ALBERT

Description: This volume addresses controversies connected to the testing of the capacities and potentials of mediums. Today we commonly　associate the term medium with the technical communication between transmitters and receivers. Yet this term likewise applies to　those who cooperate with agencies that exceed the presumed domain of the material world. Insofar as one presumes a division　between distinctly opposed categories of religion and the secular, technical media tend to be associated with the secular and human　(trance) mediums tend to be associated with religion after 1900. This volume concerns the ways in which the term　medium still marks an overlapping of – and thus problematizes – the aforementioned division between religion and the secular, the　personal and the technological.The term medium carries with it a seed of doubt that is itself inseparable from investment in the medium's power: insofar as they　communicate with an other realm, mediums offer the hope and promise of new possibilities and improved efficiency, and thus of a　better life yet they have simultaneously been under suspicion of altering (or even inventing) the messages they communicate. It is due　to this combination of promise and suspicion that mediumism has tended to evoke scientific, religious, and moral controversies. Thus,　we can speak of a mediumistic trial – that is, a process in which a medium is put to the test concerning its potentials and　trustworthiness. Around 1800, experts were asked if a modern secular institution would be capable of inspiring, domesticating or　excluding trance mediumship. This question has stayed with us ever since, and the answers have remained inconclusive. That is why　the past and present of mediumship may be asked to elucidate each other.

Description: The 1st part of the volume engages with the theme of inclusion and exclusion in the history of ideas from different perspectives. The 2nd part of the volume discusses debates on natural law, human nature and political economy in early-modern Europe. Its contributions explore the sorts of political and moral visions that were relevant in post-Hobbesian moral philosophy and the development of economic thought.

Description: The notion of apocalypse is an age-old concept which has gained renewed interest in popular and scholarly discourse. The book highlights the versatile explications of apocalypse today, demonstrating that apocalyptic transformations – the various encounters with anthropogenic climate change, nuclear violence, polarized politics, colonial assault, and capitalist extractivism – navigate a range of interdisciplinary views on the present moment. Moving from old worlds to new worlds, from world-ending experiences to apocalyptic imaginaries and, finally, from authoritarianism to activism and advocacy, the contributions begin to map the emerging field of Apocalyptic and Post-Apocalyptic Studies. Foregrounding the myriad ways in which collective imaginations of apocalypse underpin ethical, political, and, sometimes, individual experience, the authors provide key points of reference for understanding old and new predicaments that are transforming our many worlds. ; The notion of apocalypse is an age-old concept which has gained renewed interest in popular and scholarly discourse. The book highlights the versatile explications of apocalypse today, demonstrating that apocalyptic transformations – the various encounters with anthropogenic climate change, nuclear violence, polarized politics, colonial assault, and capitalist extractivism – navigate a range of interdisciplinary views on the present moment. Moving from old worlds to new worlds, from world-ending experiences to apocalyptic imaginaries and, finally, from authoritarianism to activism and advocacy, the contributions begin to map the emerging field of Apocalyptic and Post-Apocalyptic Studies. Foregrounding the myriad ways in which collective imaginations of apocalypse underpin ethical, political, and, sometimes, individual experience, the authors provide key points of reference for understanding old and new predicaments that are transforming our many worlds.

Description: This volume adds to the plurality of global histories by locating the global through its articulation and manifestation within particular localities. It accomplishes this by bringing together interlinked case-studies that analyse various temporal and spatial dimensions of the global in the local and the interactions between the local and the global. The case-studies apply a spatial approach to analyse how global questions of space, movement, networks, borders, and territory are worked out at a local level. The material draws on the Nordic countries, Europe, the Atlantic world, Africa, and Australia and ranges from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. It is further divided into sections that address topics such as the translocality of humans and goods, local articulations of identities and globalities, parliamentarism and anti-colonialism, the organization of knowledge and the construction of spaces of representation and memory.

Description: This volume, bringing together work by scholars from Europe, East Asia, North America, and West Africa, investigates transnational religious spaces in a comparative manner by juxtaposing East Asian and African examples. It highlights flows of ideas, actors, and organizations out of, into, or within a given continental space. These flows are patterned mainly by colonialism or migration. The book also examines cases where the transnational space in question encompasses both East Asia and Africa, notably in the development of Japanese new religions in Africa. Most of the studies are located in the present a few go back to the late nineteenth century. The volume is rounded off by Thomas Tweed’s systematic reflections on categories for the study of transnationalism his chapter Flows and Dams critically weighs the metaphorical language we use to think, speak, and write about transnational religious spaces.

Description: The origins of the incest taboo have puzzled many of the most influential minds of the West, from Plutarch to St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Martin Luther, David Hume, Lewis Henry Morgan, Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, Edward Westermarck, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. This book puts the discussion of incest on a new foundation. It is the first attempt to thoroughly examine the rich literature, from philosophical, theological, and legal treatises to psychological and biological-genetic studies, to a wide variety of popular cultural media over a long period of time. The book offers a detailed examination of discursive and figurative representations of incest during five selected periods, from 1600 to the present. The incest discussion for each period is complemented with a presentation of dominant kinship structures and changes, without arguing for causal relations. Part I deals with the legacy of ecclesiastical marriage prohibitions of the Middle Ages: Historians dealing with the Reformation have wondered about the political and social implications of theological debates about the incest rules, the Enlightenment opted for sociological considerations of the household and a new anthropology based on the passions, Baroque discourse focused upon sexual relations among kin by marriage , while Enlightenment and Romantic discussions worried the intimacy of siblings. The first section of Part II deals with the six decades around 1900, during which European and American cultures obsessed about the sexuality of women. Almost everyone concurred in the idea that mother made the family what it was; that she configured the household, kept the lines of kinship vibrant, and stood at the threshold as stern gatekeeper, and many thought that she managed these tasks through her sexuality and an eroticized relationship with sons. Another story line, taken up in the section "Intermezzo," this one about the physical and mental consequences of inbreeding, appeared after 1850. To what extent do close-kin marriages pose risks for progeny? At its center, lay the incest problematic, now restated: Is avoidance of kin genetically programmed? Do all cultures know about risks of consanguinity? As for the twenty-first century, evolutionary and genetic assumptions are challenged by a living world population containing roughly one billion offspring of cousin marriages. Part III deals with one of the perhaps most remarkable reconfigurations of Western kinship in the aftermath of World War I: The shift from an endogamous to an exogamous alliance system centered on the "nuclear family." An historical anomaly, this family form began to dissolve almost as soon as it came together and, in the process, shifted the focus of incest concerns to a new pairing: father and daughter. By the 1970s, when the father/daughter problematic swept all other considerations of incest aside, that relationship had come to be modeled, for the most part, around power and its abusive potential. As for "incest," its representations in the last three decades of the twentieth century no longer focused on biologically damaged progeny but rather on power abuses in the nuclear family: sexual "abuse." By the mid-1990s, Western culture at least partly redirected its gaze away from father and daughter towards siblings, especially towards brothers and sisters and the sexual boundaries and erotics of their relationships. Correspondingly, siblings became a "model organism" for psychotherapy, evolutionary biology, and the science of genetics. ; The origins of the incest taboo have puzzled many of the most influential minds of the West, from Plutarch to St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, Martin Luther, David Hume, Lewis Henry Morgan, Sigmund Freud, Emile Durkheim, Edward Westermarck, and Claude Lévi-Strauss. This book puts the discussion of incest on a new foundation. It is the first attempt to thoroughly examine the rich literature, from philosophical, theological, and legal treatises to psychological and biological-genetic studies, to a wide variety of popular cultural media over a long period of time. The book offers a detailed examination of discursive and figurative representations of incest during five selected periods, from 1600 to the present. The incest discussion for each period is complemented with a presentation of dominant kinship structures and changes, without arguing for causal relations. Part I deals with the legacy of ecclesiastical marriage prohibitions of the Middle Ages: Historians dealing with the Reformation have wondered about the political and social implications of theological debates about the incest rules, the Enlightenment opted for sociological considerations of the household and a new anthropology based on the passions, Baroque discourse focused upon sexual relations among kin by marriage , while Enlightenment and Romantic discussions worried the intimacy of siblings. The first section of Part II deals with the six decades around 1900, during which European and American cultures obsessed about the sexuality of women. Almost everyone concurred in the idea that mother made the family what it was; that she configured the household, kept the lines of kinship vibrant, and stood at the threshold as stern gatekeeper, and many thought that she managed these tasks through her sexuality and an eroticized relationship with sons. Another story line, taken up in the section "Intermezzo," this one about the physical and mental consequences of inbreeding, appeared after 1850. To what extent do close-kin marriages pose risks for progeny? At its center, lay the incest problematic, now restated: Is avoidance of kin genetically programmed? Do all cultures know about risks of consanguinity? As for the twenty-first century, evolutionary and genetic assumptions are challenged by a living world population containing roughly one billion offspring of cousin marriages. Part III deals with one of the perhaps most remarkable reconfigurations of Western kinship in the aftermath of World War I: The shift from an endogamous to an exogamous alliance system centered on the "nuclear family." An historical anomaly, this family form began to dissolve almost as soon as it came together and, in the process, shifted the focus of incest concerns to a new pairing: father and daughter. By the 1970s, when the father/daughter problematic swept all other considerations of incest aside, that relationship had come to be modeled, for the most part, around power and its abusive potential. As for "incest," its representations in the last three decades of the twentieth century no longer focused on biologically damaged progeny but rather on power abuses in the nuclear family: sexual "abuse." By the mid-1990s, Western culture at least partly redirected its gaze away from father and daughter towards siblings, especially towards brothers and sisters and the sexual boundaries and erotics of their relationships. Correspondingly, siblings became a "model organism" for psychotherapy, evolutionary biology, and the science of genetics.

Description: The work examines the lives, works, and impact of emigrated historians in Great Britain in the form of a collective biography. It investigates four major thematic areas: the historians’ emigration and integration, their university careers, their research interests and methods, and their status among British and German historians.

Description: The English occupiers of France in the late phase of the Hundred Years War based their claims to the French crown not only on military conquest but also took great pains to depict it visually. The study examines the media for the visual depiction of political ideas and shows the major motivations and traditions in this effort and their intended audience.

Description: Western expansion in North America has mainly been described as either a linear sequence energized by nineteenth-century nation-building processes at a moving frontier, or as the practice of settler colonialism and its exploitation of resources and displacement of nonwhite peoples. This book suggests that shifting the focus from this binary pattern towards spatial imaginations and spatialization processes—a new theoretical framework developed at SFB 1199—provides novel insights into the placemaking dynamics of the American West. It brings to light a discursive diversity that often contradicts unidirectional interpretive patterns. It becomes clear that while some discourses solidified into spatial metanarratives like the character-shaping clash of civilizations at the frontier or manifest destiny, alternative spatial imaginations exist juxtaposed to or obfuscated by canonical interpretations. Making use of a variety of sources (including works of literature, poetry, newspapers, paintings, and speeches) to access spatialization processes on several sociocultural scales, the book presents a careful exploration of the parameters that inform(ed) the creation, affirmation, and subversion of spatial imagination of the American West throughout the nineteenth century from the perspective of American Studies.

Description: On the occasion of the 70th anniversary of the Soviet blockade, a well-sourced study of British crisis policy is being published for the first time, and it yields surprising new insights. Victor Mauer’s work revises our notions of British (and thus Western) policy during the Berlin blockade. It also suggests the need to re-evaluate the history of Britain’s German policy, without which we cannot understand the crisis policy.

Description: Forty years before the war of annihilation in eastern Europe and the Holocaust, German colonial troops in German South West Africa perpetrated the first genocide of the twentieth century. From Windhoek to Auschwitz? interrogates the relationship between colonialism and National Socialism, using genocide, the 'racial state', and systems of forced labour as points of departure for comparative observation. The book is an indispensable document in the intensive debate among German and international scholars about the postcolonial expansion of German history, and it offers a fresh look at the history of colonialism and also the 'Third Reich'.; Forty years before the war of annihilation in eastern Europe and the Holocaust, German colonial troops in German South West Africa perpetrated the first genocide of the twentieth century. From Windhoek to Auschwitz? interrogates the relationship between colonialism and National Socialism, using genocide, the 'racial state', and systems of forced labour as points of departure for comparative observation. The book is an indispensable document in the intensive debate among German and international scholars about the postcolonial expansion of German history, and it offers a fresh look at the history of colonialism and also the 'Third Reich'.

Description: How does a field of knowledge achieve legitimacy as science? The focus of this historical analysis is on the ever-controversial “fringe discipline” of parapsychology and its most important advocate Hans Bender. It analyzes the history of this contingent discipline, examining the interaction between science, society, and the public media in manufacturing scientific legitimacy.

Description: This volume shows how land is currently being renegotiated as a collective commodity, private property, fertile soil for human existence, or as an object of financial investment by identifying the ideas of space and spatial order on which these processes of negotiation are based.

Description: Despite the opposition of two parties - first the Whigs and the Tories, then the Liberals and the Conservatives - 19th century Britain was characterized by a political culture of moderation. The bearers of this political culture were a group of politicians who always sought the middle way between the extremes and were known as Liberal Tories or Liberal Conservatives. This book fills a research gap by examining the development of this British Liberal Conservatism in the period from 1750 to 1850, first looking at Edmund Burke's political philosophy and then showing how the Liberal Tories and Liberal Conservatives who followed him drew on his thinking. It shows how politicians such as George Canning and Sir Robert Peel, based on Burke and the political philosophy of the "Old Whigs", pursued a centrist policy that was always oriented towards the virtues of moderation and prudence. The book thus sheds light on the conservative variant of liberalism that characterized Great Britain throughout the 19th century.

Description: The present issue of the European History Yearbook showcases research initially presented at the annual Mainz-Oxford graduate workshop "European History Across Boundaries from the Sixteenth to the Twentieth Century". The essays shed the straightjacket of national history and cross boundaries and borders. They do so by discussing the transcultural, transnational, and transimperial scopes of their research.

Description: It is difficult to imagine food today without flavorings, whether natural, synthetic, or artificial. But at the same time, they are substances that society is viewing increasingly critically and whose chemical and industrial roots are under scrutiny. A History with Taste tells the story of flavor production and regulation, discussing the potential naturalization of synthetic flavorings.

Description: Health and development require one another: there can be no development without a critical mass of people who are sufficiently healthy, and people cannot be healthy without societal developments. 11 case studies from 9 countries on 3 continents since the late 19th century show how different actors have struggled to reconcile the nature of health and development policies, and the subordination of these policies to a range of political objectives.

Description: Places and spaces are often considered to be static and immobile when compared with the dynamism of time. This volume challenges that notion, positing a theory of the mobility of places by tracing the changing localizations of the Old Fairground at the heart of the Serbian capital of Belgrade. This paints a multifaceted picture of the "journeys" that this contentious site of memory has embarked upon.

Description: What role does digitality play in negotiating the question of how we want to live together in the future? How do processes of digitalisation affect the formation of opinion, the shaping of political parties, their communication with voters, the discursive formation of issues, the creation of majorities and their regulation? This volume offers a constructive perspective on the challenges of a society increasingly shaped by digitalisation. In addition to diagnoses of the current situation, the contributions also bring together concepts and speculative drafts for the future that are united by the concern for a more just society. Experts from academia, journalism and practice outline the central results of the second "Dießener Klausur Mensch|Maschine|Zukunft" (Dießen Retreat Man|Machine|Future), which creates a space for constructive drafts, interjections and provocations in today's discourse on digitalisation, which is often characterised by cultural criticism and pessimistic perspectives.

Description: The hands-on and experimental approach of DEMA offers the unique opportunity to ‘grasp’ media and communication technologies in their concrete materiality and tangibility and to (re)-sensitize historians and communication scholars for the material qualities and performative dimension of past media devices and practices.

Description: What is development, what has it been in the past, and what can historians learn from studying the history of development? How has the field of the history of development evolved over time, and where should it be going in the future?

Description: What must be done after the end of a dictatorship so that the suffering of those persecuted comes to an end and history does not repeat itself? Only rarely have long-term studies academically investigated the effects that measures implemented within the context of transitional justice have actually achieved. Taking seven countries as examples, this volume analyses what coming to terms with dictatorships can accomplish – and where its limits lie.

Description: The volume aims at taking the materiality of past media devices seriously and explores the heuristic possibilities of an experimental study of these devices. It offers a sophisticated reflection on the epistemological and heuristic potential of hands-on media historical research.

Description: The seventh volume of Communications from the German & Russian Historical Committee documents colloquia held in 2013 in Moscow and 2014 in Berlin devoted to the theme, "The First World War: Germany and Russia in a European Context." In eighteen bilingual essays, renowned historians explore cross-national aspects of this "primal catastrophe of the 20th century."

Description: The theme of the first issue of the yearbook HIC deals with "Participatory Knowledge". It will target the various ways knowledge is rooted in society through the participation of individuals and groups. Topics may include different kinds of knowledge harnessed within or through communities, modes of producing, circulating, and recording knowledge content.

Description: This volume sheds light on the role played by progeny in maintaining dynasties in early modern royal courts. It attempts to break through the narrative of older research that saw dynasties as a series of male rulers. Instead, these contributions focus on how progeny were viewed at the time.

Description: After its independence in 1957, Ghana sent specialists to both German states for professional education and training. This transnational entanglement history takes various perspectives to analyze the goals that Ghana, the FRG, and the GDR pursued with these programs during the Cold War and their respective development plans. It also takes into account the interests of Ghanaian specialists and the freedom they had to make their own decisions.

Description: So far, scholarship has classified the speculation crises of the eighteenth century as having had no real economic consequences. This study aims to review this theory by looking at seven speculation crises. It concludes that these crises did not just have all of the central characteristics of modern speculation crises but also became global in scope with considerable economic and social consequences.

Description: The topic of this book is the interplay between the economic order and economic development in Germany's various economic systems since 1945 the social market economy of the old Federal Republic of Germany the state socialist planned economy of the German Democratic Republic and the social market economy in unified Germany.

Description: Die Bezeichnung „Enklave“ wird für unterschiedliche Phänomene und Prozesse verwendet. Enklaven sind in sozialer, politischer oder wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht von den sie umgebenden Räumen wie Nationalstaaten, Städten oder Wirtschaftssektoren abgegrenzt. Enklaven umschließen soziokulturelle Minderheiten, „Staaten im Staate“ oder Produktionszonen, die den Interessen auswärtiger Akteure oder bestimmter Interessengruppen dienen. Innerhalb von Enklaven gelten eigene Regeln. Dieser Band beleuchtet Enklavenbildung am Beispiel der Förderung von Rohstoffen in Afrika

Description: How does terrorism affect our picture of the history of terrorism then, if the victims are moved centre stage? If the focus is put on their suffering? The contributions to this edition of the European History Yearbook will examine such questions in a broad range of historical case studies and methods, including visual history.

Description: Ernst Papanek (1900-1973) was an Austrian-born Viennese reform pedagogue who realized already in the 1930s that unaccompanied, traumatized young refugees were self-directed. He organized "Kindertransporte" for about 1,600 refugees between 1938 and 1940.

Description: Right wing populism has become an apparent and expanding phenomenon of the present. Nationalist claims to protect the state against waves of immigration are en vogue. Populists claim to secure national interests and to defend cultural values. The cultural Other is used to establish or to strengthen a narrative of fear. The proposed edited volume will examine the interrelationship of nationalism and populism during the 20th and 21st centuries.

Description: Michael Stolberg offers the first comprehensive presentation of medical training and day-to-day medical practice during the Renaissance. Drawing on previously unknown manuscript sources, he describes the prevailing notions of illness in the era, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, the doctor–patient relationship, and home and lay medicine.

Description: The volume re-centres Africa and African history in memory studies, with each chapter drawing parallels to comparable cases in Africa and the world. An underlying assumption is that what can be learned from the politics of historical memory in Africa will have relevance for contemporary politics globally and for understanding how memories can be mobilised for political ends.

Description: Despite the fortuitous leadership of Giscard and Schmidt, German-French relations during the 1970s experienced a series of major conflicts. There were a number of different governmental and societal forces that sought to resolve them. Dirk Petter examines this interplay of conflict and rapprochement and interprets the critical decade of the 1970s in the overall context of post-war relations between Germany and France.

Description: This book presents a new history of the family in the era of bourgeois modernity. The sources it uses are personal accounts, first and foremost diaries, but also letters and autobiographical texts from eight German-speaking families from different milieus.

Description: Marriage was historically not only a romantic ideal, but a tool of exploitation of women in many regards. Discourses about marriage in history and literature naturally became more and more heated, especially during the “long” 19th century. The present volume provides a discussion of the marriage discourses in different chronological and geographical contexts and shows which arguments played an important role in the demand for more equality.

Description: Contributions to this volume summarize and discuss the theoretical foundations of the Collaborative Research Centre at Leipzig University which address the relationship between processes of (re-)spatialization on the one hand and the establishment and characteristics of spatial formats on the other hand.

Description: State borders are a central topos of political debates in Europe, in which liberal, national-conservative, populist and openly racist positions are articulated. What functions do they have? What effects and contradictions with regard to the control of which mobilities are produced by borders? These are the questions this volume explores.

Description: How was the re-emerging Jewish religious practice after 1945 shaped by traditions before the Shoah? To what extent was it influenced by new inspirations through migration and new cultural contacts? By analysing objects like prayer books, musical instruments, Torah scrolls, audio documents and synagogue rooms, this volume shows how the post-war communities created new Jewish musical, architectural and artistic forms while abiding by the tradition.

Description: Around 1850 Belgium was continental Europe`s most heavily industrialised state. From the mid-century until the Belle Époque many international social reform associations were based in Belgium. This book will stimulate the debate between historians & social pedagogues on the 19th-century bourgeois ´civilising offensive` and place the history of social, moral and educational reform in Belgium within a broader European perspective.

Description: Nationalism was declared to be dead too early. A post-national age was announced, in which transnational alliances like the European Union were supposed to become more important, but we are witnessing the rise of strong forms of nationalism during the early 21st century. This volume shows how nationalist dreams and fears alike determine politics in an age that was supposed to witness a rather peaceful coexistence.

Description: What advantages do people hope for when they collaborate with an occupying regime? What kinds of threats do they face if they do not? These questions can be applied to Waffen-SS recruitment during World War II and refracted as if through a prism. This study explains the intentions and scope of action of the occupational forces, political elites, and individuals in six states.

Description: This book investigates the relationship between blasphemy and violence in modern history, with a focus on cases from the European world, including its (post-) colonial ties. Spanning from the late-eighteenth century to today, it shows how cultures of blasphemy, and related acts of heresy, apostasy and sacrilege, have interacted with different forms of violence, committed against both the sacred and the secular.

Description: In the 18th century, the power of the imagination, which had previously been regarded as problematic, experienced a radical upsurge in esteem. In the modern era, imagination has been viewed as an essential moment in processes of planning, designing, and organizing the world. The creative capacity to place things in relation to each other in time and space has since been considered a vital force in history.

Description: This volume examines an early-modern source "Seelenbeschreibungen" ("descriptions of souls"), the written product of house visits by pastors or elders that were used to measure people’s personal religious knowledge. They provide information about catechetical knowledge, familiarity with prayers, and reading and writing competence, providing a unique insight into early modern lifeworlds.

Description: How do schools and public history influence each other? Cases studies focusing on school and public history around the world shed light on the intricate relationships between schools, students, teachers, policy makers and public historians. From why Robben Island is not included in South African curriculum to how German schools shape Holocaust memory, the case studies offered in this book sheds light on a current topic.

Description: While the economic involvement of early modern Germany in slavery and the slave trade is increasingly receiving attention, the direct participation of Germans in human trafficking remains a blind spot in historiography. This edited volume focuses on practices of enslavement taking place within German territories in the early modern period as well as on the people of African, Asian, and Native American descent caught up in them.

Description: Die Bezeichnung „Enklave“ wird für unterschiedliche Phänomene und Prozesse verwendet. Enklaven sind in sozialer, politischer oder wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht von den sie umgebenden Räumen wie Nationalstaaten, Städten oder Wirtschaftssektoren abgegrenzt. Enklaven umschließen soziokulturelle Minderheiten, „Staaten im Staate“ oder Produktionszonen, die den Interessen auswärtiger Akteure oder bestimmter Interessengruppen dienen. Innerhalb von Enklaven gelten eigene Regeln. Dieser Band beleuchtet Enklavenbildung am Beispiel der Förderung von Rohstoffen in Afrika.

Description: In the past 25 years or more, political observers have diagnosed a crisis of the sovereign nation state and the erosion of state sovereignty through supranational institutions and the global mobility of capital, goods, information and labour. This edition of the European History Yearbook seeks to use "cultural sovereignty" as a heuristic concept to provide new views on these developments since the beginning of the 20th century.

Description: The collaboration between the military and the media that we know today was developed in the first half of the 20th century. This study shows that military leaders were primarily interested in the media because they hoped to achieve objectives that would otherwise be beyond their capacities: they wanted to influence populations, parliaments, and governments – in times of war and peace.