ALBERT

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Contents Preface PART I Framework of Climate Science CHAPTER 1 Overview of Climate Science Climate and Climate Change 1-1 Geologic Time Tools of Climate Science: Temperature Scales 1-2 How This Book Is Organized Development of Climate Science 1-3 How Scientists Study Climate Change Overview of the Climate System 1-4 Components of the Climate System 1-5 Climate Forcing 1-6 Climate System Responses 1-7 Time Scales of Forcing Versus Response 1-8 Differing Response Rates and Climate-System Interactions 1-9 Feedbacks in the Climate System Climate Interactions and Feedbacks: Positive and Negative Feedbacks CHAPTER 2 Climate Archives, Data, and Models Climate Archives, Dating, and Resolution 2-1 Types of Archives 2-2 Dating Climate Records 2-3 Climatic Resolution Climatic Data 2-4 Biotic Data 2-5 Geological and Geochemical Data Climate Models 2-6 Physical Climate Models 2-7 Geochemical Models PART II Tectonic-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 3 CO2and Long-Term Climate Greenhouse Worlds Faint Young Sun Paradox Carbon Exchanges Between Rocks and the Atmosphere 3-1 Volcanic Input of Carbon from Rocks to the Atmosphere 3-2 Removal of CO2 from the Atmosphere by Chemical Weathering Climatic Factors That Control Chemical Weathering Is Chemical Weathering Earth’s Thermostat? 3-3 Greenhouse Role of Water Vapor Is Life the Ultimate Control on Earth’s Thermostat? 3-4 Gaia Hypothesis Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon Subcycle Was There a “Thermostat Malfunction”? A Snowball Earth? CHAPTER Plate Tectonics and Long-Term Climate Plate Tectonics 4-1 Structure and Composition of Tectonic Plates 4-2 Evidence of Past Plate Motions Polar Position Hypothesis 4-3 Glaciations and Continental Positions Since 500 Myr Ago Modeling Climate on the Supercontinent Pangaea 4-4 Input to the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Brief Glaciation 440 Myr Ago 4-5 Output from the Model Simulation of Climate on Pangaea Tectonic Control of CO2 Input: BLAG Spreading-Rate Hypothesis 4-6 Control of CO2 Input by Seafloor Spreading 4-7 Initial Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis Tectonic Control of CO2Removal: Uplift-Weathering Hypothesis 4-8 Rock Exposure and Chemical Weathering 4-9 Case Study: The Wind River Basin of Wyoming 4-10 Uplift and Chemical Weathering 4-11 Case Study: Weathering in the Amazon Basin 4-12 Weathering: Both a Climate Forcing and a Feedback? CHAPTER 5 Greenhouse Climate What Explains the Warmth 100 Myr Ago? 5-1 Model Simulations of the Cretaceous Greenhouse 5-2 What Explains the Data-Model Mismatch? 5-3 Relevance of Past Greenhouse Climate to the Future Sea Level Changes and Climate 5-4 Causes of Tectonic-Scale Changes in Sea Level 5-5 Effect of Changes in Sea Level on Climate Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Calculating Changes in Sea Level Asteroid Impact Large and Abrupt Greenhouse Episode near 50 Myr Ago CHAPTER 6 From Greenhouse to Icehouse: The Last 50 Million Years Global Climate Change Since 50 Myr Ago 6-1 Evidence from Ice and Vegetation 6-2 Evidence from Oxygen Isotope Measurements 6-3 Evidence from Mg/Ca Measurements Do Changes in Geography Explain the Cooling? 6-4 Gateway Hypothesis 6-5 Assessment of Gateway Changes Hypotheses Linked to Changes in CO2 6-6 Evaluation of the BLAG Spreading Rate Hypothesis 6-7 Evaluation of the Uplift Weathering Hypothesis Climate DebateTiming of the Uplift in Western North America Future Climate Change at Tectonic Scales Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Organic Carbon: Monterrey Hypothesis PART III Orbital-Scale Climate Change CHAPTER 7 Astronomical Control of Solar Radiation Earth’s Orbit Today 7-1 Earth’s Tilted Axis of Rotation and the Seasons 7-2 Earth’s Eccentric Orbit: Distance Between Earth and Sun Long-Term Changes in Earth’s Orbit 7-3 Changes in Earth’s Axial Tilt Through Time Tools of Climate Science: Cycles and Modulation 7-4 Changes in Earth’s Eccentric Orbit Through Time 7-5 Precession of the Solstices and Equinoxes Around Earth’s Orbit Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Earth’s Precession as a Sine Wave Changes in Insolation Received on Earth 7-6 Insolation Changes by Month and Season 7-7 Insolation Changes by Caloric Seasons Searching for Orbital-Scale Changes in Climatic Records 7-8 Time Series Analysis 7-9 Effects of Undersampling Climate Records 7-10 Tectonic-Scale Changes in Earth’s Orbit CHAPTER 8 Insolation Control of Monsoons Monsoon Circulations 8-1 Orbital-Scale Control of Summer Monsoons Orbital-Scale Changes in North African Summer Monsoons 8-2 “Stinky Muds” in the Mediteranean 8-3 Freshwater Diatoms in the Tropical Atlantic 8-4 Upwelling in the Equatorial Atlantic Orbital Monsoon Hypothesis: Regional Assessment 8-5 Cave Speleothems in China and Brazil 8-6 Phasing of Summer Monsoons Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Insolation-Driven Monsoon Responses: Chronometer for Tuning Monsoon Forcing Earlier in Earth’s History 8-7 Monsoons on Pangaea 200 Myr Ago 8-8 Joint Tectonic and Orbital Control of Monsoons CHAPTER 9 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory: Orbital Control of Ice Sheets Modeling the Behavior of Ice Sheets 9-1 Insolation Control of Ice Sheet Size 9-2 Ice Sheets Lag Behind Summer Insolation Forcing 9-3 Delayed Bedrock Response Beneath Ice Sheets Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Ice Volume Response to Insolation 9-4 Full Cycle of Ice Growth and Decay 9-5 Ice Slipping and Calving Northern Hemisphere Ice Sheet History 9-6 Ice Sheet History: δ18O Evidence 9-7 Confirming Ice Volume Changes: Coral Reefs and Sea Level Is Milankovich’s Theory the Full Answer? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Sea Level on Uplifting Islands CHAPTER 10 Orbital-Scale Changes in Carbon Dioxide and Methane Ice Cores 10-1 Drilling and Dating Ice Cores 10-2 Verifying Ice-Core Measurements of Ancient Air 10-3 Orbital-Scale Carbon Transfers: Carbon Isotopes Orbital-Scale Changes in CO2 10-4 Where Did the Missing Carbon Go? 10-5 δ13C Evidence of Carbon Transfer How Did the Carbon Get into the Deep Ocean? 10-6 Increased CO2 Solubility in Seawater 10-7 Biological Transfer from Surface Waters A Closer Look at Climate Science: Using δ13C to Measure Carbon Pumping 10-8 Changes in Deep-Water Circulation Orbital-Scale Changes in CH4 Orbital-Scale Climatic Roles: CO2and CH4 CHAPTER 11 Orbital-Scale Interactions, Feedbacks, and Unsolved Problems Climatic Responses Driven by the Ice Sheets Mystery of the 41,000-Year Glacial World 11-1 Did Insolation Really Vary Mainly at 41,000 Years? 11-2 Interhemispheric Cancellation of 23,000-Year Ice Volume Responses? 11-3 CO2 Feedback at 41,000 Years? Mystery of the ~100,000-Year Glacial World 11-4 How Is the Northern Ice Signal Transferred South? Why did the Northern Ice Sheets Vary at ~100,000 Years? Looking Deeper into Climate Science: Link Between Forcing and the Time Constants of Ice Response 11-5 Ice Interactions with Bedrock 11-6 Ice Interactions with the Local Environment 11-7 Ice Interactions with Greenhouse Gases PART IV Deglacial Climate Change CHAPTER 12 Last Glacial Maximum Glacial World: More Ice, Less Gas 12-1 Project CLIMAP: Reconstructing the Last Glacial Maximum 12-2 How Large Were the Ice Sheets? 12-3 Glacial Dirt and Winds Testing Model Simulations Against Biotic Data 12-4 COHMAP: Data-Model Comparisons 12-5 Pollen: Indicator of Climate on the Continents 12-6 Using Pollen for Data-Model Comparisons Data-Model Comparisons of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-7 Model Simulations of Glacial Maximum Climates 12-8 Climate Changes near the Northern Ice Sheets 12-9 Climate Changes far from the Northern Ice Sheets How Cold Were the Glacial Tropics? 12-10 Evidence for a Small Tropical Cooling 12-11 Evidence for a Large Tropical Cooling 12-12 Actual Cooling Was Medium-Small CHAPTER 13 Climate During and Since the Last Deglaciation Fire and Ice: Shift in the Balance of Power 13-1 When Did the Ice Sheets Melt? 13-2 Coral Reefs and Rising Sea Level 13-3 Glitches in the Deglaciation: Deglacial Two-Step To

Note: CONTENTS COMPOSITION OF THE OFFICE CONTENTS INTRODUCTION I. THE POLAR REGIONS: AN URGENT NEED FOR PROTECTION A. EXTREME BUT FRAGILE REGIONS 1. The Arctic Ocean 2. Antarctica B. FRANCE'S RESPONSIBILITY IN THE ANTARCTICA TREATY 1. The origins of the treaty and the Antarctic system 2. Mining a suspended issue 3. Tourism: a new peaceful threat? II. THE POLES: THEIR KEY ROLE IN UNDERSTANDING CLIMATE CHANGE A. UNDERSTANDING PAST CLIMATES TO UNDERSTAND THE FUTURE CLIMATE 1. Recent ice cores from Greenland 2. lce cores from Antarctica 3. Ocean core samples: the transpolar link 4. The future of glacial core sampling B. THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION 1. The general circulation system 2. The importance of the creation of cold, deep waters 3. The Antarctic Ocean, a carbon sink C. THE POLAR REGIONS AT THE HEART OF GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 1. Will the Arctic ice shelf disappear in the summer? 2. Will Greenland melt completely? 3. Can a diagnosis be made concerning the assessment of Antarctica's mass? III. FRANCE'S FIRST-CLASS BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH A. AN EXCEPTIONAL HERITAGE 1. A unique geographic situation 2. 40 to 50 years of continuous observations B. ADAPTING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS 1. Adapting to climate change 2. Understanding the adaptation to extreme environments C. INNOVATIVE RESEARCH 1. The equipment of animals 2. Hormonal, molecular and genetic research 3. The implications for the organization of research IV. OBSERVING THE EARTH, OBSERVING THE UNIVERSE A. OBSERVATORIES FOR THE EARTH AND THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE 1. Seismology 2. Measuring gravity and terrestrial magnetism 3. Studying the stratosphere and monitoring the ozone layer '1. Observing the ionosphere B. ANTARCTIC ASTRONOMY: A NEW FIELD 1. Recognizing this fast-growing discipline 2. Concordia: the best site in the world/or astronomic observations? 3. Searching for meteorites in Antarctica 4. Measuring cosmic radiation V. PREPARING THE SPACE MISSIONS IN ANTARCTICA A. PREPARING AND VALIDATING THE SATELLITE MISSIONS 1. Space and the polar regions: preparation complementarity 2. Validating on the ground observations made from space B. PREPARING MANNED SPACE FLIGHTS AND MOON OR MARS-BASED STATIONS 1. Concordia - a unique research site 2. Studying behaviour in an extreme environment 3. Physiological studies C. TESTING EXPLORATION MATERIAL 1. American examples and projects 2. European perspectives VI. FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE POLAR REGIONS A. DEVELOPING FRANCE'S PRESENCE IN THE ARCTIC, STRENGTHENING ITS PRESENCE IN ANTARCTICA 1. Developing France's Arctic presence 2. Strengthening our presence in the southern regions B. IPEV (THE FRENCH PAUL-EMILE VICTOR INSTITUTE), AN AGENCY OF MEANS VII. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION: A NECESSITY AND A GOAL A. HOW TO ENCOURAGE A EUROPEAN PROCESS? 1. The European Union: a sufficient framework? 2. The practical and political limitations of cooperation 3. Towards an Italian-German-French engine? B. WHAT INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION FOR FRANCE ON THE EVE OF THE IPY? 1. Excellence, proximity and longevity: three key criteria for cooperation 2. Developing a network for the stations VIII. THE RAPPORTEUR'S CONCLUSIONS AND PROPOSALS 1. Strategic regions 2. Regions to protect 3. Essential regions for understanding climate change 4. Life in the polar regions: of great value to humanity 5. The polar regions: an observatory for the Earth 6. Strongly support the development of astronomy at Concordia 7. Take advantage of the polar regions' complementarity with the space missions 8. Strengthen France's presence in the polar regions 9. Reorganize France's presence in the polar regions 10. Better coordinate polar research 11. Solve the problem of insufficient funding for polar-research logistics 12. Define a French strategy for European and international cooperation APPENDICES SPEAKERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1 MARCH 2007 SEMINAR: "OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE" PART ONE: LUNCH-DEBATE I. MR. HENRI REVOL, PRESIDENT OF THE OPECST II. MR. JEAN-LOUIS ETIENNE PART TWO: OFFICIAL OPENING SESSION I. INTRODUCTION A. MR. CHRISTIAN GAUDIN, SENATOR, RAPPORTEUR FOR THE OPECST B. MS. CATHERINE BRECHIGNAC, PRESIDENT OF THE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE (CNRS) C. MR. MICHEL JARRAUD, SECRETARY-GENERAL OF THE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION D. MR. CHRISTIAN COINTAT, SENATOR, PRESIDENT OF THE ANTARCTIC AND ARTIC STUDY GROUP II. OFFICIAL OPENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL POLAR YEAR IN FRANCE BY MR. CHRISTIAN PONCELET, PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE III. THEMATIC DEBATE-THE POLES: INDICATORS AND EVIDENCE FOR MANKIND A. MS. NELLY OLIN, MINISTER OF ECOLOGY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT B. MS. VALERIE MASSON-DELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST, CEA C. MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST, CNRS D. MS. JOELLE ROBERT-LAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST, CNRS E. DEBATE IV. CLOSING SPEECHES A. MR. FRAN〈;:OIS GOULARD, MINISTER FOR HIGHER EDUCATION AND RESEARCH B. HIS SERENE HIGHNESS PRINCE ALBERT II OF MONACO APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. VALERIE MASSONDELMOTTE, CLIMATOLOGIST - CEA APPENDIX 2: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MS. JOELLE ROBERTLAMBLIN, ANTHROPOLOGIST - CNRS APPENDIX 3: DOCUMENTS PRESENTED BY MR. YVON LE MAHO, BIOLOGIST- CNRS

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:c 2005

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 How the Ocean-Atmosphere System Is Driven. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 The Amount of Energy Received by the Earth. - 1.3 Radiative Equilibrium Models. - 1.4 The Greenhouse Effect. - 1.5 Effects of Convection. - 1.6 Effects of Horizontal Gradients. - 1.7 Variability in Radiative Driving of the Earth. - 2 Transfer of Properties between Atmosphere and Ocean. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Contrasts in Properties of Ocean and Atmosphere. - 2.3 Momentum Transfer between Air and Sea, and the Atmosphere's Angular Momentum Balance. - 2.4 Dependence of Exchange Rates on Air-Sea Velocity, Temperature, and Humidity Differences. - 2.5 The Hydrological Cycle. - 2.6 The Heat Balance of the Ocean. - 2.7 Surface Density Changes and the Thermohaline Circulation of the Ocean. - 3 Properties of a Fluid at Rest. - 3.1 The Equation of State. - 3.2 Thermodynamic Variables. - 3.3 Values of Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ocean and Atmosphere. - 3.4 Phase Changes. - 3.5 Balance of Forces in a Fluid at Rest. - 3.6 Static Stability. - 3.7 Quantities Associated with Stability. - 3.8 Stability of a Saturated Atmosphere. - 3.9 Graphical Representation of Vertical Soundings. - 4 Equations Satisfied by a Moving Fluid. - 4.1 Properties of a Material Element. - 4.2 Mass Conservation Equation. - 4.3 Balance for a Scalar Quantity like Salinity. - 4.4 The Internal Energy (or Heat) Equation. - 4.5 The Equation of Motion. - 4.6 Mechanical Energy Equation. - 4.7 Total Energy Equation. - 4.8 Bernoulli's Equation. - 4.9 Systematic Effects of Diffusion. - 4.10 Summary List of the Governing Equations. - 4.11 Boundary Conditions. - 4.12 A Coordinate System for Planetary Scale Motions. - 5 Adjustment under Gravity in a Nonrotating System. - 5.1 Introduction: Adjustment to Equilibrium. - 5.2 Perturbations from the Rest State for a Homogenous Inviscid Fluid. - 5.3 Surface Gravity Waves. - 5.4 Dispersion. - 5.5 Short-Wave and Long-Wave Approximations. - 5.6 Shallow-Water Equations Derived Using the Hydrostatic Approximation. - 5.7 Energetics of Shallow-Water Motion. - 5.8 Seiches and Tides in Channels and Gulfs. - 6 Adjustment under Gravity of a Density-Stratified Fluid. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 The Case of Two Superposed Fluids of Different Density. - 6.3 The Baroclinic Mode and the Rigid Lid Approximation. - 6.4 Adjustments within a Continuously Stratified Incompressible Fluid. - 6.5 Internal Gravity Waves. - 6.6 Dispersion Effects. - 6.7 Energetics of internal waves. - 6.8 Internal Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 6.9 Effects on Boundary-Generated Waves of Variations of Buoyancy Frequency with Height. - 6.10 Free Waves in the Presence of Boundaries. - 6.11 Waves of Large Horizontal Scale: Normal Modes. - 6.12 An Example of Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Fluid. - 6.13 Resolution into Normal Modes for the Ocean. - 6.14 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Stratified Compressible Fluid. - 6.15 Examples of Adjustment in a Compressible Atmosphere. - 6.16 Weak Dispersion of a Pulse. - 6.17 Isobaric Coordinates. - 6.18 The Vertically Integrated Perturbation Energy Equation in Isobaric Coordinates. - 7 Effects of Rotation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 The Rossby Adjustment Problem. - 7.3 The Transients. - 7.4 Applicability, to the Rotating Earth. - 7.5 The Rossby Radius of Deformation. - 7.6 The Geostrophic Balance. - 7.7 Relative Geostrophic Currents: The Thermal Wind. - 7.8 Available Potential Energy. - 7.9 Circulation and Vorticity. - 7.10 Conservation of Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 7.11 Circulation in a Stratified Fluid and Ertel's Potential Vorticity. - 7.12 Perturbation Forms of the Vorticity Equations in a Uniformly Rotating Fluid. - 7.13 Initialization of Fields for Numerical Prediction Schemes. - 8 Gravity Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Effect of Rotation on Surface Gravity Waves: Poincare Waves. - 8.3 Dispersion Properties and Energetics of Poincare Waves. - 8.4 Vertically Propagating Internal Waves in a Rotating Fluid. - 8.5 Polarization Relations. - 8.6 Energetics. - 8.7 Waves Generated at a Horizontal Boundary. - 8.8 Mountain Waves. - 8.9 Effects of Variation of Properties with Height. - 8.10 Finite-Amplitude Topographic Effects. - 8.11 Dissipative Effects in the Upper Atmosphere. - 8.12 The Liouville-Green or WKBJ Approximation. - 8.13 Wave Interactions. - 8.14 The Internal Wave Spectrum in the Ocean. - 8.15 Wave Transport and Effects on the Mean Flow. - 8.16 Quasi-geostrophic Flow (f Plane): The Isallobaric Wind. - 9 Forced Motion. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Forcing Due to Surface Stress: Ekman Transport. - 9.3 Wind-Generated Inertial Oscillations in the Ocean Mixed Layer. - 9.4 Ekman Pumping. - 9.5 Bottom Friction: Velocity Structure of the Boundary Layer. - 9.6 The Laminar Ekman Layer. - 9.7 The Nocturnal Jet. - 9.8 Tide-Producing Forces. - 9.9 Effect of Atmospheric Pressure Variations and Wind on Barotropic Motion in the Sea: The Forced Shallow-Water Equation. - 9.10 Baroclinic Response of the Ocean to Wind Forcing: Use of Normal Modes. - 9.11 Response of the Ocean to a Moving Storm or Hurricane. - 9.12 Spin-Down by Bottom Friction. - 9.13 Buoyancy Forcing. - 9.14 Response to Stationary Forcing: A Barotropic Example. - 9.15 A Forced Baroclinic Vortex. - 9.16 Equilibration through Dissipative Effects. - 10 Effects of Side Boundaries. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Effects of Rotation on Seiches and Tides in Narrow Channels and Gulfs. - 10.3 Poincare Waves in a Uniform Channel of Arbitrary Width. - 10.4 Kelvin Waves. - 10.5 The Full Set of Modes for an Infinite Channel of Uniform Width. - 10.6 End Effects: Seiches and Tides in a Gulf That Is Not Narrow. - 10.7 Adjustment to Equilibrium in a Channel. - 10.8 Tides. - 10.9 Storm Surges on an Open Coastline: The Local Solution. - 10.10 Surges Moving along the Coast: Forced Kelvin Waves. - 10.11 Coastal Upwelling. - 10.12 Continental Shelf Waves. - 10.13 Coastally Trapped Waves. - 10.14 Eastern Boundary Currents. - 11. The Tropics. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Effects of Earth's Curvature: Shallow-Water Equations on the Sphere. - 11.3 Potential Vorticity for a Shallow Homogeneous Layer. - 11.4 The Equatorial Beta Plane. - 11.5 The Equatorial Kelvin Wave. - 11.6 Other Equatorially Trapped Waves. - 11.7 The Equatorial Waveguide: Gravity Waves. - 11.8 Planetary Waves and Quasi-geostrophic Motion. - 11.9 Baroclinic Motion near the Equator. - 11.10 Vertically Propagating Equatorial Waves. - 11.11 Adjustment under Gravity near the Equator. - 11.12 Transient Forced Motion. - 11.13 Potential Vorticity for Baroclinic Motion: The Steady Limit. - 11.14 Steady Forced Motion. - 11.15 The Tropical Circulation of the Atmosphere. - 11.16 Tropical Ocean Currents. - 12 Mid-latitudes. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 The Mid-latitude Beta Plane. - 12.3 Planetary Waves. - 12.4 Spin-Up of the Ocean by an Applied Wind Stress. - 12.5 Steady Ocean Circulation. - 12.6 Western Boundary Currents. - 12.7 Vertical Propagation of Planetary Waves in a Medium at Rest. - 12.8 Nonlinear Quasi-geostrophic Flow in Three Dimensions. - 12.9 Small Disturbances on a Zonal Flow Varying with Latitude and Height. - 12.10 Deductions about Vertical Motion from the Quasi-geostrophic Equations. - 13 Instabilities, Fronts, and the General Circulation. - 13.1 Introduction. - 13.2 Free Waves in the Presence of a Horizontal Temperature Gradient. - 13.3 Baroclinic Instability: The Eady Problem. - 13.4 Baroclinic Instability: The Charney Problem. - 13.5 Necessary Conditions for Instability. - 13.6 Barotropic Instability. - 13.7 Eddies in the Ocean. - 13.8 Fronts. - 13.9 The Life Cycle of a Baroclinic Disturbance. - 13.10 General Circulation of the Atmosphere. - Appendix One Units and Their SI Equivalents. - Appendix Two Useful

Note: Cover; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication Page; Table of Contents; Acknowledgments; Part One: Prehistory; 1. Introduction; 2. Sex and Salesmanship; 3. Seduction and the Emotions; 4. Social Primates; Part Two: Today; 5. Testing for Talent; 6. What Do Women Want?; 7. Coalitions of the Willing; 8. The Scarcity of Charm; 9. The Tender War; Notes; References; Index.

Note: Introduction.EU energy law and the approach taken in this studyThe regulatory history of EU energy : the evolution of EU energy law from 1957 onwardsThe evolution of the sector-specific regulatory frameworkTreaty law and the energy sectorEnvironment and energy : on a bumpy road towards a clean energy futureThe international dimension of EU energy law and policyFrom state to market and back : the changing role(s) of markets and states in the EUConclusion.European energy law under the impact of globalization : from state to market, from plan to contract, from public ownership to economic regulation and beyond..

Note: Classical theory of comparative advantageComparative advantage with two factors of production -- Comparative advantage and factor endowments : the Heckscher-Ohlin theorem -- Imperfect competition and economies of scale in trade -- The partial equilibrium analysis of international trade -- Trade restrictions : tariffs -- Non-tariff trade barriers -- Domestic support policies and trade -- Multilateral trade negotiations and U.S. trade policy -- Economic integration -- Foreign exchange markets and the exchange rate -- Agricultural trade and the exchange rate -- International capital movements and multinational corporations -- Agricultural trade and economic development -- Trade and the environment..

Note: Introduction -- Sanctioning models : theories and their scope -- Methodology for a virtual world -- A tale of two methods -- When theories shake hands -- Models of climate : values and uncertainties -- Reliability without truth -- Conclusion..

Note: 1. Basic graph theory2. Algorithms and complexity -- 3. Shortest paths -- 4. Spanning trees -- 5. The greedy algorithm -- 6. Flows -- 7. Combinatorial applications -- 8. Connectivity and depth first search -- 9. Colorings -- 10. Circulations -- 11. The network simplex algorithm -- 12. Synthesis of networks -- 13. Matchings -- 14. Weighted matchings -- 15. A hard problem: the TSP -- Appendix A. Some NP-complete problems -- Appendix B. Solutions -- Appendix C. List of symbols..

Note: The future of China -- The future of the United States -- The future of U.S.-China relations -- The future of India -- The future of Islamic extremism -- The future of national economic growth -- The future of geopolitics and globalization -- The future of democracy -- How Lee Kuan Yew thinks -- Conclusion..

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction: The Climate Change Problem and Solutions Part 1: Theory 2. The Basis of an Obligation Towards Future Generations in Justice and Ethics in the Context of Climate Change 3. Content of Justice-based Obligations Towards Future Generations in the Context of Climate Change Part II: International Law and Politics 4. Current International Law, Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change 5. International Human Rights Law, Intergenerational Justice and Climate Change 6. Climate Change Discources and Intergenerational Justice Part III: The Way Forward and Conclusion 7. The Way Forward – Incorporating Intergenerational Justice Principles into International Climate Law 8. Conclusion Bibliography Index

Note: Cover; Contents; List of Tables; List of Figures; Acknowledgements; List of Abbreviations/Glossary; Preface; Introduction; Chapter 1 Producing Performance; Chapter 2 Selling Performance; Chapter 3 Managing Performance Over Time; Chapter 4 Sustainability and the Performance Economy; Notes; References; Index.

Note: 1. Introduction : high hopes and down-to-earth realism / Frans Oosterhuis and Patrick ten Brink2. A global survey of potentially environmentally harmful subsidies / Ronald Steenblik -- 3. Hidden subsidies : the invisible part of the EHS iceberg / Sirini Withana ... [et al.] -- 4. Can we recognise an environmentally harmful subsidy if we see one? / Jan Pieters -- 5. Quantifying the impacts of environmentally harmful subsidies / Cees van Beers and Jeroen van den Bergh -- 6. Energy subsidies / Frans Oosterhuis and Katharina Umpfenbach -- 7. Environmentally harmful subsidies in the transport sector / Laurent Franckx and Inge Mayeres -- 8. Agriculture, food and water / Frans Oosterhuis and Kris Bachus -- 9. Environmentally harmful subsidies and biodiversity / Patrick ten Brink ... [et al.] -- 10. Reforming EHS in Europe : success stories, failures and agenda setting / Jacqueline Cottrell -- 11. Phasing out environmentally harmful subsidies worldwide / Anja von Moltke -- 12. Reform of environmentally harmful subsidies : distributional issues / Annegrete Bruvoll and Haakon Vennemo -- 13. The way forward : reforming EHS in the transition to a green economy / Patrick ten Brink, Sirini Withana and Frans Oosterhuis..

Note: ""Preface""; ""Acknowledgments""; ""Contents""; ""Chapter 1 Structure and Composition of the Lower and Middle Atmosphere""; ""Chapter 2 Radiative Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere""; ""Chapter 3 Dynamics of the Troposphere and Stratosphere""; ""Chapter 4 Waves in the Troposphere and Stratosphere""; ""Chapter 5 Chemical Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere""; ""Chapter 6 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Antarctic Ozone Hole""; ""Chapter 7 Transport Processes in the Stratosphere and Troposphere""; ""Chapter 8 Stratosphere�Troposphere Exchange"". , ""Chapter 9 Stratospheric Influence on Tropospheric Weather and Climate""""Acronyms""; ""List of Symbols""; ""Table of Physical Constants""; ""Answers to Selected Problems""; ""Index"".

Note: Contents: Contents: Foreword by Ed Glaeser ; 1. Introduction ; 2. Urban Economic Performance ; 3. Residential Segregation and People Sorting Within Cities ; 4. Planning for a Housing Crisis: Or the Alchemy by Which We Turn Houses into Gold ; 5. Planning and Economic Performance ; 6. Planning: Reforms that Might Work and Ones that Won’t ; 7. Devolution, City Governance and Economic Performance ; 8. Urban Policies ; 9. Conclusions ; Index

Note: Contents: Preface ; 1. Introduction: It is the Only One We Have ; 2. Planet Accounts ; Part I: Short-term Fluctuations and Demand Management ; 3. Earth’s Business Cycle ; 4. Why I = S and What That Means: The Building Blocks of Macroeconomic Analysis ; 5. Investment, the IS Curve, and Product Market Equilibrium ; 6. What About Government? ; 7. Money Matters! The LM Curve and Money Market Equilibrium ; 8. Eartheconomic Demand and Supply ; 9. Puzzling Disagreements ; Part II: Long Run ; 10. Long-Run Growth ; 11. Development and Change , 12. Limits to Growth? ; Part III: Earth Governance and Global Public Goods ; 13. Global Public Goods ; 14. Global Peers: An Agenda ; References ; Index

Note: Contents: 1: Market performance: possibilities and prescriptions ; 2: Externalities ; 3: Public goods ; 4: Collective decision-making: searching for the 'public interest' ; 5: Rent-seeking, public provision and the 'return to the market' ; 6: Evaluation of public expenditure: cost-benefit analysis ; 7: Tax theory: the basic concepts ; 8: Tax evasion and the black economy ; 9: Income (re)distribution ; 10: Central government ; 11: Public choice aspects of macroeconomic policies ; 12: Local government 13: International issues and global goals ; 14: Optimal taxation ; 15: 'Behavioural public finance' and the role of the public sector ; 16: Public sector failure and public expenditure growth

Note: Contents: Space-time : the next frontier -- Statistical preliminaries -- Fundamentals of temporal processes -- Fundamentals of spatial random processes -- Exploratory methods for spatio-temporal data -- Spatio-temporal statistical models -- Hierarchical dynamical spatio-temporal models -- Hierarchical dstms : implementation and inference -- Hierarchical dstms : examples..

Note: Teilw. zugl.: Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-Univ., Diss., 2008 , Contents: Introduction -- Criteria-based definitions of scientific terms -- Comparisons between generations -- Objections to theories of generational justice -- What to sustain? : capital or well being as an axiological goal -- How much to sustain? : the demands of justice in the intergenerational context -- Conclusion

Note: Contents: 1. Environmental Challenges of the 21st Century and the Need for Interdisciplinary Political Economy ; Part 1: Foundations ; 2. Climate Change: Lessons for Our Future from the Distant Past ; 3. Managerial, Institutional and Evolutionary Approaches to Environmental Economics: Theoretical and Policy Implications ; 4. Behavioural Economics: Seven Key Principles for Environmental Policy ; 5. The Whole Systems Approach in Ecological Economics ; Part 2: Innovation ; 6. Systems of Innovation: National, Regional and Technological Innovation Systems ; 7. Policy Support for Environmental Innovation ; 8.A Paradigm Shift in Economics: Endogenous Technological Change in Economic Models of Climate Change Policy ; 9.Modeling Biased Technical Change: Implications for Climate Policy ; Part 3: Sustainability ; 10. Confronting Consumption: Challenges for Economics and for Policy ; 11.Social and Psychological Drivers of Energy Consumption Behaviour and Energy Transitions ; 12.Management of North Sea Fisheries

Note: Contents: Part 1: Introduction ; Building the Global Adaptation Community ; Part 2: Describing Impacts at the Local Level ; Introduction: Describing Impacts at the Local Level ; Understanding Potential Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Options in Indian Megacities ; Assessment of Climate Change-Induced Vulnerability to Floods in Hyderabad, India, Using Remote Sensing Data ; The Role of Community Resilience in Adaptation to Climate Change: The Urban Poor in Jakarta, Indonesia ; Ecohealth and Climate Change: Adaptation to Flooding Events in Riverside Secondary Cities, West Africa ; Climate Change and Adaptive Capacity of Women to Water Stress in Urban Centers of Nigeria: Emerging Concerns and Reactions ; Urban Climate Strategies Against Future Heat Stress Conditions ; Climate-Proof Urban Transport Planning: Opportunities and Challenges in Developing Cities ; Part 3: Frameworks for Local Action – Challenges and Proactive Recommendations ; Introduction: Frameworks for Local Action – Challenges and Proactive Recommendations ; Inclusive Adaptation: Linking Participatory Learning and Knowledge Management to Urban Resilience ; Urban Adaptation Planning and Governance: Challenges to Emerging Wisdom ; Urban Climate Change Adaptation in the Context of Transformation: Lessons from Vietnam ; Getting Ready for a Changing Climate: Supporting Councillor’s Leadership Role in Adaptation ; Environmental Learning from the Ivory Tower to the Town Square: The Case of Trondheim, Norway ; Plan B:altic: A Social–Ecological Approach to Climate Change Adaptation ; Governance Recommendations for Adaptation in European Urban Regions: Results from Five Case Studies and a European Expert Survey ; Creating Resilient Cities Through Empowered, Deliberative Participation ; Part 4: Local Strategies and Actions in Response to Climate Change ; Introduction: Local Strategies and Actions in Response to Climate Change ; Comparative Research on the Adaptation Strategies of Ten Urban Climate Plans ; Managing Regional Climate Mitigation and Adaptation Co-benefits and Co-costs ; Interdisciplinary and Multi-institutional Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation ; Climate Adaptation Strategies: Evidence from Latin American City-Regions ; Adaptation in UK Cities: Heading in the Right Direction? ; Finding the Balance: Challenges and Opportunities for Climate Change Adaptation at Different Levels of English Local Government ; Local Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation: Urban Planning Criteria for Municipalities of the Basque Country, Spain ; Climate Change Adaptation in Dutch Municipalities: Risk Perception and Institutional Capacity ; Toward a More Flood Resilient Urban Environment: The Dutch Multi-level Safety Approach to Flood Risk Management ; Climate Change and City Development: Resilience Strategies in Bonn ; Integrated Climate Adaptation in Dresden: Insights from Flood Prevention ; Integrated Climate Protection Program for the City of Chemnitz: Climate Diagnosis, Climate Change Prognosis, and Adaptation Measures in the Urban Area ; Adaptation Strategies for the City of Cape Town: Finding the Balance Within Social-Ecological Complexity ; Sharing the Lagos Megacity Experience in the Integrated Management of Sea Level Rise and Flooding ; Community-Based Vulnerability Assessment: Semarang, Indonesia ; Research News for Climate Compliant Cities: The Case of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Building Resilience to Climate Change Through Adaptive Land Use Planning in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam ; Climate Change Risk Management for a Suburban Local Government: The Case of Kogarah, Australia ; Climate Change as a Survival Strategy: Soft Infrastructure for Urban Resilience and Adaptive Capacity in Australia’s Coastal Zones ; Curitiba, Brazil: A Model for Resilience in Latin America? ; Part 5: Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities ; Introduction: Approaches to Climate Change Adaptation in Cities ; Building Resilience to Climate Change in Asian Cities ; Local Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change and Its Implications: The Case of Gyeonggi-Do, Korea ; Ecosystem-Based Adaptation in the Urban Environment ; Urban Agriculture and Climate Change Adaptation: Ensuring Food Security Through Adaptation ; Cooling the Public Realm: Climate-Resilient Urban Design ; The Role of Transport in Mitigation and Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas ; Urban Green Spaces: Potentials and Constraints for Urban Adaptation to Climate Change ; Urban Climate Framework: A System Approach Towards Climate Proof Cities ; Part 6: Reality Check – Adaptation on the Ground ; Introduction: Reality Check – Adaptation on the Ground ; Preparing for Climate Change While Advancing Local ; Quito’s Climate Change Strategy: A Response to Climate Change in the Metropolitan District of Quito, Ecuador ; Climate Change Implications for Dhaka City: A Need for Immediate Measures to Reduce Vulnerability ; Adaptation in Practise: Durban, South Africa

Note: Contents: Introduction to federalism and the role of governments in federal economies -- The decentralization of government authority -- Expenditure assignment -- Revenue assignment -- Natural resources ownership and management in a federal system -- Local governance in theory -- Local governance in practice -- Revenue sharing -- The principles of intergovernmental transfers -- The practice of intergovernmental fiscal transfers -- Finance and provision of health and education -- Finance and provision of infrastructure -- Poverty alleviation in federations -- Fiscal federalism and macroeconomic governance -- Inter-regional competition and policies for regional cohesion and convergence -- Decentralized governance and corruption -- Adapting to a changing world..

Note: Druckausg. ---〉 American Economic Journal / Economic Policy

Note: Druckausg. ---〉 American economic journal / Microeconomics

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction to urban Geosimulation ; 2. Formalizing Geosimulation with Geographic Automata Systems (GAS) ; 3. System Theory, Geography, and Urban Modelling ; 4. Modelling urban land usage with cellular automata ; 5. Modelling Urban Dynamics with Multi-Agent Systems ; 6. Finale: Epistemology of Geosimulation

Note: Contents: Part I. Why Civil Resistance Works ; 1. The Success of Nonviolent Resistance Campaigns ; 2. The Primacy of Particpation in Nonviolent Resistance ; 3. Exploring Alternative Explanations for the Success of Civil Resistance ; Part II. Case Studies Introduction to the Case Studies ; 4. The Iranian Revolution, 1977–1979 ; 5. The First Palestinian Intifada, 1987–1992 ; 6. The Philippine People Power Movement, 1983–1986 ; 7. Why Civil Resistance Sometimes Fails: The Burmese Uprising, 1988–1990 ; Case Study Summary ; Part III. The Implications of Civil Resistance ; 8. After the Campaign: The Consequences of Violent and Nonviolent Resistance ; 9. Conclusion ; Epilogue

Note: Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction to the book ; Chapter 2: The nature of qualitative research ; Part I: The design cycle ; Chapter 3: The design cycle ; Chapter 4: Designing participatory research ; Chapter 5: Ethical issues in qualitative research ; Part II: The data collection cycle ; Chapter 6: Sampling and participant recruitment ; Chapter 7: In-depth interviews ; Chapter 8: Focus group discussions ; Chapter 9: Observation ; Part III: The analytic cycle ; Chapter 10: Data preparation and developing codes ; Chapter 11: Textual data analysis ; Chapter 12: From analysis to participatory action ; Chapter 13: Academic writing of qualitative research ; Post Script: Assessing quality in the qualitative research cycle

Note: Contents: The place of glaciers in natural and cultural landscapes / Ben Orlove, Ellen Wiegandt and Brian h. Luckman -- pt. 1. Societal perceptions: cultures and institutions. Changing views of changing glaciers / Wilfred Haeberli -- Challenges of living with glaciers in the Swiss Alps, past and present / Ellen Wiegandt and Ralph Lugon -- Environment, history, and culture as influences on perceptions of glacier dynamics: the case of Mt. Shasta / Barbara Wolf and Ben Orlove -- Glacial hazards: perceiving and responding to threats in four world regions / Christian Huggel, Wilfried Haeberli, and Andreas Kaab -- pt. 2. Scientific observations: measurement, monitoring and modeling. Two alpine glaciers over the past two centuries: a scientific view based on pictorial sources / Daniel Steiner, Heinz J. Zumbuhl, and Andreas Bauder -- Long-term observations of glaciers in Norway / Liss Andreassen...[et al.] -- Alpinewide distributed glacier mass balance modeling: a tool for assessing future glacier change / Frank Paul...[et al.] -- Modeling climate-change impacts on mountain glaciers and water resources in the central dry Andes / Javier Corripio...[et al.] -- pt. 3. Trends in natural landscapes: climate change. Glacier mass balance in the Northern U.S. and Canadian Rockies: paleo-perspectives and 20th century change / Emma Watson...[et al.] -- Glacier fluctuations in the European Alps, 1850-2000: an overview and spatio-temporal analysis of available data / Michael Zemp...[et al.] -- Tropical glaciers, climate change, and society: focus on Kilimanjaro (East Africa) / Thomas Molg...[et al.] -- pt. 4. Impacts on human landscapes: resources, hazards and cultural landscapes. New Zealand's glaciers: key national and global assets for science and society / John Hay and Tui Elliot -- The impact of mining on rock glaciers and glaciers: examples from Central Chile / Alexander Brenning -- Glacier changes and their impacts on mountain tourism: two case studies from the Italian Alps / Claudio Smiraglia...[et al.] -- Mama Cotacachi: history, local perceptions, and social impacts of climate change and glacier retreat in the Ecuadorian Andes / Robert E. Rhoades, Xavier Zapata Rios, and Jenny Aragundy Ochoa -- pt. 5. Responses: adaptation and accommodation. The politics of place: inhabiting and defending glacier hazard zones in Peru's Cordillera Blanca / Mark Carey -- Responses to glacier retreat in the context of development planning in Nepal / Shardul Agrawala -- Glaciers and efficient water use in Central Asia / Urs Luterbacher...[et al.] -- Research and development in mountain glaciers: an overview of institutions and organizations / Denis Knubel, Greg Greenwood, and Ellen Wiegandt

Note: Contents: Continuous Path Processes ; Continuous-Path Random Processes: Mathematical Prerequisites ; Basic Concepts and Examples in Finance ; Hitting Times: A Mix of Mathematics and Finance ; Complements on Brownian Motion ; Complements on Continuous Path Processes ; A Special Family of Diffusions: Bessel Processes ; Jump Processes ; Default Risk: An Enlargement of Filtration Approach ; Poisson Processes and Ruin Theory ; General Processes: Mathematical Facts ; Mixed Processes ; Lévy Processes

Note: The basics -- Matching, covering and packing -- Connectivity -- Planar graphs -- Colouring -- Flows -- Extremal graph theory -- Infinite graphs -- Ramsey theory for graphs -- Hamilton cycles -- Random graphs -- Minors, trees, and WQO..

Note: Preface; Contributors; Content; Introduction; Cosmology - The Largest Possible Model?; The Standard Model of Cosmology as a Tool for Interpretation and Discovery; Patterns in Physical and Biological Systems; Symmetry and the Explanation of Organismal Form; Pluralistic Modeling of Complex Systems; The Methodological Challenges of Complex Systems; Contested Modeling: The Case of Economics; A Unifying Approach to High- and Low-Level Cognition; High-vs Low-Level Cognition and the Neuro- Emulative Theory of Mental Representation. , Evaluating a Computational Model of Eye-Movement Control in ReadingConsidering Criteria for Model Modification and Theory Change in Psychology; Identification of Kinetic Models by Incremental Refinement; Kinetics, Models, and Mechanism; Modeling Complexity: The Case of Climate Science; Chaos, Plurality, and Model Metrics in Climate Science; Subject Index; Author Index.

Note: The Sun. The formation of the stars and the Sun ; The characteristics of the Sun ; A representation of the Sun ; The internal structure of the Sun ; The photosphere, solar radiation, the solar wind ; The thermal profile of the solar atmosphere ; Solar dynamics ; The Sun: the source of space weather -- The Earth. The Earth within the solar system ; The internal structure of the Earth : the geomagnetic field ; The atmosphere of the Earth ; The magnetosphere -- Toward a space weather. The consequences of solar agressions on our technological environment ; Other impacts of solar activity ; Space weather in order to forecast -- Appendices..

Note: 1. Establishing geographies of the super-rich : axes for analysis of abundance / Iain Hay2. Economic wealth and political power in the second Gilded Age / John Rennie Short -- 3. Overseeing the fortunes of the global super-rich : the nature of private wealth management in London's financial district / Jonathan V. Beaverstock, Sarah J.E. Hall and Thomas Wainwright -- 4. 'The world needs a second Switzerland' : onshoring Singapore as the liveable city for the super-rich / Choon-Piew Pow -- 5. 'Super-rich' Irish property developers and the Celtic Tiger economy / Laurence Murphy and Pauline McGuirk -- 6. The homes of the super-rich : multiple residences, hyper-mobility and decoupling of prime residential housing in global cities / Chris Paris -- 7. A study of the dominance of the super-wealthy in London's West End during the nineteenth century / Kathryn Wilkins -- 8. The elite countryside : shifting rural geographies of the transnational super-rich / Michael Woods -- 9. The super-rich, horses and the transformation of the rural landscape in Kentucky / Susan M. Roberts and Richard H. Schein -- 10. The sport of kings, queens, sheikhs and the super-rich : thoroughbred breeding and racing as leisure for the super-rich / Phil McManus -- 11. Making art history -- wealthy private collectors and contemporary visual art / Melanie Fasche -- 12. Islanders, immigrants and millionaires : the dynamics of upper-class segregation in St. Barts, French West Indies / Bruno Cousin and Sébastien Chauvin..

Note: Contents: 1. A looming crisis Part I Status and challenges 2. Rising demand and dwindling per capita resources 3. Water and poverty 4. Governance and finance 5. Pollution and water-related disease 6. Water, land and wildlife 7. Dams and diversions 8. Trading water - real and virtual 9. Water, war and terrorism 10. The threat of global warming Part II Nature's resources 11. The restless water cycle 12. Shrinking freshwater stores Part III Towards sustainability 13. Cutting demand 14. Increasing supplies 15. Cleaning up and protecting the aquatic environment 16. Using seawater 17. Controlling the weather 18. Improved monitoring and data management 19. Improving prediction and risk assessment 20. Improving management and justice 21. Aid for the developing world Conclusions 22. Is sustainability achievable?

Note: Preface -- Introduction -- The basic intertemporal model -- Capital markets imperfections -- Intertemporal prices -- Non-tradable goods and relative prices -- The basic monetary model -- The monetary approach to the balance of payments -- Temporary policy -- Sticky prices -- Interest rate policy -- Optimal fiscal and monetary policy in the open economy -- Optimal exchange rate regimes -- Real anchors -- Stopping high inflation -- Capital inflows -- Dollarization -- Balance of payment crises -- Financial crises.

Note: Conceptualizing climate change-related movement -- The relevance of international refugee law -- Climate change-related movement and international human rights law : the role of complementary protection -- State practice on protection from disasters and related harms -- "Disappearing states", statelessness, and relocation -- Moving with dignity : responding to climate change-related mobility in Bangladesh -- "Protection" or "Migration"? The "climate refugee" treaty debate -- Institutional governance -- Overarching normative principles..

Note: Contents: 1 The Computing Sciences ; 2 The Relational Approach ; 3 Implementation ; 4 Interaction ; 5 Relational Macrostructures and Analyses ; 6 Computing as a Great Scientific Domain ; 7 Conclusion

Note: Contents: Prologue: Searching for a New Kind of Economics ; Japanese Economic Performance During the 1990s ; The Enigma of the Ineffectiveness of Fiscal Policy in the 1990s ; The Enigma of the Ineffectiveness of Interest Rate Policy in the 1990s ; The Enigma of Japan’s Long Recession ; The Enigma of the Ineffectiveness of Structural Policy ; The Enigma of Economic Growth ; The Enigma of the Velocity Decline ; The Enigma of Japanese Asset Prices ; The Enigma of Japanese Capital Flows in the 1980s ; The Enigma of Japanese Bank Lending ; The Enigma of Banking and its Recurring Crises ; Solving the Enigma of Banking and Money ; Credit, Money and the Economy ; Explaining the Velocity Decline ; The Determinants of Growth ; The Cause of the Asset Price Bubbles and Banking Crises ; The Determinants of Japanese Capital Flows in the 1980s ; Why Fiscal Policy Could Not Work ; Monetary Policy in the 1990s and How to Create a Recovery ; Monetary Policy in the 1980s: How Bank Credit was Determined ; Banking Reform ; The Goal of Fiscal, Structural and Monetary Policy ; A New Kind of Economics ; A New Vision of Macroeconomic Policy

Note: Contents: Preface; Summary for policymakers; Technical summary; 1. Assessing our nitrogen inheritance; Part I. Nitrogen in Europe: The Present Position: 2. The European nitrogen problem in a global perspective; 3. Benefits of nitrogen for food fibre and industrial production; 4. Nitrogen in current European policies; 5. The challenge to integrate nitrogen science and policies; Part II. Nitrogen Processing in the Biosphere: 6. Nitrogen processes in terrestrial ecosystems; 7. Nitrogen processes in aquatic ecosystems; 8. Nitrogen processes in coastal and marine ecosystems; 9. Nitrogen processes in the atmosphere; Part III. Nitrogen Flows and Fate at Multiple Scales: 10. Nitrogen flows in farming systems across Europe; 11. Nitrogen flows and fate in rural landscapes; 12. Nitrogen flows and fate in urban landscapes; 13. Nitrogen flows from European watersheds to coastal marine waters; 14. Atmospheric transport and deposition of nitrogen in Europe; 15. Geographic variation in terrestrial nitrogen budgets across Europe; 16. Integrating nitrogen fluxes at the European scale; Part IV. Key Societal Threats of Nitrogen: 17. Nitrogen as a threat to European water quality; 18. Nitrogen as a threat to European air quality; 19. Nitrogen as a threat to the European greenhouse balance; 20. Nitrogen as a threat to European terrestrial biodiversity; 21. Nitrogen as a threat to European soil quality; Part V. European Nitrogen Policies and Future Challenges: 22. Costs and benefits of nitrogen in the environment; 23. Developing integrated approaches to nitrogen management; 24. Future scenarios of nitrogen in Europe; 25. Coordinating European nitrogen policies between directives and international conventions; 26. Societal choice and communicating the European nitrogen challenge; Glossary; Index.

Note: Beitr. teilw. in dt., teilw. in engl. Sprache