ALBERT

Description: The Gutenberg–Richter law and the Omori law are both characterized by a scaling behavior. However, their relation is still an open question. Although several hypotheses have been formulated, a comprehen- sive geophysical mechanism is still missing to explain the observed variability of the scaling exponents b-value and p-value, e.g., correlating the seismic cycle to statistical seismology and tectonic processes. In this work, a model for describing the size-frequency scaling and the temporal evolution of seismicity is proposed starting from simple assumptions. The parameter describing how the number of earthquakes decreases after a major seismic event, p, turns out to be positively correlated to the exponent of the frequency-size distribution of seismicity, b, and related to tectonics. Our findings suggest that p ≈ 23 (b + 1). It implies that a relationship between fracturing regimes, “efficiency” of the seismic process, duration of the seismic sequences and geodynamic setting exists, with outstanding potential impact on seismic hazard. On the other hand, the Gutenberg–Richter law simply reflects the tendency of the segments of the Earth’s crust to reach mechanical stability via constrained energy-budget optimization. Each perturbation has a probability of growing an earthquake or not, depending on disorder within the fault zone and the energy accumulated in the adjoining volume, mainly controlling the evolution of seismic sequences. The results are consistent with the different energy sources related to the tectonic settings, i.e., gravitational in extensional regimes, having higher b and p values, and generating lower maximum magnitude earthquakes with respect to strike-slip and contractional settings, which are rather fueled by elastic energy, showing lower b and p values, and they may generate higher magnitude events.

Description: Published

Description: 117511

Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA) is the infrastructure that provides access to the seismic‐waveform archives collected by European agencies. This distributed system is managed by Observatories and Research Facilities for European Seismology. EIDA provides seamless access to seismic data from 12 data archives across Europe by means of standard services, exposing data on behalf of hundreds of network operators and research organizations. More than 12,000 stations from permanent and temporary networks equipped with seismometers, accelerometers, pressure sensors, and other sensors are accessible through the EIDA federated services. A growing user base currently counting around 3000 unique users per year has been requesting data and using EIDA services. The EIDA system is designed to scale up to support additional new services, data types, and nodes. Data holdings, services, and user numbers have grown substantially since the establishment of EIDA in 2013. EIDA is currently active in developing suitable data management approaches for new emerging technologies (e.g., distributed acoustic sensing) and challenges related to big datasets. This article reviews the evolution of EIDA, the current data holdings, and service portfolio, and gives an outlook on the current developments and the future envisaged challenges.

Description: Published

Description: 1788-1795

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Pollino range is a region of slow deformation where earthquakes generally nucleate on low-angle normal faults. Recent studies have mapped fault structures and identified fluid related dynamics responsible for historical and recent seismicity in the area. Here, we apply the coda-normalization method at multiple frequencies and scales to image the 3-D P-wave attenuation (QP) properties of its slowly deforming fault network. The wide-scale average attenuation properties of the Pollino range are typical for a stable continental block, with a dependence of QP on frequency of Q−1 P = (0.0011   0.0008) f (0.36 0.32). Using only waveforms comprised in the area of seismic swarms, the dependence of attenuation on frequency increases [Q−1 P = (0.0373   0.0011) f (−0.59 0.01)], as expected when targeting seismically active faults. A shallow very-low-attenuation anomaly (max depth of 4–5 km) caps the seismicity recorded within the western cluster 1 of the Pollino seismic sequence (2012, maximum magnitude Mw = 5.1). High-attenuation volumes below this anomaly are likely related to fluid storage and comprise the western and northern portions of cluster 1 and the Mercure basin. These anomalies are constrained to the NW by a sharp low-attenuation interface, corresponding to the transition towards the eastern unit of the Apennine Platform under the Lauria mountains. The low-seismicity volume between cluster 1 and cluster 2 (maximum magnitude Mw = 4.3, east of the primary) shows diffuse low-to-average attenuation features. There is no clear indication of fluid-filled pathways between the two clusters resolvable at our resolution. In this volume, the attenuation values are anyway lower than in recognized low-attenuation blocks, like the Lauria Mountain and Pollino Range. As the volume develops in a region marked at surface by small-scale cross-faulting, it suggests no actual barrier between clusters, more likely a system of small locked fault patches that can break in the future. Our model loses resolution at depth, but it can still resolve a 5-to-15-km-deep high-attenuation anomaly that underlies the Castrovillari basin. This anomaly is an ideal deep source for the SE-to-NW migration of historical seismicity. Our novel deep structural maps support the hypothesis that the Pollino sequence has been caused by a mechanism of deep and lateral fluid-induced migration.

Description: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Centre for Doctoral Training (CDT) in Oil and Gas. University of Aberdeen.

Description: Published

Description: 536–547

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Coastal and ocean island volcanoes are renowned for having unstable flanks. This can lead to flank deformation on a variety of temporal and spatial scales ranging from slow creep to catastrophic sector collapse. A large section of these unstable flanks is often below sea level, where information on the volcano-tectonic structure and ground deformation is limited. Consequently, kinematic models that attempt to explain measured ground deformation onshore associated with flank instability are poorly constrained in the offshore area. Here, we attempt to determine the locations and the morpho-tectonic structures of the boundaries of the submerged unstable southeastern flank of Mount Etna (Italy). The integration of new marine data (bathymetry, microbathymetry, offshore seismicity, reflection seismic lines) and published marine data (bathymetry, seafloor geodesy, reflection seismic lines) allows identifying the lineament north of Catania Canyon as the southern lateral boundary with a high level of confidence. The northern and the distal (seaward) boundaries are less clear because no microbathymetric or seafloor geodetic data are available. Hypotheses for their locations are presented. Geophysical imaging suggests that the offshore Timpe Fault System is a shallow second-order structure that likely results from extensional deformation within the moving flank. Evidence for active uplift and compression upslope of the amphitheater-shaped depression from seismic data along with subsidence of the onshore Giarre Wedge block observed in ground deformation data leads us to propose that this block is a rotational slump, which moves on top of the large-scale instability. The new shoreline-crossing structural assessment may now inform and improve kinematic models.

Description: Published

Description: 810790

Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Description: JCR Journal

Description: En este trabajo se muestra cómo un gran sismo originado en el Sistema de Fallas de la Falla Frontal de la Cordillera Oriental (SFFFCO) puede causar grandes daños y pérdidas de vidas, tanto en el área metropolitana de Bogotá, D. C., como en el resto de la Sabana de Bogotá. El grado de la amenaza sísmica de la ciudad ante un sismo cercano, originado en el Piedemonte Llanero, cuya distancia es inferior a 250 km y con una magnitud 〉 7.0, es muy alto, si se tiene presente que sus suelos, de origen lagunar, se ubican hacia el occidente y el noroccidente, zonas en las que, durante las dos últimas décadas, se ha ido extendiendo el área metropolitana.

Description: Published

Description: 73-91

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Novel measurement technologies, additional sensors and increasing data processing capacities offer new opportunities to answer some of the currently most pressing societal and environmental questions. They also contribute to the fact that the available data volume will continue to increase. At the same time, the requirements for those providing such data rise and the needs of users to access it. The EPOS Delivery Framework aims to support this endeavour in the solid Earth domain by providing access to data, products, and services supporting multidisciplinary analyses for a wide range of users. Based on this example, we look at the most pressing issues from when data, products, and services are made accessible, to access principles, ethical issues related to its collection and use as well as with respect to their promotion. Among many peculiarities, we shed light on a common component that affects all fields equally: change. Not only will the amount and type of data, products, and services change, but so will the societal expectations and providers capabilities.

Description: Published

Description: DM212

Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Description: 3TM. Comunicazione

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In this work, we assess ground shaking in the wider Zagreb area by computing simulated seismograms at regional distances. For the purposes of the simulations, we assemble the 3D velocity and density model and test its performance. First, we compare the low-frequency simulations obtained using deterministic method for both new 3D model and a simple 1D model. We then continue the performance test by computing the full broadband seismo- grams. To do that, we apply the hybrid technique in which the low frequency (f〈1 Hz) and high frequency (f=1–10 Hz) seismograms are obtained separately using deterministic and stochastic method, respectively, and then reconciled into a single time series. We apply this method to the MW=5.3 event and four smaller (3.0〈MW〈5.0) events that occurred in the studied region. We compare simulated data with the recorded seismograms and vali- date our results by calculating the goodness of fit score for peak ground velocity and shak- ing duration. Next, to improve the understanding of the strong ground motion in this area, we simulate seismic shaking scenarios for the 1880, MW = 6.2 earthquake. From computed low-frequency waveforms, we generate shakemaps and compare the ground-motion fea- tures of the two possible sources of this event, Kašina fault and North Medvednica fault. We conduct a preliminary study to determine which fault is a more probable source of the 1880 historic event by comparing the peak ground velocities and Arias intensity with the observed intensities.

Description: Croatian Science Foundation under the Project No. IP-2020-02-3960 European Commission, H2020 Excel- lence Science [ChEESE (Grant No. 823844)]

Description: Published

Description: 167–192

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Data visualization, and to a lesser extent data sonification, are classic tools to the scientific community. However, these two approaches are very rarely combined, although they are highly complementary: our visual system is good at recognizing spatial patterns, whereas our auditory system is better tuned for temporal patterns. In this article, data representation methods are proposed that combine visualization, sonification, and spatial audio techniques, in order to optimize the user’s perception of spatial and temporal patterns in a single display, to increase the feeling of immersion, and to take advantage of multimodal integration mechanisms. Three seismic data sets are used to illustrate the methods, covering different physical phenomena, time scales, spatial distributions, and spatio-temporal dynamics. The methods are adapted to the specificities of each data set, and to the amount of information that the designer wants to display. This leads to further developments, namely the use of audification with two time scales, the switch from pure audification to time-modulated noise, and the switch from pure audification to sonic icons. First user feedback from live demonstrations indicates that the methods presented in this article seem to enhance the perception of spatio-temporal patterns, which is a key parameter to the understanding of seismically active systems, and a step towards apprehending the processes that drive this activity.

Description: Published

Description: 125–142

Description: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Volcano seismology, while its value for surveillance of an active volcano is undebatable, is a very demanding field when it comes to station deployment, maintenance, and finally interpreting the measurements. Most valuable in the past was the deployment of arrays of sensors to evaluate the properties of the entire wavefield in order to classify, locate, and estimate the dominant mechanism of the corresponding sources. While very beneficial, an array of seismographs is very hard to maintain in a permanent installation at an active volcano. With the advent of new instrumentation based on fiber optic technology such as Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) with fiber optic cables as well as Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes (FOG) the measurement of deformation and rotation, i.e., the gradient of the wavefield is feasible. The advantage of the FOG instrumentation with respect to DAS lies in the portability and ease of deployment, which is very similar to standard deployments of traditional seismometers. During a field campaign in summer 2018 we were able to install three FOGs together with classical broadband seismometers in close proximity to the active vents of Stromboli volcano (Italy). We show that with this new six-degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) measurement we are able to analyze the wavefield composition, a property normally reserved for array(s) of seismic sensors. As a first result, we can support earlier array-derived findings that a large portion of the wavefield at Stromboli volcano is formed by SV- and SH- type waves. We also present first locations of these signals facilitating the polarization properties of the combined measurement of gyroscopes and seismometers. They emphasize the benefit of recording wavefield gradients. In addition to these array-like results, the 6DOF recordings show a clear separation of at least three distinct groups of volcanic events of which two are already known and one represents a jetting event that appears nearly invisible for classical seismometers. However, rotational motions - or more general - gradients of the wavefield experience severe distortions by local velocity fluctuations and topography significantly complicating the application of 6DOF techniques at activate volcanoes.

Description: Published

Description: 107499

Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Mobile network routers in seismic and volcanic surveillance

Description: Published

Description: 1-36

Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: The 2016 Central Italy earthquake sequence is characterized by remarkable rupture complexity, including highly heterogeneous slip across multiple faults in an extensional tectonic regime. The dense coverage and high quality of geodetic and seismic data allow us to image intriguing details of the rupture kinematics of the largest earthquake of the sequence, the Mw 6.5 October 30th, 2016 Norcia earthquake, such as an energetically weak nucleation phase. Several kinematic models suggest multiple fault planes rupturing simultaneously, however, the mechanical viability of such models is not guaranteed. Using 3D dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation simulations accounting for two fault planes, we constrain “families” of spontaneous dynamic models informed by a high-resolution kinematic rupture model of the earthquake. These families differ in their parameterization of initial heterogeneous shear stress and strength in the framework of linear slip weakening friction. First, we dynamically validate the kinematically inferred two-fault geometry and rake inferences with models based on only depth-dependent stress and constant friction coefficients. Then, more complex models with spatially heterogeneous dynamic parameters allow us to retrieve slip distributions similar to the target kinematic model and yield good agreement with seismic and geodetic observations. We discuss the consistency of the assumed constant or heterogeneous static and dynamic friction coefficients with mechanical properties of rocks at 3-10 km depth characterizing the Italian Central Apennines and their local geological and lithological implications. We suggest that suites of well-fitting dynamic rupture models belonging to the same family generally exist and can be derived by exploiting the trade-offs between dynamic parameters. Our approach will be applicable to validate the viability of kinematic models and classify spontaneous dynamic rupture scenarios that match seismic and geodetic observations as well as geological constraints.

Description: T.U., T., D.L., and A.-A. Gabriel are supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (TEAR, agreement No. 852992 and ChEESE, grant no. 823844), the German Research Foundation (DFG project grants no. GA 2465/2-1 and GA 2465/3-1) and by KAUST-CRG (grant no. ORS-2017-CRG6 3389.02). E.T. was supported by Progetti di Ricerca Sapienza (RM120172A2EAC019). Computing resources were provided by the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ, project no. pr63qo on SuperMUC-NG).

Description: Published

Description: 117237

Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy) is one of the most hazardous volcanic complexes in the world since it is located inside the densely inhabited urban district of Naples-Pozzuoli. In the past, the caldera has produced devastating to moderate eruptions and periodically undergoes from strong to minor uplift episodes, named “bradyseism”, almost always accompanied by seismic swarms. Starting from 2005 Campi Flegrei has undergone an unrest crisis, characterized by ground uplift, localized gas emissions and seismicity, often occurring in seismic swarms. As a consequence, the monitoring activities have been progressively increasing, producing a huge amount of data, difficult to manage and match. GIS (Geographical Information System) represents a potent tool to manage great quantity of data, coming from different disciplines. In this study, we show two GIS technology applications to the seismic catalogue of Campi Flegrei. In the first one, a high-quality dataset is extracted from the GeoDatabase addressed to seismological studies that require high precision earthquake locations. In the second application, GIS are used to extract, visualize and analyse the typical seismic swarms of Campi Flegrei. Moreover, density and seismic moment distribution maps were generated for these swarms. In the last application, the GIS allow to highlight a clear variation in the temporal trend of the seismic swarms at Campi Flegrei.

Description: This study has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri – Dipartimento della Protezione Civile.

Description: Published

Description: 131-144

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: The geological evolution of the western Mediterranean exhibits complicated interactions between orogenic processes and widespread extensional tectonics. The region is located in a convergent plate margin separating Africa and Europe, and consists of marine basins – the Alboran Sea, the Algerian- Provençal Basin, the Valencia trough, the Ligurian Sea and the Tyrrhenian Sea- which formed as back-arc basins since the Oligocene. In most reconstructions, it has been stressed that back-arc extension led to drifting of continental blocks and to large-scale block rotations. The opening of the Ligurian Sea. is in fact the result of counterclockwise rotation of Corsica and Sardinia. From the point of view of seismicity, the south western Alps and northern part of the Ligurian basin are subject to frequent earthquakes of low to moderate magnitudes. However significantly destructive events are known to have occurred in the past (e.g. 1564 and 1887). Apart from these rare large events, regional studies agree in concluding that the important local microseismicity appears to be poorly focused (e.g., COURBOULEX et alii, 2007) and that, if some tectonic lines are documented onland (COURBOULEX et alii, 2001), the active structures at sea remain unknown. It is therefore an essential prerequisite to gain better insight into the deep seismogenic structures along the North Ligurian margin and even farther offshore, in the identified oceanic domain. The fact that some of these structures can undergo ruptures of Mw~6.5, such as the 1887 event (BAKUN & SCOTTI, 2006), suggests that, at least to some extent, instrumental insufficiencies in the detection and location of microseismicity is a limit to identify active faults that have not experienced large instrumented ruptures to date. The irregular coverage provided by regional seismic networks produces a bias in the recording of local seismicity. Permanent stations are naturally limited to land areas and fail to properly constrain seismicity offshore. Taking into consideration the peculiarities of regional dynamics (low strain rates, rare large events and a regular seismic activity limited to small events with M 〈 3-4), even onshore seismicity is insufficiently covered by permanent networks and requires dense temporary instrumenting by mobile stations. Considering the potential threat of strong offshore earthquakes, it is of first importance to characterize faults that are prone to rupture in order to quantify associated seismic and tsunami hazards. Assuming some weak seismicity exists along these faults and remains undetected by onland networks, some marine stations are necessary to address instrumental remoteness and help delineate active structures. Moreover, since the velocity models used for locations are obtained by inverting seismic data and the reliability of their locations depend, in turn, from the quality of the velocity model used for their hypocentral parameters, the constraints on the seismic path provided by a more dense seismic network may contribute to a more accurate reference model. In this study, we profited from the recent developments in sea bottom seismic instrumentation to deploy OBSs above the zones of the North Ligurian to perform seismic shots and obtain the distribution of seismic velocities with 3D active tomography. We also took the opportunity of the long term (6 months) OBSs reduced array to decrease both the detection threshold and recording distances so as to obtain more complete catalogs and better localisations.

Description: Published

Description: 789-791

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: The airborne magnetic method was established a few decades ago, as a strong tool in mining and petroleum exploration. Several economically relevant discoveries are often credited to aeromagnetism. Geological reconnaissance and mapping, deep crustal and upper mantle studies, environmental characterization, and national and international security issues can greatly benefit from the aeromagnetic method, as compared with other geophysical prospecting schemes. The rapid rate of coverage and the low cost per unit area explored represent just a few among the many advantages of the technique. Consequently, large-scale airborne magnetic surveys have been carried out in various parts of the globe. The amount of direct discoveries of ore bodies by means of aeromagnetism is impressive. Large magnetic iron deposits found in the early 1960s are in Southern California, Missouri, Nevada, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Ontario, and elsewhere. In the field of petroleum exploration, the method has also been used, although with less direct application. Depth to magnetic basement estimation in sedimentary basins narrows down areas of interest where to conduct exploration surveys in detail by means of more costly methods. The most relevant use of airborne magnetic results is crustal imaging and characterization. Nowadays, geology is interpreted in three dimensions using a digital aeromagnetic map.

Description: Published

Description: 675-688

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo

Description: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare

Description: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima

Description: 7A. Geofisica per il monitoraggio ambientale

Description: 1TR. Georisorse

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: “Move, protect, secure” were the three key points that the KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements) project posed at the core of its communication and dissemination strategy. This three key points enable each person, professional or not, to reduce non-structural damage caused by earthquakes. Dissemination is usually the last but never the least step of a communication plan, and indeed it played a crucial role in KnowRISK project for conveying the three key-point message to the widest audience. Standard dissemination activities, such as open-door events, and internet allowed us to achieve a wide spreading of ideas and best practices, reaching more than 4,000 non-professionals and almost 50,000 page views of the KnowRISK project website (in three years), respectively. As communication was recipient-targeted, the dissemination task of the project was addressed to professionals, layman, and schools. In particular, schools were chosen in order to profit from the chain-reaction action that is capable to spread a message from students to the surrounding environment.

Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection through the European project KnowRISK (Know your city, Reduce seISmic risK through non-structural elements; Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Description: Published

Description: SE328

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Historical seismic catalogs report that the Gargano Promontory (southern Italy) was affected in the past by earthquakes with medium to high estimated magnitude. From the instrumental seismicity, it can be identified that the most energetic Apulian sequence occurred in 1995 with a main shock of MW = 5.2 followed by about 200 aftershocks with a maximum magnitude of 3.7. The most energetic earthquakes of the past are attributed to right-lateral strike-slip faults, while there is evidence that the present-day seismicity occur on thrust or thrust-strike faults. In this article, we show a detailed study on focal mechanisms and stress field obtained by micro-seismicity recorded from April 2013 until the present time in the Gargano Promontory and surrounding regions. Seismic waveforms are collected from the OTRIONS Seismic Network (OSN), from the Italian National Seismic Network (RSN), and integrated with data from the Italian National Accelerometric Network (RAN) in order to provide a robust dataset of earthquake localizations and focal mechanisms. The effect of uncertainties of the velocity model on fault plane solutions (FPS) has been also evaluated indicating the robustness of the results. The computed stress field indicates a deep compressive faulting with maximum horizontal compressive stress, SHmax, trending NW-SE. The seismicity pattern analysis indicates that the whole crust is seismically involved up to a depth of 40 km and indicates the presence of a low-angle seismogenic surface trending SW-NE and dipping SE-NW, similar to the Gargano–Dubrovnik lineament. Shallower events, along the eastern sector of the Mattinata Fault (MF), are W-E dextral strike-slip fault. Therefore, we hypothesized that the seismicity is locally facilitated by preexisting multidirectional fractures, confirmed by the heterogeneity of focal mechanisms, and explained by the different reactivation processes in opposite directions over the time, involving the Mattinata shear zone.

Description: Published

Description: 589332

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: In this paper we describe the results of an experimental implementation of the recent guidelines issued by the Italian regulatory body for monitoring hydrocarbon production activities. In particular, we report about the pilot study on seismic, deformation, and pore pressure monitoring of the Mirandola hydrocarbon cultivation facility in Northern Italy. This site hosts the Cavone oil field that was speculated of possibly influencing the 2012 ML 5.8 Mirandola earthquake source. According to the guidelines, the monitoring center should analyse geophysical measurements related to seismicity, crustal deformation and pore pressure in quasi real-time (within 24–48 h). A traffic light system would then be used to regulate underground operations in case of detecting significant earthquakes (i.e., events with size and location included in critical ranges). For these 2-year period of guidelines experimentation, we analysed all different kinds of available data, and we tested the existence of possible relationship between their temporal trends. Despite the short time window and the scarce quantity of data collected, we performed the required analysis and extracted as much meaningful and statistically reliable information from the data. We discuss here the most important observations drawn from the monitoring results, and highlight the lessons learned by describing practical issues and limitations that we have encountered in carrying out the tasks as defined in the guidelines. Our main goal is to contribute to the discussion about how to better monitor the geophysical impact of this kind of anthropogenic activity. We point out the importance of a wider seismic network but, mostly, of borehole sensors to improve microseismic detection capabilities. Moreover, the lack of an assessment of background seismicity in an unperturbed situation -due to long life extraction activities- makes it difficult to get a proper picture of natural background seismic activity, which would be instead an essential reference information for a tectonically-active regions, such as Northern Italy.

Description: “Convenzione tra il comune di San Possidonio e l’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia -I.N.G.V.- per l’attuazione del monitoraggio nella concessione di coltivazione idrocarburi “Mirandola” finalizzata alla messa in opera di attività di monitoraggio di sperimentazione degli indirizzi e linee guida per i monitoraggi ILG ed assunzione funzioni di Struttura Preposta al Monitoraggio di cui all’art. 6 del Protocollo Operativo”

Description: Published

Description: 685300

Description: 3SR TERREMOTI - Attività dei Centri

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The analysis of how an earthquake is felt was addressed with the data provided by citizens through a website dedicated to the perception of earthquakes in Italy (Data and Resources). The analysis focused on the perception of earthquakes by observers inside both parked and moving cars. These situations were compared with outdoor ones. The felt percentage of each situation was quantified for epicentral distance ranges and European Macroseismic Scale (EMS) degree. One of the main findings was the greatest sensitivity to shaking for people inside parked cars due to resonance phenomena of the automobile–observer system. The distribution of the intensity of perception in the car was analyzed as a function of the hypocentral distance and the magnitude of the earthquake. It was possible to define the attenuation trends of these intensities. The comparison of these trends with those of the equations for estimation of response spectral ordinates allowed us to have an evaluation of the frequency values of the seismic waves that caused the vibrations felt, which were found to agree with the typical frequencies of the car–observer system, as highlighted by independent studies. The results of this analysis show the possibility to include the perception of the earthquake inside a parked and moving car among the diagnostics used in the definition of macroseismic intensity degree of the EMS.

Description: Published

Description: 2028–2035

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 5SR TERREMOTI - Convenzioni derivanti dall'Accordo Quadro decennale INGV-DPC

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We applied a new version of physics-based earthquake simulator upon a seismogenic model of the Italian seismicity derived from the latest version of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS). We elaborated appropriately for their use within the simulator all fault systems identified in the study area. We obtained synthetic catalogs spanning hundreds of thousands of years. The resulting synthetic seismic catalogs exhibit typical magnitude, space and time features that are comparable to those obtained by real observations. A typical aspect of the observed seismicity is the occurrence of earthquake sequences characterized by multiple main shocks of similar magnitude. Special attention was devoted to verifying whether the simulated catalogs include this notable aspect, by the use of an especially developed computer code. We found that the phenomenon of Coulomb stress transfer from causative to receiving source patches during an earthquake rupture has a critical role in the behavior of seismicity patterns in the simulated catalogs. We applied the simulator to the seismicity of the northern and central Apennines and compared the resulting synthetic catalog with the observed seismicity for the period 1650–2020. The result of this comparison supports the hypothesis that the occurrence of sequences containing multiple mainshocks is not just a casual circumstance.

Description: Published

Description: 2062

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present the main features of the permanent monitoring system managed by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Vesuviano in the Campi Flegrei caldera. Eruptive history of this active volcano shows that the majority of the eruptive events has been characterised by high explosivity and was accompanied by pyroclastic density currents. Its last eruption occurred in AD 1538 and in the next centuries the Campi Flegrei caldera has experienced several episodes of bradyseism and also the progressive increasing of the urbanisation in the area (west of Naples). Monitoring the dynamics of a mainly explosive volcano completely embedded in a very populated area is a challenging task. In order to detect any variation in the physical and chemical parameters of the Campi Flegrei caldera, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia-Osservatorio Vesuviano manages a permanent multi-parametric monitoring system. All the recorded h24 continuous data are transmitted to the Monitoring Room of the Osservatorio Vesuviano in Naples, where they are acquired, processed and evaluated to define changes in the dynamical state of the volcano. The caldera, since the end of 2004, is experiencing a bradyseismic episode characterised by a low velocity rate uplift, low energy earthquakes and increasing in the magmatic components of fumarolic fluids. The monitoring and surveillance activity of the Campi Flegrei caldera plays a crucial role in the volcanic emergency plan that includes evacuation of approximately 500,000 people before the beginning of the eruption.

Description: Published

Description: 219-237

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: L'Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) è componente del Servizio Nazionale di Protezione Civile, ex articolo 6 della legge 24 febbraio 1992 n. 225 ed è Centro di Competenza per i fenomeni sismici, vulcanici e i maremoti per il Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Nazionale (DPC). L’Osservatorio Vesuviano, Sezione di Napoli dell’INGV, ha nei suoi compiti il monitoraggio e la sorveglianza H24/7 delle aree vulcaniche attive campane (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei e Ischia). Tali attività sono disciplinate dall’Accordo-Quadro (AQ) sottoscritto tra il DPC e l’INGV per il decennio 2012-2021 e sono dettagliate negli Allegati A e B del suddetto AQ. Il presente Rapporto sul Monitoraggio dei Vulcani Campani rappresenta l’attività svolta dall’Osservatorio Vesuviano e dalle altre Sezioni INGV impegnate nel monitoraggio dell’area vulcanica campana nel primo semestre 2020.

Description: Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Description: Unpublished

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari

Description: One of the most effective approaches to identifying possible precursors of eruptions is the analysis of seismicity patterns recorded at volcanoes. Accurate locations of the seismicity and the estimate of source mechanisms can resolve fault systems and track fluid migrations through volcanoes. We analysed the six main swarms recorded at Campi Flegrei since 2000, using them as a proxy of the processes involved in the long-term-unrest of this densely populated caldera. We re-located the earthquakes comprised in these swarms and estimated the focal mechanisms, which appear in agreement with the fault systems of the caldera and with tomographic images. The focal mechanisms are in agreement with the tensional stress induced by the caldera uplift. Most of the swarms and remaining seismicity delineate a highly fractured volume extending vertically below the Solfatara/ Pisciarelli vents, where gases find preferential paths to the surface triggering earthquakes. The main swarms are located below this volume where the presence of a rigid caprock is still debated. We interpreted the current unrest in term of a gradual increment in the activity of a wide hydrothermal system whose most evident manifestation is the enlargement of the fumarolic-field of Pisciarelli and the increment of the earthquakes occurrence rate.

Description: Published

Description: 2900

Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The westernmost Mediterranean hosts part of the plate boundary between the European and African tectonic plates. Based on the scattered instrumental seismicity, this boundary has been traditionally interpreted as a wide zone of diffuse deformation. However, recent seismic images and seafloor mapping studies support that most of the plate convergence may be accommodated in a few tectonic structures, rather than in a broad region. Historical earthquakes with magnitudes Mw 〉 6 and historical tsunamis support that the low-to-moderate instrumental seismicity might also have led to underestimation of the seismogenic and tsunamigenic potential of the area. We evaluate the largest active faults of the westernmost Mediterranean: the reverse Alboran Ridge, and the strike-slip Carboneras, Yusuf and Al-Idrissi fault systems. For the first time, we use a dense grid of modern seismic data to characterize the entire dimensions of the main fault systems, accurately describe the geometry of these structures and estimate their seismic source parameters. Tsunami scenarios have been tested based on 3D-surfaces and seismic source parameters, using both uniform and heterogeneous slip distributions. The comparison of our results with previous studies, based on limited information on the fault geometry and kinematics, indicates that accurate fault geometries and heterogeneous slip distributions are needed to properly assess the seismic and tsunamigenic potential in this area. Based on fault scaling relations, the four fault systems have a large seismogenic potential, being able to generate earthquakes with Mw 〉 7. The reverse Alboran Ridge Fault System has the largest tsunamigenic potential, being able to generate a tsunami wave amplitude greater than 3 m in front of the coasts of Southern Spain and Northern Africa.

Description: Published

Description: 106749

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The identification of the mechanisms responsible for the deformation of calderas is of primary importance for our understanding of the dynamics of magmatic systems and the evaluation of volcanic hazards. We analyze twenty years (1997–2018) of geodetic measurements on Ischia Island (Italy), which include the Mt. Epomeo resurgent block, and is affected by hydrothermal manifestations and shallow seismicity. The data from the GPS Network and the leveling route show a constant subsidence with values up to 􀀀15 2.0 mm/yr and a centripetal displacement rate with the largest deformations on the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. The joint inversion of GPS and levelling data is consistent with a 4 km deep source deflating by degassing and magma cooling below the southern flank of Mt. Epomeo. The depth of the source is supported by independent geophysical data. The Ischia deformation field is not related to the instability of the resurgent block or extensive gravity or tectonic processes. The seismicity reflects the dynamics of the shallow hydrothermal system being neither temporally nor spatially related to the deflation.

Description: Published

Description: 4648

Description: 1V. Storia eruttiva

Description: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio

Description: JCR Journal

Description: During the 2016–2017 Central Italy earthquake sequence, a series of moderate to large earthquakes M 〉 5 occurred near the Amatrice and Norcia towns. These events are recorded on a dense seismic network, providing relevant observational evidence of complex earthquakes in time and space. In this work, we used this substantial data set to study the ground-motion characteristics of the Norcia earthquake M6.5 on October 30, 2016, through a broadband ground-motion simulation. Three-component broadband seismograms are generated to cover the entire frequency band of engineering interest. Low and high frequencies are computed considering the heterogeneous slip rupture model of Scognamiglio et al. (2018) [1]. High frequencies are calculated using a stochastic approach including P, SV, and SH waves, while low frequencies are obtained through a forward simulation of the kinematic model at the various stations. To predict earthquake-induced ground motions in the area, we adopted region-specific attenuation and source scaling parameters derived by Malagnini et al. (2011) [2]. Ground-motion parameters, including peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV) and spectral amplitudes, are calculated at the selected sites adopting physics-based parameters to understand better the earthquake fault rupture, the wave propagation, and their impacts on the seismic hazard assessment in the region. We showed that combining the fault rupture history over the entire frequency spectrum of engineering interest, the attenuation characteristics of the seismic wave propagation, and the properly defined site responses can improve the prediction of ground motions and time histories, especially in near seismic sources.

Description: Published

Description: 106866

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Physics-based broadband ground-motion simulations are generated for the strong mainshocks that occurred in the region of the Central Ionian Islands, on 26th January 2014 in Kefalonia (Mw6.1) and 17th November 2015 in Lefkas (Mw6.5). The study area is associated with frequent strong earthquakes both in the historical and instrumental eras. During the last decades, the network of strong-motion accelerographs in the area has been densified, and thus provided an adequate number of strong ground-motion records as a means to better examine the related ground-motion characteristics. In the present study, broadband ground motions for the two case studies are simulated both at selected sites and at a dense grid of points covering the affected areas. The low-frequency part of the synthetics is computed using a discrete wavenumber finite element method by convolving Green’s functions with a kinematic slip model in the frequency domain. A stochastic finite fault model approach based on a dynamic corner frequency is considered to calculate the ground motions for the higher frequencies. The broadband synthetic time series are generated after merging the results obtained from the two separate techniques, by performing a weighted summation at intermediate frequencies. The simulated values are validated by comparison with both recorded Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and PeakGround Velocity (PGV) values and the estimated ones by using widely accepted Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs). Our results indicate that both the spatial distribution and the amplification pattern of the simulated ground motions, in the near-field, in terms of PGA and PGV are highly influenced by the slip heterogeneity and the maximum slip patches within the seismic source.

Description: Published

Description: 3505–3527

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: TheMw6.5 Norcia, Italy, earthquake occurred on 30 October 2016 and caused extensive damage to buildings in the epicentral area. The earthquake was recorded by a network of strong-motion stations, including 14 stations located within a 5 km distance from the two causative faults. We used a numerical approach for generating seismic waves from two-hybrid deterministic and stochastic kinematic fault rupture models propagating through a 3D Earth model derived from seismic tomography and local geology. The broadband simulations were performed in the 0–5 Hz frequency range using a physics-based deterministic approach modeling the earthquake rupture and elastic wave propagation. We used SW4, a finite-difference code that uses a conforming curvilinear mesh, designed to model surface topography with high numerical accuracy. The simulations reproduce the amplitude and duration of observed near-fault ground motions. Our results also suggest that due to the local fault-slip pattern and upward rupture directivity, the spatial pattern of the horizontal near-fault ground motion generated during the earthquake was complex and characterized by several local minima and maxima. Some of these local ground-motion maxima in the near-fault region were not observed because of the sparse station coverage. The simulated peak ground velocity (PGV) is higher than both the recorded PGV and predicted PGV based on empirical models for several areas located above the fault planes. Ground motions calculated with and without surface topography indicate that, on average, the local topography amplifies the ground-motion velocity by30%. There is a correlation between the PGV and local topography, with the PGV being higher at hilltops. In contrast, spatial variations of simulated PGA do not correlate with the surface topography. Simulated ground motions are important for seismic hazard and engineering assessments for areas that lack seismic station coverage and historicalrecordings from large damaging earthquakes.

Description: Published

Description: 262–286

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This report presents a preliminary analysis of an LSTM neural network designed to predict the accuracy of magnitude estimates computed by Early-est during the first minutes after an earthquake occurs.

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Description: Published

Description: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami

Description: Strategies for disaster risk reduction in volcanic areas are mostly driven by multidisciplinary analyses, which offer effective and complementary information on complex geomorphological and volcano-tectonic environments. For example, quantification of the offset at active faults and fissures is of paramount importance to shed light on the kinematics of zones prone to deformation and/or seismic activity. This provides key information for the assessment of seismic hazard, but also for the identification of conditions that may favor magma uprising and opening of eruptive fissures. Here we present the results of a study encompassing detailed geological, structural and seismological observations focusing on part of the NE Rift at Etna volcano (Italy). The area is situated at an elevation ranging between 2700 and 1900 m a.s.l. where harsh meteorological conditions and difficult logistics render classical field work a troublesome issue. In order to bypass these difficulties, high-resolution (2.8 cm) UAV survey has been recently completed. The survey highlights the presence of 250 extension fractures, 20 normal fault segments, and 54 eruptive fissures. The study allows us to quantify the kinematics at extensional fractures and normal faults, obtaining an extension rate of 1.9 cm/yr for the last 406 yr. With a total of 432 structural data collected by UAV along with SfM photogrammetry, this work also demonstrates the suitability of the application of such surveys for the monitoring of hazardous zone.

Description: Published

Description: online (vEGU21)

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: We investigated the seismic fault structure and the rupture characteristics of the MW 6.6, 2 May 2020, Cretan Passage earthquake through tsunami data inverse modelling. Our results suggest a shallow crustal event with a reverse mechanism within the accretionary wedge rather than on the Hellenic Arc subduction interface. The study identifies two possible ruptures: a steeply sloping reverse splay fault and a back-thrust rupture dipping south, with a more prominent dip angle.

Description: We present a source solution for the tsunami generated by the Mw 6.6 earthquake that occurred on 2 May 2020, about 80 km offshore south of Crete, in the Cretan Passage, on the shallow portion of the Hellenic Arc subduction zone (HASZ). The tide gauges recorded this local tsunami on the southern coast of Crete and Kasos island. We used Crete tsunami observations to constrain the geometry and orientation of the causative fault, the rupture mechanism, and the slip amount. We first modelled an ensemble of synthetic tsunami waveforms at the tide gauge locations, produced for a range of earthquake parameter values as constrained by some of the available moment tensor solutions. We allow for both a splay and a back-thrust fault, corresponding to the two nodal planes of the moment tensor solution. We then measured the misfit between the synthetic and the Ierapetra observed marigram for each source parameter set. Our results identify the shallow, steeply dipping back-thrust fault as the one producing the lowest misfit to the tsunami data. However, a rupture on a lower angle fault, possibly a splay fault, with a sinistral component due to the oblique convergence on this segment of the HASZ, cannot be completely ruled out. This earthquake reminds us that the uncertainty regarding potential earthquake mechanisms at a specific location remains quite significant. In this case, for example, it is not possible to anticipate if the next event will be one occurring on the subduction interface, on a splay fault, or on a back-thrust, which seems the most likely for the event under investigation. This circumstance bears important consequences because back-thrust and splay faults might enhance the tsunamigenic potential with respect to the subduction interface due to their steeper dip. Then, these results are relevant for tsunami forecasting in the framework of both the long-term hazard assessment and the early warning systems.

Description: Published

Description: 3713–3730

Description: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami

Description: JCR Journal

Description: A new analysis of high-resolution multibeam and seismic reflection data, collected during several oceanographic expeditions starting from 1999, allowed us to compile an updated morphotectonic map of the North Anatolian Fault below the Sea of Marmara. We reconstructed kinematics and geometries of individual fault segments, active at the time scale of 10 ka, an interval which includes several earthquake cycles, taking as stratigraphic marker the base of the latest marine transgression. Given the high deformation rates relative to sediment supply, most active tectonic structures have a morphological expression at the seafloor, even in presence of composite fault geometries and/or overprinting due to mass-wasting or turbidite deposits. In the frame of the right-lateral strike-slip domain characterizing the North Anatolian fault system, three types of deformation are observed: almost pure strike-slip faults, oriented mainly E–W; NE/SW-aligned axes of transpressive structures; NW/SE-oriented trans-tensional depressions. Fault segmentation occurs at different scales, but main segments develop alongthree major right-lateral oversteps, which delimit main fault branches, from east to west: (i) the transtensive Cinarcik segment; (ii) the Central (East and West) segments; and (iii) the westernmost Tekirdag segment. A quantitative morphometric analysis of the shallow deformation patterns observed by seafloor morphology maps and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles along the entire basin allowed to determine nature and cumulative lengths of individual fault segments. These data were used as inputs for empirical relationships, to estimate maximum expected Moment Magnitudes, obtaining values in the range of 6.8–7.4 for the Central, and 6.9–7.1 for the Cinarcik and Tekirdag segments, respectively. We discuss these findings considering analyses of historical catalogues and available paleoseismological studies for the Sea of Marmara regionto formulate reliable seismic hazard scenarios.

Description: Published

Description: 29–44

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: The Western Ionian Sea is characterised by an active and diffuse seismicity, directly related to the convergence of the European and African Plates and by gravitational sinking and rollback of the oceanic lithosphere. In this area, the location of earthquakes is characterised by considerable uncertainties due to large azimuthal gaps, resulting in notable location errors. This problem was partially overcome with the use of data recorded by NEMO-SN1 seafloor observatory (October 2002 - February 2003; June 2012 - May 2013). We relocated 1130 crustal and sub-crustal earthquakes using land network and NEMO-SN1 data. As most events occurred on Mt. Etna, we focused on 358 earthquakes in the offshore area and near the coasts of Sicily and Calabria. The use of the combined land-marine networks has improved the earthquake locations in terms of azimuthal GAP, as well as in horizontal and vertical errors. The comparison between locations performed with and without NEMO-SN1 data shows that differences in latitude, longitude and depths are more evident in the Western Ionian Sea and in the coast of Sicily, where values of the differences over 5 km correspond to structural heterogeneities. The increased number of seismic stations deployed on land from 2003 to 2012 did not influence the location of events occurring offshore, where NEMO-SN1 continued to be the distinctive tool in the location process. Moreover, the new 73 focal mechanisms computed with P-wave polarities from NEMO-SN1 and land stations are in agreement with the regional structural model, showing a prevalent normal, normal/oblique, and strike-slip kinematics. The similarity of two new focal solutions with the mechanisms of the main shock and aftershock of the 1990 earthquake demonstrates that the seismic structures are still active and potentially dangerous. The P-wave travel time residual analysis confirms the activity along the main structural alignments. A single point of observation in the Ionian Sea can significantly improve the quality of locations, giving an opportunity to focus on the seismogenic structures responsible for the occurrence of medium-to-high magnitude earthquakes.

Description: Published

Description: Se655

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Collapse of buildings, large-scale destruction and temporary abandonment of an area documented in archaeological reports provide evidence for a major earthquake in Segesta in north-western Sicily. This, and possibly a cluster of other earthquakes as recently well-documented at Selinunte (south-western), can be derived from archaeological data. These earthquakes are not included in the Italian seismic catalogues, but can be used to set constraints on the seismic risk of this area. Although western Sicily is a low seismic moment release region, characterized by sparse, low-moderate magnitude earthquakes, the occurrence of strong earthquakes in the past would instead suggest the investigated area as having a high seismic potential. The present study improves the knowledge of past earthquakes of this area, thus contributing to a more reliable characterization of seismic hazard.

Description: Submitted

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The comparison between crustal stress and surface strain azimuthal patterns has provided new insights into several complex tectonic settings worldwide. Here, we performed such a comparison for Egypt taking into account updated datasets of seismological and geodetic observations. In north-eastern Egypt, the stress field shows a fan-shaped azimuthal pattern with a WNW–ESE orientation on the Cairo region, which progressively rotated to NW–SE along the Gulf of Aqaba. The stress field shows a prevailing normal faulting regime, however, along the Sinai/Arabia plate boundary it coexists with a strike–slip faulting one (σ1 ≅ σ2 〉 σ3), while on the Gulf of Suez, it is characterized by crustal extension occurring on near-orthogonal directions (σ1 〉 σ2 ≅ σ3). On the Nile Delta, the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) pattern shows scattered orientations, while on the Aswan region, it has a WNW–ESE strike with pure strike–slip features. The strain-rate field shows the largest values along the Red Sea and the Sinai/Arabia plate boundary. Crustal stretching (up to 40 nanostrain/yr) occurs on these areas with WSW–ENE and NE–SW orientations, while crustal contraction occurs on northern Nile Delta (10 nanostrain/yr) and offshore (~35 nanostrain/yr) with E–W and N–S orientations, respectively. The comparison between stress and strain orientations over the investigated area reveals that both patterns are near-parallel and driven by the same large-scale tectonic processes.

Description: This research was partially funded by the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020—A call made by the University of Jaén 2018.

Description: Published

Description: 1398

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: A comparative analysis of geodetic versus seismic moment-rate estimations makes it possible to distinguish between seismic and aseismic deformation, define the style of deformation, and also to reveal potential seismic gaps. This analysis has been performed for Egypt where the present-day tectonics and seismicity result from the long-lasting interaction between the Nubian, Eurasian, and Arabian plates. The data used comprises all available geological and tectonic information, an updated Poissonian earthquake catalog (2200 B.C.–2020 A.D.) including historical and instrumental datasets, a focal-mechanism solutions catalog (1951–2019), and crustal geodetic strains from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) data. The studied region was divided into ten (EG-01 to EG-10) crustal seismic sources based mainly on seismicity, focal mechanisms, and geodetic strain characteristics. The delimited seismic sources cover the Gulf of Aqaba–Dead Sea Transform Fault system, the Gulf of Suez–Red Sea Rift, besides some potential seismic active regions along the Nile River and its delta. For each seismic source, the estimation of seismic and geodetic moment-rates has been performed. Although the obtained results cannot be considered to be definitive, among the delimited sources, four of them (EG-05, EG-06, EG-08, and EG-10) are characterized by low seismic-geodetic moment-rate ratios (〈20%), reflecting a prevailing aseismic behavior. Intermediate moment-rate ratios (from 20% to 60%) have been obtained in four additional zones (EG-01, EG-04, EG-07, and EG-09), evidencing how the seismicity accounts for a minor to a moderate fraction of the total deformational budget. In the other two sources (EG-02 and EG-03), high seismic-geodetic moment-rates ratios (〉60%) have been observed, reflecting a fully seismic deformation

Description: This research has been partially funded in the frame of the Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía 2014–2020-call made by the University of Jaén, 2018.

Description: Published

Description: 7836

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Opinion paper

Description: On 8 September 2020, the Italian media reported that the Court of Rieti, central Italy, found guilty with imprisonment between five and nine years the five defendants for the collapse of two public housing buildings and the death of 18 people, following the 24 August 2016 Mw 6.0 Amatrice earthquake; the first of a long-lasting earth- quake sequence featuring nine Mw 〉 5 events, the largest being an Mw 6.5 near the town of Norcia (Fig. 1b,c). The court rejected a claim of exceptionality of the ground shaking put forward by the defendants and stated that the collapse was caused by “... well-identified design and building flaws, violating specific legal provisions and technical construction standards....”

Description: Published

Description: 3309–3315

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Description: Published

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: Seismic event detection and phase picking are the base of many seismological workflows. In recent years, several publications demonstrated that deep learning approaches significantly outperform classical approaches, achieving human-like performance under certain circumstances. However, as studies differ in the datasets and evaluation tasks, it is unclear how the different approaches compare to each other. Furthermore, there are no systematic studies about model performance in cross-domain scenarios, that is, when applied to data with different characteristics. Here, we address these questions by conducting a large-scale benchmark. We compare six previously published deep learning models on eight data sets covering local to teleseismic distances and on three tasks: event detection, phase identification and onset time picking. Furthermore, we compare the results to a classical Baer-Kradolfer picker. Overall, we observe the best performance for EQTransformer, GPD and PhaseNet, with a small advantage for EQTransformer on teleseismic data. Furthermore, we conduct a cross-domain study, analyzing model performance on data sets they were not trained on. We show that trained models can be transferred between regions with only mild performance degradation, but models trained on regional data do not transfer well to teleseismic data. As deep learning for detection and picking is a rapidly evolving field, we ensured extensibility of our benchmark by building our code on standardized frameworks and making it openly accessible. This allows model developers to easily evaluate new models or performance on new data sets. Furthermore, we make all trained models available through the SeisBench framework, giving end-users an easy way to apply these models.

Description: This work was supported by the Helmholtz Association Initiative and Networking Fund on the HAICORE@KIT partition. J. Münchmeyer acknowledges the support of the Helmholtz Einstein International Berlin Research School in Data Science (HEIBRiDS). The authors thank the Impuls-und Vernetzungsfonds of the HGF to support the REPORT-DL project under the grant agreement ZT-I-PF-5-53. This work was also partially supported by the project INGV Pianeta Dinamico 2021 Tema 8 SOME (CUP D53J1900017001) funded by Italian Ministry of University and Research “Fondo finalizzato al rilancio degli investimenti delle amministrazioni centrali dello Stato e allo sviluppo del Paese, legge 145/2018.” Open access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

Description: Published

Description: e2021JB023499

Description: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Infrasonic signals investigation plays a fundamental role for both volcano monitoring purpose and the study of the explosion dynamics. Proper and reliable detection of weak signals is a critical issue in active volcano monitoring. In particular, in volcanic acoustics, it has direct consequences in pinpointing the real number of generated events (amplitude transients), especially when they exhibit low amplitude, are close in time to each other, and/or multiple sources exist. To accomplish this task, several algorithms have been proposed in literature; in particular, to overcome limitations of classical approaches such as short-time average/long-time average and cross-correlation detector, in this paper a subspace-based detection technique has been implemented. Results obtained by applying subspace detector on real infrasound data highlight that this method allows sensitive detection of lower energy events. This method is based on a projection of a sliding window of signal buffer onto a signal subspace that spans a collection of reference signals, representing similar waveforms from a particular infrasound source. A critical point is related to subspace design. Here, an empirical procedure has been applied to build the signal subspace from a set of reference waveforms (templates). In addition, in order to determine detectors parameters, such as subspace dimension and detection threshold, even in presence of overlapped noise such as infrasonic tremor, a statistical analysis of noise has been carried out. Finally, the subspace detector reliability and performance, have been assessed by performing a comparison among subspace approach, cross correlation detector and short-time average/long-time average detector. The obtained confusion matrix and extrapolated performance indices have demonstrated the potentiality, the advantages and drawbacks of the subspace method in tracking volcanic activity producing infrasound events. This method revealed to be a good compromise in detecting low-energy and very close in time events recorded during Strombolian activity

Description: Published

Description: 579923

Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The earthquake of May 24th, 2008, occurred in the municipality of Quetame (Colombia), is a recent event detected by the RSNC and the World Seismological Network, which reported their seismological parameters: epicenter, depth, magnitude, scalar seismic moment and focal mechanism, among others. Based on the damages and effects caused, INGEOMINAS (Colombian Geological Survey) evaluated the macroseismic field, preparing the map of intensities with data in various populations of the departments of Cundinamarca, Tolima and Meta, mainly. Based on this macroseismic information, in this work some macroseismic analysis methods are applied to obtain the corresponding focal parameters. The results show strong correlations or similarities between instrumental and macroseismic parameters. Instrumentally reported: Epicenter 4.4°N and 73.81°W; h=14.7 km, 5.9 Mw, 5.9 Ms, 5.6 mb, 5.7 ML; M0=7.95*1024 dynes-cm. While macroseismically it was obtained: Epicenter 4.34°N and 73.86°W; 5.94 Mw, 5.5 Ms, 5.6±0.2 mb, 5.63 ML; hn=12.1 km, hl=2.23 km; E=4.57*1020 erg, M0=9.14*1024 dynes-cm; the parameters of the dimensions of the seismic focus and the seismotectonic deformation expressed by the seismic flow of the rock mass were also determined. The applied procedures show the character of complementarity between instrumental and macroseismic data.

Description: Published

Description: 163-184

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The geographic distribution of earthquake effects quantified in terms of macroseismic intensities, the so-called macroseismic field, provides basic information for several applications including source characterization of pre-instrumental earthquakes and risk analysis. Macroseismic fields of past earthquakes as inferred from historical documentation may present spatial gaps, due to the incompleteness of the available information. We present a probabilistic approach aimed at integrating incomplete intensity distributions by considering the Bayesian combination of estimates provided by intensity prediction equations (IPEs) and data documented at nearby localities, accounting for the relevant uncertainties and the discrete and ordinal nature of intensity values. The performance of the proposed methodology is tested at 28 Italian localities with long and rich seismic histories and for two well-known strong earthquakes (i.e., 1980 southern Italy and 2009 central Italy events). A possible application of the approach is also illustrated relative to a 16th-century earthquake in the northern Apennines.

Description: Published

Description: 2299–2311

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Ischia is a densely inhabited and touristic volcanic island located in the northern sector of the Gulf of Naples (Italy). In 2017, the Mw 3.9 Casamicciola earthquake occurred after more than one century of seismic quiescence characterized only by minor seismicity, which followed a century with three destructive earthquakes (in 1828, 1881, and 1883). These events, despite their moderate magnitude (Mw 〈 5.5), lead to dreadful effects on buildings and population. However, an integrated catalogue systematically covering historical and instrumental seismicity of Ischia has been still lacking since many years. Here, we review and systematically re-analyse all the available data on the historical and instrumental seismicity, to build an integrated earthquake catalogue for Ischia with a robust characterization of existing uncertainties. Supported by new or updated macroseismic datasets, we significantly enriched existing catalogues, as the Italian Parametric Earthquake Catalogue (CPTI15) that, with this analysis, passed from 12 to 57 earthquakes with macroseismic parametrization. We also extended back by 6 years the coverage of the instrumental catalogue, homogenizing the estimated seismic parameters. The obtained catalogue will not only represent a solid base for future local hazard quantifications, but also it provides the unique opportunity of characterizing the evolution of the Ischia seismicity over centuries. To this end, we analyse the spatial, temporal, and magnitude distributions of Ischia seismicity, revealing for example that, also in the present long-lasting period of volcanic quiescence, is significantly non-stationary and characterized by a b-value larger than 1.

Description: This work benefited of the agreement between Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC).

Description: Published

Description: 629736

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Description: Ambient-noise records from the AlpArray network are used to measure Rayleigh wave phase velocities between more than 150,000 station pairs. From these, azimuthally anisotropic phase-velocity maps are obtained by applying the Eikonal tomography method. Several synthetic tests are shown to study the bias in the Ψ2 anisotropy. There are two main groups of bias, the first one caused by interference between refracted/reflected waves and the appearance of secondary wavefronts that affect the phase travel-time measurements. This bias can be reduced if the amplitude field can be estimated correctly. Another source of error is related to the incomplete reconstruction of the travel-time field that is only sparsely sampled due to the receiver locations. Both types of bias scale with the magnitude of the velocity heterogeneities. Most affected by the spurious Ψ2 anisotropy are areas inside and at the border of low-velocity zones. In the isotropic velocity distribution, most of the bias cancels out if the azimuthal coverage is good. Despite the lack of resolution in many parts of the surveyed area, we identify a number of anisotropic structures that are robust: in the central Alps, we find a layered anisotropic structure, arc-parallel at midcrustal depths and arc-perpendicular in the lower crust. In contrast, in the eastern Alps, the pattern is more consistently E-W oriented which we relate to the eastward extrusion. The northern Alpine forleand exhibits a preferential anisotropic orientation that is similar to SKS observations in the lowermost crust and uppermost mantle.

Description: German Science Foundation (SPP-2017, Project Ha 2403/21-1); Swiss National Science Foundation SINERGIA Project CRSII2-154434/1 (Swiss-AlpArray); Progetto Pianeta Dinamico, finanziamento MUR-INGV, Task S2 – 2021

Description: Published

Description: 151–170

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: JCR Journal

Description: We present results from a joint inversion of new seismic and recently compiled gravity data to constrain the structure of a prominent geophysical anomaly in the European Alps: the Ivrea Geophysical Body (IGB). We investigate the IGB structure along the West-East oriented Val Sesia profile at higher resolution than previous studies. We deployed 10 broadband seismic stations at 5 km spacing for 27 months, producing a new database of ∼1000 high-quality seismic receiver functions (RFs). The compiled gravity data yields 1 gravity point every 1–2 km along the profile. We set up an inversion scheme, in which RFs and gravity anomalies jointly constrain the shape and the physical properties of the IGB. We model the IGB’s top surface as a single density and shear-wave velocity discontinuity, whose geometry is defined by four, spatially variable nodes between far-field constraints. An iterative algorithm was implemented to efficiently explore the model space, directing the search toward better fitting areas. For each new candidate model, we use the velocity-model structures for both ray-tracing and observed-RFs migration, and for computation and migration of synthetic RFs: the two migrated images are then compared via cross-correlation. Similarly, forward gravity modeling for a 2D density distribution is implemented. The joint inversion performance is the product of the seismic and gravity misfits. The inversion results show the IGB protruding at shallow depths with a horizontal width of ∼30 km in the western part of the profile. Its shallowest segment reaches either 3–7 or 1–3 km depth below sea-level. The latter location fits better the outcropping lower crustal rocks at the western edge of the Ivrea-Verbano Zone. A prominent, steep eastward-deepening feature near the middle of the profile, coincident with the Pogallo Fault Zone, is interpreted as inherited crustal thickness variation. The found density and velocity contrasts of the IGB agree with physical properties of the main rock units observed in the field. Finally, by frequency-dependent analysis of RFs, we constrain the sharpness of the shallowest portion of the IGB velocity discontinuity as a vertical gradient of thickness between 0.8 km and 0.4 km.

Description: The Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) supported this research (grant numbers PP00P2_157627 and PP00P2_187199 of project OROG3NY), as well as the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic (No. 21-25710). The project CzechGeo/EPOS No. LM2015079 of the MEYS funded the MOBNET station pool.

Description: Published

Description: 671412

Description: 1T. Struttura della Terra

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The present paper describes the process of moving from a research study of most common vulnerable non-structural elements, to deliver solutions, tools and guidelines to improve understanding of and responsiveness to community concerns about seismic risk and non-structural elements. The observed damage to non-structural elements following recent earthquakes in Italy, Portugal and Iceland, were used for designing communication tools under the KnowRISK EU project for multi-stakeholders (students, business and citizens): the Practical Guide, the Students Short Guide, the KnowRISK Portfolio of Solutions, the Move, Protect and Secure video, the augmented reality apps, the maquettes, the students notebooks, videos, board games and hands-on tools. The philosophy behind these deliverables is that some risks, once identified, can be eliminated or reduced by informing people and suggesting preventive or emergency measures. These tools are devoted to improving the seismic performance of non-structural elements and to reduce the associated economic losses, loss of functionality, and potential threats to life safety. The rationale behind the selection of the information that people need to know for converting knowledge to more safety is discussed and a description of the transference of the findings of research to communication solutions is presented. The tools were planned following the engagement-model in risk communication to ensure that needs of communities and selected stakeholders were acknowledged, and that recipients are addressed in a way that appeals to them. Different media and communication channels such as print, television, online, face-to face communication and interviews were used for risk communication.

Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (Grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Description: Published

Description: SE322

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This article has been accepted for publication in Geophysical Journal International ©: The Authors 2022. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. Uploaded in accordance with the publisher's self-archiving policy.

Description: To understand the seismotectonics and the seismic hazard of the study sector of the Northern Apennines (Italy), one of the most important earthquakes of magnitude Mw = 6.5 which struck the Lunigiana and Garfagnana areas (Tuscany) on 7 September 1920 should be studied. Given the early instrumental epoch of the event, neither geometric and kinematic information on the fault-source nor its fault-plane solution were available. Both areas were candidates for hosting the source fault and there was uncertainty between a normal fault with Apenninic direction or an anti-Apenninic strike-slip. We retrieved 11 focal parameters (including the fault-plane solution) of the 1920 earthquake. Only macroseismic intensity information (from 499 inhabited centres) through the KF-NGA inversion technique was used. This technique uses a Kinematic model of the earthquake source and speeds up the calculation by a Genetic Algorithm with Niching. The result is a pure dip-slip focal solution. The intrinsic ambiguities of the KF-NGA method (±180° on the rake angle; choice of the fault plane between the two nodal planes) were solved with field and seismotectonic evidence. The earthquake was generated by a normal fault (rake angle = 265° ± 8°) with an Apennine direction (114° ± 5°) and dipping 38° ± 6° towards SW. The likely candidate for hosting the source-fault in 1920 is the Compione-Comano fault that borders the NE edge of the Lunigiana graben. The KF-NGA algorithm proved to be invaluable for studying the kinematics of early instrumental earthquakes and allowed us to uniquely individuate, for the first time ever, the seismogenic source of the 1920 earthquake. Our findings have implications in hazard computation and seismotectonic contexts.

Description: Published

Description: 1465–1477

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia

Description: Published

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 4IT. Banche dati

Description: Volcanology, seismology and Earth Sciences in general, like all quantitative sciences, are increasingly dependent on the quantity and quality of data acquired. In recent dec-ades, a marked evolution has characterized Earth sciences towards a greater use of ana-lytical and numerical approaches, shifting these fields from the natural to the physical sciences. Understanding the physical behavior of active volcanoes and faults is critical to as-sess the hazards affecting the population living close to active volcano and seismic areas, and thus to mitigate the risks posed by those threats [1,2]. The knowledge of a physical process requires the acquisition of a huge amount of information (data) on that particular phenomenon. Today, different kinds of data record the processes that operate in volcanic and tec-tonic systems and provide insights that can lead to improved predictions of potential hazards, both immediate and long term. The geoscience community has collected an enormous wealth of data that require further analysis. The diversity and quantity of these geoscience data and collections continue to expand [3]. The increasing amount of data and the availability of new technologies and instru-mentation at an ever-greater rate open new frontiers and challenges for acquiring, trans-mitting, archiving, processing and analyzing the newly available datasets. Guo [4] pre-dicted growth for the general digital universe size of factor 10 from 2016 to 2025. Among all digital data, scientific data are those relevant to the observation of natural phenomena and characterized by non-repeatability, high uncertainty, high dimensionality and a high degree of computational complexity [4]. This means that scientific data need to be well preserved, due to the non-repeatability, and implies a parallel growth of processing capa-bilities to be well exploited. Cheng et al. [5] highlighted the striking growth of Earth Sci-ence data from molecular to astronomical scales and the increasing use of supercompu-ting tools for supporting geoscience research. The authors evidence how, with the contin-uously increasing availability of digital data, Earth Sciences are also turning from the tra-ditional question-driven or problem-driven approach, where scientists seek to find an-swers to known questions, to the new data-driven one where scientists apply a data dis-covery process that might find answers to still unknown questions. In agreement with Cheng et al. [5], we believe that new integrated multi-disciplinary knowledge systems and new data discovery techniques for handling and mining big data for knowledge discovery would spur the integration of transdisciplinary and mul-ti-dimensional Earth science data. Furthermore, this will help the transition from a nar-row focus on separate disciplines to a holistic, comprehensive and integrative focus of the different disciplines linked to the Earth Sciences. With this aim, for this special issue titled “Data Processing and Modeling on Volcan-ic and Seismic Areas”, we invited articles on all aspects of solid Earth Science that made use of data to analyze and model processes related to volcanoes or earthquakes. Manuscripts with various types of analyses, including volcanic ground deformation modeling, seismic swarm characterization and volcanic gas measurement, have been proposed and published. The collection provides an insight into the enormous need for increasingly complex data analysis and modeling techniques to try to describe the natural phenomena here considered. This special issue was introduced to collect the latest research on the processing and modeling of Earth Sciences data, and to address challenging problems with all topics re-lated to volcanoes and seismic areas. Various subjects have been addressed in this collec-tion, mainly on data processing for volcanic studies (three papers), tectonics (two papers) and one paper on data analysis of a new instrument to measure gases. The first contribution to this collection [6] reports the results of the processing and combination of high-rate and low-rate geodetic data for revealing the dynamics underly-ing violent volcanic eruptions at Mount Etna. This study evidences the wide spectrum of ground deformation produced by these phenomena, to be investigated, processed and modeled in order to generate a picture of the feeding system of the volcano and better un-derstand its dynamics and rates of magma transfer in the upper crust. Another contribution focuses on volcanoes [7]: the authors exploit 20 years of high temporal resolution satellite Thermal Infra-Red (TIR) data collected over three active vol-canoes (Etna, Shishaldin and Shinmoedake). They present the results of an analysis of this dataset performed through a preliminary RST (Robust Satellite Techniques) algorithm implementation to TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Re-flection Radiometer (ASTER). This approach ensures efficient identification and mapping of volcanic thermal features even of a low intensity level, which is also useful in the per-spective of an operational multi-satellite observing system. The contribution by Woohyun Son et al. [8] proposes specific depth-domain data processing of migration velocity analysis (MVA) of seismic data collected during a survey on a saline aquifer sediment in the Southern Continental Shelf of Korea. This analysis al-lowed the authors to identify and determine the precise depth of a basalt flow that could act as a cap rock for CO2 storage beneath the aquifer. The investigation, through the geo-logical model obtained from both time- and depth-domain processing, provides suitable information for locating the best drilling sites for CO2 injection, maximizing the storage volume. In volcanic areas, gases represent important physical evidence of volcanic processes that need to be measured. Parracino et al. [9] have shown how novel range-resolved DI-AL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) could herald a new era in the observation of long-term volcanic CO2 gases. An accurate and integrated analysis of different types of data such as GNSS, seismic and MT-InSAR, has led, in the work by Gatsios et al. [10], to a first account of deformation processes and their temporal evolution over recent years for Methana (Greece), thus providing initial information to feed into a volcano baseline hazard assessment and mon-itoring system. Seismic data are among the most important data to understand the dynamics of the Earth’s interior. A consistent analysis of a seismic swarm allowed Kostoglou et al. [11] to shed more light on the regional geodynamics of the Kefalonia Transform Fault Zone (Greece), and to follow the temporal evolution of the b-value to distinguish between fore-shock and aftershock behaviors.

Description: Published

Description: 10759

Description: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The references are included as individual notes in the main manuscript

Description: Fusakichi Omori (1868‒1923) was not only an eminent scientist, but also a distinguished connoisseur of Italian earthquakes, of Italian science of his times, and of Italian culture in general, to the point that he spoke and wrote fluently in Italian. The first part of this note aims at framing the main steps of this unusual Japanese-Italian liaison into Omori’s rapid career, research interests and early accomplishments. Omori was especially fond of travelling, to the point of becoming a sort of ambassador of Japanese science abroad. His views and theories were highly respected in Europe and in the United States, more than in his own country. He was especially respected in Italy, which he visited in several occasions: he lived in Rome, stayed in Florence to work with his colleagues of the Osservatorio Ximeniano, and spent several weeks in the areas struck by the catastrophic 28 December 1908, Messina Straits earthquake, where he had been dispatched by the Emperor of Japan. For all of these reasons he gained much respect among Italian seismologists, some of whom became his close friends. In the second part of this note I describe Omori’s observations on the 1908 earthquake, summarized in a celebrated albeit preliminary report; an essay that is as short as it is dense of significant and exceptionally modern ideas and findings. Omori argued that the high vulnerability of Italian buildings was the main reason for the extraordinary level of the damage caused by the 1908 earthquake. Then he gathered highly diverse observations that allowed him to constrain the earthquake source with an unprecedented level of detail for the time, including the location of the source of the tsunami that followed the strong ground shaking. Finally, he looked at the distribution of large earthquakes in peninsular Italy and proposed that̶similarly to other seismogenic areas worldwide̶they follow a relatively regular pattern. Hence, he suggested that at least the location of future large events may be anticipated with confidence in areas where there exists a long written history, such as China, Italy and Japan. Some of his “predictions” on Italy eventually came true, proving the effectiveness of his reasoning. This note is a tribute to one of the most brilliant seismologists of all times, who also cared for Italy and anticipated aspects of Italian seismicity that would have taken decades to be fully appreciated by later seismologists.

Description: Published

Description: 258-277

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The earthquake that hit Colombia on July 12, 1785, is one of the seismic events with the highest number of macroseismic studies based on historical sources. Most of these studies have assigned a maximum intensity of VIII to the event. Following the study of Salcedo Hurtado and Castaño Castaño (2011), and applying the Bakun and Wentworth (1997) method and the macroseismic intensity attenuation proposed by Gómez Capera and Salcedo Hurtado (2002), we calculated the magnitude m b = 6.9±0.2 and the macroseismic epicentre at 28 km from Bogotá. The validation of the attenuation model was performed with the instrumental parameters of the earthquake occurred on May 24, 2008, in the same region of the historical earthquake studied in the present article.

Description: Published

Description: 206-217

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: N/A or not JCR

Description: Seismicity-based earthquake forecasting models have been primarily studied and developed over the past twenty years. These models mainly rely on seismicity catalogs as their data source and provide forecasts in time, space, and magnitude in a quantifiable manner. In this study, we presented a technique to better determine future earthquakes in space based on spatially smoothed seismicity. The improvement’s main objective is to use foreshock and aftershock events together with their mainshocks. Time-independent earthquake forecast models are often developed using declustered catalogs, where smaller-magnitude events regarding their mainshocks are removed from the catalog. Declustered catalogs are required in the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) to hold the Poisson assumption that the events are independent in time and space. However, as highlighted and presented by many recent studies, removing such events from seismic catalogs may lead to underestimating seismicity rates and, consequently, the final seismic hazard in terms of ground shaking. Our study also demonstrated that considering the complete catalog may improve future earthquakes’ spatial forecast. To do so, we adopted two different smoothed seismicity methods: (1) the fixed smoothing method, which uses spatially uniform smoothing parameters, and (2) the adaptive smoothing method, which relates an individual smoothing distance for each earthquake. The smoothed seismicity models are constructed by using the global earthquake catalog with Mw ≥ 5.5 events. We reported progress on comparing smoothed seismicity models developed by calculating and evaluating the joint log-likelihoods. Our resulting forecast shows a significant information gain concerning both fixed and adaptive smoothing model forecasts. Our findings indicate that complete catalogs are a notable feature for increasing the spatial variation skill of seismicity forecasts.

Description: Published

Description: 10899

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Ambient noise polarizes inside fault zones, yet the spatial and temporal resolution of polarized noise on gas-bearing fluids migrating through stressed volcanic systems is unknown. Here we show that high polarization marks a transfer structure connecting the deforming centre of the caldera to open hydrothermal vents and extensional caldera-bounding faults during periods of low seismic release at Campi Flegrei caldera (Southern Italy). Fluids pressurize the Campi Flegrei hydrothermal system, migrate, and increase stress before earthquakes. The loss of polarization (depolarization) of the transfer and extensional structures maps pressurized fluids, detecting fluid migrations after seismic sequences. After recent intense seismicity (December 2019-April 2020), the transfer structure appears sealed while fluids stored in the east caldera have moved further east. Our findings show that depolarized noise has the potential to monitor fluid migrations and earthquakes at stressed volcanoes quasi-instantaneously and with minimum processing.

Description: Published

Description: 6656

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The SW Iberian margin is one of the most seismogenic and tsunamigenic areas in W-Europe, where large historical and instrumental destructive events occurred. To evaluate the sensitivity of the tsunami impact on the coast of SW Iberia and NW Morocco to the fault geometry and slip distribution for local earthquakes, we carried out a set of tsunami simulations considering some of the main known active crustal faults in the region: the Gorringe Bank (GBF), Marquês de Pombal (MPF), Horseshoe (HF), North Coral Patch (NCPF) and South Coral Patch (SCPF) thrust faults, and the Lineament South strike-slip fault. We started by considering for all of them relatively simple planar faults featuring with uniform slip distribution; we then used a more complex 3D fault geometry for the faults constrained with a large 2D multichannel seismic dataset (MPF, HF, NCPF, and SCPF); and finally, we used various heterogeneous slip distributions for the HF. Our results show that using more complex 3D fault geometries and slip distributions, the peak wave height at the coastline can double compared to simpler tsunami source scenarios from planar fault geometries. Existing tsunami hazard models in the region use homogeneous slip distributions on planar faults as initial conditions for tsunami simulations and therefore underestimate tsunami hazard. Complex 3D fault geometries and non-uniform slip distribution should be considered in future tsunami hazard updates. The tsunami simulations also support the finding that submarine canyons attenuate the wave height reaching the coastline, while submarine ridges and shallow shelves have the opposite effect.

Description: Published

Description: e2021JB022127

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: 2TR. Ricostruzione e modellazione della struttura crostale

Description: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali

Description: JCR Journal

Description: The Italian earthquake waveform data are collected here in a dataset suited for machine learning analysis (ML) applications. The dataset consists of nearly 1.2 million three-component (3C) waveform traces from about 50 000 earthquakes and more than 130 000 noise 3C waveform traces, for a total of about 43 000 h of data and an average of 21 3C traces provided per event. The earthquake list is based on the Italian Seismic Bulletin (http://terremoti.ingv.it/bsi, last access: 15 February 2020​​​​​​​) of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia between January 2005 and January 2020, and it includes events in the magnitude range between 0.0 and 6.5. The waveform data have been recorded primarily by the Italian National Seismic Network (network code IV) and include both weak- (HH, EH channels) and strong-motion (HN channels) recordings. All the waveform traces have a length of 120 s, are sampled at 100 Hz, and are provided both in counts and ground motion physical units after deconvolution of the instrument transfer functions. The waveform dataset is accompanied by metadata consisting of more than 100 parameters providing comprehensive information on the earthquake source, the recording stations, the trace features, and other derived quantities. This rich set of metadata allows the users to target the data selection for their own purposes. Much of these metadata can be used as labels in ML analysis or for other studies. The dataset, assembled in HDF5 format, is available at http://doi.org/10.13127/instance (Michelini et al., 2021).

Description: Published

Description: 5509–5544

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Editorial article

Description: Seismic activity (e.g., earthquakes, tremors) beneath volcanic areas is primarily caused by the dynamic interaction of molten rock and hydrothermal fluids with the solid host rock, by fracturing and fragmentation of the magma itself, and by tectonic processes interacting with the volcano. In addition, near-surface phenomena such as explosions and rockfalls at a volcanic edifice also produce seismic events. At volcano observatories globally, the real-time monitoring of the spatial and temporal patterns of seismic events is an essential geophysical tool to quantify the state of unrest, and forecast eruptions successfully. Seismic waveforms, earthquake catalogues and earthquake ray-path properties commonly supplement this tool to model the complex processes responsible for the earthquakes quantitatively, and to image subsurface magmatic and tectonic structures. Independent constraints provided by other disciplines such as geodesy and structural geology also significantly help scientists to understand the volcanic processes. Recent advances in earthquake recording technology, computing power and algorithms in artificial intelligence, allow processing and interpretation of large and complex multi-parametric datasets and scenarios.

Description: Published

Description: 829460

Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Description: Published

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: Artifacts often affect seismic catalogs. Among them, the presence of man-made contaminations such as quarry blasts and explosions is a well-known problem. Using a contaminated dataset reduces the statistical significance of results and can lead to erroneous conclusions, thus the removal of such nonnatural events should be the first step for a data analyst. Blasts misclassified as natural earthquakes, indeed, may artificially alter the seismicity rates and then the b-value of the Gutenberg and Richter relationship, an essential ingredient of several forecasting models. At present, datasets collect useful information beyond the parameters to locate the earthquakes in space and time, allowing the users to discriminate between natural and nonnatural events. However, selecting them from webservices queries is neither easy nor clear, and part of such supplementary but fundamental information can be lost during downloading. As a consequence, most of statistical seismologists ignore the presence in seismic catalog of explosions and quarry blasts and assume that they were not located by seismic networks or in case they were eliminated. We here show the example of the Italian Seismological Instrumental and Parametric Database. What happens when artificial seismicity is mixed with natural one?

Description: Real‐time earthquake rIsk reduction for a reSilient Europe (RISE) project, funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreement Number 821115 and partially funded by the Pianeta Dinamico‐Working Earth INGV‐MUR project

Description: Published

Description: 3538-3551

Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia

Description: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto

Description: JCR Journal

Description: This paper presents the main recent results obtained by the seismological and geophysical monitoring arrays in operation in the rift of Corinth, Greece. The Corinth Rift Laboratory (CRL) is set up near the western end of the rift, where instrumental seismicity and strain rate is highest. The seismicity is clustered between 5 and 10 km, defining an active layer, gently dipping north, on which the main normal faults, mostly dipping north, are rooting. It may be interpreted as a detachment zone, possibly related to the Phyllade thrust nappe. Young, active normal faults connecting the Aigion to the Psathopyrgos faults seem to control the spatial distribution of the microseismicity. This seismic activity is interpreted as a seismic creep from GPS measurements, which shows evidence for fast continuous slip on the deepest part on the detachment zone. Offshore, either the shallowest part of the faults is creeping, or the strain is relaxed in the shallow sediments, as inferred from the large NS strain gradient reported by GPS. The predicted subsidence of the central part of the rift is well fitted by the new continuous GPS measurements. The location of shallow earthquakes (between 5 and 3.5 km in depth) recorded on the on-shore Helike and Aigion faults are compatible with 50° and 60° mean dip angles, respectively. The offshore faults also show indirect evidence for high dip angles. This strongly differs from the low dip values reported for active faults more to the east of the rift, suggesting a significant structural or rheological change, possibly related to the hypothetical presence of the Phyllade nappe. Large seismic swarms, lasting weeks to months, seem to activate recent synrift as well as pre-rift faults. Most of the faults of the investigated area are in their latest part of cycle, so that the probability of at least one moderate to large earthquake (M = 6 to 6.7) is very high within a few decades. Furthermore, the region west to Aigion is likely to be in an accelerated state of extension, possibly 2 to 3 times its mean interseismic value. High resolution strain measurement, with a borehole dilatometer and long base hydrostatic tiltmeters, started end of 2002. A transient strain has been recorded by the dilatometer, lasting one hour, coincident with a local magnitude 3.7 earthquake. It is most probably associated with a slow slip event of magnitude around 5 ± 0.5. The pore pressure data from the 1 km deep AIG10 borehole, crossing the Aigion fault at depth, shows a 1 MPa overpressure and a large sensitivity to crustal strain changes.

Description: Published

Description: 7-30

Description: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva

Description: JCR Journal

Description: To increase seismic resilience is one of the challenges the developers of new technologies face to reduce seismic risk. We set up an augmented reality (AR) exhibition with which users’ curiosity was confronted with the opportunity to have a wealth of information on damaging earthquakes that could be a multimedia add-on to the plain “single-layer exhibit”. AR is an emergent technology developed to “augment” reality through various devices; it combines the real world with virtual items, such as images and videos. Our AR exhibition aims to: (i) show the effects of earthquakes even in cases of moderate magnitude; and (ii) promote preventive actions to reduce non-structural damage. It can be customized for different seismic scenarios. In addition, it offers a holistic approach to communicate problems and solutions—with the cost and degree of ease of execution for each solution—to reduce non-structural damage at home, school, and office. Our AR exhibition can do more than just a plain text or a preconceived video: it can trigger fruitful interaction between the presenters, or even the stand-alone poster, and the public. Such interactivity offers an easy engagement to people of all ages and cultural backgrounds. AR is, indeed, extremely flexible in raising recipients’ interest; moreover, it is an appealing tool for the digital native generations. The positive feedback received led us to conclude that this is an effective way to raise awareness and individual preparedness to seismic risk.

Description: This study was co-financed by the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection (grant agreement ECHO/SUB/2015/718655/PREV28).

Description: Published

Description: 332

Description: 5T. Sismologia, geofisica e geologia per l'ingegneria sismica

Description: JCR Journal

Description: Dataset: Carpenter 2018: carbonate chemistry

Description: For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/754694

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Edmunds et al. 2019b: Sizes of organisms not fixed to flume floor

Description: These data describe the mobile fauna in the flumes that were not fixed to the bottom of the flume. These data are results of an experiment incubating a back reef community from Moorea, French Polynesia, for one year at high pCO2 (published in Edmunds et al. 2019) from Nov of 2015 to Nov of 2016. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/793628

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: pH

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of three CO2 concentrations, four temperatures, and three light intensities on growth and photophysiology of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of pH made over the course of the experiments. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771304

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Surface Irradiance

Description: Surface irradiance measured on the roof of the Monterey Bay Aquarium (36.62 °N, 121.90 °W) from June to October 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/822517

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: Nutrients

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of three CO2 concentrations, four temperatures, and three light intensities on growth and photophysiology of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of nutrients (phosphate, silicate, and nitrate plus nitrite) made over the course of the experiments. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771370

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: DIC

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of three CO2 concentrations, four temperatures, and three light intensities on growth and photophysiology of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) made over the course of the experiments. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771333

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: cell size

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of three CO2 concentrations, four temperatures, and three light intensities on growth of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of cell size expressed as forward scatter as well as in equivalent spherical diameter (ESD) in microns. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771448

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: POC, PON, Chl a

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of CO2, temperatures, and light on growth and photophysiology of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of extracted chlorophyll, particulate organic carbon (POC), and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) made over the course of the experiments. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771594

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Carpenter 2018: metabolism

Description: This dataset contains coral community metabolism data from outdoor flumes at the UCB Gump Research Station Moorea, French Polynesia. These measurements were taken during an experiment designed to measure coral reef community metabolism responses to ocean acidification over a 4-month period from November 13th, 2015 to March 15th, 2016. These data were published in Carpenter et al. (2018). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/754676

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Carpenter 2018: hourly metabolism

Description: This dataset contains hourly coral community metabolism data from outdoor flumes at the UCB Gump Research Station Moorea, French Polynesia. These measurements were taken during an experiment designed to measure coral reef community metabolism responses to ocean acidification over a 4-month period from November 13th, 2015 to March 15th, 2016. These data were published in Carpenter et al. (2018). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/754685

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Edmunds et al. 2019b: Sizes of organisms fixed to flume floor

Description: These data describe the fauna that was secured to a metal grid in the bottom of the flume. These data are results of an experiment incubating a back reef community from Moorea, French Polynesia, for one year at high pCO2 (published in Edmunds et al. 2019) from Nov of 2015 to Nov of 2016. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/793674

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Nighttime Surface Chlorophyll a

Description: Nighttime surface chlorophyll-a concentrations at the MBARI OA1 Buoy (36° 37.373’ N, 121 ° 54.000’ W) from June to October 2018 For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/822494

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Abalone consumption rates from the Sitka Sound (SSSC)

Description: To determine the effect of current and future seasonal differences in carbonate chemistry on abalone bioenergetics, this experiment exposed juvenile, non-reproductive (36 ± 5 mm) H. kamschatkana to three pH/pCO2 levels (i.e., pHT 8.1, 7.8, 7.5) for four months in a flow-through system at the Sitka Sound Science Center (SSSC) from June-October 2017. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/855075

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1752600

Description: Dataset: Abalone respiration rates from the Sitka Sound (SSSC)

Description: This data shows juvenile, non-reproductive Abalone respiration responses (represented by measured dissolved oxygen) to a fully factorial mesocosm experiment that manipulates pH and diet. This data was collected from June to October 2017 at the Sitka Sound Science Center (SSSC). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/856199

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1752600

Description: Dataset: Edmunds et al. 2019b: Sizes of organisms used to calculate growth and for community analysis 

Description: These data include sizes of organisms used to calculate growth and for community analysis and percent cover of each organism described from planar photographs. These data are results of an experiment incubating a back reef community from Moorea, French Polynesia, for one year at high pCO2 (published in Edmunds et al. 2019) from Nov of 2015 to Nov of 2016. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/793682

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Kelp forest pumping data - pH

Description: pH measured in situ over depth in the kelp forest (36° 37.3’ N, 121° 54.1’ W) recorded in July 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/826162

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: ADCP - Inside Kelp Forest

Description: Cross-shore and alongshore velocity inside the kelp forest at Hopkins Marine Station (36° 37.297’ N, 121° 54.102’ W) recorded between June and October, 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/826431

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Kelp Forest Estimated Carbonate Parameters

Description: Kelp forest mooring DIC, TA, pCO2, and aragonite saturation state estimations inside the kelp canopy (36° 37.297’ N, 121° 54.102’ W.) at Hopkins Marine Station, recorded between June and October 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/823008

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: ADCP - Outside Kelp Forest

Description: Cross-shore and alongshore velocity outside the kelp forest at Hopkins Marine Station (36° 37.342’ N, 121° 54.049’ W) recorded between June and October, 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/822913

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Kelp Forest Mooring New Fronds

Description: Number of new fronds recorded at the kelp mooring (Central CA Macrocystis pyrifera forest, 36° 37.297’ N, 121° 54.102’ W) from July to August 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/822535

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Abalone growth rates from the Sitka Sound (SSSC)

Description: This data shows juvenile, non-reproductive Abalone growth responses (represented by percentage change in weight in grams to a fully factorial mesocosm experiment that manipulates pH and diet. This data was collected from June to October 2017 at the Sitka Sound Science Center (SSSC). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/856089

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1752600

Description: Dataset: Carpenter 2018: physical data

Description: Temperature and irradiance from outdoor flumes at the UCB Gump Research Station Moorea, French Polynesia from November of 2015 to March of 2016. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/754644

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1415268

Description: Dataset: Discrete Seawater Samples

Description: Discrete seawater samples collected at the surface, 1 m below the surface, and 1 m above the bottom two times a week at each mooring (Kelp and Outside) from June 12, 2018 to August 3, 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/826410

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Krill physiology - In situ conditions

Description: Physiological observations of Euphausia pacifica sampled in Puget Sound, WA aboard R/V Clifford A. Barnes during cruises CB1073 and CB1078 in 2017. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/840626

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1154648

Description: Dataset: Krill physiology - In situ conditions

Description: Physiological observations of Euphausia pacifica sampled in Puget Sound, WA aboard R/V Clifford A. Barnes during cruises CB1073 and CB1078 in 2017. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/840626

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1154648

Description: Dataset: 2006-2017_summer_bottom_GoM

Description: DIC, TA, calculated pH and carbonate saturation state in the summer bottom water in North Gulf of Mexico from 2006 to 2017 For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/818773

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1559279

Description: Dataset: Carbonate Chemistry 2014-2017 and 2018-2020

Description: The Ecosystem Science and Modeling lab has been collecting water samples from five stations in the Mission-Aransas Estuary (MAE, Northwest Gulf of Mexico, Texas coast) for carbonate system characterization on a monthly to twice monthly basis since May 2014. This dataset includes temperature, salinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), total alkalinity (TA), calcium, and pH measurements from surface and bottom water samples in MAE from May 2014 – Feb 2017 and Dec 2018 – Feb 2020. Additional data for this estuary to fill in the Feb 2017 – Dec 2018 gap are also archived with BCO-DMO (http://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/784673, doi:10.1575/1912/bco-dmo.784673.1). For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/835227

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1654232

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: cell abundance

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of three CO2 concentrations, four temperatures, and three light intensities on growth of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of cell abundances measured by forward scatter. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771421

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Inside and Outside Kelp Forest Mooring

Description: Data from moored instruments (pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, salinity, PAR, pressure) at 9 depths outside (36° 37.342’ N, 121° 54.049’ W) and inside the kelp canopy (36° 37.297’ N, 121° 54.102’ W.) at Hopkins Marine Station, recorded between June and October 2018. The tidal depth of the kelp canopy mooring ranges from 8 to 11 meter. The outside mooring is located 115m north and offshore from the kelp forest, the tidal range is 16 to 9 meters. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/822549

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Kelp forest pumping data - DIC

Description: Dissolved Inorganic Carbon measured in situ over depth in the kelp forest (36° 37.3’ N, 121° 54.1’ W) recorded in July 2018. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/826200

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737096, NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1737176

Description: Dataset: Series 3A: photophysiology

Description: The experiments were designed to test the combined effects of CO2, temperatures, and light on the growth of the diatom T. pseudonana CCMP1014 in a multifactorial design. This dataset contains measurements of photophysiology using the Light curve (LC3) protocol of the Aquapen-C AP-C 100 fluorometer. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/771461

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1538602

Description: Dataset: Krill Experiment - Experimental Conditions

Description: Seawater conditions monitored and recorded during two separate laboratory experiments in 2017 to acclimate krill to dissolved oxygen (DO) or pH conditions. For a complete list of measurements, refer to the full dataset description in the supplemental file 'Dataset_description.pdf'. The most current version of this dataset is available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/842922

Description: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences (NSF OCE) OCE-1154648