ALBERT

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction to urban Geosimulation ; 2. Formalizing Geosimulation with Geographic Automata Systems (GAS) ; 3. System Theory, Geography, and Urban Modelling ; 4. Modelling urban land usage with cellular automata ; 5. Modelling Urban Dynamics with Multi-Agent Systems ; 6. Finale: Epistemology of Geosimulation

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction ; I Continuous predictors ; 2 Continuous predictors: Linear ; 3 Continuous predictors: Polynomials ; 4 Continuous predictors: Piecewise models ; 5 Continuous by continuous interactions ; 6 Continuous by continuous by continuous interactions ; II Categorical predictors ; 7 Categorical predictors ; 8 Categorical by categorical interactions ; 9 Categorical by categorical by categorical interactions ; III Continuous and categorical predictors ; 10 Linear by categorical interactions ; 11 Polynomial by categorical interactions ; 12 Piecewise by categorical interactions ; 13 Continuous by continuous by categorical interactions ; 14 Continuous by categorical by categorical interactions ; IV Beyond ordinary linear regression ; 15 Multilevel models ; 16 Time as a continuous predictor ; 17 Time as a categorical predictor ; 18 Nonlinear models ; 19 Complex survey data ; V Appendices ; A Customizing output from estimation commands ; B The margins command ; C The marginsplot command ; D The contrast command ; E The pwcompare command ; References

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction to the Handbook on Critical Political Economy and Public Policy 1 Christoph Scherrer, Ana Garcia and Joscha Wullweber PART I THEORIES OF POLITICAL ECONOMY WITH PUBLIC POLICY IMPLICATIONS 2 Plurality of political economy approaches to the global division of labor 20 Christoph Scherrer 3 The cultural political economy approach to public policy 36 Bob Jessop and Ngai-Ling Sum 4 Institutionalist, regulationist and dependency approaches to transition countries’ economic policies 49 Joachim Becker 5 COVID-19 and the gender dilemma: blind spots in both macroeconomics and feminist economics 65 Brigitte Young 6 Ordoliberalism’s advice for economic policymaking 80 Pavlos Roufos 7 What is neoliberal about new public management? 95 Sahil Jai Dutta, Samuel Knafo and Ian Lovering PART II METHODS 8 Historical-materialist policy analysis of climate change policies 110 Etienne Schneider, Alina Brad, Ulrich Brand, Mathias Krams and Valerie Lenikus 9 Beyond methodological Fordism: the case for incorporated comparisons 127 Alexander Gallas PART III ENVIRONMENT 10 Land grabbing, financialization and dispossession in the 21st century: new and old forms of land control in Latin America 144 Karina Kato and Sergio Leite 11 Extractive economies and public policies: critical perspectives from Latin America 159 Bruno Milanez and Ana Garcia 12 Ecological perspectives on sustainability in China 176 Lau Kin Chi 13 Looking south: megaprojects, borders and (in)mobilities 186 Ana Esther Ceceña and Sergio Prieto Díaz PART IV FINANCE 14 Challenges for monetary policies in the 21st century: financial crises and shadow banking 204 Joscha Wullweber 15 Governance of the eurozone in the face of transnational crises dynamics 219 Hans-Jürgen Bieling 16 Chinese capitalism and the global economic order: the impact of China’s rise on global economic regulation 232 Jenny Simon 17 Taming dollarization hysteresis: evidence from post-socialist countries 247 Ia Eradze PART V LABOUR 18 Global exploitation chains in agriculture 262 Praveen Jha and Paris Yeros 19 The development of labor policies in China: from passive revolution to eroding hegemony 279 Elaine Sio-ieng Hui 20 The political economy of minimum wage policies 293 Hansjörg Herr 21 Just transitions: a historical relations analysis 310 Dimitris Stevis PART VI TAXATION 22 Critical political economy of taxation 327 Hanna Lierse 23 Global tax governance 341 Matti Ylönen and Lauri Finér 24 Globalization, international tax policy and the OECD 356 Lyne Latulippe PART VII TRADE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 25 Postcolonial critique of economic development 374 Aram Ziai 26 Economic cycles and rural policies in the People’s Republic of China 387 Sit Tsui, Yan Xiaohui, He Zhixiong and Wen Tiejun 27 Trade and investment agreements from a critical international political economy perspective 402 Luciana Ghiotto 28 South Africa’s failed privatization, commercialization and deregulation of network infrastructure 413 Greg Ruiters and Patrick Bond PART VIII WELFARE 29 Care in global value chains 430 Christa Wichterich 30 The cultural political economy of housing policy in the era of the Islamist Justice and Development Party in Turkey 446 Ismail Doga Karatepe 31 The financialization of social policy: an overview 461 Lena Lavinas, Lucas Bressan, Pedro Rubin and Ana Carolina Cordilha 32 The political economy of global health and public policies 476 Jameson Martins and Deisy de Freitas Lima Ventura Index

Anmerkung: Contents: Front Matter ; Introduction ; Reconstruction of Phase Space ; Choosing Time Delays ; Choosing the Dimension of Reconstructed Phase Space ; Invariants of the Motion ; Modeling Chaos ; Signal Separation ; Control and Chaos ; Synchronization of Chaotic Systems ; Other Example Systems ; Estimating in Chaos: Cramér-Rao Bounds ; Summary and Conclusions

Anmerkung: pt. 1. Introduction. The need for better theories / Paul A. Sabatier ; The stages approach to the policy process: what has it done? where is it going? / Peter deLeon -- pt. 2. Alternative views of the role of rationality in the policy process. Institutional rational choice: an assessment of the institutional analysis and development framework / Elinor Ostrom ; Ambiguity, time, and multiple streams / Nikolaos Zahariadis -- pt. 3. Frameworks focusing on policy change over fairly long periods. Punctuated-equilibrium theory: explaining stability and change in American policymaking / James L. True, Bryan D. Jones, and Frank R. Baumgartner ; The advocacy coalition framework: an assessment / Paul A. Sabatier and Hank C. Jenkins-Smith -- pt. 4. Frameworks comparing policies across a large number of political systems. Innovation and diffusion models in policy research / Frances Stokes Berry and William D. Berry ; The policy process and large-N comparative studies / William Blomquist -- pt. 5. Conclusions. A comparison of frameworks, theories, and models of policy processes / Edella Schlager ; Fostering the development of policy theory / Paul A. Sabatier..

Anmerkung: Complexity of life and its dependence on the environment , Biological extinction and climate change , Sustaining life : human health-planetary health linkages , How do our actions undermine nature? , Climate change, air pollution and health : common sources, similar impacts and common solutions , Air pollution : adverse effects and disease burden , Air pollution, oxidative stress and public health in the anthropocene , Cllimate change, air pollution and the environment : the health argument , Reducing air pollution : avoidable health burden , Vulnerable populations and regions : Middle East as a case study , Climate change risks for agriculture, health and nutrition , Sustaining water resources , Health, air pollution and forest fires in the Amazon , Psychological impacts of climate change and recommendations , Air pollution and cardiovascular disease : a proven causality , Healthy people, healthy planet : holistic thinking , Climate change, public health, social peace , Climate justice and public health : practical ethics in urgent times , Health of the people, health of the planet, health of the migrants , Faith in god and the health of people , Caring for creation – the evangelical’s guide , Call to action from faith leaders , Public health co-benefits of greenhouse gas emissions reduction , Good health in the anthropocene epoch : potentials for transformative solutions , Well under 2 degrees celsius : ten solutions for carbon neutrality and climate stability , Defeating energy poverty : invest In scalable solutions for the poor , Sensor-enabled climate financing for clean cooking , Research is vital to tackling climate change, but it cannot succeed alone , Governor of California , United States congressman , Challenges and opportunities for a sustainable planet , Sustainable development goals and health : call for cultural revolution , A call to action by health care professionals

Anmerkung: Contents 1 Slow Viscous Flow 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Coordinate Systems and the Material Derivative 1.2.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Coordinates 1.2.2 The Material Derivative 1.3 Mass Conservation 1.4 The Stress Tensor and Momentum Conservation 1.4.1 The Stress Tensor 1.4.2 Momentum Conservation 1.4.3 Rheology 1.4.4 The Navier-Stokes Equations 1.4.5 Stokes Flow 1.5 Boundary Conditions 1.5.1 The No-Slip Condition and the Sliding Law 1.5.2 Dynamic Boundary Conditions 1.5.3 Kinematic Boundary Conditions 1.6 Temperature and Energy Conservation 1.7 Glacier and Ice Sheet Flow 1.8 Examples 1.8.1 Uniform Flow on a Slope 1.8.2 Spreading Flow at an Ice Divide 1.8.3 Small-Amplitude Perturbations 1.9 The Shallow Ice Approximation 1.10 Conclusions and Outlook 1.11 Appendix: Non-dimensionalisation Exercises 2 Thermal Structure 2.1 Temperature Profiles 2.2 Boundary Conditions 2.2.1 The Thermal Near-Surface Wave 2.3 Models: Simple to Complicated 2.4 Basal Conditions 2.4.1 Polythermal Ice 2.5 Modelling Issues 2.5.1 Non-dimensionalisation 2.5.2 Thermomechanical Coupling 2.5.3 Thermal Runaway Exercises 3 Sliding, Drainage and Subglacial Geomorphology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Sliding Over Hard Beds 3.2.1 Weertman Sliding 3.2.2 Nye-Kamb Theory 3.2.3 Sub-temperate Sliding 3.2.4 Nonlinear Sliding Laws 3.2.5 Cavitation 3.2.6 Comparison with Experiment 3.3 Subglacial Drainage Theory 3.3.1 Weertman Films 3.3.2 Röthlisberger Channels (or ‘R-Channels’) 3.3.3 Jökulhlaups 3.3.4 Subglacial Lakes 3.3.5 Linked Cavities 3.3.6 Drainage Transitions and Glacier Surges 3.3.7 Ongoing Developments 3.4 Basal Processes and Geomorphology 3.4.1 Soft Glacier Beds 3.4.2 Drainage Over Till 3.4.3 Geomorphological Processes Exercises 4 Tidewater Glaciers 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Calving 4.3 Tidewater Glacier Dynamics 4.3.1 Tidewater Glacier Retreat and Instability 4.3.2 Tidewater Glacier Advance 4.3.3 Flow Variability of Tidewater Glaciers 4.4 The Link to Climate: Triggers for Retreat 4.4.1 Ice Shelf Collapse and Backstress 4.4.2 Grounded Calving Fronts 4.5 Outlook 5 Interaction of Ice Shelves with the Ocean 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Impact of Melting Ice on the Ocean 5.3 Processes at the Ice-Ocean Interface 5.4 Buoyancy-Driven Flow on Geophysical Scales 5.5 Sensitivity to Ocean Temperature 5.6 Impact of Meltwater Outflow at the Grounding Line 5.7 Fundamentals of the Three-Dimensional Ocean Circulation 5.8 Some Properties and Limitations of the Geostrophic Equations 5.9 Effects of Stratification 5.10 Three-Dimensional Circulation in Sub-Ice-Shelf Cavities Exercises 6 Polar Meteorology 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Shortwave and Longwave Radiation 6.3 Radiation Climate at the Top of the Atmosphere 6.4 Large Scale Circulation 6.5 Surface Energy Balance 6.5.1 Shortwave Radiation 6.5.2 Surface Albedo 6.5.3 Longwave Radiation 6.5.4 Turbulent Fluxes 6.6 Temperature Inversion and Katabatic Winds 6.6.1 Surface Temperature Inversion and Deficit 6.6.2 Katabatic Winds 6.7 Precipitation 6.8 Notes and References Exercises 7 Mass Balance 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Definitions 7.3 Methods 7.3.1 In Situ Observations 7.3.2 Satellite/Airborne Altimetry 7.3.3 Satellite Gravimetry 7.3.4 Mass Budget Method 7.4 Valley Glaciers and Ice Caps 7.4.1 In Situ Observations 7.4.2 Modelling 7.4.3 Dynamical Response 7.4.4 Remote Sensing 7.5 Antarctic Ice Sheet 7.5.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.5.2 Blue Ice Areas 7.5.3 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6 Greenland Ice Sheet 7.6.1 Spatial SSMB Variability 7.6.2 Temporal SSMB Variability 7.6.3 Role of the Liquid Water Balance 8 Numerical Modelling of Ice Sheets, Streams, and Shelves 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Ice Flow Equations 8.2.1 The Shallow Ice Approximation 8.2.2 Analogy with the Heat Equation 8.3 Finite Difference Numerics 8.3.1 Explicit Scheme for the Heat Equation 8.3.2 A First Implemented Scheme 8.3.3 Stability Criteria and Adaptive Time Stepping 8.3.4 Implicit Schemes 8.3.5 Numerical Solution of Diffusion Equations 8.4 Numerically Solving the SIA 8.5 Exact Solutions and Verification 8.5.1 Exact Solution of the Heat Equation 8.5.2 Halfar’s Exact Similarity Solution to the SIA 8.5.3 Using Halfar’s Solution 8.5.4 A Test of Robustness 8.6 Applying Our Numerical Ice Sheet Model 8.7 Shelves and Streams 8.7.1 The Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA) 8.7.2 Numerical Solution of the SSA 8.7.3 Numerics of the Linear Boundary Value Problem 8.7.4 Solving the Stress Balance for an Ice Shelf 8.7.5 Realistic Ice Shelf Modelling 8.8 A Summary of Numerical Ice Flow Modelling 8.9 Notes Exercises 9 Least-Squares Data Inversion in Glaciology 9.1 Preamble 9.2 Introduction 9.3 The Roots of GPS in Glaciology 9.4 Introduction to GPS 9.4.1 History 9.4.2 Coarse Acquisition (C/A) Code 9.5 The Equations of Pseudorange 9.6 Least-Squares Solution of an Overdetermined System of Linear Equations 9.7 Observational Techniques to Improve GPS Accuracy 9.7.1 The Ionosphere-Free Combination 9.7.2 Carrier-Phase Determined Range and Integer Wavelength Ambiguity 9.7.3 Resolving Range Ambiguity by Phase Tracking 9.7.4 Differential GPS Exercises 10 Analytical Models of Ice Sheets and Ice Shelves 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Perfectly-Plastic Ice Sheet Model 10.3 The Height–Mass Balance Feedback 10.4 Ice-Sheet Profile for Plane Shear with Glen’s Law 10.5 Ice Shelves Exercise 11 Firn 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Firn Densification 11.2.1 Mechanisms of Firn Densification 11.2.2 Firn Densification Models 11.2.3 Firn Layering and Microstructure 11.3 Applications of Firn Models 11.3.1 Ice Sheet Surface Mass Balance from Altimetry 11.3.2 Delta Age Calculations in Deep Ice Cores 11.4 Summary and Conclusions 12 Ice Cores: Archive of the Climate System 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Dating Ice Cores 12.3 Stable Water Isotopes 12.3.1 Basics and Nomenclature 12.3.2 The Isotope Proxy Thermometer 12.3.3 Examples of Isotope Records 12.3.4 Isotope Diffusion in Firn and Ice 12.3.5 Diffusion Thermometry 12.4 Aerosols in Ice 12.4.1 Introduction and Origin of Aerosols in Ice 12.4.2 Aerosol Sources and Transport 12.4.3 Post-depositional Modification 12.4.4 Seasonal Cycles in Aerosol and Particle Constituents in Ice 12.4.5 The Volcanic Signal in Ice and Its Use for Chronological Control 12.4.6 Marine Biogenic MSA and Sea Salt as Sea-Ice Proxies 12.4.7 The Record of Anthropogenic Pollution 12.4.8 Long Aerosol Records from Greenland and Antarctica 12.4.9 Electrical Properties of Ice and Their Relationship to Chemistry 12.5 Gases Enclosed in Ice 12.5.1 Firn Gas and Gas Occlusion 12.5.2 Trace Gases 12.6 Timing of Climate Events Exercises 13 Satellite Remote Sensing of Glaciers and Ice Sheets 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Optical Sensors and Applications 13.2.1 Sensors and Satellites 13.2.2 Applications 13.3 SAR Methods and Applications 13.3.1 Radar Signal Interaction with Snow and Ice 13.3.2 SAR Sensor and Image Characteristics 13.3.3 InSAR Measurement Principles and Applications 13.4 Satellite Altimetry 13.4.1 Altimetry Missions 13.4.2 Measuring Elevation Change 14 Geophysics 14.1 Geophysical Methods: Overview 14.2 Passive Methods 14.2.1 Gravimetry 14.2.2 Magnetics 14.2.3 Seismology 14.3 Active Methods: Basics 14.3.1 Propagation Properties and Reflection Origin 14.3.2 Seismic System Set-Up 14.3.3 Radar System Set-Up 14.4 Data Acquisition and Processing 14.5 Seismic Applications in Ice 14.5.1 Ice Thickness and Basal Topography 14.5.2 Subglacial Structure and Properties 14.5.3 Rheological and Other Englacial Properties 14.6 Radar Applications in Ice 14.6.1 Internal Layer Architecture and Ice Dynamics 14.6.2 Subglacial Conditions 14.6.3 Englacial Conditions 14.7 Notes and References 14.7.1 Further Reading 14.7.2 Gravimetry 14.7.3 General Wave Equation and Solution 14.7.4 Seismic Waves 14.7.5 Electromagnetic Waves Exercises 15 Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Earth Response to Loading 15.2.1 Rheology of the Earth 15.2.2 Building an Earth Model 15.2.3 Earth Models Used in Glaciology and Glacial Isostatic Adjustment 15.3 The Cryosphere and Sea Level 15.3.1 Factors Affecting Sea-Level Change 15.3.2 Eu

Anmerkung: Contents: Continuous Path Processes ; Continuous-Path Random Processes: Mathematical Prerequisites ; Basic Concepts and Examples in Finance ; Hitting Times: A Mix of Mathematics and Finance ; Complements on Brownian Motion ; Complements on Continuous Path Processes ; A Special Family of Diffusions: Bessel Processes ; Jump Processes ; Default Risk: An Enlargement of Filtration Approach ; Poisson Processes and Ruin Theory ; General Processes: Mathematical Facts ; Mixed Processes ; Lévy Processes

Anmerkung: Part I. The Long View: The case for longtermism -- You can shape the course of history -- Part II. Trajectory Changes: Moral change -- Value lock-in -- Part III. Safeguarding Civilisation: Extinction -- Collapse -- Stagnation -- Part IV. Assessing the End of the World: Is it good to make happy people? -- Will the future be good or bad? -- Part V. Taking Action: What to do

Anmerkung: 1 Introducing loss and damage 1 Meinhard Doelle and Sara L Seck PART I FRAMEWORKS 2 Equity considerations in loss and damage 18 Nathalie J. Chalifour 3 The sacrifice zones of carbon capitalism: race, expendability, and loss and damage 43 Carmen G. Gonzalez 4 Measuring the immeasurable: loss and damage from climate change in international law 60 Usha Natarajan PART II PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 5 Loss and damage under the Convention 75 Linda Siegele 6 Loss and damage under the Paris Agreement 100 Linda Siegele 7 Arrested development: the late and inequitable integration of loss and damage finance into the UNFCCC 127 Patricia Galvão Ferreira 8 Against the headwind: innovative sources of loss and damage finance 149 Patricia Galvão Ferreira 9 State responsibility for damages associated with climate change 166 Christina Voigt 10 Valuation of climate change loss and damage 184 Cymie R Payne 11 A rights-based approach to loss and damage due to climate change 201 Katherine Lofts, Sébastien Jodoin and Larissa Parker 12 Indigenous peoples, climate change loss and damage, and the responsibilities of states 223 Kyle Powys Whyte 13 Loss and damage, climate displacement and international law: addressing the protection gap 244 Sumudu Atapattu 14 Loss and damage, disaster law, and climate change 266 Anastasia Telesetsky 15 Solar radiation modification and loss & damage: mapping interactions between climate responses 286 Neil Craik PART III DOMESTIC, TRANSNATIONAL AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 16 Atmospheric recovery litigation around the world: gaining natural resource damages against carbon majors to fund a sky cleanup for climate restoration 303 Mary Christina Wood 17 Loss and damage in European litigation 331 Roda Verheyen and Johannes Franke 18 Towards a civil liability regime for climate-related loss and damage 349 Sharon Mascher 19 Think globally, sue locally: challenges and opportunities in international climate litigation in domestic courts 368 Andrew Gage 20 Carbon major companies and liability for loss and damage 390 Lisa Benjamin 21 Class actions and climate change loss and damage litigation 409 C. Cameron and R. Weyman PART IV CONCLUSIONS 22 Pathways and prospects for loss & damage and climate justice 433 Sara L Seck and Meinhard Doelle Index

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction: inequality and the environment 1 Michael A. Long, Michael J. Lynch, and Paul B. Stretesky PART I THEORETICAL TRADITIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 2 Treadmill of production 11 Amalia Leguizamón 3 Substantive inequality and the alienated metabolism of the capital system 28 Brett Clark, John Bellamy Foster, and Daniel Auerbach 4 Ecologically unequal exchange 44 Kelly F. Austin 5 Social inequalities, environmental crises, and the STIRPAT model 59 Patrick Trent Greiner, Julius Alexander McGee, and Richard York 6 Environmental justice 71 David N. Pellow 7 Money, value, and entropy 86 Alf Hornborg PART II RIGHTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 8 Greenwashed relations of genocide 103 Martin Crook and Damien Short 9 Environmental inequality and rights of nature among Indigenous Peoples in North America 125 Julie Schweitzer, Olivia M. Fleming, and Tamara L. Mix 10 Nonhuman Animal rights 147 Corey L. Wrenn PART III RACE/ETHNICITY, INDIGENOUS PEOPLES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 11 Race and environmental inequality 162 Md Belal Hossain 12 Environmental inequality in West Africa 181 Jessie K. Luna and Gabin Korbeogo 13 Energy development and sociocultural inequality among First Nation Peoples 200 Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie PART IV GENDER AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 14 Gender and environmental inequality 225 Laura A. McKinney and Devin Wright 15 Gender and nonhuman animals 243 Amy Fitzgerald and Nik Taylor 16 Gender, large-scale resource extraction, and environmental inequality in Latin America 262 Inge A.M. Boudewijn and Katy Jenkins PART V THE ECONOMY AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 17 Organizational political economy, corporate power, and the great acceleration of environmental pollution in the United States 285 Harland Prechel 18 Inequality, emissions, and human well-being 305 Jennifer E. Givens, Orla M. Kelly, and Andrew K. Jorgenson 19 Working time, inequality, and sustainability 322 Jared B. Fitzgerald and Juliet Schor PART VI THE STATE AND ENVIRONMENTAL INEQUALITY 20 Democracy and environmental inequality 343 Liam Downey and Brigid Mark 21 Environmental criminal enforcement and environmental justice in the United States 362 Joshua Ozymy and Melissa Jarrell Ozymy 22 Non-criminal enforcement and environmental inequality in the United States 380 Tara O’Connor Shelley and Anne E. Egelston 23 Incarceration and environmental inequality 402 Maggie Leόn-Corwin, Jericho R. McElroy, and Michelle L. Estes 24 Grassland conservation and environmental inequality in Inner Mongolia, China 425 KuoRay Mao, Qian Zhang, and Micaela Truslove PART VII CLIMATE AND INEQUALITY 25 Climate change governance, environment, and inequality in Latin America 446 Ruth E. McKie 26 Social theory and climate change in the interregnum 460 Robert J. Antonio 27 Hurricanes, floods, and environmental inequality 486 Jayajit Chakraborty, Timothy W. Collins, Aaron B. Flores, and Sara E. Grineski PART VIII NATURAL RESOURCES AND INEQUALITY 28 Coal and environmental inequality 502 Ryan Wishart and Pierce Greenberg 29 Hydraulic fracturing and environmental inequality 527 Stephanie A. Malin, Adam Mayer, and Shawn Hazboun 30 Uranium mining, environmental inequality, and Native American health 551 Averi R. Fegadel PART IX FOOD INSECURITY, INJUSTICE, AND INEQUALITY 31 Food insecurity, inequality, and the environment 570 Stephen J. Scanlan 32 Food insecurity and inequality among young people in the United States 597 Lara Gonçalves Index

Anmerkung: Druckausg. ---〉 American Economic Journal / Economic Policy

Anmerkung: Contents: Part 1 - Introduction ; 1 The argument in brief ; Part 2 - The origins of behavioral contagion ; 2 How context shapes perception ; 3 The impulse to conform ; Part 3 -Cases ; 4 It was, until it wasn't: The dynamics of behavioral contagion ; 5 The sexual revolution revisited ; 6 Trust ; 7 Smoking, eating, and drinking ; 8 Expenditure cascades ; 9 The climate crisis ; Part 4 - Policy ; 10 Should regulators ignore behavioral contagion? ; 11 Creating more supportive environments ; 12 The mother of all cognitive illusions ; 13 Ask, don't tell ; Epilogue

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. How this book came about, what it is, and what it is not ; 2. Defining the challenge ; 3. Science and society ; 4. Transdisciplinary pro and contra ; 5. The importance of a long-term perspective ; 6. Looking forward into the future ; 7. The complex (adaptive) systems approach ; 8. Human socio-environmental coevolution ; 9. Social systems as dissipative flow structures ; 10. Solutions always cause problems ; 11. Transitions in the organization of societies ; 12. Novelty, invention, change ; 13. The invention process and its implications for societal information processing ; 14. Modeling socio-environmental transitions ; 15. Rise of the West as a global flow structure ; 16. Are we reaching a global societal tipping point? ; 17. Not an ordinary tipping point ; 18. Our fragmenting world ; 19. Is there a way out? ; 20. Green growth ; 21. Conclusion.

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. The political process ; 3. Administrative efficiency ; 4. Competition among governments ; 5. Fiscal policy and redistribution ; 6. Fiscal coordination and incentives ; 7. Citizens and government ; 8. Checks, balances, and freedom ; 9. Acquiring and using knowledge ; 10. Ethnic conflict and secession ; 11. Data to the rescue? ; 12. Conclusion: rethinking decentralization.

Anmerkung: The calm before the storm -- Things come apart -- Deaths of despair -- The lives and deaths of the more (and less) educated -- Black and white deaths -- The condition of the living -- The misery and mystery of pain -- Suicide, drugs, and alcohol -- Opioids -- False trails : poverty, income, and the Great Recession -- Growing apart at work -- Widening gaps at home -- How American healthcare is undermining lives -- Capitalism, immigrants, robots, and China -- Firms, consumers, and workers -- What to do?

Anmerkung: Long problems -- Why long problems are hard to govern -- Forward action : addressing the early action paradox -- The long view : addressing shadow interests -- Endurance and adaptability : addressing institutional lag -- Studying long problems -- Governing time.

Anmerkung: Part 1: Recycling in context Chapter 1: Introduction Abstract 1.1: The Challenges 1.2: The Role of Materials in Society 1.3: From Linear to Circular Economy 1.4: Recycling in the Circular Economy 1.5: The Book References Chapter 2: The fundamental limits of circularity quantified by digital twinning Abstract 2.1: Introduction 2.2: A Product and Material Focus on Recycling Within the CE 2.3: Digital Twinning of the CE System: Understanding the Opportunities and Limits 2.4: Opportunities and Challenges References Chapter 3: Maps of the physical economy to inform sustainability strategies Abstract Acknowledgments 3.1: Introduction 3.2: Dimensions of MFA 3.3: Components for Monitoring the Physical Economy 3.4: Application of the Framework: Maps of the Aluminum Cycle 3.5: Recommendations References Chapter 4: Material efficiency—Squaring the circular economy: Recycling within a hierarchy of material management strategies Abstract 4.1: Is a Circular Economy Possible or Desirable? 4.2: Hierarchies of Material Conservation 4.3: When Is Recycling Not the Answer? 4.4: Discussion References Chapter 5: Material and product-centric recycling: design for recycling rules and digital methods Abstract Acknowledgements 5.1: Introduction 5.2: Recyclability Index and Ecolabeling of Products 5.3: DfR Rules and Guidelines 5.4: Product-Centric Recycling 5.5: Examples of Recycling System Simulation 5.6: Summary 5.7: Future Challenges References Additional Reading Chapter 6: Developments in collection of municipal waste Abstract 6.1: Introduction 6.2: Definitions and Models 6.3: A Global Picture of SWM 6.4: Collection and Recovery Systems 6.5: Future Developments 6.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 7: The path to inclusive recycling: Developing countries and the informal sector Abstract 7.1: Introduction 7.2: Definition and Links With the Formal Sector 7.3: Informal Waste Tire Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities 7.4: Approaches Towards Inclusive Recycling 7.5: Policies and Standardization Developments for Inclusive Recycling 7.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Part 2: Recycling from a product perspective Chapter 8: Physical separation Abstract 8.1: Introduction 8.2: Properties and Property Spaces 8.3: Breakage 8.4: Particle Size Classification 8.5: Gravity Separation 8.6: Flotation 8.7: Magnetic Separation 8.8: Eddy Current Separation 8.9: Electrostatic Separation 8.10: Sorting 8.11: Conclusion References Chapter 9: Sensor-based sorting Abstract 9.1: Mechanical Treatment of Waste 9.2: Principle of Sensor-Based Sorting 9.3: Requirements for Optimal Sorting Results 9.4: Available Sensors 9.5: Application of Different Sensors in Recycling 9.6: Recent Developments 9.7: Outlook References Chapter 10: Mixed bulky waste Abstract 10.1: Introduction 10.2: The Circular Process for Mixed Bulky Waste 10.3: Conditions for Economically Viable Sorting 10.4: Sorting of Mixed Bulky Waste 10.5: Sorting Process 10.6: Recycling Efficiency 10.7: Conclusion and Outlook Reference Chapter 11: Packaging Abstract 11.1: Introduction 11.2: Packaging Waste 11.3: Composition 11.4: Recovery and Recycling 11.5: Collection and Recovery Schemes 11.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 12: End-of-life vehicles Abstract 12.1: Introduction 12.2: Vehicle Composition 12.3: Recycling Chain 12.4: Recycling of Automotive parts 12.5: Recycling of Automotive Fluids 12.6: Automotive Shredder Residue 12.7: Future Developments and Outlook 12.8: Conclusions References Further Reading Chapter 13: Electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) Abstract 13.1: Introduction 13.2: Waste Characterization 13.3: Recycling Chain and Technologies 13.4: Future Developments 13.5: Conclusions References Chapter 14: Photovoltaic and wind energy equipment Abstract 14.1: Introduction 14.2: Wind Turbines 14.3: Photovoltaic Modules 14.4: Wind Turbine Recycling 14.5: PV Recycling 14.6: Future Developments 14.7: Key Issues and Challenges 14.8: Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 15: Buildings Abstract 15.1: The Why: Buildings and Circularity 15.2: The How and Who: A Framework 15.3: The When: Shearing Layers 15.4: The What: Materials in Buildings 15.5: Improving Data on Materials 15.6: The How, Who, When, and What 15.7: Outlook References Chapter 16: Construction and demolition waste Abstract Acknowledgments 16.1: Introduction 16.2: C&D Waste Use 16.3: Recycling 16.4: Recycling Technologies and Practice 16.5: Future Developments 16.6: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 17: Industrial by-products Abstract 17.1: Waste, By-product, or Product? 17.2: Major By-products 17.3: Where and How to Use By-products 17.4: Technical and Environmental Requirements 17.5: Sustainability Aspects 17.6: Conclusions, Challenges, and Outlook References Chapter 18: Mine tailings Abstract 18.1: Introduction 18.2: Future Opportunities for Tailings Management 18.3: Main Drivers for Change 18.4: Emerging Technologies 18.5: Conclusions and Outlook References Further Reading Part 3: Recycling from a material perspective Chapter 19: Steel Abstract 19.1: Introduction 19.2: Use Phase and Recycling Examples 19.3: Classification of Steel Scrap 19.4: Requirements for Scrap 19.5: Treatment Process 19.6: Steel Scrap Smelting Process 19.7: Steel 19.8: Alloy or Tramp Elements? 19.9: Purification of Scrap 19.10: Outlook References Further Reading Chapter 20: Aluminum Abstract 20.1: Introduction 20.2: Alloys and Their Recycling 20.3: Melt Loss 20.4: Used Beverage Can (UBC) Recycling 20.5: Wheel Recycling 20.6: Dross Processing 20.7: Purification and Refining 20.8: Future Trends and Challenges References Chapter 21: Copper Abstract 21.1: Sources of Copper Scrap 21.2: Smelting and Refining of Copper Scrap 21.3: Conclusions and Outlook References Further Reading Chapter 22: Lead Abstract 22.1: Introduction 22.2: Material Use 22.3: The Lead-Acid Battery 22.4: Recycling Technologies 22.5: Future Developments 22.6: Key Issues and Challenges References Chapter 23: Zinc Abstract 23.1: Introduction 23.2: Recycling Technologies 23.3: Key Issues and Challenges References Chapter 24: Ferroalloy elements Abstract 24.1: Introduction 24.2: Use and Recycling 24.3: Recycling of Residues 24.4: Conclusion References Chapter 25: Precious and technology metals Abstract 25.1: Introduction 25.2: Applications 25.3: Scrap Types and Quantities 25.4: Recycling Technologies 25.5: Future Challenges 25.6: Conclusions and Outlook Further reading References Chapter 26: Concrete and aggregates Abstract Acknowledgment 26.1: Introduction 26.2: Waste Flows 26.3: Recovery Rates 26.4: Recycled Aggregate Concrete Applications 26.5: Concrete Recycling Technologies 26.6: Future Developments 26.7: Conclusion References Chapter 27: Cementitious binders incorporating residues Abstract 27.1: Introduction 27.2: Clinker Production: Process, and Alternative Fuels and Raw Materials 27.3: From Clinker to Cement: Residues in Blended Cements 27.4: Alternative Cements With Lower Environmental Footprint 27.5: Conclusions and Outlook References Chapter 28: Glass Abstract 28.1: Introduction 28.2: Types of Glass 28.3: Manufacturing 28.4: Recovery for Reuse and Recycling 28.5: Reuse 28.6: Closed-Loop Recycling 28.7: Open-Loop Recycling 28.8: Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 29: Lumber Abstract 29.1: Introduction 29.2: Wood Material Uses 29.3: Postuse Wood Recovery for Recycling 29.4: Postuse Wood Recycling 29.5: Case Study Scenarios 29.6: Future Developments 29.7: Concluding Remarks References Chapter 30: Paper Abstract 30.1: Introduction 30.2: Collection and Utilization 30.3: Collection and Sorting Systems 30.4: Stock Preparation 30.5: Key Issues and Future Challenges References Further Reading Chapter 31: Plastic recycling Abstract 31.1: Introduction 31.2: Use 31.3: Recycling 31.4: Mechanical Recycling 31.5: Chemical Recycling 31.6: Impact of Recycling 31.7: Conclusions and Outlook References Further Reading Chapter 32: Black rubber products Abstract 32.1: Introduction 32.2: Mechanical Rubber Go

Anmerkung: Enthält zwei Werke. Titel des zweiten Werkes: Taxes through the ages : a pictorial history / Ferdinand H. M. Grapperhaus

Anmerkung: Contents: The place of glaciers in natural and cultural landscapes / Ben Orlove, Ellen Wiegandt and Brian h. Luckman -- pt. 1. Societal perceptions: cultures and institutions. Changing views of changing glaciers / Wilfred Haeberli -- Challenges of living with glaciers in the Swiss Alps, past and present / Ellen Wiegandt and Ralph Lugon -- Environment, history, and culture as influences on perceptions of glacier dynamics: the case of Mt. Shasta / Barbara Wolf and Ben Orlove -- Glacial hazards: perceiving and responding to threats in four world regions / Christian Huggel, Wilfried Haeberli, and Andreas Kaab -- pt. 2. Scientific observations: measurement, monitoring and modeling. Two alpine glaciers over the past two centuries: a scientific view based on pictorial sources / Daniel Steiner, Heinz J. Zumbuhl, and Andreas Bauder -- Long-term observations of glaciers in Norway / Liss Andreassen...[et al.] -- Alpinewide distributed glacier mass balance modeling: a tool for assessing future glacier change / Frank Paul...[et al.] -- Modeling climate-change impacts on mountain glaciers and water resources in the central dry Andes / Javier Corripio...[et al.] -- pt. 3. Trends in natural landscapes: climate change. Glacier mass balance in the Northern U.S. and Canadian Rockies: paleo-perspectives and 20th century change / Emma Watson...[et al.] -- Glacier fluctuations in the European Alps, 1850-2000: an overview and spatio-temporal analysis of available data / Michael Zemp...[et al.] -- Tropical glaciers, climate change, and society: focus on Kilimanjaro (East Africa) / Thomas Molg...[et al.] -- pt. 4. Impacts on human landscapes: resources, hazards and cultural landscapes. New Zealand's glaciers: key national and global assets for science and society / John Hay and Tui Elliot -- The impact of mining on rock glaciers and glaciers: examples from Central Chile / Alexander Brenning -- Glacier changes and their impacts on mountain tourism: two case studies from the Italian Alps / Claudio Smiraglia...[et al.] -- Mama Cotacachi: history, local perceptions, and social impacts of climate change and glacier retreat in the Ecuadorian Andes / Robert E. Rhoades, Xavier Zapata Rios, and Jenny Aragundy Ochoa -- pt. 5. Responses: adaptation and accommodation. The politics of place: inhabiting and defending glacier hazard zones in Peru's Cordillera Blanca / Mark Carey -- Responses to glacier retreat in the context of development planning in Nepal / Shardul Agrawala -- Glaciers and efficient water use in Central Asia / Urs Luterbacher...[et al.] -- Research and development in mountain glaciers: an overview of institutions and organizations / Denis Knubel, Greg Greenwood, and Ellen Wiegandt

Anmerkung: Druckausg. ---〉 American economic journal / Microeconomics

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Late socialism - an eternal state ; 2 Hegemony of form - Stalin's uncanny paradigm shift ; 3 Ideology inside out - ethics and poetics ; 4 Living "Vnye" - deterritorialized milieus ; 5 Imaginary West - the elsewhere of late socialism ; 6 True colors of Communism - King Crimson, Deep Purple, Pink Floyd ; 7 Dead irony - necroaesthetics, "Stiob", and the anekdot ; Conclusion

Anmerkung: Contents: 1:Introduction ; 2:The Spatial Equilibrium Within the City ; 3:The Spatial Equilibrium Across ; 4:Agglomeration Economies ; 5:Urban Distress ; 6:Cities and Public Policy

Anmerkung: Contents: 1. Introduction ; 2. Data ; 3. Methods ; 4. Floods and droughts ; 5. Heatwaves and cold spells ; 6. Hurricanes and other storms ; Appendix A. Climate measurements ; Appendix B. Natural climate archives ; Appendix C. Physical climate models ; Appendix D. Statistical inference ; Appendix E. Numerical techniques ; Appendix F. Data and software ; Appendix G. List of symbols and abbreviations

Anmerkung: Contents: Chapter 1. Introduction ; Chapter 2. When New Policies Fail to Create a New Politics ; Chapter 3. An Institutional History of Electricity Politics and Climate Inaction ; Chapter 4. Policy Feedback: Networked and Influential Advocates Use the Public to Drive Clean Energy Leadership in Texas ; Chapter 5. A Direct Line to Legislators and Regulators: Fossil Fuel Corporations and the Limitations of Texas's Renewable Energy Laws ; Chapter 6. Retrenchment by a Thousand Cuts: Fossil Fuel Opponents Drive Polarization on Clean Energy in Kansas ; Chapter 7. Regulatory Capture: Electric Utilities Retrench Arizona's Net Metering Laws ; Chapter 8. When the Fog of Enactment Lifts: Late Action brings Rapid Retrenchment of Ohio's Renewable Energy Laws ; Chapter 9. Conclusion ; References ; Appendix:List of Interviews