ALBERT

Anmerkung: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 1.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions. - 1.1.1 What Gas Seepage Is, What It Is Not. - 1.1.2 A Jungle of Names: Seeps, Macroseeps, Microseepage, Microseeps, and Miniseepage. - 1.1.3 Seepage id est Migration. - 1.1.4 Microbial, Thermogenic, and Abiotic Methane. - 1.2 Significance of Seepage and Implications. - 1.2.1 Seepage and Petroleum Exploration. - 1.2.2 Marine Seepage on the Crest of the Wave. - 1.2.3 From Sea to Land. - 1.2.4 A New Vision. - References. - 2 Gas Seepage Classification and Global Distribution. - 2.1 Macro-Seeps. - 2.1.1 Gas Seeps. - 2.1.2 Oil Seeps. - 2.1.3 Gas-Bearing Springs. - 2.1.4 Mud Volcanoes. - 2.1.5 Miniseepage. - 2.1.6 The Global Distribution of Onshore Macro-Seeps. - 2.2 Microseepage. - 2.3 Marine Seepage Manifestations. - References. - 3 Gas Migration Mechanisms. - 3.1 Fundamentals. - 3.1.1 Sources and Pathways. - 3.1.2 Diffusion and Advection. - 3.2 Actual Mechanisms and Migration Forms. - 3.2.1 Bubble and Microbubble Flow. - 3.2.2 Gas Seepage Velocity. - 3.2.3 Matter Transport by Microbubbles. - 3.2.4 The Concept of Carrier Gas and Trace Gas. - References. - 4 Detecting and Measuring Gas Seepage. - 4.1 Gas Detection Methods. - 4.1.1 Above-Ground (Atmospheric) Measurements. - 4.1.2 Ground Measurements. - 4.1.3 Measurements in Aqueous Systems. - 4.2 Indirect Methods. - 4.2.1 Chemical-Mineralogical Alterations of Soils. - 4.2.2 Vegetation Changes (Geobotanical Anomalies). - 4.2.3 Microbiological Analyses of Soils. - 4.2.4 Radiometric Surveys. - 4.2.5 Geophysical Techniques. - References. - 5 Seepage in Field Geology and Petroleum Exploration. - 5.1 Seepage and Faults. - 5.2 Microseepage Applied to Areal Petroleum Exploration. - 5.2.1 Which Gas Can Be Measured?. - 5.2.2 Microseepage Methane Flux Measurements. - 5.3 Seep Geochemistry for Petroleum System Evaluation. - 5.3.1 Recognising Post-genetic Alterations of Gases. - 5.3.2 Assessing Gas Source Type and Maturity. - 5.3.3 The Presence of Undesirable Gases (CO2, H2S, N2). - 5.3.4 Helium in Seeps… for Connoisseurs. - References. - 6 Environmental Impact of Gas Seepage. - 6.1 Geohazards. - 6.1.1 Methane Explosiveness. - 6.1.2 The Toxicity of Hydrogen Sulphide. - 6.1.3 Mud Expulsions and the Degradation of Soil-Sediments. - 6.2 Stray Gas, Natural versus Man-Made. - 6.3 Hypoxia in Aquatic Environments. - 6.4 Gas Emissions to the Atmosphere. - 6.4.1 Methane Fluxes and the Global Atmospheric Budget. - 6.4.2 Ethane and Propane Seepage, a Forgotten Potential Source of Ozone Precursors. - 6.5 Natural Seepage and CO2 Geological Sequestration. - References. - 7 Seepage in Serpentinised Peridotites and on Mars. - 7.1 Seeps and Springs in Active Serpentinisation Systems. - 7.1.1 Where Abiotic Methane Is Seeping. - 7.1.2 How Abiotic Methane in Land-Based Serpentinisation Systems Is Formed. - 7.1.3 How to Distinguish Abiotic and Biotic Methane. - 7.1.4 Seepage to the Surface. - 7.1.5 Is Abiotic Gas Seepage Important for the Atmospheric Methane Budget?. - 7.2 Potential Methane Seepage on Mars. - 7.2.1 Looking for Methane on Mars. - 7.2.2 A Theoretical Martian Seepage. - References. - 8 Gas Seepage and Past Climate Change. - 8.1 Past Seepage Stronger than Today. - 8.2 Potential Proxies of Past Seepage. - 8.3 Methane and Quaternary Climate Change. - 8.3.1 Traditional Models: Wetlands versus Gas Hydrates. - 8.3.2 Adding Submarine Seeps. - 8.3.3 Considering Onshore and Offshore Seepage in Total. - 8.3.4 CH4 Isotope Signatures in Ice Cores. - 8.4 Longer Geological Time Scale Changes. - 8.4.1 The Concept of Sedimentary Organic Carbon Mobilization. - 8.4.2 Paleogene Changes. - References. - 9 Seeps in the Ancient World: Myths, Religions, and Social Development. - 9.1 Seeps in Mythology and Religion. - 9.2 Seeps in Social and Technological Development. - References. - Epilogue. - Index.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vorwort. - Kapitel 1: Konzepte für eine bessere Welt. - Was ist Nachhaltigkeit?. - Der Wert der Natur. - Conclusio: „Nachhaltigkeit“ – ein schwer zu definierender Begriff. - Kapitel 2: Was das Meer zu leisten vermag. - Das Gute im Meer. - Der bedrohte Ozean. - Conclusio: Ökosystemleistungen des Meeres in Gefahr. - Kapitel 3: Die Politik und das Meer. - Von der Schwierigkeit, das Meer zu verwalten. - Conclusio: Das Ideal der guten Meerespolitik. - Kapitel 4: Hoffnung für den Ozean. - Fahrplan für eine nachhaltige Zukunft?. - Meeresschutz ist möglich. - Conclusio: Wie Meeresschutz funktionieren kann. - Gesamt-Conclusio. - Glossar. - Mitwirkende. - Quellenverzeichnis. - Abbildungsverzeichnis. - Index. - Abkürzungen. - Partner und Danksagung. - Impressum.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1: Concepts for a better world. - What is sustainability?. - The value of nature. - Conclusion: “Sustainability” – a difficult concept to define. - Chapter 2: How the sea serves us. - The bounty of the sea. - Oceans under threat. - Conclusion: Marine ecosystem services at risk. - Chapter 3: Politics and the oceans. - On the difficulty of governing the sea. - Conclusion: The ideal of good marine policy. - Chapter 4: Hope for the oceans. - Roadmap towards a sustainable future?. - Protecting the seas is possible. - Conclusion: How marine conservation can work. - Overall conclusion. - Glossary. - Contributors. - Bibliography. - Table of figures. - Index. - Abbreviations. - Partners and Acknowledgements. - Publication details.

Anmerkung: Contents: Preface. - Chapter 1: Overview of modern and Quaternary vegetation in China. - 1.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Shen Caiming. - 1.1.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.1.1.1 Gobi desert and desert vegetation in eastern Xinjiang. - 1.1.1.2 Extremely arid desert and shrubland vegetation in the Qaidam Basin. - 1.1.1.3 Arid desert shrub and semi-shrub vegetation in the Hexi Corridor. - 1.1.1.4 Sylvosteppe or pine-oak forest in the transitional region between semi-humid and semi-arid monsoonal climate of temperate zone in the Loess Plateau. - 1.1.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.1.2.1 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Qinghai. - 1.1.2.2 Holocene vegetation succession of steppe/meadow in north Xizang (Tibet). - 1.1.2.3 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the Loess Plateau. - 1.1.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Xinjiang. - 1.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu and Li Chunhai. - 1.2.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.2.1.1 Coniferous and broadleaved forest and meadow of temperate zone in Northeast China. - 1.2.1.2 Oak forest of river valley, Chinese pine forest, and shrub steppe in the lower valley of Liaohe River, North China plain, southern Shanxi, and central Shaanxi plain. - 1.2.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.2.2.1 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in North China. - 1.2.2.2 Vegetation and environment since the early Pleistocene in Northeast China. - 1.3 Southeast region / Shu Junwu and Tang Lingyu. - 1.3.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.3.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.3.2.1 Vegetation succession since the mid-Pleistocene in Hubei. - 1.3.2.2 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the lower valley of the Yangtze River. - 1.3 .2.3 Forest succession since the last glaciation in southeast coast of Fujian. - 1.3.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in the central Taiwan. - 1.4 South region / Mao Limi, Tang Lingyu and Shen Cairning. - 1.4.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.4.1.1 Vegetation in the southern zone of middle subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. - 1.4.1.2 Vegetation in the zone of south subtropical evergreen broadleaved forest. - 1.4.1.3 Tropical semi-evergreen monsoonal forest and tropical monsoonal forest. - 1.4.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.4.2.1 Vegetation in the Zhujiang delta and Chaozhou plain since the Pleistocene recorded by pollen and spores. - 1.4.2.2 Vegetation and climate since the late Pleistocene in Leizhou Peninsula and Holocene vegetation and climate in Hainan Island. - 1.4.2.3 Late Quaternary pollen and spores, vegetation and climate records in the South. - 1.4.2.4 Vegetation and climate since the late Pleistocene in Hong Kong. - 1.5 Southwest region / Shu Junwu, Tang Lingyu and Shen Caiming. - 1.5.1 Overview of modern vegetation. - 1.5.1.1 Vegetation of evergreen broadleaved forest in the Yunnan , Guizhou and western Sichuan Plateau. - 1.5.1.2 Vegetation of coniferous forest in southeast Xizang. - 1.5.2 Overview of Quaternary vegetation. - 1.5.2.1 Holocene vegetation in northwest Yunnan. - 1.5.2.2 Vegetation and monsoonal climate history since the late Pleistocene in western and south-central Yunnan. - 1.5.2.3 Holocene vegetation in western Sichuan. - 1.5.2.4 Vegetation and environment since the late Pleistocene in Guizhou. - 1.5.2.5 Vegetation and monsoonal climate history since the late Pleistocene in southeastern Xizang. - Chapter 2 Main types of Quaternary pollen and spores and their characteristics in different regions of China. - 2.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Mao Limi. - 2.1.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Northwest China. - 2.1.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Northwest China. - 2.1.2.1 Identifiable features of main Compositae pollen types. - 2.1.2.2 Identifiable features of Artemisia, Tamarix, and Zygophyllum pollen. - 2.1.2.3 Identifiable features of Rhamnus, Hippophae, and Elaeagnus pollen. - 2.1.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary spores and pollen in Northwest China. - 2.1.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Northwest China. - 2.1.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Northwest China. - 2.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu. - 2.2.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Northern China. - 2.2.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Northern China. - 2.2.2.1 Identification keys of pollen morphology for several saccate genera of Pinaceae. - 2.2.2.2 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for genera of Betulaceae. - 2.2.2.3 Identifiable features of tricolpate pollen from Salix and Cruciferae. - 2.2.2.4 Identifiable features of tricolpate pollen from Ranunculaceae and Labiatae. - 2.2.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary spores and pollen in Northern China. - 2.2.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Northern China. - 2.2.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Northern China. - 2.3 Southeast region / Tang Lingyu and Shu Junwu. - 2.3.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.2 Identifiable features of major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.2.1 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.2 Identification keys of pollen morphology for several genera of Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.3 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for several genera of Fagaceae. - 2.3.2.4 Identifiable features of pollen morphology for several genera of tropical and subtropical. - 2.3.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southeast China. - 2.3.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen types in Southeast China. - 2.3.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen types in Southeast China. - 2.4 South region / Mao Limi and Tang Lingyu. - 2.4.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.2 Identifiable features of main Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.2.1 Modern distribution and paleophytogeography of Sonneratia and its identifiable features of pollen morphology. - 2.4.2.2 Modern distribution and paleoecology significance of Rhizophoraceae and its identifiable features of pollen morphology. - 2.4.3 Photomicrographs and descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.3.1 Photomicrographs for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.4.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in South China. - 2.5 Southwest region / Tang Lingyu and Shu Junwu. - 2.5.1 Types of Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.2 Identifiable feature of main Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.2.1 Plant distribution and pollen features of Pinaceae in Southwest China. - 2.5.2.2 Identification keys of pollen morphology for Pinaceae. - 2.5.3 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - 2.5.3.1 Photomicrographs for common pollen in Southwest China. - 2.5.3.2 Descriptions of morphological features for major Quaternary pollen and spores in Southwest China. - Chapter 3 Plates and descriptions of Quaternary pollen and spores in different region of China. - 3.1 Northwest region / Tang Lingyu and Mao Limi. - Spores of the pteridophyte Plates 1-3. - Gymnosperm pollen Plates 3-10. - Angiosperm pollen Plates 11-63. - 3.2 Northern region / Tang Lingyu and Li Chunhai. - Spores of the algae Plates 1-3. - Spores of the bryophyte Plate 4. - Spores of the pteridophyte Plates 5-9. - Gymnosperm pollen Plates 9-24. - Angiosperm pollen Plates 25-63. - 3.3 Southeast region / Tang Lingyu, Zhou Zhongze and

Anmerkung: Der richtige Standort - ein Grußwort / Gotthilf Hempel. - Vorwort / Karin Lochte, Bernhard Diekmann. - Die Entwicklung der Forschungsstelle Potsdam / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Klaus Dethloff, Bernhard Diekmann, Diedrich Fritzsche. - Die Entwicklung der Atmosphärenforschung / Klaus Dethloff, Markus Rex, Roland Neuber, Annette Rinke, Dörthe Handorf, Marion Maturilli, Christoph Ritter, Peter von der Gathen, Ralph Lehmann, Wolfgang Dorn, Ingo Wohltmann. - Die Entwicklung der Periglazialforschung: Rückblick und Ausblick / Guido Grosse, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten. - Die AWIPEV-Station auf Spitzbergen / Roland Neuber, Marion Maturilli, Christoph Ritter. - Permafrost-Langzeit-Observatorien in Sibirien und auf Spitzbergen / Julia Boike, Anne Morgenstern, Guido Grosse. - Küstenforschung im Nordwesten Kanadas / Michael Fritz, Hugues Lantuit. - Das Atmosphärenobservatorium Palau - Polarforschung in den Tropen / Markus Rex, Katrin Müller. - Zum Nordpol auf einer Eisscholle - Teilnahme an der Driftstation NP-35 / Marion Maturilli, Jürgen Gräser. - Polarer Ozonverlust im Klimawandel / Markus Rex, Peter von der Gathen, Ralph Lehmann, Ingo Wohltmann. - Vom grünen Laserstrahl zur Mikrophysik des Aerosols / Christoph Ritter, Marion Maturilli, Roland Neuber. - Wie können arktische Klimaänderungen das Wetter und Klima in Mitteleuropa beeinflussen? / Dörthe Handorf, Klaus Dethloff, Annette Rinke, Ralf Jaiser, Wolfgang Dorn, Heidrun Matthes. - Permafrost im Wandel - Regionaler Fokus, globale Bedeutung / Jens Strauss, Josefine Lenz, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, Frank Günther, Lutz Schirrmeister. - Arktischer Klimawandel und terrestrische Ökosysteme / Ulrike Herzschuh, Thomas Laepple, Hanno Meyer, Kathleen Stoof-Leichsenring, Heike Zimmermann, Laura Epp, Stefan Kruse, Boris Biskaborn, Diedrich Fritzsche, Birgit Heim, Bernhard Diekmann. - Das EU-Projekt PAGE21 / Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Julia Boike, Hugues Lantuit, Leen Kaisa Viitanen. - ICOP 2016 / Karina Schollän, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten. - Nationale und internationale Sekretariate. - Potsdamer Nachwuchs. - Impressum.

Anmerkung: 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Mount Melbourne Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 2012 / P. C. Pertusati, G. Musumeci, R. Carosi, M. Meccheri 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Reeves Névé Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 2012 / R. Casnedi, P. C. Pertusati, F. Salvini 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Mount Murchison Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 1997 / G. Capponi, M. Meccheri & P. C. Pertusati 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Mount Joyce Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 1999 / G. Capponi, L. Crispini, M. Meccheri, G. Musumeci & P. C. Pertusati 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Relief Inlet Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 1999 / G. Capponi, L. Crispini, M. Meccheri, G. Musumeci & P. C. Pertusati 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Coulman Island Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 1997 / G. Capponi, M. Meccheri & G. Oggiano 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Sequence Hills Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 2012 / R. Carosi, M. Meccheri, G. Musumeci, P. C. Pertusati 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series , 1 Kartenbeilage unter dem Titel: Freyberg Mountains Quadrangle (Victoria Land) 2012 / G. Capponi, M. Meccheri, P. C. Pertusati 〈1 : 250.000〉 aus der Antarctic Geological 1:250.000 Map Series

Anmerkung: Table of Contents Abstract Kurzfassung Abbreviations and nomenclature 1. Introduction 2. Scientific Background 2.1. Permafrost 2.2.Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 2.3. Inputs of Freshwater, Sediment and Carbon into the Canadian Beaufort Sea 3. Study Area 3.1. Regional Setting: Yukon Coast and Herschel Island 3.2. Retrogressive Thaw Slumps 4. Material and Methods 4.1. Field Work 4.1.1. Terrain Photography 4.1.2. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) 4.1.3. Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 4.1.4. Micrometeorology 4.1.5. Discharge Measurement 4.1.6. Multiple Regression-Statistical Relationships between Micrometeorological Variables and Discharge 4.1.7. Sampling 4.2. Laboratory Analyses 4.2.1. Sedimentological Analyses 4.2.2. Hydrochemical Analyses 4.3. Fluxes of Sediment and (In-) Organic Matter 5. Results 5.1. Field Work 5.1.1. Terrain Photography 5.1.2. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) 5.1.3. Light Detecting And Ranging (LiDAR) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 5.1.4. Micrometeorology 5.1.5. Discharge 5.1.6. Multiple Regression - Statistical Relationships between Micrometeorology and Discharge 5.2. Laboratory Analyses 5.2.1. Sedimentological Analyses 5.2.2. Hydrochemical Analyses 5.3. Fluxes of Sediment-meltwater 6. Discussion 6.1. Microclimatological and Geomorphological Factors Controlling Discharge 6.1.1. Diurnal Variations 6.1.2. Seasonal Variations 6.2. Contribution of Retrogressive Thaw Slumps to the Sediment Budget of the Yukon Coast 6.2.1. Origin of Outflow Material 6.2.2. Slump D in the Regional Context 6.2.3. Seasonal Sediment Budget Compilation for Slump D 6.2.4. Retrogressive Thaw Slump Occurrence along the Yukon Coast 6.2.5. Input to the Beaufort Sea 6.3. Projected Climatic Change and its Impact on Retrogressive Thaw Slump Outflow 6.4. Uncertainties and Limitations 6.5. Future Research 7. Conclusion 8. Appendix 8.1. Field Work 8.1.1. Slump D's northern headwall profile 8.1.2. Collinson Head slump 8.1.3. Herschel Island West Coast slump 8.1.4. Roland Bay slump 8.1.5. Kay Point slump 8.2. Laboratory Work 8.2.1. Volumetric Ice Content 8.2.2. Grain Size 8.3. Evolution of Slump D 8.3.1. Geo Eye satellite of Slump D 8.3.2. Aerial Oblique Photography of Slump D 8.3.3. LiDAR of Slump D 8.3.4. Time Lapse Photography of Slump D's Headwall 9. References 10. Financial and technical support 11. Acknowledgement - Danksagung