made.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-3126
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  • 69
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    A cumulative index to a continuing bibliography on aerospace medicine and biology (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A cumulative index to the abstracts contained in the Supplements 177 through 188 of Aerospace Medicine and Biology is presented. The bibliography includes three indexes: subject, personal author, and corporate source.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(189)
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  • 70
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    Operator performance and localized muscle fatigue in a simulated space vehicle control task (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Fourier transforms in a special purpose computer were utilized to obtain power spectral density functions from electromyograms of the biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachioradialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, brachialis, and pronator teres in eight subjects performing isometric tracking tasks in two directions utilizing a prototype spacecraft rotational hand controller. Analysis of these spectra in general purpose computers aided in defining muscles involved in performing the task, and yielded a derived measure potentially useful in predicting task termination. The triceps was the only muscle to show significant differences in all possible tests for simple effects in both tasks and, overall, was the most consistently involved of the six muscles. The total power monitored for triceps, biceps, and brachialis dropped to minimal levels across all subjects earlier than for other muscles. However, smaller variances existed for the biceps, brachioradialis, brachialis, and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles and could provide longer predictive times due to smaller standard deviations for a greater population range.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-58220 , JSC-16033
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  • 71
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    Skylab medical data evaluation program (SMEDEP) (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A day-by-day summary of selected data collected during the experiment is presented. The clinical and environmental data are presented in a mission-day format along with a tabulation of biomedical measurements whose values exceed three standard deviations from the preflight measurements.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160279
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  • 72
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    Study of pharmaceutical industrial problems (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The growth of a human colon carcinoma cell line (SK-CO-1) and its production of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in monolayer culture and on single layers of glass beads in unit gravity were evaluated. The limitations of using a microsphere-cell growth system in unit gravity were identified and how these may be overcome in space was considered. The project had the following tasks: (1) growth of cultured human colon carcinoma cells on a monolayer and CEA production; (2) evaluation of CEA production and release by SK-CO-1 cells grown on glass beads; (3) evaluation of other microcarriers for growing SK-CO-1 cells and determination of the minimum amount of culture medium needed for cell growth; and (4) growth of SK-CO-1 cells on collagen monolayers and CEA production.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160267
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  • 73
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    Analysis of body form using biostereometrics (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The general objective of the research was to provide the space and life sciences directorate with an improved biostereometric measurement capability. This objective was determined from the usefulness of stereophotogrametric techniques developed during the Apollo and Skylab Missions to measure body conformation, surface area, volume and relative density of astronauts. These noninvasive anthropometric measurements provided invaluable data concerning the physiological, biochemical and nutritional effects of the space environment upon the human body. The indirect nature of the technique has many advantages over other methods, and has a potential for many other applications. The stereophotographs contain an enormous amount of data which can be later reexamined should the need arise.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160173
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  • 74
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    Biomedical application in space, pilot program in the southern California region (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A pilot program is presented which was to promote utilization of the Shuttle/Spacelab for medical and biological research applied to terrestrial needs. The program was limited to the Southern California region and consisted of the following five tasks: (1) preparation of educational materials; (2) identification of principal investigators; (3) initial contact and visit; (4)development of promising applications; and (5) evaluation of regional program methodology.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160171 , MDC-G7789
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  • 75
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    Considerations associated with the introduction of female crewmembers in spacecraft and space stations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: This paper examines considerations of inclusion of female crewmembers in spacecraft and space stations. The anthropometric and physiological differences between males and females as related to spaceflight such as body dimensions, muscle strength characteristics, body posture, reach, and physiological differences are discussed. Crew provisions including inflight garments, hair style, cosmetics, personal hygiene, waste management, and personal privacy are described. Impacts on hardware design and crew performance, examples of effects on Orbiter systems, data on females and their performance under conditions analogous to spaceflight, and earth-based simulation experience are examined. It is concluded that no major problems have been found which would preclude females from space, and in the future the novelty of mixed crews will significantly decrease.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: IAF PAPER 79-A-22 , International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress; Sept. 17-22, 1979; Munich
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  • 76
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    Early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity simulated by head-down tilt (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-27
    Description: The early cardiovascular adaptation to zero gravity, simulated by head-down tilt at 5 deg, was studied in a series of 10 normal young men. The validity of the model was confirmed by comparing the results with data from Apollo and Skylab flights. Tilt produced a significant central fluid shift with a transient increase in central venous pressure, later followed by an increase in left ventricular size without changes in cardiac output, arterial pressure, or contractile state. The hemodynamic changes were transient with a nearly complete return to the control state within 6 h. The adaptation included a diuresis and a decrease in blood volume, associated with ADH, renin, and aldosterone inhibition.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: IAF PAPER 79-77 , International Astronautical Federation, International Astronautical Congress; Sept. 17-22, 1979; Munich
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  • 77
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    Effects of ingestion of cold and hot water on the course of thermal changes in the stomach and intestine (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: With the use of a thermocouple and mirror galvanometer, calibrated before the experiment and after each test, it was found that the normal temperature in the esophagus is 0.1-0.4 C higher than in the oral cavity, the temperature in the duodenum is somewhat less than in the stomach, but higher with cholecystitis, duodenitis or gastritis, the temperature in the normal stomach equals or is somewhat higher than in the esophagus, and that the temperature of distended stomachs frequently is lower than in the esophagus. It was found that hot water is retained in the stomach longer than cold water, and that both hot and cold water are allowed to pass into the duodenum when the water temperature becomes approximately equal to that of the surrounding organs.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75515
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  • 78
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    Mechanism of selective lesion of the cardiovascular system in psycho-emotional stress (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: A species predisposition to hypertensive and ischemic heart disease occurs in mammals only at the level of primates, and is associated with social regulation of biological reactions. The specific physiological mechanism giving rise to psychonerogenic pathology may be an inhibition of the motor component of the agressive-defensive response. Repeated combination of pursuit with subsequent immobilization resulted in four out of five experimental baboons developing serious arterial hypertension and ischemic lesion of the heart which lasted many years.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-76035
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  • 79
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    Experimental investigation of the role of thyrocalcitonin in the prophylaxis of disturbances in the water-salt and mineral metabolism during a 30-day hypokinesia (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: The effect of thyrocalcitonin (TCT) injections on the metabolism of water and electrolytes in free-moving and immobilized chinchilla hares is described. Calcium excretion from immobilized animals was elevated, but normalized in those also receiving TCT injections. TCT also normalized water content and excretion rates.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75938
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  • 80
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    Physiologic reactions during five weeks of continuous residence in an artificial humid and hot climate (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: During 5 weeks in a climatic room, total sweat during work almost doubled. Initial hour differences increasingly equalized. There was a displacement of sweat secretion from trunk to extremities till the end of week 3, occurring earlier and more clearly for the arm than for the leg. Work temperatures dropped rapidly and evenly to a constant level by day 11. Circulation behavior matched that of temperature. Pulse rate during work dropped like rectal temperature and pulse rate during rest was phasically like the pattern of corresponding temperatures. Except for the first days urine output was adequate and even, Na decreasing in the urine until week 3, then returning to initial values. Na and K in sweat declined but with opposite patterns for hours 1-4. Total salt elimination decreased. The conclusive phenomena of redistribution occurred within the first 3 weeks. A few functions changed later also. Relatively trivial changes in an otherwise uniform reaction pattern indicated that after 3 or even 5 weeks of acclimatization the process is not over or at least not completely so. The tempo of the process appears to be a function of the degree of loading.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75356
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  • 81
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    Joint Soviet-American experiment on hypokinesia: Experimental results (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-13
    Description: Comprehensive results are reported from the Soviet portion of a joint Soviet-American experiment involving hypokinesia. The main emphases are on chemical analyses of blood and urine, functional tests, and examination of the cardiovascular system by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and plethysmography.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-76013
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  • 82
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    Certain questions of the acclimatization of construction workers to the conditions of a subtropical climate (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The period of active acclimatization was determined for construction workers coming into a subtropical climate. Changes were observed in metabolic processes, oxygen needs, pulse rate, arterial pressure, body and skin temperature, body weight, water consumption and loss, and the comfort zone of heat sensitivity. It was concluded that acclimatization is facilitated if introduction to the hot climate occurs in the mild cool season, rather than the summer. This also prevents heat prostration and improves the development of adaptive mechanisms.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75728
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  • 83
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    Space flight research relevant to health, physical education, and recreation: With particular reference to Skylab's life science experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Data collected in the Skylab program relating to physiological stresses is presented. Included are routine blood measures used in clinical medicine as research type endocrine analyses to investigate the metabolic/endocrine responses to weightlessness. The daily routine of physical exercise, coupled with appropriate dietary intake, sleep, work, and recreation periods were considered essential in maintaining the crew's health and well being.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-EP-148
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  • 84
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    Results of medical studies during long-term manned flights on the orbital Salyut-6 and Soyuz complex (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Results of tests made on the crews of the Salyut-6 and Soyuz complex are presented. The basic results of studies made before, during and after 96-day and 140-day flights are presented in 5 sections: characteristics of flight conditions in the orbital complex; the cardiovascular system; the motor sphere and vestibular analyzer; biochemical, hematologic and immunologic studies; and recovery measures in the readaptation period.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-76014
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  • 85
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    Effect of prolonged hypokinesia on tissue blood flow (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The influence of hypokinesia on the blood flow in the tissues of rabbits was studied. Motor activity of animals was restricted during 90 days and blood flow recorded through resorption rate of NaI-131. Perfusion of tissues under the influence of hypokinesia was found to be reduced.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-76005
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  • 86
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    Aerospace Medicine and Biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 199 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 82 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in October 1979.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(199)
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  • 87
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    Effect of space flight on sodium, copper, manganese and magnesium content in the skeletal bones (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Sodium content decreased in the human skeletal bones and rose in the rat bones following space flight. In man copper content rose in the femoral bone and decreased in the vertebral body and the sternum, but was unchanged in the rest of the bones. Magnesium content was decreased in the femoral bone and the sternum, and in the vertebrae, but remained unchanged in the rest of the bones. Possible mechanisms of the changes detected are discussed.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75506
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  • 88
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    Changes of some blood indices and myocardial electrolyte content during hypokinesia (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Using special hypokinetic cages, the volume changes of circulating blood, its hematocrit and protein content, volume ratios between extra- and intracellular liquids in the body, as well as electrolyte content in the blood and myocardium during hypokinesia were investigated experimentally in rabbits.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75954
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  • 89
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    Mechanism of disorder of plastic processes in tissue during prolonged hypokinesia (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: The subcellular structures of the myocardium, skeletal muscles, liver and kidneys of adult rats subjected to hypokinesia (in immobilization chambers) for 15, 30, and 45 days were studied. An anabolyser (retabolil) and vitamin D (a Ca metabolism regulator) were administered to two groups of rats. On the second week of hypokinesia, inhibition of synthesis processes was observed. Administration of retabolil increased protein synthesis both in the normal and hypokinesia-subjected rats; however, in the latter group, synthesis did not completely normalize, especially in the myocardium. Administration of vitamin D also stimulated protein synthesis, apparently by normalizing Ca tissue metabolism. The combined action of both preparations was the most effective in normalizing protein synthesis intensity. It was concluded that inhibition of synthesis is related to weakening of hormone synthesis induction and disorder of Ca metabolism.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75955
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  • 90
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    Contribution to the theory of photopic vision: Retinal phenomena (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Principles of thermodynamics are applied to the study of the ultramicroscopic anatomy of the inner eye. Concepts introduced and discussed include: the retina as a three-dimensional sensor, light signals as coherent beams in relation to the dimensions of retinal pigments, pigment effects topographed by the conjugated antennas effect, visualizing lights, the autotropic function of hemoglobin and some cytochromes, and reversible structural arrangements during photopic adaptation. A paleoecological diagram is presented which traces the evolution of scotopic vision (primitive system) to photopic vision (secondary system) through the emergence of structures sensitive to the intensity, temperature, and wavelengths of the visible range.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75507
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  • 91
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    Aerospace medicine and biology. A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 195 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 148 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in June 1979.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(195)
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  • 92
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 190, February 1979 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 235 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in January 1979.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(190)
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  • 93
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    Definition of problems of persons in sheltered care environments (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: Innovations in health care using aerospace technologies are described. Voice synthesizer and voice recognition technologies were used in developing voice controlled wheel chairs and optacons. Telephone interface modules are also described.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-CR-160050
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  • 94
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    Experimental and theoretical investigations concerning a frequency filter behavior of the human retina regarding electric pulse currents (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: Investigation involving patients with injuries in the visual nervous system are discussed. This led to the identification of the epithelial ganglion of the retina as a frequency filter. Threshold curves of the injured visual organs were compared with threshold curves obtained with a control group as a basis for identification. A model which considers the epithelial ganglion as a homogeneous cell layer in which adjacent neurons interact is discussed. It is shown the behavior of the cells against alternating exciting currents can be explained.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75372
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  • 95
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography with indexes, supplement 197, September 1979 (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-08-27
    Description: This bibliography lists 193 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in August 1979.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(197)
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  • 96
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    Effect of gravitation stress and hypokinesia on blood vessels of the testicle (1979)
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    Description: Rabbits were exposed to single maximum endurable stresses of cranio-caudal direction, hypokinesia for periods of one to eight weeks, and hypokinesia followed by gravitation stresses. The stresses caused dilatation of vessels, greater sinuosity, and occasional ruptures of the walls and extravasation. The greater part of the capillaries were dilated; the greatest part constricted. In hypokinesia there was an increasing atrophy of the testes. Significant results are reported.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75942
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  • 97
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    Medical science in Siberia: Oxygen exchange in the Far North (1979)
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    Description: Differences in oxygen conditions between the native and migrant Siberian population were studied in relation to respiratory function, arterial and venous blood indicators and acid-base indicators. Significant adaptation differences were ascertained between the two populations.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75391
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  • 98
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    The importance of light, postural and social cues in the regulation of the plasma cortisol rhythm in man (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-07-13
    Description: A series of experiments was conducted to assess the role of photoperiodic postural and social cues in the regulation of the plasma cortisol rhythm in normal human subjects. Young healthy adult male volunteers, aged 20-25, were used as the test subjects and were selected following extensive physical and psychological examinations. The time at which peak plasma cortisol concentration occurred was calculated from harmonic curves fitted to each set of 24-hr data from each subject. The findings suggest that the plasma cortisol rhythm is not affected appreciably by the absence of postural change, whereas light and social interaction affect this rhythm profoundly.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: Chronopharmacology; Satellite Symposium; Jul 21, 1978 - Jul 24, 1978; Paris; France
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  • 99
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    The significance of ACTH for the process of formation of complex heparin compounds in the blood during immobilization stress (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) was administered to rats at different times following adrenalectomy. Adrenocorticotropin caused a significant increase in the formation of heparin complexes even in the absence of stress factor. When ACTH secretion is blocked, immobilization stress is not accompanied by an increase in the process of complex formation. The effect of ACTH on the formation of heparin complexes was mediated through its stimulation of the adrenal cortex.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-TM-75946
    Format: application/pdf
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
  • 100
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    Aerospace medicine and biology: A continuing bibliography, supplement 200 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-28
    Description: This bibliography lists 204 reports, articles, and other documents introduced into the NASA scientific and technical information system in November 1979.
    Keywords: AEROSPACE MEDICINE
    Type: NASA-SP-7011(200)
    Format: application/pdf
    Location Call Number Expected Availability
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    NASA TECHNICAL REPORTS
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