ALBERT

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Nonlinear Mesoscopic Elasticity; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Systems; 1.2 Examples of Phenomena; 1.3 The Domain of Exploration; 1.4 Outline; References; 2 Microscopic/Macroscopic Formulation of the Traditional Theory of Linear and Nonlinear Elasticity; 2.1 Prefatory Remarks; 2.2 From Microscopic to Continuum; 2.2.1 A Microscopic Description; 2.2.2 Microscopic Description and Thermodynamics; 2.2.3 From Microscopic Model to Continuum Elasticity; 2.3 Continuum Elasticity and Macroscopic Phenomenology; 2.3.1 Displacement, Strain, and Stress. , 2.3.2 Dynamics of the Displacement Field2.3.3 Coupling Continuum Elasticity to Auxiliary Fields; 2.3.4 Inhomogeneous Elastic Systems; 2.4 Thermodynamics; 2.4.1 Thermodynamic Derivatives; 2.4.2 Series Expansion for ES; 2.4.3 Series Expansion for EZ; 2.4.4 Series Expansion for FT; 2.4.5 Assemble the Pieces; 2.5 Energy Scales; References; 3 Traditional Theory of Nonlinear Elasticity, Results; 3.1 Quasistatic Response; Linear and Nonlinear; 3.1.1 Quasistatic Response; Linear; 3.1.2 Quasistatic Response; Nonlinear; 3.2 Dynamic Response; Linear; 3.3 Quasistatic/Dynamic Response; Nonlinear. , 3.4 Dynamic Response Nonlinear; 3.4.1 Basic Equations; 3.4.2 Wave Propagation; 3.4.3 Resonant Bar; 3.5 Exotic Response; Nonlinear; 3.6 Green Functions; 3.6.1 Green Function, Free Space; 3.6.2 Green Function, Resonant Bar; References; 4 Mesoscopic Elastic Elements and Macroscopic Equations of State; 4.1 Background; 4.2 Elastic Elements; 4.2.1 Hertz-Mindlin Contacts; 4.2.2 Hysteretic Hertzian Contacts; 4.2.3 Hertzian Asperities; 4.2.4 Van der Waals Surfaces; 4.2.5 Other; 4.3 Effective Medium Theory; 4.4 Equations of State; Examples; 4.4.1 Hertzian Contacts; 4.4.2 Van der Waals Surfaces. , 4.4.3 Generalization and CaveatsReferences; 5 Auxiliary Fields; 5.1 Temperature; 5.2 Saturation; 5.2.1 Saturation/Strain Coupling; 5.2.2 Saturation/Strain Response; 5.3 The Conditioning Field, X; References; 6 Hysteretic Elastic Elements; 6.1 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements; Quasistatic Response; 6.1.1 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements: The Model; 6.1.2 Finite Displacement Elastic Element: Implementing the Model; 6.2 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements: Inversion; 6.3 Finite Displacement Elastic Elements: Dynamic Response; 6.3.1 Finite Displacement Elastic Element: Resonant Bar. , 6.3.2 Finite Displacement Elastic Element: Wave Mixing6.4 Models with Hysteresis; 6.5 Summary; 6.6 Models with Hysteresis, Detail; 6.6.1 Hertzian Contacts; 6.6.2 The Masing Rules; 6.6.3 The Endochronic Formalism; References; 7 The Dynamics of Elastic Systems; Fast and Slow; 7.1 Fast/Slow Linear Dynamics; 7.1.1 Quasistatic Response; 7.1.2 AC Response; 7.2 Fast Nonlinear Dynamics; 7.3 Auxiliary Fields and Slow Dynamics; 7.3.1 X = The Conditioning Field; 7.3.2 X = Temperature; 7.4 Summary; References; 8 Q and Issues of Data Modeling/Analysis; 8.1 Attenuation in Linear Elastic Systems. , 8.1.1 Wave Vector Dispersion.

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Contents Acknowledgments Preface Remarks, Definitions, Units Part I Typology of Uranium Deposits Part II Uranium in Asia – Overview Chapter 1 China, Peoples Republic of Chapter 2 India Chapter 3 Indonesia Chapter 4 Iran, Islamic Republic Chapter 5 Japan Chapter 6 Kazakhstan Chapter 7 Kyrgyzstan Chapter 8 Mongolia Chapter 9 Pakistan Chapter 10 Russian Federation, Asian Territory Chapter 11 South Korea Chapter 12 Tajikistan Chapter 13 Turkey Chapter 14 Turkmenistan Chapter 15 Uzbekistan Chapter 16 Vietnam Chapter 17 Middle East Countries with Uraniferous Phosphorite Bibliography Subject Index Geographical Index U Minerals Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - 1 The meteorology of monsoons. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Meteorology of the tropics. - 1.3 The Indian Ocean monsoon system. - 1.4 Theory of monsoons. - 2 Controls on the Asian monsoon over tectonic timescales. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 The influence of Tibet. - 2.3 Oceanic controls on monsoon intensity. - 2.4 Summary. - 3 Monsoon evolution on tectonic timescales. - 3.1 Proxies for monsoon intensity. - 3.2 Monsoon reconstruction by oceanic upwelling. - 3.3 Continental climate records. - 3.4 Eolian dust records. - 3.5 Evolving flora of East Asia. - 3.6 History of Western Pacific Warm Pool and the Monsoon. - 3.7 Summary. - 4 Monsoon evolution on orbital timescales. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Orbital controls on monsoon strength. - 4.3 Eolian records in North-east Asia. - 4.4 Monsoon records from cave deposits. - 4.5 Monsoon variability recorded in ice caps. - 4.6 Monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments. - 4.7 Salinity records in marine sediments. - 4.8 Pollen records in marine sediments. - 4.9 Paleoproductivity as an indicator of monsoon strength. - 4.10 The Early Holocene monsoon. - 4.11 Mid–Late Holocene monsoon. - 4.12 Summary. - 5 Erosional impact of the Asian monsoon. - 5.1 Monsoon and oceanic strontium. - 5.2 Reconstructing erosion records. - 5.3 Reconstructing exhumation. - 5.4 Estimating marine sediment budgets. - 5.5 Erosion in Indochina. - 5.6 Erosion in other regions. - 5.7 Monsoon rains in Oman. - 5.8 Changes in monsoon-driven erosion on orbital timescales. - 5.9 Tectonic impact of monsoon strengthening. - 5.10 Climatic control over Himalaya exhumation. - 5.11 Summary. - 6 The Late Holocene monsoon and human society. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Holocene climate change and the Fertile Crescent. - 6.3 Holocene climate change and the Indus Valley. - 6.4 Holocene climate change and early Chinese cultures. - 6.5 Monsoon developments since 1000 AD. - 6.6 Monsoon and religion. - 6.7 Impacts of future monsoon evolution. - 6.8 Summary. - References. - Further reading. - Index.

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Note: Meet the Authors ... vi --- Preface ... xiii --- The Modern Theory and Practice of Geology --- The Earth System ... 1 --- The Scientific Method ... 2 --- Earth's Shape and Surface ... 3 --- The Geologic Record ... 4 --- Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth ... 6 --- Earth as a System of Interacting Components ... 10 --- An Overview of Geologic Time ... 14 --- Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Theory ... 18 --- The Discovery of Plate Tectonics ... 19 --- The Mosaic of Plates ... 22 --- Rates and History of Plate Motions ... 30 --- The Grand Reconstruction ... 35 --- Mantle Convection: The Engine of Plate Tectonics ... 37 --- The Theory of Plate Tectonics and the Scientific Method ... 42 --- Basic Geologic Processes --- Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks ... 44 --- What Are Minerals? ... 45 --- The Atomic Structure of Matter ... 46 --- Chemical Reactions ... 47 --- Chemical Bonds ... 49 --- The Atomic Structure of Minerals ... 49 --- Rock-Forming Minerals ... 52 --- Physical Properties of Minerals ... 56 --- What Are Rocks? ... 62 --- Igneous Rocks ... 63 --- Sedimentary Rocks ... 64 --- Metamorphic Rocks ... 66 --- The Rock Cycle: Interactions Between the Plate Tectonic and Climate Systems ... 66 --- Minerals Occur in Rocks as Valuable Resources ... 68 --- Earth Issues: Sulfide Minerals React to Form Acid Waters on Earth and Mars ... 57 --- Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts ... 76 --- How Do Igneous Rocks Differ from One Another? ... 78 --- How Do Magmas Form? ... 83 --- Where Do Magmas Form? ... 85 --- Magmatic Differentiation ... 85 --- Forms of Magmatic Intrusions ... 88 --- Igneous Activity and Plate Tectonics ... 91 --- Sedimentation: Rocks Formed by Surface Processes ... 100 --- Sedimentary Rocks Are Produced by Surface Processes in the Rock Cycle ... 102 --- Sedimentary Basins: The Sinks for Sediments ... 106 --- Sedimentary Environments ... 108 --- Sedimentary Structures ... 111 --- Burial and Diagenesis: From Sediment to Rock ... 114 --- Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 116 --- Classification of Chemical and Biological Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 119 --- Earth Policy: Darwin's Coral Reefs and Atolls ... 124 --- Metamorphism: Modification of Rocks by Temperature and Pressure ... 130 --- Metamorphism and the Earth System ... 132 --- Causes of Metamorphism ... 133 --- Types of Metamorphism ... 134 --- Metamorphic Textures ... 136 --- Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade ... 141 --- Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism ... 144 --- Deformation: Modification of Rocks by Folding and Fracturing ... 150 --- Mapping Geologic Structure ... 152 --- How Rocks Deform ... 154 --- Basic Deformation Structures ... 156 --- Styles of Continental Deformation ... 163 --- Unraveling Geologic History ... 165 --- Earth and Planets Through Geologic Time --- Clocks in Rocks: Timing the Geologic Record ... 168 --- Reconstructing Geologic History from the Stratigraphic Record ... 170 --- Geologic Time Scale: Relative Ages ... 178 --- Measuring Absolute Time with Radioactive Clocks ... 180 --- Geologic Time Scale: Absolute Ages ... 183 --- Timing the Earth System ... 184 --- Earth Issues: The Grand Canyon Sequence and Regional Correlation of Strata ... 176 --- Early History of the Terrestrial Planets ... 188 --- Origin of the Solar System ... 190 --- Early Earth: Formation of a Layered Planet ... 192 --- Diversity of the Planets ... 195 --- What's in a Face? The Age and Complexion of Planetary Surfaces ... 197 --- Mars Rocks! ... 204 --- Exploring the Solar System and Beyond ... 210 --- Evolution of the Continents ... 214 --- The Tectonics of North America ... 216 --- Tectonic Provinces Around the World ... 221 --- How Continents Grow ... 224 --- How Continents Are Modified ... 226 --- The Formation of Cratons ... 235 --- The Deep Structure of Continents ... 236 --- Geobiology: Life Interacts with the Earth ... 240 --- The Biosphere as a System ... 242 --- Microbes: Nature's Tiny Chemists ... 246 --- Geobiological Events in Earth's History ... 254 --- Astrobiology: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life ... 265 --- Earth Issues: The Mother of all Mass Extinctions: Whodunit? ... 264 --- Internal Geosystems --- Volcanoes ... 270 --- Volcanoes as Geosystems ... 272 --- Lavas and Other Volcanic Deposits ... 273 --- Eruptive Styles and Landforms ... 277 --- Geosystem Interactions ... 282 --- The Global Pattern of Volcanism ... 284 --- Volcanism and Human Affairs ... 288 --- Earth Policy: Mount St. Helens: Dangerous but Predictable ... 292 --- Earthquakes ... 296 --- What Is an Earthquake? ... 298 --- Studying Earthquakes ... 301 --- Earthquakes and Patterns of Faulting ... 309 --- Earthquake Destructiveness ... 313 --- Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? ... 320 --- Earth Issues: The Great Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 ... 312 --- Earth Issues: Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety ... 319 --- Exploring: Earth's Interior ... 324 --- Exploring the Interior with Seismic Waves ... 325 --- Layering and Composition of the Interior ... 328 --- Earth's Internal Heat and Temperature ... 332 --- The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Mantle ... 338 --- Earth's Magnetic Field and the Geodynamo ... 337 --- Earth Issues: The Uplift of Scandinavia: Nature's Experiment with Isostasy ... 331 --- Earth Issues: The Geoid: Shape of Planet Earth ... 338 --- Surficial Geosystems --- The Climate System ... 346 --- Components of the Climate System ... 348 --- The Greenhouse Effect ... 352 --- Climate Variability ... 355 --- The Carbon Cycle ... 362 --- Twentieth-Century Warming: Human Fingerprints of Global Change ... 366 --- Earth Issues: Vostok and GRIP: Ice-Core Drilling in Antarctica and Greenland ... 358 --- Earth Issues: El Nino: The Wayward Child ... 360 --- Weathering, Erosion, and Mass Wasting: Interface Between Climate and Tectonics ... 370 --- Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, and the Rock Cycle ... 372 --- Controls on Weathering ... 372 --- Chemical Weathering ... 373 --- Physical Weathering ... 378 --- Soil: The Residue of Weathering ... 381 --- Mass Wasting ... 384 --- Classification of Mass Movements ... 388 --- Understanding the Origins of Mass Movements ... 395 --- The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater ... 400 --- Flows and Reservoirs ... 402 --- Hydrology and Climate ... 404 --- The Hydrology of Runoff ... 406 --- Groundwater ... 408 --- Water Resources from Major Aquifers ... 415 --- Erosion by Groundwater ... 417 --- Water Quality ... 418 --- Water Deep in the Crust ... 421 --- Earth Issues: Water Is a Precious Resource: Who Should Get It? ... 404 --- Earth Issues: When Do Groundwaters Become Nonrenewable Resources? ... 416 --- Stream Transport: From Mountains to Oceans ... 426 --- Stream Valleys, Channels, and Floodplains ... 428 --- Drainage Networks ... 432 --- Where Do Channels Begin? How Running Water Erodes Solid Rock ... 435 --- How Stream Waters Flow and Transport Sediment ... 437 --- Deltas: The Mouths of Rivers ... 440 --- Streams as Geosystems ... 443 --- Earth Issues: The Development of Cities on Floodplains ... 432 --- Winds and Deserts ... 452 --- Wind as a Flow of Air ... 454 --- Wind as a Transport Agent ... 455 --- Wind as an Agent of Erosion ... 458 --- Wind as a Depositional Agent ... 460 --- The Desert Environment ... 464 --- Earth Issues: Martian Dust Storms and Dust Devils ... 457 --- Coastlines and Ocean Basins ... 472 --- Basic Differences Between Ocean Basins and Continents ... 474 --- Coastal Processes ... 474 --- Shorelines ... 485 --- Sea Level Change as a Measure of Global Warming ... 488 --- Continental Margins ... 491 --- The Deep Oceans ... 494 --- Ocean Sedimentation ... 500 --- Earth Policy: The Great New Orleans Flood ... 480 --- Earth Issues: Preserving Our Beaches ... 490 --- Glaciers: The Work of Ice ... 504 --- Ice as a Rock ... 506

Note: Zugl.: Bremen, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: @Potsdam, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Zugl.: Amsterdam, Univ., Diss., 2007.

Note: Introduction; Space weather forecasting historically viewed through the lens of meteorology; The Sun as the prime source of space weather; The coupling of the solar wind to the Earth's magnetosphere; Major radiation environments in the heliosphere and their implications for interplanetary travel; Radiation belts and ring current; Ionospheric response; Solar effects in the middle and lower stratosphere and probable associations with the troposphere; Space weather effects on communications; Space weather effects on power grids; Space weather impacts on space radiation protection. , Effects on spacecraft hardware and operationsEffects on satellite navigation; Forecasting space weather.

Note: Amsterdam, Univ., Diss., 2007

Note: Contents: Preface to First Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Acknowledgments. - Part I The Periglacial Domain. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.2.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.2.2 The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science. - 1.2.3 Modern Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.3 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.5.1 Permafrost-Related Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.2 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.3 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction. - 1.5.4 Applied Periglacial Geomorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 2 Periglacial Landscapes?. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, Paraglacial or Periglacial?. - 2.3 Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain. - 2.3.1 Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada. - 2.3.2 Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada. - 2.4 Relict Periglacial Landscapes. - 2.4.1 Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France. - 2.4.2 Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA. - 2.5 Conclusions. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 3 Periglacial Climates. - 3.1 Boundary Conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial Climates. - 3.2.1 High Arctic Climates. - 3.2.2 Continental Climates. - 3.2.3 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. - 3.2.4 Alpine Climates. - 3.2.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 3.2.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 3.3 Ground Climates. - 3.3.1 The n-Factor. - 3.3.2 The Thermal Offset. - 3.4 Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments. - 4 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 The Freezing Process. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 The Frozen Fringe. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Freezing and Thawing. - 4.4 The Ground-Temperature Regime. - 4.4.1 The Seasonal Regime. - 4.4.2 Short-Term Fluctuations. - 4.5 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 4.5.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 4.5.2 Frost Weathering Models. - 4.5.3 Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock. - 4.5.4 Discussion and Perspective. - 4.6 Chemical Weathering. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Solution and Karstification. - 4.6.3 Salt Weathering. - 4.7 Cryogenic Weathering. - 4.8 Cryobiological Weathering. - 4.9 Cryopedology. - 4.9.1 Cryosols. - 4.9.2 Soil Micromorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.1.1 Definition. - 5.1.2 Moisture and Ice within Permafrost. - 5.2 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 5.2.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 5.2.2 Physical Properties. - 5.2.3 Thermal Properties. - 5.3 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 5.3.1 General Principles. - 5.3.2 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 5.4 Distribution of Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.4.3 Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China. - 5.5 Relict Permafrost. - 5.5.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.5.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 5.6.1 Aquifers. - 5.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 5.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 5.7 Permafrost and Terrain Conditions. - 5.7.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.7.2 Rock Type. - 5.7.3 Vegetation. - 5.7.4 Snow Cover. - 5.7.5 Fire. - 5.7.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.8 The Active Layer. - 5.8.1 The Transient Layer. - 5.8.2 The Stefan Equation. - 5.8.3 Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 6 Surface Features of Permafrost. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 6.2.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 6.2.2 Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges. - 6.2.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 6.2.4 Polygon Morphology. - 6.2.5 Controls Over Cracking. - 6.2.6 Climatic Significance. - 6.3 Organic Terrain. - 6.3.1 Palsas. - 6.3.2 Peat Plateaus. - 6.4 Rock Glaciers. - 6.4.1 Creeping Permafrost. - 6.4.2 Types and Distribution. - 6.4.3 Origin. - 6.5 Frost Mounds. - 6.5.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 6.5.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 6.5.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 6.6 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 6.6.1 Bedrock Heave. - 6.6.2 Needle Ice. - 6.6.3 Cryoturbation and Frost Heave. - 6.6.4 Frost Sorting. - 6.6.5 Patterned Ground. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 7 Ground lce. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Classification. - 7.2.1 Pore Ice. - 7.2.2 Segregated Ice. - 7.2.3 Intrusive Ice. - 7.2.4 Vein Ice. - 7.2.5 Other Types of Ice. - 7.3 Ice Distribution. - 7.3.1 Amounts. - 7.3.2 Distribution with Depth. - 7.3.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 7.3.4 Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments. - 7.4 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 7.4.1 Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies. - 7.4.2 Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures. - 7.4.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 7.4.4 Ice Crystallography. - 7.4.5 Ice Geochemistry. - 7.4.6 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7.5 Ice Wedges. - 7.5.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.5.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.5.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.6 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 7.6.1 Nature and Extent. - 7.6.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 7.6.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 7.6.4 Other Mechanisms. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 8 Thermokarst. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.2.1 General. - 8.2.2 Specific. - 8.3 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.3.1 Thermokarst Subsidence. - 8.3.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.3.3 Other Processes. - 8.4 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.4.1 Involuted Sediments. - 8.4.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.4.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.4.4 Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.5 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.5.1 Low-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.2 High-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.6 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.6.1 Morphology. - 8.6.2 Growth and Drainage. - 8.6.3 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - 8.7 Thermokarst-Affected Terrain. - 8.7.1 The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia. - 8.7.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.8 Human-Induced Thermokarst. - 8.8.1 Causes. - 8.8.2 Case Studies. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 9 Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Slope Morphology. - 9.2.1 The Free-Face Model. - 9.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes. - 9.2.5 Stepped Profiles. - 9.3 Mass Wasting. - 9.4 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 9.4.1 Solifluction. - 9.4.2 Frost Creep. - 9.4.3 Gelifluction. - 9.4.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 9.5 Rapid Mass Wasting. - 9.5.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 9.5.2 Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches. - 9.5.3 Rockfall. - 9.6 Slopewash. - 9.6.1 Snow-Bank Hydrology. - 9.6.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 9.7 Frozen and Thawing Slopes. - 9.7.1 Permafrost Creep. - 9.7.2 Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation. - 9.7.3 Stability of Thawing Slopes. - 9.8 Cold-Climate Slope Evolution. - 9.8.1 Cryoplanation. - 9.8.2 Slope Replacement and Richter Denudation Slopes. - 9.8.3 Rapidity of Profile Change. - 9.8.4 Summary. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 10 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms. - 10.2.1 Major Rivers. - 10.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up. - 10.2.3 Basin Hydrology. - 10.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation. - 10.2.5 Fluvio-Thermal Erosion. - 10.2.6 Channel Morphology. - 10.2.7 Valley Asymmetry. - 10.3 Eolian Processes and Sediments. - 10.3.1 Wind Abrasion. - 10.3.2 Wind Deflation. - 10.3.3 Niveo-Eolian Sediments. - 10.3.4 Loess-Like Silt. - 10.3.5 Sand Dunes and San

Note: Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition COAST I / edited by Paul Overduin , Enthaltener Beitrag: The Expedition Lena 2005 / edited by Lutz Schirrmeister, Dirk Wagner, Mikhail N. Grigoriev and Dimitry Yu. Bolshiyanov , Enthaltener Beitrag: Russian-German cooperation Yakutsk - Potsdam: the expedition CENTRAL YAKUTIA 2005 / edited by Bernhard Diekmann, Sebastian Wetterich and Frank Kienast , Contents for "Russian-German Cooperation SYSTEM LAPTEV SEA: The Expedition COAST I" The Expedition COAST I 1. Background and Objectives 2. Logistics and Itinerary 3. Field Methods and Sample Recovery 3.1 Coring 3.2 Pore water analyses 3.3 Temperature profiles 4. Sample lists , Contents for "The Expedition Lena 2005" The Expedition Lena 2005 1. Introduction 2. Expedition itinerary and general logistics 3. Microbiological processes, trace gas fluxes and hydrobiology in permafrost ecosystems of the Lena Delta 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Dynamic of methane oxidising communities in permafrost soils 3.2.1 Introduction 3.2.2 Sampling procedure and field parameters 3.2.3 Pore water methane concentration 3.2.4 Sample processing and analyses 3.3 Microbial studies on nitrification from permafrost environments 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 Field experiments: Impact of polygonal soil parameter on nitrification 3.4 Closed chamber measurements of carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.5 Micrometeorological measurements of energy, water, and carbon exchange between Arctic tundra and the atmosphere 3.6 Energy and water budget of permafrost soils – long time meteorology and soil survey station on Samoylov Island 3.7 Isotopic Studies on the 13C-fractionation during CH4-production in polygonal and thermokarst lakes of the Lena Delta 3.7.1 Introduction and methods 3.7.2 Preliminary results and further plans 3.8 Hydrobiological investigations on Samoylov Island 3.8.1 Objectives 3.8.2 Research tasks 3.8.3 Material and methods 3.8.4 Preliminary results 3.9 References 4. Studies of periglacial landscape dynamics and surface characteristics studies in the western Lena Delta 4.1. Scientific background and objectives 4.2. Geological and geographical characteristics 4.3. Studies of oriented lakes and thermokarst depressions 4.3.1 Background 4.3.2 Study area 4.3.3 Topographical and geomorphological settings 4.3.3.1 Depressions 1, 2 and 3 4.3.3.2 Depression 4 4.3.3.3 Depression 5 4.3.4 Bathymetrical surveys 4.3.5 Field sampling 4.4. Characteristics and spectral properties of periglacial landforms 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Methods 4.4.3 First results 4.5. Studies of permafrost sequences for paleo-environmental reconstruction 4.5.1 The “Arga-Sands” on Turakh Island 4.5.1.1 Exposure Tur-1 4.5.1.2 Core Tur-2 4.5.1.3 Exposure T021 4.5.2 Sand sequences of Ebe Basyn Sise Island 4.5.2.1 Exposure Ebe-4 4.5.2.2 Exposure Ebe-2 4.5.2.3 Exposure Ebe-3 4.5.2.4 Exposure Ebe-5 4.5.3 Sand and Ice Complex sequences of Khardang Island 4.5.3.1 The sand deposits in the exposure Kha-1 4.5.3.2 The sequence Kha-2 4.5.3.3 Exposure Kha-3: large ice wedge and surrounding sediments 4.6 Subsurficial and bathymetrical Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Investigations 4.6.1 Subsurface mapping of the Arga sands stratigraphical unit 4.6.1.1 GPR survey configuration 4.6.1.2 Transects at exposure Ebe-4 4.6.1.3 Transects at exposure/borehole Tur-1/Tur-2 4.6.2 Arynskaya Channel bathymetry 4.7 Measuring of local weather and soil conditions by soil probe and weather station 4.8 Palaeontological collection of the “Mammoth” fauna from the museum of the Lena Delta Reserve 4.9 References 4.10 Appendices chapter 4 Appendix 4-1: Field spectrometry – description of measuring points and profiles (see chapter 4.4) Appendix 4-2: List of sediment samples (see chapter 4.5) Appendix 4-3: Modern soil profiles and surface samples Appendix 4-4: List of ground ice and surface water samples Appendix 4-5. Bone collection of the expedition LENA 2005 Appendix 4-6: Bone collection of Lena Delta Reserve Tiksi (see chapter 4.8) 5. Holocene ice wedges of the 1st Lena terrace 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Outcrops 5.2.1 Outcrop 1 5.2.2 Outcrop 2 5.2.3 Geocryolithology on Samoylov Island: General impressions 5.2.4 Outcrop 3 5.2.5 Outcrop 4 5.2.6 Outcrop 5 5.2.7 Outcrop 6 5.2.8 Outcrop 7 5.2.9 Outcrop 8 5.2.10 Outcrop 9 5.2.11 Outcrop 10 5.2.12 Pingo at Olenyekskaya Channel 5.2.13 Summary 5.3 Studies on recent cryogenesis on Samoylov Island 5.4 References 5.5 Appendices chapter 5 Appendix 5-1: Ice sample list Appendix 5-2: List of sediment samples and ice content measurement Appendix 5-3: List of water samples 6. Report of the hydrological work in the Lena River Delta in August 2005 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methods 6.3 Preliminary results 6.4 Conclusion , Contents for "Russian-German cooperation Yakutsk - Potsdam: the expedition CENTRAL YAKUTIA 2005" Central Yakutia 2005 1. Expedition ‘Verkhoyansk 2005’ • Limnogeological studies at Lake Billyakh, Verkhoyansk Mountains, Yakutia 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Regional Setting of Lake Billyakh 1.3 Itinerary 1.4 Methods 1.4.1 Bathymetric measurements 1.4.2 Water sampling and measurements 1.4.3 Sediment coring 1.5 Results 1.5.1 Bathymetry 1.5.2 Water profiles 1.5.3 Sediment cores 1.6 Outlook 1.7 References 2 Limnological studies in Central and North-east Yakutia in summer 2005 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Study sites and lake types 2.3 Material and methods 2.4 Preliminary results 2.5 Outlook 2.6 References 2.7 Appendices Appendix 2-1: General characteristics and geographical position of the studied lakes in Central and North-east Yakutia Appendix 2-2: Some properties of the studied lakes in Central and North-east Yakutia, obtained during the fieldwork (unfilled table cells imply no data or information) Appendix 2-3: Sample list for further analyses on sediments, hydro-chemistry, water isotopes and aquatic organisms Appendix 2-4: Occurrence of zoobenthos organisms in the sampled Central-Yakutian lakes in July 2005 3. Vegetation studies in extremely continental regions of Yakutia 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Study areas and investigated vegetation types 3.3 Material and methods 3.4 Preliminary results 3.5 Appendix 3-1: Metadata of studied vegetation records

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Französisch

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. RC Filter. 3. General linear time invariant systems. 4. The seismometer. 5. The sampling process. 6. Analog-to-digital conversion. 7. From infinitely continuous to finite discrete. 8. The digital anti-alias filter. 9. Inverse and simulation filtering of digital seismograms. 10. The measurement of wavelet parameters from digital seismograms. References. Appendix: Solution to problems.

Note: Zugl.: München,Univ. der Bundeswehr, Diss., 2005

Note: Ch. 1. Structure and development of a plant : an overview -- ch. 2. The protoplast : plasma membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasmic organelles -- ch. 3. The protoplast : endomembrane system, secretory pathways, cytoskeleton, and stored compounds -- ch. 4. Cell wall -- ch. 5. Meristems and differentiation -- ch. 6. Apical meristems -- ch. 7. Parenchyma and collenchyma -- ch. 8. Sclerenchyma -- ch. 9. Epidermis -- ch. 10. Xylem : cell types and developmental aspects -- ch. 11. Xylem : secondary xylem and variations in wood structure -- ch. 12. Vascular cambium -- ch. 13. Phloem : cell types and developmental aspects -- ch. 14. Phloem : secondary phloem and variations in its structure -- ch. 15. Periderm -- ch. 16. External secretory structures -- ch. 17. Internal secretory structures.

Note: Zugl.: Greifswald, Univ., Diss., 2005

Note: Contents Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Discovery 1.2 General Introduction 1.3 Just for Fun — An Isotope Biography of Mr. Polychaete Chapter 2. Isotope Notation and Measurement Overview 2.1 The Necessary Minimum for Ecologists 2.2 Why Use the 5 Notation? 2.3 Why Is 8 a Good Substitute for % Heavy Isotope? 2.4 8 and the Ratio-of-Ratios 2.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 3. Using Stable Isotope Tracers Overview 3.1 Isotope Circulation in the Biosphere 3.2 Landscape Ecology and Isotope Maps 3.3 Community Ecology and Invasive Species in Food Webs 3.4 Life History Ecology and Animal Migrations 3.5 Plants, Microbes, and Scaling Up 3.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 4. Isotope Chi ("I Chi") Overview 4.1 Chocolate Isotopes 4.2 Oxygen in the Sea 4.3 Equations for Isotope Chi ("I Chi") 4.4 Building an I Chi Gain-Loss Model, Step by Step 4.5 Errors in I Chi Models 4.6 Exact Equations for I Chi Models 4.7 Cows in a Pasture 4.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 5. Mixing Overview 5.1 Isotope Mixing in Food Webs 5.2 Isotope Sourcery 5.3 Mixing Mechanics 5.4 Advanced Mixing Mechanics 5.5 Mixing Assumptions and Errors or the Art and Wisdom of Using Isotope Mixing Models 5.6 River Sulfate and Mass-Weighted Mixing 5.7 A Special Muddy Case and Mixing Through Time 5.8 The Qualquan Chronicles and Mixing Across Landscapes 5.9 Dietary Mixing, Turnover, and a Stable Isotope Clock 5.10 Chapter Summary Chapter 6. Isotope Additions Overview 6.1 Addition Addiction 6.2 The Golden Spike Award for Isotopes 6.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 7. Fractionation Overview 7.1 Fractionation Fundamentals 7.2 Isotopium and Fractionation in Closed Systems 7.3 A Strange and Routine Case 7.4 A Genuine Puzzle — Fractionation or Mixing? 7.5 Cracking the Closed Systems 7.6 Equilibrium Fractionation, Subtle Drama in the Cold 7.7 A Supply/Demand Model for Open System Fractionation 7.8 Open System Fractionation and Evolution of the Earth's Sulfur Cycle 7.9 Open System Legacies 7.10 Conducting Fractionation Experiments 7.11 Chapter Summary Chapter 8. Scanning the Future Overview 8.1 The Isotope Scanner 8.2 Mangrove Maude 8.3 The Beginner's Advantage—Imagine! 8.4 Chapter Summary Appendix. Important Isotope Equations and Useful Conversions Index Supplemental Electronic Materials on the Accompanying CD A. Chapter 1 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems B. Chapter 2 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems Technical Supplement 2A: Measuring Spiked Samples Technical Supplement 2B: Ion Corrections Technical Supplement 2C: The Ratio Notation and The Power of 1 C. Chapter 3 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems D. Chapter 4 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets E. Chapters 5 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets F. Chapter 6 Color Figure and Cartoon Problems I Chi Spreadsheet Technical Supplement 6A: How Much Isotope Should I Add? Technical Supplement 6B: Noisy Data and Data Analysis with Enriched Samples G. Chapter 7 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets Technical Supplement 7A: A Chemist's View of Isotope Effects Technical Supplement 7B: Derivations of Closed System Isotope Equations H. Chapter 8 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I. All Problems for Chapters 1-8 J. All Answers to Problems for Chapters 1-8 K. All Figures and Cartoons L. All I Chi Spreadsheets M. A Reading List

Note: Zürich, ETH, Dissertation, 2005

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - List of Abbreviations. - 1 The evolution of knowledge about the Arctic and its climate. - 1.1 Historical exploration. - 1.2 The beginning of systematic observations. - 1.3 The modern era. - 2 Physical characteristics and basic climatic features. - 2.1 The Arctic ocean. - 2.2 The Arctic lands. - 2.3 Basic climatic elements. - 3 The basic atmospheric heat budget. - 3.1 The Arctic and the global heat budget. - 3.2 The basic Arctic heat budget. - 3.3 Further analysis of Fwall. - 4 The atmospheric circulation. - 4.1 Historical perspective. - 4.2 The stratospheric circulation. - 4.3 The Arctic tropopause. - 4.4 The mid-tropospheric circulation. - 4.5 Surface and near-surface circulation. - 4.6 Polar Lows. - 5 The surface energy budget. - 5.1 The energy balance equations. - 5.2 The downward solar radiation flux. - 5.3 Surface albedo. - 5.4 Longwave radiation fluxes. - 5.5 Distribution of net radiation. - 5.6 Cloud radiative forcing. - 5.7 Radiation fluxes from surface observations: examples from SHEBA. - 5.8 Partitioning of net radiation. - 5.9 Skin temperature, SAT and vertical structure. - 5.10 Radiation-climate feedbacks. - 6 Precipitation, net precipitation and river discharge. - 6.1 Precipitation. - 6.2 Evapo-transpiration and net precipitation. - 6.3 Mean annual cycles for the major terrestrial drainages. - 6.4 River discharge and runoff. - 7 Arctic ocean-sea ice-climate interactions. - 7.1 Sea ice formation, growth and melt. - 7.2 Mean circulation, ice zones and concentration. - 7.3 Sea ice motion. - 7.4 Examples of large-scale ocean-sea ice-climate interactions. - 7.5 The Fram Strait outflow and the thermohaline circulation. - 8 Climate regimes of the Arctic. - 8.1 The Greenland Ice Sheet. - 8.2 Polar desert. - 8.3 Maritime Arctic. - 8.4 Central Arctic Ocean. - 8.5 Mountains and uplands. - 8.6 Urban modifications of local climate. - 9 Modeling the Arctic climate system. - 9.1 General model types. - 9.2 Single-column models. - 9.3 Land surface models. - 9.4 Sea ice and ice-ocean models. - 9.5 Global climate models. - 9.6 Regional climate models. - 9.7 Numerical weather prediction models. - 9.8 Ecosystem models. - 9.9 Summary of model errors. - 10 Arctic paleoclimates. - 10.1 The distant past. - 10.2 Paleoclimate records for the Quaternary. - 10.3 Features of the Quaternary. - 10.4 Rapid climate shifts. - 10.5 Regional aspects of the LGM. - 10.6 Deglaciation. - 10.7 The Holocene. - 11 Recent climate variability, trends and the future. - 11.1 Setting the stage. - 11.2 Summary of observed variability and change. - 11.3 The NAO and AO. - 11.4 The NAO/AO framework: merits and shortcomings. - 11.5 Related multiyear climate variability. - 11.6 The future. - References. - List of selected websites. - Index.

Note: Internetausg. u.d.T.: A new perspective of the solar wind micro-structure due to multi-point observations of discontinuities , Köln, Univ., Diss., 2005